Koya University

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department – 2nd Stage

Surveying (SUR5109)

Part 11:
Traversing

Assist. Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji

 Coordinates in a Plane System
Coordinates in a plane system is split into four quadrants with the typical
mathematical convention of the axis to the north and east being positive and to the
south and west, negative. In pure mathematics, the axis is defined as x and y, with
angles measured anticlockwise from the x-axis. In surveying, the x-axis is referred to
as the east-axis (E) and the y-axis as the north-axis (N), with angles (θ) measured
clockwise from the N-axis.

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Coordinates in a Plane System
From the figure above:
- Assume the scale for both axis are equal.
- The difference in the easting between two points is called (ΔE).
∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵 − 𝐸𝐴
- The difference in the northing between two points is called (ΔN).
∆𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 𝑁𝐵 − 𝑁𝐴
- (ΔE) called departure, and (ΔN) called latitude.
- ∆𝐸 = 𝐿 ∗ sin 𝜃
- ∆𝑁 = 𝐿 ∗ cos 𝜃
Where:
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝐵
𝜃 = 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝐵

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Coordinates in a Plane System
Calculation of Coordinates:

Case 1: Determination the coordinates from azimuth and length of line:

- Known: Coordinates of (A), length of (AB=L), and azimuth of (AB) that is (θ).
- Required: Coordinates of (B).
- Procedure:
∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 𝐿𝐴𝐵 ∗ sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 𝐿𝐴𝐵 ∗ cos 𝜃
∴ 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝐴 + ∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝐵 = 𝑁𝐴 + ∆𝑁𝐴𝐵
Case 2: Determination azimuth from coordinates:
- Known: Coordinates of (A and B).
- Required: Azimuth.
- Procedure:
∆𝐸
Find ∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 and ∆𝑁𝐴𝐵 then 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 then find Azimuth
∆𝑁

Case 3: Find the length from the coordinates:

- Known: Coordinates of (A and B).
- Required: Length of (AB).
- Procedure:
𝑳𝑨𝑩 = ∆𝐸 𝟐 + ∆𝑵𝟐

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Coordinates in a Plane System

Case 1: Case 2:

Case 3:

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Traversing
Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is
also used in geodetic work. Traverse networks involved placing the survey stations
along a line or path of travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base
for observing the next point. Traverse networks have many advantages of other
control survey systems.

Types of Traversing:
1. Loop Traverse (Closed traverse): It is the traverse which is start from a known
point and ends on the same points.
2. Link traverse: its start from a known point and ends at another known point.
3. Open (or free) traverse: its start from known point and end on another point
which the coordinates are known.

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Traversing

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Traversing Procedure
- Computations in traversing - Procedure:
1. Find the azimuth for the first side.
2. Correction for angles:
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 2𝑛 − 4 ∗ 90𝑜
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 2𝑛 + 4 ∗ 90𝑜
The difference between measured angles and theoretical value:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 − 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
Put (opposite sign) for each angle while correcting it.
3. Find the azimuths for each side by using corrected angles.
4. Find departure and latitude for each side:
∆𝐸 = 𝐿 ∗ sin(𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ) , ∆𝑁 = 𝐿 ∗ cos(𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ)

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Traversing Procedure
5. Find 𝒅𝑬 and 𝒅𝑵 for latitude and departure:
𝑑𝐸 = ∆𝐸 + −/∆𝐸 − /
𝑑𝑁 = ∆𝑁 + −/∆𝑁 − /
For balanced closed traverse 𝑑𝐸 = 𝑑𝑁 = 0.
If 𝑑𝐸 and 𝑑𝑁 is not equal zero.
Find closing error:

𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑑𝐸 2 + 𝑑𝑁 2
Then, find the relative accuracy:

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝐿
If relative accuracy greater than the allowed, the correction must be done, otherwise
the field work (measurement) must be repeated.
Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Traversing Procedure
-The correction for ΔE and ΔN must be done, using the following methods:

1. Bawditch method (Compass method):

𝐿1 𝐿1
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 =
∗ 𝑑𝐸 = ∗ 𝑑𝑁
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 𝐿1 + 𝐿2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∗ 𝑑𝐸 = ∗ 𝑑𝑁
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∗ 𝑑𝐸 = ∗ 𝑑𝑁
𝐿 𝐿
These values are added to ΔE or ΔN with opposite signs.

2. Transit method:

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
6. Determination of coordinates:
𝑬𝑩 = 𝑬𝑨 + ∆𝑬𝑨𝑩 (𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅) 𝑬𝑪 = 𝑬𝑩 + ∆𝑬𝑩𝑪 (𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅)
𝑵𝑩 = 𝑵𝑨 + ∆𝑵𝑨𝑩 (𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅) 𝑵𝑪 = 𝑵𝑩 + ∆𝑵𝑩𝑪 (𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅)
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠 …

Example (1): The table below, shows the field data for closed traverse ABCD, if the
coordinates of A (2000, 1500). Azimuth AB=31º 33ˉ 00˭. Compute the coordinates
for all other stations. (Note: The observed angles were measured counter-clock
wise).Also find the relative accuracy and linear closed error?

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Internal Angles Azimuth

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
Solution:

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠) = 2𝑛 − 4 ∗ 90 = 360𝑜 00` 00``

Correction for angles:

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠

∴ 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 360𝑜 00` 20`` - 360𝑜 00` 00`` = 00𝑜 20` 00``

20`
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = = +5`
4
𝐴𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 −5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠

:The values after correction:

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
Find the azimuths for each side by using corrected angles.

