448 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate

J sin 3x cos 5xdx.

Solution From Equation (4) with m = 3 and n = 5, we get

J sin3xcos5xdx = tJ [sin (-h) + sinRx]dx

= tJ (sinRx - sinh)dx

_cosRx + cosh + C
=
16 4 . •

Exercises 8.2

Powers of Sines and Co';nes 1r/2 8in2 x W/6

Evaluate 1he integrals in Exercises 1-22. 27.
J.
w/3 VI - cosx
dx 2S. 0
/.
VI + sinxdx

1. J cos2xdx 2. f 0 3Sffi
. x dx
3 (Hint: Multiply by :: :::.)

3. J cos3 x sin x dx 4. J sin' 2x cos 2x dx 29.

l
w
cos x
VI -• sinx
dx 30.
J.
'w/.
VI - sin2xdx

5. J sin3 xlix 6. J cos' 4x dx

5,"/6

WP
wp

(I - cos2 t)'p dt
7. J sinS xlix S. f
31. 0
/.
OVI - cos20dO 32.

9. J cos3 xlix 10.

/.w/'
0 3 cos' 3x dx
Powers of Tangents and Secants
Evaluate 1he integrals in Exercises 33-50.

11. J sin3 x cos3 x dx 12. J cos' 2x sin' 2x dx 33. J sec' x tan x dx 34. J sec x tan2 x dx

13. J cos2 x dx 14. f0P sin2 xdx 35. J sec' x tan x dx 36. Jsec' x tan' x dx

15. f0P sin'yth> 16. J 7 cos' tdt 37. J sec' x tan2 x dx 38. J sec4 x tan2 x dx

17. /,wSSin'xdx IS. J 8 cos' 2'ITx dx

39.1
0
2 sec' xdx 40. J eX sec3 eX dx

19. J 16 8in2 xcos2 xdx 20. /.W 8 sin' Y cos y th>

2
41. J sec' 0 dO 42. J 3 sec' 3x dx

21. J 8 cos' 20 sin 20 dO 22. f0P sin2 20 cos' 20 dO

43. [P csc' 0 dO 44. J sec
6
X dx
W/'
Integrating Square Roots
Evaluate 1he integrals in Exercises 23-32. 45. J 4tan'xdx 46.
[/. 6tan'xdx

23. /.2W X
- 2cOS dx 24. /.W VI - cos2xdx 47. J tan' xdx 4S. J cot' 2x dx

49. [/3 cot' x dx

w/'
50. J 8 cot' tdt
 8.3 Trigonometric Substitutions 449

Products of Sines and Cosines

Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 51-56. 65.
J tan' x
csc x tb: 66. J cot x tb:
cos2 X

51. J
sin 11: cos 2x tb: 52. J sin 2x cos 11: tb:
67. J x sin' x tb: 68. J x cos' x tb:

53. sin 11: sin 11: tb: 54. Jor/2 sinx cosx dx
Applications
55. J
cos 11: cos 4x tb: 56.
l
w/2
cos x cos 7x dx 69. Arc lengtb Find the length of the curve

y In (secx), 0:5 x:5 ",/4.

Exercises 57-{)2 require the use of various trigonometric identities be-
fore you evaluate the integrals.

J J
70. Center of gravity Find the center of gravity of the region
57. sin' 8 cos 38 d8 58. cos' 28 sin 8 d8 bounded by the x-axis, the curve y = sec x, and the lines x =
-",/4,x ",/4.

59. J
cos' 8 sin 28 d8 60. J sin' 8 cos 28 d8
71. Volume Find the volume generated by revolving one arch of the
curve y = sinx about the x-axis.

61. J
sin 8 cos 8 cos 38 d8 62. J sin 8 sin 28 sin 38 d8
72. Area Find the area between the x-axis and the corve y
VI + cos4x,O x 'IT.

73. Centroid Find the centroid of the region bounded by the graphs
Assorted Integrations ofy = x + cos x andy = o forO x 2w.

