Human Behavior - refers to the action of an organism, usually in relation to its environment.

Factors affecting Human Behavior

1. Heredity
2. Environment
3. Aid of the divine providence

Factors that influenced Human Behavior

a. Attitudes h. Region
b. Beliefs i. Authority
c. Emotions j. Rapport
d. Reasoning k. Motivation
e. Culture l. Coercion
f. Values m. Persuasion, and
g. Ethics n. Genetics

Human Development – is a process of a person’s growth and maturation throughout their life span.

4 Pillars of Human Development

1. Equity – The Idea that every person has the right to an education and healthcare, that there must be fairness for
all.
2. Sustainability – Every person has the right to earn a living that can sustain him or her.
3. Reduction – The idea that people need more efficient social programs to be introduced by the government.
4. Empowerment – It is the view that people who are powerless, such as women, need to be given power.

The Structure of Personality

1. Id – Refers to the selfish, primitive, childish, pleasure-oriented part of the personality with no ability to delay
gratification.
- Pleasure principle
2. Ego – The ego’s job is to meet the needs of the Id, whist taking into account the constraints of the reality. -
Reality Principle
3. Super Ego – conscience.

Levels of Awareness (Topographical Model by Sigmund Freud)

1. The Conscious Level – It consists of whatever sensations and experiences you are aware of at a given moment
of time.

2. The Preconscious Level – This domain is sometimes called "available memory" that encompasses all
experiences that are not conscious at the moment but which can easily be retrieved into awareness either
spontaneously or with a minimum of effort.

3. The Unconscious Level – It is the deepest and major stratum of the human mind. It is the storehouse for
primitive instinctual drives plus emotion and memories that are so threatening to the conscious mind that they
have been repressed, or unconsciously pushed into the unconscious mind.

Freud's Model of Personality Development (Psychosexual Stages)

1. Oral Stage (0-18 Months)
This is the first psychosexual stage in which the infant's source of id gratification is the mouth. Infant gets
pleasure from sucking and swallowing. Later when he has teeth, infant enjoys the aggressive pleasure of biting and
chewing.
 2. Anal Stage (18 Months-3 Years)
When parents decide to toilet train their children during anal stage, the children learn how much control
they can exert over others with anal sphincter muscles. Children can have the immediate pleasure of expelling
feces, but that may cause their parents to punish them.

3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

Genitals become the primary source of pleasure. The child's erotic pleasure focuses on masturbation, that
is, on self-manipulation of the genitals. He develops a sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex; boys
develop unconscious desires for their mother and become rivals with their father for her affection.
a. Oedipus Complex - This refers to an instance where in boys build up a warm and loving relationship with
mothers (mommy's boy).
b. Electra Complex - This refers to an occasion where in girls experience an intense emotional attachment
for their fathers (daddy's girl).
Note: The Oedipus Complex is named for the king of Thebes who killed his father and married his mother.

4. Latency Stage (6-11 Years)

Sexual interest is relatively inactive in this stage. Sexual energy is going through the process of sublimation
and is being converted into interest in schoolwork, riding bicycles playing house and sports.

5. Genital Stage (11 Years on)

This refers to the start of puberty and genital stage: there is renewed interest in obtaining sexual pleasure
through the genitals. Masturbation often becomes frequent and leads to orgasm for the first time. Sexual and
romantic interests in others also become a central motive.

Table 1. Freud’s Psychosexual stages.

Stage Focus

1. Oral (0-18 months)

Pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting,
chewing).

2. Anal (18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder

elimination; coping with demands for control.

3. Phallic (3-6 years)

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with
incestuous sexual feelings.

4. Latency (6 years to puberty) A phase of dormant sexual feelings.

Maturation of sexual interest.

5. Genital (puberty on)

Freud Psychosexual Theory believes that we are born with two basis instincts:

1. Eros - This is named after the Greek god for love. Eros includes the sex drives and drives such as hunger and
thirst.
2. Thanatos - This is named after Greek god for death. This includes not only striving for death but also destructive
motives such as hostility and aggression.
II. Trait Theory

Trait refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.

Kinds of Trait by Allport

1. Common Traits - These are personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture.
2. Individual Traits - These are personality traits that define a person's unique individual qualities.
3. Cardinal Traits - These are personality traits that are so basic that all person's activities relate to it. It is a powerful
and dominating behavioral predisposition that provides the pivotal point in a person's entire life. Allport said that
only few people have cardinal traits.
4. Central Traits - These are the core traits that characterize an individual's personality. Central traits are the major
characteristics of our personalities that are quite generalized and enduring. They form the building blocks of our
personalities.
5. Secondary Traits - These are traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial, less generalized and far less
enduring that affects our behaviors in specific circumstances.

Kinds of Trait by Goldberg (Big Five or Five Factor Theory)

1. Extraversion - This dimension contrasts such traits associable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive,
and active with more introverted traits such as withdrawn, quiet, passive, retiring, and reserved.
2. Neuroticism - People high on neuroticism are prone to emotional instability. They tend to experience negative
emotions and to be moody, irritable, nervous, and prone to worry.
3. Conscientiousness-This factor differentiates individuals who are dependable, organized, reliable, responsible,
thorough, hard-working, and preserving from those undependable, disorganized, impulsive, unreliable,
irresponsible, careless, negligent and lazy.
4. Agreeableness - This factor is composed of a collection of traits that range from compassion to antagonism towards
others. A person high on agreeableness would be a pleasant person, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, and
cooperative.
5. Openness to Experience - This factor contrasts individuals who are imaginative, curious, broad-minded, and
cultured with those who are concrete-minded and practical, and whose interests are narrow.

Personality Trait by Eysenck

1. Extrovert - It refers to a person that is sociable, out-going, and active.
2. Introvert - It refers to a person that is withdrawn, quiet, and introspective.
3. Emotionally Unstable - It is a trait that is being anxious, excitable, and easily disturbed.

What is Temperament?
Temperament refers to the fundamental groundwork of character, generally presumed to be biologically determined
and existent early in life, inclusive of traits like emotional reactiveness, energy level, reaction tempo, and motivation to
explore.

Four Types of Temperament

Melancholic - sad, gloomy

Choleric - hot-tempered, irritable
Phlegmatic - sluggish, calm
Sanguine - cheerful, hopeful

Psychological Studies in Relation to Crime and Delinquency

1. August Aichorn
Aichorn in his book entitled Wayward Youth (1925) said that the cause of crime and delinquency is the
faulty development of the child during the first few years of his life. The child as a human being normally follows
only his pleasure impulse instinctive. Soon he (child) grew up and find some restriction to these pleasure impulses
which he must control. Otherwise, he suffers from faulty ego-development and become delinquent. He then
 concluded that many of the offenders with whom he had worked had underdeveloped consciences. Aichorn
identified two further categories of criminal:

a. those with fully developed consciences but identified with their criminal parents, and
b. those who had been allowed to do whatever they like by over-indulgent parents.

2. Cyril Burt (Young Delinquent, 1925)

Burt gives the theory of General Emotionality. According to him many offenses can be traced to either in
excess or a deficiency of a particular instinct which accounts for the tendency of many criminals to be weak
willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may be due to the impulse of fear. Callous type of offenders may be
due to the deficiency in the primitive emotion of love and an excuse of the instinct of hate.

3. William Healy (Individual Delinquency, 1916)

He claimed that crime is an expression of the mental content of the individual. Frustration of the individual
causes emotional discomfort; personality demands removal of pain and pain is eliminated by substitute behavior,
that is, crime delinquency of the individual.

4. Walter Bromberg (Crime and the Mind, 1946)

He noted that criminality is the result of emotional immaturity. A person is emotionally matured if he has
learned to control his emotion effectively and who lives at peace with himself and harmony with the standards of
conduct which are acceptable to the society.

Cognitive Development Theory (Jean Piaget)

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental
development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the
nature of intelligence (see table 2).

Table 2. Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development.

Stage Characteristics

-The child learns by doing: looking, touching,

1 . Sensory motor (birth to 2 years)
2. Preoperational (2-7 years)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
sucking. The child also has a primitive
understanding of cause-and-effect
relationships. Object performance appears
around 9 months.
-The child uses language and symbols,
including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is
also evident. Conservation marks the end of the
preoperational stage and the beginning of
concrete operations.
-The child demonstrates conservation,
reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature
understanding of cause-and-effect
relationships. Thinking at this stage is still
concrete.

-The individual demonstrates thinking, including

4. Formal Operational (12 years and up) logic, abstract deductive reasoning,
comparison, and classification.