Azimuth AB=31o33``00`
Azimuth BC=31o33``00`+(360o - 230o57`00``)+180o = 340o 36`00``
Azimuth CD= 340o 36`00``+(360o - 29o 21`00``)-540o =131o 15`00``
Azimuth DA=131o 15`00``+(360o - 63o 03`00``)-180o = 248o 12`00``
Azimuth AB=248o 12`00``+(360o - 36o 39`00``)-180o = 31o33``00` (OK)

Find Departure and Latitude for each side:

∆𝐸 = 𝐿 ∗ sin(𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ)
∆𝑁 = 𝐿 ∗ cos(𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ)

Calculation of departure and latitude shown in the table below:

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
Find 𝒅𝑬 and 𝒅𝑵 for latitude and departure:
From the table:

+∆𝐸 = 57.351 , −∆𝐸 = 58.266

+∆𝑁 = 54.197 , −∆𝑁 = 54.066

𝑑𝐸 = 57.351 − 58.266 = −0.915 𝑚

𝑑𝑁 = 54.197 − 54.066 = 0.131𝑚

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑑𝐸 2 + 𝑑𝑁 2 = 0.922433 𝑚

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 0.922433 𝑚

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = = = 1: 179.849
𝐿 166.24
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = 1: 180 ( < limit ∴ 𝑂𝐾)
𝑑𝐸 ≠ 𝑑𝑁 ≠ 0 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∆𝐸 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑁

𝐸 = 𝐸 + ∆𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 , and 𝑁 = 𝑁 + ∆𝑁𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
Example (2): For the closed traverse shown below, all data indicate in the table
below. Compute the coordinates for all stations, angles measured clock wise
direction?

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Solution:

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
Example (3): For the open traverse shown below, compute the correct coordinates
of all stations.All data indicate in the table below:

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
Given:
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵 (3854.28, 9372.98), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (7575.59, 8503.2)
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝐵 = 151º27`38`` , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐷 = 347º 37` 40`` ?
Solution:
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝐸1 = 151𝑜 27` 38`` + 143𝑜 54` 47`` − 180𝑜 00` 00`` = 115𝑜 22` 25``

𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐸1 𝐸2 = 115𝑜 22` 25`` + 149𝑜 08` 11`` − 180𝑜 00` 00`` = 84𝑜 30` 36``
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐸2 𝐸3 = 84𝑜 30` 36`` + 224𝑜 07` 32`` − 180𝑜 00` 00`` = 128𝑜 38` 08``
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐸3 𝐸4 = 128𝑜 38` 08`` + 157𝑜 21` 53`` − 180𝑜 00` 00`` = 106𝑜 00` 01``
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐸4 𝐶 = 106𝑜 00` 01`` + 167𝑜 05` 15`` − 180𝑜 00` 00`` = 93𝑜 05` 16``
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝐷 = 93𝑜 05` 16`` + 74𝑜 32` 48`` + 180𝑜 00` 00`` = 347𝑜 38` 04``

𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 347𝑜 38` 04`` − 347𝑜 37` 40``

∴ 𝑒 = 00𝑜 00` 24``

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
𝑒 24
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = = = 4``
𝑛 6
2𝑒 48
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = = = 8``
𝑛 6
3𝑒 48
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = = = 12``
𝑛 6
4𝑒 96
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = = = 16``
𝑛 6
5𝑒 120
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑓𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = = = 20``
𝑛 6
6𝑒 144
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑥𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = = = 24``
𝑛 6
𝐴𝑑𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ:
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ + 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠(𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒) − (𝑛 ∗ 180)

𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 151𝑜 27` 38`` + 916𝑜 10` 26`` − 6 ∗ 180 = −12𝑜 21` 56``
∴ 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ = 360𝑜 − 12𝑜 21` 56`` = 347𝑜 38` 04`` (𝑂𝐾)
∆𝐸 = 𝐿 ∗ sin 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ , ∆𝑁 = 𝐿 ∗ cos 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
𝐸𝐵 = ∆𝐸𝐵𝐸1 + 𝐸𝐴 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑑𝐸 = 𝐸𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝐸𝑐 𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 7575.34 − 7575.56 = −0.22 𝑚
𝑑𝑁 = 𝑁𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑁𝑐 𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑑𝐸 2 + 𝑑𝑁 2 = 0.3704 𝑚

𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 0.3704

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = = = 1: 10650
𝐿 3946.15

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
Q2 / Semester 2 / 2014-2015
A tunnel is to be run from station (A) (928.53, 1699.83) to stations (B) and then to
(C). The azimuth of AB is ( 30𝑜 00` 00`` ) and the observed angle at B is
(160𝑜 00` 00`` counter clockwise). (G) is another defined station with coordinates
(1046.21, 1723.63), determine the most economical way to connect the tunnel from
stations A, B or C to Station G. Given: AB=67m, BC=87m.

Solution:
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ𝐴𝐵 = 30
𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ𝐵𝐶 = 30 + 360 − 160 − 180 = 50
∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 67 ∗ sin 30 = 33.5
∆𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 67 ∗ cos 30 = 58
∆𝐸𝐵𝐶 = 87 ∗ sin 50 = 66.64
∆𝑁𝐵𝐶 = 87 ∗ cos 50 = 55.92
𝐴 928.53, 1699.83 , 𝐵 962.03, 1757.83 ,
𝐶 1028.67, 1813.67 , 𝐺(1046.21, 1723.63)

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji
 Example
AG= (1046.21 − 928.53)2 +(1723.63 − 1699.83)2 = 120 𝑚

BG= (1046.21 − 962.03)2 +(1723.63 − 1757.83)2 = 90.88 𝑚 (𝑂𝐾, 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑎𝑦)

CG= (1046.21 − 1028.67)2 +(1723.63 − 1813.67)2 = 91.84 𝑚

Faculty of Engineering – Civil Department Surveying Assistant Lecturer: Hawkar Ali Haji