DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

KKKH 3113 WATER DISTRIBUTION AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM

SEMESTER 1 2022/2023
SEWER NETWORKS DESIGN

Lecturers: 1. Dr. Irfana Binti Kabir Ahmad

2. Prof. Madya Dr. Wan Hanna Melini Binti Wan Mohtar
3. Dr. Noor Hasyimah Binti Rosman
Group: 4
Group No. Name Matric
Members Number
1 Syaza Faghira Binti Mohd Zakhi A180046
2 Mok Lily Atiqah Binti Mohd Khairuddin Mok A180050
3 Iszyiana Syuhada Binti Ismi A180131
4 Nurul Aufa Binti Darul Hisham A180200

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3
DESIGN OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 4
PROBLEM STATEMENT ...................................................................................................... 4
BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................. 7
DESIGN EQUATION ............................................................................................................. 8
EXAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATION................................................................................ 11
RESULTS (TABLE OF CALCULATION) .......................................................................... 14
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 16

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INTRODUCTION

The term "Sewer System" refers to pipelines or conduits, pumping stations, force mains,
vehicles, vessels, conveyances, injection wells, and all other constructions, devices, and
appliances used to transport sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes to a point of ultimate
disposal or disposal to any water of the state. There are many types of sewers which are sanitary
sewer, a category of gravity sewer known as a "sewage system" or "sewerage". Industrial
effluent may also be transported by sanitary sewers that serve industrial districts. Separate
storm drains may transport surface runoff directly to surface waterways in communities
supplied by sanitary sewers. Then, it will be called as storm sewer when there are drains that
transport surface water runoff from rain, snowmelt, and lawn water overflow. These sewers
transport this runoff to lakes, rivers, and catch basins. The above-ground drain, which is
typically situated at street level, just below the sidewalk line, and the reservoir plumbing or
digging beneath it that transports the water away are the components of a storm sewer. Besides,
when the sewer will transport both wastewater and stormwater runoff they are called combined
sewers,

This Sewer System is so important because one of the essential principles of community
sanitation is to immediately remove any decomposable matter, solid waste, liquid, or gaseous
from the premises of residences, to a safe place, without causing any annoyance, and dispose
of it in an appropriate manner to make it permanently harmless. In this perspective, the
advancement of a nation's sanitary infrastructure may be used as a sensitive indicator of that
nation's level of affluence. It goes without saying that a sewerage system is crucial for
achieving the goals of excellent sanitation. While the provision of potable drinking water takes
precedence in the hierarchy of environmental engineering services, the importance of sewerage
systems cannot be overlooked and cannot be permitted to lag behind, as all water used by the
community must return as sewage that is loaded with wastes from communal living and would
result in serious water pollution issues if not properly collected, treated, and disposed of.

Therefore, in this project required us, all third-year students enrolled in the Water Supply and
Sewerage System course which is an integrated project of reticulation pipe and sewage network
design for a small populated area. In order to make we able to apply basic scheme of designing
sanitary system and others as a practice for the future.

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DESIGN OBJECTIVES

1. Student should be able to apply basic scheme of designing sanitary sewer system.

2. Student should be able to review and evaluate from the limited given information
and propose a new sanitary sewer system design with some justified assumption.

3. Student should be able to function effectively as a leader and team member and
work collectively to accomplish the design.

4. Student should be able to produce a systematic written report from the design project.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Sewage System

A sewer system is to be designed for service the area as shown in Figure 1. The average per
capita wastewater flow rate is estimated to be 225 L/day/person, and infiltration and inflow
(l/l) is estimated to be 50 L/day/km. The sewer system is to join an existing main sewer at
manhole MH 5.

The MH 5 is 1065 mm in diameter and has an invert elevation of 55.35 m, and is laid on a slope of
0.9%. The layout of the sewer system shown in Figure 1 is based on topography of the area, and the
pipe length, contributing areas and ground surface elevation are shown in Table 1. Design the sewer
system between A Street and C Street for a saturation density as shown in Table 2.

According to Malaysian Standard (MS) minimum size of sewer pipes under gravity flow is 200 mm
diameter. The pipe must be sloped to permit the wastewater to gravity flow at a minimum velocity of
0.8 m/s because at lower velocities the solid material tends to settle in the pipe. Assume the minimum
flow factor of 0.5 and Manning’s n value is 0.013.