J .,
Use any method to evaluate the integrals in Exercises 63-{)8. 74. Volume Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the re-
gion bounded by the graphs of y sin x + sec x, Y 0, x 0,

J
3
63 sec x dx 64. sm x tb: and x ",/3 about the x-axis.
• tan x cos4 X

Trigonometric Substitutions
8.3
Trigonometric substitutions occur when we replace the variable of integration by a
trigonometric function. The most common substitutions are x a tan IJ, x a sin IJ, and
x a sec IJ. These substitutions are effective in transfurming integrals involving Va' + x',
V
Va' - x', and x' - a'into integrals we can evaluate directly since they come from the
reference right triangles in Figure 8.2.

Withx atanlJ,

a' + x' a' + a'tan'lJ a'(\ + tan'lJ) a'sec'lJ.

Withx asinlJ,

a' - x' a' - a' sin'lJ = a'(1 - sin'lJ) a' cos'lJ.

a
x=atan8 x=asin8 x=asecO
Va' + x' alsecol Va' - x' alcosol Vx'- aitanOI
FIGURE 8.2 Reference triaog1es for the three basic substitotions
identifying the sides labeled x and a for each substitotion.
452 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

to put the radicand in the form x' - a'. We then substitute

2
x = Ssec 0,
2
dx = Ssec 0 lanO dO, 0< 0 <;
x' - = is sec' 0 -

= - 1) =
25 25
tan 6 > o for
- = ItanOI = 0< 0 < ",/2

With these substitutions, we have

J dx
v'25x' - 4 =
J dx
5v'x' - (4/25) =
J (2/5) sec 0 lan 0 dO
5' (2/5) lanO
FIGURE 8.6 Ifx = (2/5)sec 6,
0< 6 < 'IT/2,then6 = sec- I (5.</2), = tJ secOdO = tin IsecO + tanOI + C
and we can read the values of the other
1rigonometric functions of 6 from this right
1riangle (Example 3).
= tin + - 41 + c. Fig. 8.6 •

EXERCISES 8.3
Using Trigonometric Substitutions
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 1-2S. 19 1 Sdw 20. 1 V9 W'dw

1v'9+7 1VI
• w'V4 - w'
1 dx 2 3dx
· . + 9x' 21. 1
36
\00
+ 25x'
dx 22. 1 x Vx' - 4dx

• -,4+x'
4 1.' dx
• 0 S+2x' 1.V3/2 4x' dx
1.' dx

1. '1' dx 1.
I
/2Vi 2dx
VI _
23. 0 (1 _ x')'/2 24. 0 (4 _ x')'/2

5. 0 6. 0 4x'
25.1 (x ,dx '/2' x> 1
1 x'dx
)'/2 ' x > 1

1 1 - 1) 26. (x' _ 1
7. "\I25=7dt 8. v'1=9t2dt 1 (1 - x')'/2 1(I-X')I/2

1
9.
dx
V4x' - 49
, x>-7
2
10
•
1 5dx
V25x' - 9'
x >
5
27.

29 1 Sdx
x
6 dx 28.

30 1
x
4 dx

6dt
(4x' + I)' (9t' + I)'

1Vy' - 1Vy' -
49 25 • ·
11. Y dy, y> 7 12. y' dy, Y >5
31. 1 x'dx 32 1 xdx
13.1 x2 x 2 - 1
x>1 14.
1 X3
2dx
vx2 - 1
x> 1
33 1 v'dv
x2 - 1 •

34.
25 + 4x'
1 (1 - r')'/2
8 dr
• (1 - v')'/2 r
Assorted Integrattons
Vse any method to evaluate the integrals in Exercises 15-34. Most
In Exercises 35-4S, use an appropriate substitution and then a 1rigono-
will require 1rigonome1ric substitutions, but some can be evaluated by

lin
me1ric substitution to evaluate the integrals.
other methods.
ln4 I dt (4/') I dt

9- x2
16.
1 - -x', d x
4+x
35
• 1.0
e
Ve u + 9
36
• In ('/4) (1 + eU )'/2

17 1
· W+4
x'dx 18. 1 dx 37.
[1/4
JI/12 vi + 4tvl
2 dt 38
· JI
['
yVI
dy
+ (\ny)'
 8.4 Integration of RationaL Functions by PartiaL Fractions 453

.. J ·
<Ix
l+x
56. Consider 1he region bounded by the graphs of y - Vxtan-1 x
and y - 0 for 0 :S X :s L Find 1he volume of the solid formed

41 J
· '\17=1
x<lx 42 J <Ix
by revolving this region about the x-axis (see accompanying ftgure).
y

43 J
· V1+7
x<lx 44. JVI (lnx)2.
xlnx tb
-, _ V:xtan-1x

. . J)4 ;x <Ix

(Hint: Let x _ u 1.) o I

'7. J 57. Evaluate J x3 using

Initial Value Problems a. integration by p!lrts.
Solve the initial value problems in Exercises 49-52 for y as a fimction b. a v-substitution.
ofx.
e. a trigonometric substitution.
dy -
49. x dx - 'vx-
ry-o
- 4, y(2) = 0 58. Path of. water dder Suppose that a boat is positioned at the m-
gin with a water skier tethered to the boat at the point (30. 0) on a
SO. vx- - 9 dx - 1, x> 3, y(5) = 1n3 rope 30 ft long. As the boat travels along the positiw y-axis. the
skier is pulled behind fue boat along an unknown path y = f(x), as
shown in the acccwnpanying figure.
51. (x 1 + 4) : = 3, y(2) = 0
-\1'900 Xl
L Showthatf'(x) = X
52. (xl + 1)2 : - W+I, y(O) - 1
(!lint: Assume that the skier is always pointed directly at the boat
and the rope is on a line tangent to the path y = f(x).)
AppLications and Examples
53. Area Find the area of the :region in the first quadrant that is
b. Solve the equation in part (a) fur f(;&), using f(30) = o.
enclosed by the coordinate axes and the curve y = v'9 - x 2/3. y
54. Area Find the area enclosed by the ellipse y - f{x) pGb. of mel"
x2 y2
2+2=1.
a b
55. ConsideIthcregi.on bmmdedbythe graphs ofy = sin-I :C,Y = 0,
andx = 1/2.
a. Find the area of the region.
____
b. Find the centroid of the regicm.. 0]; (30,0)

Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

8.4
This section shows how to express a rational function (a quotient of polynomials) as a sum
of simpler fractions, called partial fractions, which are easily integrated. For instance, the
,..tiona! function (S.% - 3)/(x' - 2x - 3) can be rewri_ as

_2_ + _3_
Xl 2x 3 x+l x-3'
You can verify this equation algebraically by placing the fractions on the right side
over a common denominator (x + l)(x - 3). The skill acquired in writing rational
functions as such a sum. is useful in other settings as well (for instance, when usmg certain
transfonn methods to solve di:ffcrcntial equations). To integrate the rational function
 8.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 461

Solution Clear fractions to get

x2 +I = A(x - 2)(x - 3) + B(x - I)(x - 3) + C(x - I)(x - 2).

Then let x = 1,2,3 successively to f'mdA, B, and C:

x = 1: (1)2 + 1 = A( -1)( -2) + B(O) + C(O)
2 = 2A
A=1
x = 2: (2)2 + 1 = A(O) + B(I)( -1) + C(O)
5 =-B
B =-5
x = 3: (3)2 + 1 = A(O) + B(O) + C(2)(l)
10 = 2C
C = 5.
Cooclusioo:
2
x + 1 =_1_ _ _5_+_5_
(x - l)(x - 2)(x - 3) x-I x - 2 x - 3. •

Exercises 8.4
Expanding Quotients into Partial Fractions
20 / x'dx
Expand the quotients in Exercises 1-8 by partial fractions. . (x - I)(x' + 2x + I)
1 5x-13 Sx - 7
2. , Irreducible Quadratic Factors
· (x - 3)(x - 2) x -3x+2
10 Exercises 21-32, express the integrand as a sum of partial fractions
3.
x+4
, 4 2x + 2 and evaluate the integrals.

1, '
(x+ I) 'x'-2x+1
21 dx
5 z + I 6 z . , (x + I)(x' + I)
'z'(z-I) ·z3_ z 2_6z
y'+2Y +I
(' + 8 (' + 9 23. / (y' + I)' dy
7. ,
( - 5t +6 8. t' + 9t'

Nonrepeated Linear Factors 25/ 23+2 tis

. (8' + 1)(8 - I)'
10 Exercises 9-16, express the integrand as a sum of partial fractions
and evaluate the integrals. 27. / x' - x + 2 dx
x' - I
I - x x + 2x x'
11./ x+4
x'+Sx-6
dx 12./ 2x+1
x' - 7x + 12
dx
29.
/
-,--dx
x - I

13. /.8 ,
'Y -2y-3
ydy
14.
[' y +4
l'/2 y' + y dy
15 / dt 16. / x + 3 dx
· ('+t'-2t 2x' - 8x
Improper Fractions
Repeated Linear Factors 10 Exercises 33-38, perfor03long division on the integrand, write the
10 Exercises 17-20, express the integrand as a sum of partial fractions proper fraction as a sum. of partial fractions, and then evaluate the

l' . .
and evaluate the integrals. integral.
17 r
1 --o;-__x,-'...
dx___ 18 x,-'__
dx___ 33./ 2x'-2x'+l dx 34. x'
-,--dx
• Jo x2+2x+ 1 • -1 x2 - 2x + 1 x2 - x / x - I
462 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

56. The y-axis

35. /9X'-3X+ Idx 36. / 16x' dx
x 3 - xl 4x 2 -4x+1 y _ 2
y - (x + 1)(2 x)
y' + y2 - I 2' 11--. .....
37. , dY 38 Y dY
/ y +Y • / y' - y2 + y - I

Evaluating Integrals
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 39-50.

39 / etdt / e
4t
+ 2e
2t
- e
t """'O+---------""'"I--+ x
• e" + 3e' + 2 40. e2' +I dt
D 57. Find, to two decimal places, the x-<>oordiuate of the centroid of
41. /
sin2 y
cosydY
+ siny - 6
42 /
0082 8
sinO dO
+ cosB - 2
the region in the first quadrant bounded by
the x-axis, the curve
• y = tan-Ix, and the line x = V3.
(x - 2)'tan- 1 (2x) - 12x' - 3x D 58. Find the x-coordiuate of the centroid of this region to two decimal
43. / (4x2 + I)(x _ 2)' dx places.

(x + I)'tan- I (3x) + 9x' + x y

44. / (9x2 + I)(x + 1)2 dx (3. 1.83)

46./ I Vi (xl/3 - I)
dx (5,0.98)

(Hint: Letx = u'.)

47. 48./ x x +9
D 59.
o 3 5

Social diffusion Sociologists s0fi3ctimes use the phrase "social

(Hint: Let x + I = u2.)
diffusion" to describe the way information spreads througb a pop-

49./ I+ x(x' I)
dx 50/ I
• x' (x' + 4)
dx
ulation. The information might be a rumor, a cultural fad, or news
about a tecbnica1 innovation. In a sufficiently large population,
the nun3ber of people x who have the information is treated as a
(Hint: Multiply by::.) differentiable function of time t, and the rate of diffusion, dx/ dt, is
asSun3ed to be proportional to the number of people who have the
information times the number of people who do not. This leads to
Initial Value Problems the equation
Solve the initial value problems in Exercises 51-54 for x as a function
oft. dx = kx(N - x)
dt '
2
51. (t - 3t + 2): = I (t > 2), x(3) = 0 where N is the number of people in the population.

