Titration of vinegar.

Experiment no.2
ANALYSIS OF VINEGAR VIA TITRATION
INTRODUCTION
In an acid-base neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt:

HX (aq) + MOH (aq) ⇒ H2O (l) + MX (aq) (1)

Acid base salt

1) The protons (H+ ) from the acid react with the hydroxide ions (OH– ) from the base to form the water.
The salt forms from the cation from the base and the anion from the acid. Because water is always
formed, acids will always react with bases; whether the salt is soluble or insoluble does not determine
whether the reaction occurs. In this experiment, you will use a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide,
NaOH (aq) to determine the molar concentration of acetic acid present in a sample of vinegar. You will
measure out a small volume of vinegar and use a burette to determine the volume of sodium hydroxide
required to completely neutralize the vinegar. The process of slowly adding one solution to another until
the reaction between the two is complete is called a titration. The reaction between acetic acid,
HC2H3O2 (aq), and sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), is shown below:

HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ⇒ H2O (l) + NaC2H3O2 (aq)

(2) When carrying out an acid-base neutralization reaction in the laboratory, you observe that most acid
solutions and base solutions are colorless, and the resulting water and soluble salt solutions are also
colorless. Thus, it is impossible to determine when a reaction has occurred, let alone when it is
complete. To monitor the progress of a neutralization reaction, you use an acid-base indicator, a
solution that changes color depending on the pH (or acid-content) of the solution. One commonly used
indicator is phenolphthalein, which is colorless in acidic and neutral solutions and pink in basic (or
alkaline) solution. During a titration, the indicator is added to the solution being titrated (the analyte).
The titrant (or standard) is slowly added to the analyte until the endpoint, when the indicator changes
color, signaling that the reaction between the two is complete. Note that phenolphthalein turns pink
only when excess sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), has been added. The equivalence point in a titration is
when there are equal numbers of moles of acid and base present in the solution. Thus, for the reaction
between KHP and sodium hydroxide, at the equivalence point

moles of HC2H3O2 = moles of NaOH. (4)

You should recognize that the end point is determined by observation of a color change in the

lab while the equivalence point is a theoretical point one can calculate or estimate given the

PROCEDURE
Analysis of Vinegar

1. Obtain ~50 mL of vinegar in your 100-mL beaker. Record the brand of vinegar and the

percent acetic acid indicated on the label.

2. Condition a 10-mL volumetric pipet with the vinegar solution. If you are unfamiliar with the

operation of a pipet, ask your instructor for help. Obtain and label three Erlenmeyer flasks

#1, #2, and #3. Pipet 10 mL of vinegar to each of three Erlenmeyer flasks. Record the

volume for each trial as 10.00 mL . Add ~25 mL of distilled water to each flask

3. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each of your vinegar solutions.

4. Obtain about 150 mL of the dilute NaOH solution, and record the molar concentration for

the NaOH. Condition a 50-mL burette with the NaOH solution.

5. Fill the burette close to 0.00 mL with the dilute NaOH solution, and record the initial volume

for trial #1 for vinegar on your Data Sheet. Slowly lower the stir bar into flask #1, and

carry out the titration as before. Record the final volume of NaOH on your Data Sheet.

6. Repeat the titration for trials #2 and #3.

7. Dispose of all the solutions in the proper waste containers. Wash and rinse your burette and flasks,
and return them to their proper places.

CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate the molarity of the acetic acid in each vinegar solutions. Next, calculate the

average molarity of the acetic acid for all three solutions.

2. Determine the density of the vinegar solution.

3. Calculate the mass percentage of acetic acid in the vinegar.

QUESTIONS
1. Compare the mass percentage you determined with the mass percentage reported on the

bottle of vinegar.

Purpose:
The objective of this lab is to determine the molar concentration and mass

percentage of acetic acid, HC2H3O2(aq), in a vinegar solution via titration using a

standard solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq)

Procedure:
Obtain a 50-mL sample of vinegar. Record the brand and mass percentage of acetic

acid reported on the vinegar bottle. Pipet 10-mL of vinegar into each of three

Erlenmeyer flasks, and add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to each flask.

Obtain about 150 mL of a dilute standard sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq), and

record the molar concentration. Clean and fill a burette with the NaOH solution. Titrate

the three vinegar solutions to a light pink endpoint, recording the initial and final burette

volumes required to titrate each sample. From the data you obtain in the three

titrations, calculate the molar concentration of HC2H3O2 in each vinegar sample and the

average molarity of HC2H3O2.

Record the mass of an empty graduated cylinder. Add 10 ml of vinegar to the flask

and record the mass. Determine the mass and the density of the vinegar solution.

Use the average molarity of HC2H3O2 and the density of the vinegar solution to
calculate the mass percent of HC2H3O2 in the vinegar.

Data:
Molarity of standard NaOH(aq): 0.2160 M

Vinegar brand: Smiths

Reported mass percent of HC2H3O2 in vinegar: 5.0%

Table 1: Vinegar Titration: 10.00 ml vinegar used for each titration

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Final Volume of NaOH 39.00 mL 38.95 mL 38.90 mL
Initial Volume of NaOH 0.00 mL 0.15 mL 0.10 mL
Volume of NaOH used 39.00 mL 38.80 mL 38.80 mL

Table 2: Density of Vinegar Solution:

Mass of Graduated Cylinder + vinegar 25.1753 g
Mass of Empty 10-mL Graduated Cylinder 15.1256 g
Mass of vinegar 10.0503 g
Volume of vinegar used 10.00 mL

Sample Calculations:

Molarity of HC2H3O2 in vinegar:

Trial 1:

0.03900 L ( 0.216 mol NaOH/L)( 1 mol HC2H3O2/1mol NaOH)( 1/0.0100L) = 0.842 M HC2H3O2

Trial 2: and Trial 3

Average HC2H3O3= 0.842 M + 0.838 M + 0.838 M / 3 = 0.839 M

Density of vinegar: d = m/v =10.0503 g/10.00 mL =1.005 g/mL

Mass percent of HC2H3O2 in vinegar:

(0.839 mol HC2H3O3/1000ml solution) (60.052 g HC2H3O3/mol HC2H3O3)(ml solution/1.005g solution)

(100%) = 5.01 %

Vinegar Titration Results:

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Molarity of HC2H3O2 0.842 M 0.838 M 0.838 M
in vinegar
Average Molarity of 0.839 M
HC2H3O2
Density of vinegar 1.005 g/mL
solution
Mass percent of 5.01%
HC2H3O2 in vinegar
Questions:
1. Compare the mass percentage you determined with the mass percentage reported on the

bottle of vinegar.

Conclusions: