MIL REVIEWER ● Media provides us with much of
what we learn about the world
Forms of Media
● Print Media - refers to paper
publications, it is considered the
oldest form of media as it is closely
tied to the emergence of the printing
press.
○ However, alternative press,
xerox journalism and campus
publications paved the way
for activism and aided in the
people power revolution.
● Broadcast Media - Broadcast
Media initially used the airwaves to
reach their audience. This media
used direct satellite broadcasting,
which helps them reach audiences
worldwide.
● New Media - New Media is
composed of media that use digital
technologies. Producers of print
media and broadcast media have
increasingly relied on new media as
a platform.
Functions of Media
● Media act as channels of information
and knowledge, through which
citizens communicate with each
other and make informed decisions.
● Media facilitates informed debates
between diverse social actors.
beyond our immediate experience.
● Media are means by which a society
learns about itself and builds a
sense of community.
● Media functions as a watchdog of
the government in all its forms.
Promoting transparency in public life
and public scrutiny of those with
power through exposing corruption,
maladministration, and corporate
wrongdoing.
● Media are essential facilitators of
democratic processes and one of
the guarantors of free and fair
elections.
● Media are a vehicle for cultural
expression and cultural cohesion
within and between nations.
● Media functions as an advocate and
social actor in its own right while
respecting pluralistic values.
What is Communication?
Communication is the process
where one person is expressing his or her
idea & the other one is listening to the idea
being expressed by the one who is talking.
History of Media and Communication
● Inscribing (Caveman)
○ Writers need to be able to
combine words and images,
and to paint images with their
words. which is called
inscribing.
○ Images on a cave wall and
images in our minds both
help us see what is
happening.
● Smoke Signals ● Television
○ It is a form of visual ○ Television: (TV) is a
communication used over a telecommunication medium
long distance. for transmitting & receiving
○ In general smoke signals are moving images that can be
used to transmit news, signal monochrome (black-
danger, or to gather people andwhite) or colored with or
to a common area. without accompanying
● Pigeon sound.
○ Messenger pigeon is a ● Telephone
variety of domestic pigeon ○ On March 7, 1876, Alexander
derived from the wild rock Graham Bell, scientist,
dove, selectively bred for its inventor and innovator,
ability to find its way home received the first patent for
over extremely long an “apparatus for transmitting
distances. vocal or other sounds
● Pony Express telegraphically,” a device he
○ The Pony Express was a called the telephone.
mail service delivering ● New Media
messages, newspapers, and ○ People advanced the use of
mail using relays of horse- microelectronics in the
mounted riders invention of personal
● Semaphore computers, mobile devices
○ The Semaphore flag and wearable technology.
signaling system is an
alphabet signaling system
based on the waving of a pair Quick History of the Internet
of hand-held flags in a ● It was during the Cold War, October
particular pattern. 4, 1957, that the Soviets launched
● Telegraph the first man made satellite into
○ Telegraphy "at a distance" space called Sputnik.
and "to write" is the long-
distance transmission of
textual or symbolic (as
opposed to verbal or audio)
messages without the
physical exchange of an
object bearing the message.
● Radio
○ Radio is a way to send
electromagnetic signals over
a long distance, to deliver
information from one place to
another.
● As it was the world's first ever
artificial object to float into space,
this was alarming for Americans.
The Soviets were not only ahead in
science and technology, but they
were a threat.
● Americans feared that the Soviets
would spy on their enemies, win the
Cold War, and that nuclear attacks
on American soil were possible.
● After the Sputnik wake up call, the
space race began.
● It was not long after that in 1958 the
US Administration funded various
agencies, one of them being ARPA.
● ARPA stands for Advanced
Research Project Agency. It was a
Defense Department research
project in Computer Science, a way
for scientists and researchers to
share information, findings,
knowledge, and communicate. It
also allowed and helped the field of
Computer Science to develop and
evolve.