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Table 1 Given information on street length, contributing area and ground surface elevation of
sewer network area

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Table 2 Population density base on type of area

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BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Taken from problem statement:

NO. CONSIDERATION CRITERIA VALUE

1. Average per capita wastewater flow rate 225 L/day/person
2. Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) 50 L/day/km
3. Sewer system is to join At manhole MH 5

4. Minimum flow factor 0.5

5. Manning’s value, n 0.013

6. Velocity Qmax, V = 0.8 – 4.0 m/s

7. Minimum size of sewer pipe Not less than 200 mm

8. Minimum depth Not less than 1.2 m from the

ground surface

The sewer system will join the existing main sewer at manhole MH5:

MH5

Diameter 1065 mm

Invert elevation 55.35 m

Slope 0.9%

Other design consideration:

1. To ensure that the sewage size selected will hold sewage under peak conditions, we must
build the sewage system at the Peak Flow Factor, Qpeak, or maximum flow rate for the
operation of the region shown in the figure. During the measurement of the peak flow
component, the peaks for all nearby structures must be considered, including shop lots,
schools, semi-detached homes, wet markets, terrace homes, low-rise apartments, hospitals,
and high-rise condominiums.

where p is estimated equivalent population, in thousands (PE/1000)

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2. In order to achieve the necessary flow velocity in the drainage system and to provide an
average velocity that will enable wastewater to run at a minimum velocity of 0.8 m/s, a slope
of 1:25 (0.04) was chosen.
3. The 200 mm pipe's diameter was selected to avoid clogging by any larger impurities that
would typically be dumped into manholes into the drain.
4. The least amount of sewage velocity must be considered when building the sewer system.
Sewage should move at a constant rate to prevent solids from building up in the sewer.
4.1.1. For the purpose of preventing the loss of any settlement that does not result in sewage
blockage, the minimum velocity must include an automatic self-cleaning device that
must be used once every day.
4.1.2. Restricting the total flow rate to prevent the base of the pipe from thinning due to
repeated abrasion of the smooth interior caused by sewage particulates.

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DESIGN EQUATION

Step 1: Calculate population equivalent (PE)

PE = Population Equivalent x 225L/day/person

Step 2: Calculate peak flow multiplier, PF

Step 3: Calculate estimated population (EP)

EP = Density x PE
Step 4: Average flow rate

Step 5: Infiltration/Inflow, I/I

Step 6: Maximum flow, Qmax

Step 7: Total maximum flow, Tmax

Step 8: Minimum flow, Qmin

Step 9: Total minimum flow, Tmin

Step 10: Calculate allowable pipe discharge.

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Step 11: Calculate full flow velocity

Step 12: Calculate minimum flow velocity

Step 13: Fall in sewer

Step 14: Sewer Invert (Lower End/Upper End)

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EXAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATION

1. Calculate the population equivalent for each type of premises:

No. Type Area Density Population Equivalent Quantity Estimated

Population
1 Industrial Park 4000 0.3 per staff 3 3600
2 Low rise Apartment 200 units 5 per units 2 2000
3 High-rise 8500 5 per units 1 42500
Condominium
4 Shopping Centre 12000 3 per 100 m^2 area 1 360
5 Terrace Houses 650 5 per units 3 9750
6 Recreational 1000 3 per 100 m^2 area 1 30
7 Hospital 2500 4 per bed 1 10000
Total Estimated Population 63574

2. Calculate the peak flow multiplier,

PF = 4.7 × ( EP/1000 )^( -0.11 )

= 4.7 × ( 63574/1000) ^( -0.11 )
= 2.98

3. Determine average flow rate,

Take Industrial park (Channel 7-8)

Qav = 1200 × 225 L/d/person × 1 km/1000 m × 1 d/86400 s

= 31.3×10^-4 m³/s

4. Infiltration/Inflow, I/I

I/I = 50 L/d/km × 53 m × 1 L/1000 m³ × 1 d/86400 s × 1 km/1000 m

= 3.07 ×10^-8 m³/s

5. Maximum flow,

Qmax = PF × Qav

= 2.98 × 31.3×10^-4

= 9.33 × 10^-3 m³/s

6. Total maximum flow,

Tmax = I/I + Qmax

= ( 3.07 ×10^-8 ) + ( 9.33 × 10^-3)

= 9.33 ×10^-3 m³/s

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7. Minimum flow,

Qmin = 0.5 × Qav

= 0.5 × 31.3×10^-4

= 15.63 × 10^-4 m³/s

8. Total minimum flow,

Tmin = I/I + Qmin

=( 3.07 ×10^-8 ) + ( 15.63 × 10^-4 )

= 15.63 x10-4 m3/s

9. Calculate hydraulic radius R

R = A/P

= 𝜋𝑟 2 /2 𝜋𝑟

= 0.05

10. Calculate Qfull

= 0.0656 m^3/s

11. Calculate Qmax / Qfull

Qmax / Qfull = ( 9.33 × 10^-3 )/( 0.0656 )

= 14.2 × 10^-2

12. Find d/D from graph

d/D = 0.15
d = 0.15 x 0.2
= 0.03

13.

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14. Calculate A,

= 2.955 x 10^-3

15. V = Q/A
= 9.44 x 10^-3 / 2.955 x 10^-3
= 3.195 m/s

Fall in sewer = Upper End Elevation – Lower End Elevation

= (65 – 63.8) m
= 1.2 m

Sewer Invert (Lower End) = Lower End Elevation – Fall in Sewer

= (63.8 - 1.2) m
= 62.6 m

Sewer Invert (Upper End) = Upper End Elevation – Fall in Sewer

= (65 – 1.2) m
= 63.8 m

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RESULT

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INITIAL RESULT

FINAL RESULT

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CONCLUSION

By the end of the project, our team had successfully completed the tasks outlined in the
problem description. We have applied to the criteria: section 4.3.2 based on MS 1228:1991.
Depending on the outcomes, the approximate slope of the sewerage system between Street A and
Street C is between 0.02 and 0.002. The kind of pipe material was then determined to be iron cast,
with a value of n Manning considered to be between 0.013 and 0.015. Due to it being the most
suitable pipe for the selected service region, we chose a pipe size of 200 mm in diameter. The location
of the sewerage pipe must be close to the road. The pipe that will be installed on private property due
to certain topographies needs to be approved by a specific person before construction can start. The
layout, general structure, pipe, and electrical systems must all be identified first. The minimum
horizontal and vertical distances from water mains during construction should be 3 cm and 46 cm,
respectively.
The flow velocity at its maximum was between 0.8 and 4 m/s. On Main Street, our team was
able to reach a minimum speed of 0.4 m/s and a maximum speed of 8.9 m/s. The pipe area was
planned so that it would not be completely filled by anaerobic conditions and that its flow rate would
increase due to the quick expansion of a new industrial area. The peak flow, PF, must be greater than
the pipe's permitted discharge, Qd. The peak flow can be calculated by factoring in both the
population equivalent and the contribution of capital waste per area. The formula below can be used
to get this:
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

We are learning how to design the sewer network as we go along in this project. In
addition, this project helps us increase our learning effectiveness and problem-solving
abilities, both of which are crucial for engineers. In order to prevent clogging or corrosion of
sewer pipes, it is important to design sewer pipes with the correct diameter and slope. We
must also decide how to increase or decrease the flow of sewage while maintaining the
velocity of sewage from each area.

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REFERRENCES

i Czachorski, R. (2019, August 12). Manning equation - the details behind this highly versatile
formula. H2Ometrics. Retrieved January 30, 2023, from https://h2ometrics.com/manning-
equation/
ii Mohamed, A.-M. O., & Paleologos, E. K. (2018). Sources and Characteristics of
Wastes. Fundamentals of Geoenvironmental Engineering, 43–62.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804830-6.00002-8
iii MWRA - How the Sewer System Works. (2023). Mwra.com.
https://www.mwra.com/03sewer/html/sewhow.htm
iv Wastewater treatment - Sewerage systems | Britannica. (2023). In Encyclopædia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/wastewater-treatment/Sewerage-
systems

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