52. (3t' + 4t 2 + I): = 2V3, x(1) = -1fV3/4

Suppose t is in days, k
mor at time t
1/250, and two people start a
0 in a population of N = 1000 people.
a. Find x as a function of t.
TU-

53. (12 + 2t): = 2x + 2 (t,x > 0), x(1) = I b. When will half the population have heard the rumor? (This is
when the rumor will be spreading the fastest.)
54. (t + I ) : = x2 + I (t > -I), x(O) = 0 D 60. Seoond-order chemical reaction. Many chemical reactions are
the result of the interaction of two molecules that uodergo a
change to produce a new product. The rate of the reaction typically
Applications and Examples
In Exercises 55 and 56, fmd the volwne of the solid generated by re- depends on the concentrations of the two kinds of moleoules. If a
is the amount of substance A and b is the amount of substance B at
volving the shaded region about the indicated axis.
time t 0, and ifx is the an30unt ofproduct at time t, then the rate
55. The x-axis by
of formation of x may be given the differential equation
y 3 dx
Y V3x-x 2 dt = k(a - x)(b - x),
(0.5. 2.68) (2.5, 2.68) or
2 I dx = k
(a - x)(b - x) dt '
where k is a constant for the reaction. Integrate both sides of this
equation to obtain a relation between x aod t (a) if a b, aod
o 0.5 2.5
(h) if a #' b. Assume in each case that x = 0 when t = O.
 8.7 Improper Integrals 487

Exercises 8.7
Evaluating Improper Integrals 41.
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 1-34 without using tables. Jo Vi + sint

1
00 dx 00 dx
1 -- 2 -- 42. {I dt. (Hint:t"'=sintfort"'= 0)
• 0 x + 1
], 2 • 1 x1.001
10 t-smt
{I dx
3. Jo Yx 4·
{'
Jo
dx
43. [ dx2
--
o 1- x 44· [ol
dx - X

I I
1dx 1dx
5. 2/3 6. 1;3 45. 1: In Ixldx 46.1:-xlnlxldx
-1 X -, x

· /.00
8
· 10 rO. 999 • 1 x 3 +1
48
, Yx-I
dx

9.1- ;dx
-oox-l
2
10.1 --00
2

x2 +4
49],00 dv 50
• 0 1 + e6
2 00
11. ],
-2--dv
2 v - v 2 t2 - 1
51],00
·0 W+1
dx 52],00 dx

13
•
1 00
2xdx
(x 2 + If
14
•
1 00
xdx
(x 2 + 4)3/2 1 x2
54],00
• 2
xdx
w-=-l
00
15. {I
Jo
8 + I d8
+ 28
16. {2 s
Jo V4=7
+ I tis 55.1 2
00

+;osx dx 56.1 I +x dx
00
17
· Jo
roo dx
(I + x)Yx
18.1 1
I dx 57. /.00 2 dt
, t /2-1 3 58. [I
Inx dx
2

19 roo 2 dv 20. roo 16 tan-I x dx [' 60. [00 In (In x) dx

· Jo (I + v )(1 + tan Iv) 10 1 + x2 59. 1 dx

21. 8e'd8 22.],00 2e-8 sin 8 d8 61. [I1 eX - x

62. [I
1

23. e-i>1dx 24. J:" 2xe -x' dx 63. f dx 64. f dx

ex+--x
e

25.],1 xlnxdx 26.],1 (-Inx) dx Tbeory and Examples

65. Find the values ofp for which eacb integral converges.
27 rz dx
· Jo V4=7
28. {'
Jo v'1-=-7
4rdr 2 dx ],00 dx
a. 1 1 x(lnx)' 1>. 2 x(lnx)'
30
•
],' dt 66. .. f(x)dxDHynotequJ. lim. J!.f(x)dx Show that
2
32 dx
• -1 v'fxT ],

33 1 00
d8 34
· Jo
roo dx
diverges and booce that
• -1

Testing for Convergence

+ 58 + 6 (x + 1)(x 2 + I)

diverges. Thoo show that

1 00 2xdx
--00 x2 + 1

In Exercises 35--64, use integration, the Direct Comparison Test, or

the Limit Comparison Test to test the integrals for convergeoce. If
more than one method applies, use whatever method you prefer.
Exercises 67-70 are about the infmite regioo in the first quadrant
35. Jo tan8d8 36. Jo cot8d8 between the curve y = e ---x and the x-axis.