● Without ARPA the Internet would not
exist. It was because of this
institution that the very first version
of the Internet was created –
ARPANET.
Types of Information
● Scholarly - Scholarly information is
drawn from the research of field
experts. Scholarly sources must be
peer-reviewed before they can be
published. References and citations
are indicated so that everything can
be verified.
● Professional/Trade - This
information includes current news
and trends about a specific industry
presented to experts and
enthusiasts by someone with
knowledge in the field.
● Entertainment/Popular - This
information meant for the general
population. A journalist, staff writer,
or content producer may use some
entertaining hooks in order to catch
attention or to be easily understood.
It is derived from or a discussion of
other people’s work.
● Opinion - A viewpoint, judgment, or
statement that is not conclusive.
Opinions on a specific matter will
vary from person to person and will
not be thoroughly resolved.
Providers of Information
● Academic Institutions - These are
schools, colleges and universities
that confer academic degrees. They
are dedicated to education and
research. Students and faculty
members of academic institutions
continually seek knowledge for
themselves and for their community
● Government Agencies - An
organization under government
which is responsible for the
administration of a specific function.
Government agencies gather and
disseminate information not for profit
but to build a well-informed citizenry.
● Private Sector - It includes
business, organizations, and other
players in the economy that are not
owned or operated by the
government. They provide goods
and services for profit.
● Private Individuals - Considered
private individuals are those who do
not present another person,
corporation, or group. A private
individual must be motivated to tell
 the truth, to help, and to do the right ● Mediation - It refers to the process
thing when giving information. that a media material undergoes
before reaching an audience.
● Stereotypes - It refers to the
Codes and Conventions oversimplified representation of a
Codes - Codes are systems of signs, which person or thing.
create meaning. ● Selection - It refers to the process
of selecting content for a media
Conventions - Conventions are the material.
generally accepted ways of doing ● Anchorage - It refers to the words
something. used to give images a certain
meaning.
● Technical Codes - techniques and ● Ideology - It refers to the set of
methods like camera angle shot opinions or beliefs expressed
type, and lighting. through a media material.
○ Camera works
○ Audio
○ Lighting Importance of Media and Information in a
○ Editing Democratic Country
● Symbolic Codes - used to convey a
symbolic rather than a literal Democracy - Democracy comes from the
meaning. One example is the way a Greek word demokratía which means "rule
character’s emotions are implied in a of the people." In a democracy, the people
scene. become the source of power and legitimacy
○ Setting for government leaders (best demonstrated
○ Mise en Scene by the process of election).
○ Acting
○ Color Bill of Rights - Article III, Section 4
● Written Codes - headlines, “No law shall be passed abridging the
captions, titles, and writing styles. freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
○ Headlines press, or the right of the people peaceably
○ Captions to assemble and petition the government for
○ Title redress of grievances.”
○ Font Styles
● Audio Codes - These include codes Four Important Rights Embodied in
related to sound. Background music, Article III, Section 4
sound effects and voice over are ● Freedom of Expression – the right
under this category. of an individual to speak or utter
whatever he wants without prior
Media Representation restraint.
● Construction - It refers to the way a ● Right to a Free Press - the right of
media material is put together. an individual to write, publish, and
articulate whatever he/she pleases
without restraint.
 ● Freedom of Assembly - the right of
people to come together and
collectively express, promote,
pursue and defend their ideas.
● Right to Petition - the right of
people to make a complaint to, or
seek the assistance of one’s
government without fear of
punishment or reprisals.
Bill of Rights - Article III, Section 7
"The right of the people to information on
matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and
to documents and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as
well as to government research data used
as basis for policy development, shall be
afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.”
Basic Journalistic Principles & Practices
● Fair and Balance Reporting - This
includes attribution and data
triangulation, neutrality does not
mean that a journalist is prohibited
from having a personal opinion;
rather, it means that the methods
used in reporting a new story must
be objective.
