GP 118

Dr. Tharindu Weerakoon

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya

17/08/2020 Week #07 – Lecture Note #15

֍ Transient analysis and RLC circuits under dc excitations
֍ Impedance and admittance concepts under ac excitations

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GP118: Basic Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dr. Tharindu Weerakoon 3
 ֍ Sinusoids and Phase
֍ Phasor Relationship and Complex Representation
֍ Impedance and Admittance
֍ RLC Circuit Analysis under ac excitation

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A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
Where;
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑚 = the amplitude of the sinusoid
𝜔 = the angular frequency in radians
As a function of 𝝎𝒕
𝜔𝑡 = the argument of the sinusoid

The period of the sinusoid

As a function of 𝒕
2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔

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֍ The 𝑣(𝑡) repeats itself every 𝑇
2𝜋
𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 +
𝜔

= 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝜋 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑡)

Hence;
𝑣(𝑡 + 𝑇) = 𝑣(𝑡) ֍ Then 𝑣(𝑡) is said to be periodic

A periodic function is one that satisfies 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡 + 𝑛𝑇), for all

𝑡 and for all integers 𝑛.

Cyclic frequency 𝑓 1
𝑓=
Then; 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝑇

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֍ Consider a more general sinusoid expression
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)  (𝜔𝑡+𝜙) is the argument
𝑚
 𝜙 is the phase
Two sinusoidal signals
𝑣1 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜙
𝑣2 leads 𝑣1 by 𝜙
𝑣1 lags 𝑣2 by 𝜙

If 𝜙 ≠ 0, 𝑣1 and 𝑣2
are out of phase

If 𝜙 = 0, 𝑣1 and 𝑣2
are in phase
𝑣2 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
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Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the sinusoid

𝑣 𝑡 = 12 cos 50𝑡 + 10°

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Calculate the phase angle between the following voltage sinusoids and
state which sinusoid is leading

𝑣1 𝑡 = −10 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 50°

𝑣2 𝑡 = 12 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 10°

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For Method 3:

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A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude
and phase of a sinusoid.
Rectangular form
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
Polar form
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜙
Exponential form
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜙
𝑦 −1
𝑟= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝜙 = tan
𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑟∠𝜙 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙)
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Euler’s Identity 𝑒 ±𝑗𝜙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ± 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙

For a given sinusoid:

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+𝜙

Thus;
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑽𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
Where; 𝑽 is called as phasor
representation
𝑽 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜙 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙
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The plot of sinusoid 𝑽𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+𝜙

Representation of sinor rotating Projection on the real axis

counterclockwise as a function of time

𝑽 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙 ⟺ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
Phasor-domain representation Time-domain representation

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Leading and Lagging
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙 ⟺ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
Phasor-domain representation Time-domain representation

Voltage phasor
𝑽 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙
Current phasor

𝑰 = 𝐼𝑚 ∠ − 𝜃
Time domain representation Phasor domain representation
𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙
Phasor Diagram
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙 − 90°
𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜃
𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜃 − 90°
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֍ Consider the following two equations
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑽𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑑𝑣
= −𝜔𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 = 𝜔𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 + 90°)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑅𝑒 𝜔𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜙 𝑒 𝑗90° = 𝑅𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑽𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
֍ This shows that the
derivative 𝑣 𝑡 is
𝑑𝑣
⟺ 𝑗𝜔𝑽
transformed to the phasor 𝑑𝑡
domain as 𝑗𝜔𝑽. (Time domain) (Phasor domain)

֍ Similarly for the integration 𝑽

of 𝑣 𝑡 is transformed to න 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 ⟺
the phasor domain as 𝑗𝜔
𝑽/𝑗𝜔 . (Time domain) (Phasor domain)
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Evaluate the following complex numbers
1/2
(a) 40∠50° + 20∠ − 30°

10∠−30°+(3−𝑗4)
(b)
2+𝑗4 3−𝑗5 ∗

GP118: Basic Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dr. Tharindu Weerakoon 17

Transform the following sinusoids to phasor
(a) 𝑖 = 6 cos 50𝑡 − 40° 𝐴
(b) 𝑣 = −4 sin 30𝑡 + 50° 𝑉

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Find the sinusoids represented by these phasors
(a) 𝑰 = −3 + 𝑗4 𝐴
(b) 𝑽 = 𝑗8𝑒 −𝑗20° 𝑉

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Given 𝑖1 𝑡 = 4 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 30° 𝐴 and 𝑖2 𝑡 = 5 sin(𝜔𝑡 −

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 1. Voltage-current relations for a resistor

(a) Time domain (b) Frequency domain

The current through 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)

a resistor 𝑅

The voltage across 𝑅 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 = 𝑅𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)

The phasor form 𝑽 = 𝑅𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜙

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 1. Voltage-current relations for a resistor

(a) Time domain (b) Frequency domain

𝑽 = 𝑅𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜙
The phasor representation of the current
𝑰 = 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜙

The voltage across 𝑅 𝑽 = 𝑅𝑰

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 2. Voltage-current relations for an inductor

(a) Time domain (b) Frequency domain

If the current through the inductor 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙

𝑑𝑖
The voltage across 𝐿 𝑣 = 𝐿 = −𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
𝑣 = 𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 + 90°
𝑑𝑡
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 2. Voltage-current relations for an inductor

(a) Time domain (b) Frequency domain

The phasor form

𝑣 = 𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑚 𝑒 𝑗 𝜙+90°

= 𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑚 𝑒 𝑗𝜙 𝑒 𝑗90° = 𝜔𝐿𝐼𝑚 ∠(𝜙 + 90°)

But 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜙 = 𝑰 and 𝑒 𝑗90° = 𝑗

Thus 𝑽 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑰
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 3. Voltage-current relations for a capacitor

(b) Frequency domain

(a) Time domain If the voltage
across the capacitor

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
The current through the
capacitor 𝑑𝑣
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
In frequency domain
𝑰
𝑰 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑽 𝑽=
𝑗𝜔𝐶
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 Resistor 𝑅 Inductor 𝐿 Capacitor 𝐶
𝑣 = 𝑅𝑖 𝑽 = 𝑅𝑰 𝑑𝑖 𝑽 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑰 𝑑𝑣 𝑰
(time domain) (frequency 𝑣=𝐿 𝑖=𝐶 𝑽=
domain)
𝑑𝑡 (frequency
domain)
𝑑𝑡 𝑗𝜔𝐶
(time domain) (time domain) (frequency
domain)

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The voltage 𝑣 = 12 cos 60𝑡 + 45° is applied to 0.1 𝐻 inductor. Find
the steady-state current through the inductor.

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֍ Voltage current relationships
𝑰
𝑽 = 𝑅𝑰 𝑽 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑰 𝑽=
𝑗𝜔𝐶
֍ The ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor current

𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 1
=𝑅 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 =
𝑰 𝑰 𝑰 𝑗𝜔𝐶
֍ Ohm’s law in phasor form for any type of element

𝑽
𝒁= or 𝑽 = 𝒁𝑰
𝑰
The impedance 𝒁 of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor
voltage 𝑽 to the phasor current 𝑰, measured in ohms ( Ω).
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֍ Impedance as a In phasor form
𝒁 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 𝒁 = 𝒁 ∠𝜃
complex quantity
Where;
𝑋
𝒁 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 = 𝒁 ∠𝜃 𝒁 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝜃= tan−1
𝑅
𝑅 is the resistance and 𝑋 is the reactance
𝑅 = 𝒁 cos 𝜃 𝑋 = 𝒁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Admittance of an element
1 𝑰
𝒀= =
𝒁 𝑽

The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance,

measured in Siemens (S).
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 1 1 𝑰
֍ Admittance of an element 𝒀= = =
𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 𝒁 𝑽

֍ As a complex quantity 𝒀 = 𝐺 + 𝐽𝐵
1
𝐺 + 𝐽𝐵 =
𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
𝐺 is the conductance and 𝐵 is the susceptance
1 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋
֍ By rationalization 𝐺 + 𝐽𝐵 = ∙ = 2
𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋 𝑅 + 𝑋 2

𝑅 𝑋
֍ Real and imaginary parts 𝐺 = 𝐵=− 2
𝑅2 + 𝑋 2 𝑅 + 𝑋2
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 Impedances and admittances of
passive elements

Element Impedance Admittance

1
𝑅 𝒁=𝑅 𝒀=
𝑅
1
𝐿 𝒁 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝒀 =
𝑗𝜔𝐿
1
𝐶 𝒁= 𝒀 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑗𝜔𝐶

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Find 𝑣(𝑡) and 𝑖(𝑡) in the circuit shown in figure.

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Series Combination

Apply KVL
V = V1 + V2 + … + VN = I 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + … + 𝑍𝑁
The equivalent impedance
V
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + … + 𝑍𝑁
I

𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + … + 𝑍𝑁
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Parallel Combination

Apply KCL
1 1 1
I = I1 + I2 + … + IN = 𝑉 + + …+
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑁
The equivalent impedance
1 I 1 1 1
= = + + …+
𝑍𝑒𝑞 V 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑁

The equivalent admittance 𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 + … + 𝑌𝑁

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Find the input impedance of the circuit in the figure below. Assume that
the circuit operates at 𝜔 = 50 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠.

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Determine 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) in the circuit of the figure.

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Find current 𝑰 in the circuit of the figure.

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⁂ Used to correct an undesirable phase shift.
⁂ An RC circuit is suitable for this purpose, because the I leads the V

𝑋𝐶
𝜃= tan−1
𝑅

Leading output Lagging output

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Design an RC circuit to provide a phase of 90° leading.

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For the RL circuit shown in the figure, calculate the amount of phase
shift produced at 2 𝑘𝐻𝑧.

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Solution:

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