37. r sin8d8 38 cos8d8

67. Find the area of the region.
Jo · (1T - 28)1/3 68. Find the centroid of the region.
{' -Vi 69. Find the volwne of the solid gooerated by revolving the region
40. Jo eYx dx about the y-axis.
488 Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration

70. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region D a. Plot the integrand (sin t)/t for t > O. Is the sine-integral
about the x-axis. function everywhere increasing or decreasing? Do you think
71. Find the area of the region that lies between the curves y = sec x Si (x) = 0 for x > O? Check your answers by graphing the
andy = tan x from x = Otox = 'TT'/2. function Si (x) for 0 ,.;; x ,.;; 25.
72. The region in Exercise 71 is revolved about the x-axis to generate b. Explore the convergence of
a solid.
a. Find the volume of the solid.
1 00

dt.

b. Show that the inner and outer surfaces of the solid have infi- If it converges, what is its value?
nite area. 76. Error function The function
73. Estimating the value of a convergent improper integral whose
domain is infinite
erf(x) =
r
Jo
2 -t
V;dt,
2

a. Show that

1 00

e-3x dx = te-9 < 0.000042,

called the error function, has important applications in probabil-
ity and statistics.
and hence that hoo e -x dx < 0.000042. Explain why this
2
D a. Plot the error function for 0 ,.;; x ,.;; 25.
roo
means that Joe -x
2 r3 2
dx can be replaced by Joe -x dx without b. Explore the convergence of
2e-t2
1
introducing an error of magnitude greater than 0.000042.
f:
00

• ,dt.
D b. Evaluate
x2
e- dx numerically. o V'TT'
74. The infinite paint can or Gabriel's hom As Example 3 shows, If it converges, what appears to be its value? You will see how
the integral f,oo (dx/x) diverges. This means that the integral to confirm your estimate in Section 15.4, Exercise 41.

1 00 I 77. Normal probability distribution The function

1 2'TT'x\j I + -;tdx,
f( X ) = - -I - e _1(=)2
2 u
which measures the surface area of the solid of revolution traced u\,f2;
out by revolving the curve y = I/x, I ,.;; x, about the x-axis, di-
verges also. By comparing the two integrals, we see that, for is called the normal probability density jUnction with mean f.L and
every finite value b > I, standard deviation u. The number f.L tells where the distribution is
b b
centered, and u measures the "scatter" around the mean.
From the theory of probability, it is known that
1 + :4dx > 2'TT'1 idx.
y 1: f(x) dx = 1.

In what follows, let f.L = 0 and u = I.

o
D a. Draw the graph of j. Find the intervals on which f is increas-
ing, the intervals on which f is decreasing, and any local ex-
treme values and where they occur.
b. Evaluate

However, the integral forn = 1,2,and3.

c. Give a convincing argument that

for the volume of the solid converges.

a. Calculate it.
1: f(x) dx = 1.

b. This solid of revolution is sometimes described as a can that (Hint: Show that 0 < f(x) < e -x/2 for x > I, and for b > I,
does not hold enough paint to cover its own interior. Think
about that for a moment. It is common sense that a finite
amount of paint cannot cover an infinite surface. But ifwe fill
1 00

e-x/ 2 dx --+ 0 as b --+ 00.)

the hom with paint (a finite amount), then we will have covered 78. Show that if f(x) is integrable on every interval of real numbers
an infinite surface. Explain the apparent contradiction. and a and b are real numbers with a < b, then
75. Sine-integral function The integral a. f(x) dx and laoo f(x) dx both converge if and only if
Si(x) = 1 x
dt,
b.
f(x) dx and hoo f(x) dx both converge.

f(x) dx
oo
+ fa f(x) dx = f(x) dx
oo
+ fb f(x) dx
called the sine-integral jUnction, has important applications in optics. when the integrals involved converge.