● Editorial Independence - This is
defined as the concept that editors
should have full authority over the
content of the publication. Editorial
independence is a long standing
ideal that media organizations,
practitioners and owners strive for.
● Plurality and Diversity - Media
must serve all people regardless of
age, gender, ethnicity, language, or
culture. Part of the responsibilities of
the media is to encourage members
of the different ethnic, racial,
religious, and social groups to
participate in nation building.
The Six Vital Concepts in Information
Literacy
● Authority is Constructed and
Contextual - This means that the
information literate individual is able
to evaluate the Legitimacy and
Credibility behind a piece of
information.
● Information Creation as a Process
- This concept emphasized that all
the information undergoes a process
of researching, creating, revising
and disseminating.
● Information has Value - This
means that the information literate
realizes that even though
information can be accessed for
free, it has many forms of value.
● Research as Inquiry - This means
that the information literate respects
and applies the research process by
continually asking new, more difficult
questions.
● Scholarship as Conversation -
They must be open to different and
different cultural perspectives, in
order for a meaningful conversation
to happen. This is how new insights
and discoveries are formed and
tested in a continuous cycle.
● Search as Strategic Exploration -
This refers to the ability of the
information literate to devise various
multi-step processes in acquiring
information.
 The Big 6 Model
● Task Definition
○ Identify the Information that
you need.
● Information Seeking Strategies
○ List down all the possible
sources for your topic.
○ Narrow your list down by
selecting the best sources for
your topic.
● Location and Access
○ Locating the sources and
gathering the information that
you need from them.
○ Start by focusing on
keywords, keyword phrases,
and synonyms that are
specific to your topic.
● Use of Information
○ Narrow down the Information
that you have gathered.
○ Filter out all the information
that you do not need, and
gather the relevant, useful, or
essential ones.
● Synthesis
○ How you want to present the
information you gathered.
○ Identify your target audience.
● Evaluation
○ Evaluate all the steps you
undertook and focus on
those which you can
improve.
Digital Resources
● Multimedia Resources - Use
more than one medium.
● Interactive Resources - The user is
able to manipulate the device.
● Emerging Technology - Latest
Advancements in technology.
The Three Competencies of Digital
Literacy
● To Use - It refers to one’s
competency in operating software,
digital devices and navigating the
internet. This is the basic
competency most young people may
already have.
● To Understand - It refers to survival
skills in a digital environment. It also
serves as the foundation to
becoming an intelligent and
responsible contributor.
● To Create - It refers to the social
utility of digital literacy. If you can
understand information. You must
know to use technology to share
information.
Digital Citizenship
● Think before you post
● Don’t be a bully or put up with bullies
● Protect your Reputation
● Keep your password private
● Don’t post personal information
● Use common sense
 Categories of TV Programs program credible and up to date as
● News - reports about current events. possible.
● Recreation - outdoor activities or ● Broadcasting Assistant - assists
travel. the producer and the presenter.
● Variety - programs contain different ● Sound Operator - responsible for
kinds of entertaining performances. the sound quality.
● Analysis - panel discussions or
talks on specific topics.
● Sports - cover sports events and
competitions.
● Games Shows - feature contestants
who participate in games of skill and
chance.
● Documentary - non-fiction
narratives that can educate.
● Drama and Comedy - fictional
narratives that fall under drama and
comedy.
● General Entertainment - programs
that often feature celebrities.
● Religion - tackle religious teachings.
● Music and Dance - programs that
air pre – recorded music or dance
performances.
● Reality - programs that document
unscripted, actual events that
feature ordinary people.
● Educational - shows that provide
instruction for students or young
learners.
● Music Video Programs - shows
that air music videos.
● Public Service Announcements -
programs used to educate people
about issues of public concern.

Radio Production
● Producer - manages the whole
program.
● Presenter - functions as the
program host.
● Researcher - in charge of the
research required in making a