TRADE PROJECT

TITLE: AUTOMATIC FAN CONTROLLED BY LM 35.

NAME: KIPTUM KELVIN KIPTOO

INDEX NO:

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING POWER

. OPTION

COURSE CODE:

CENTRE NAME: RIFT VALLEY TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONL EXAMINATION CCOUNCIL FOR THE

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD FOR DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING.

SUPERVISOR:

SERIES: JULY 2023

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 DECLARATION
I declare that this project is my own authentic work and has never been presented elsewhere.

NAME OF AUTHOR SIGNATURE

KIPTUM KELVIN KIPTOO ……………………….

DATE ………………………...

SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE

.....……………………

DATE ………………………..

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 DEDICATION
To my guardian, all my relatives and classmates.

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 ABSTRACT:

This project presents the design and implementation of an automatic fan system. An automatic
fan air conditioner system is a self-regulating temperature system which uses a set point or
value to maintain the temperature of a room. This system allows the user to set a desired
temperature which is then compared to the room temperature measured by a temperature
sensor and with the help of a microcontroller, the system responds by turning on cooler or
depending on the temperature difference. The cooler is triggered on when the room
temperature is higher than the set temperature. The system was designed and simulated using
IC, a circuit building software used for building electronics system. For coding the PIC
microcontroller, micro-c compiler was used. A 5 V DC power supply was designed in order to
provide a biasing voltage to most of the active devices used in the system design circuit.
However in this study I will extend this designed system, to regulate the temperature of motor
vehicle, providing a regulated temperature for passengers who travel long distances. The
system will installed in the motor vehicle, to regulate the high temperature inside the vehicle,
this is due heat produced by the engine and also due number of passengers inside the motor
vehicle.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All this moment of accomplishment and presenting my work with joy and thanksgiving I would like to
express my sincere gratitude to all persons who helped in the successful completion of this project.
Above all I thank Almighty God for his and mercy.

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Contents
TRADE PROJECT .............................................................................................................................................. - 1 -
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................. - 2 -
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................................. - 3 -
ABSTRACT: ....................................................................................................................................................... - 4 -
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... - 5 -
CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................................. - 7 -
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... - 7 -
1.1 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................ - 7 -
1.2 SPECIFICATION .................................................................................................................................. - 7 -
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM.............................................................................................................................. - 8 -
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................................................. - 9 -
2.0 THEORY OF COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................. - 9 -
2.2 RESISTORS ........................................................................................................................................ - 10 -
2.3LM358 Op-Amp ........................................................................................................................................... - 15 -
12DC FAN ..................................................................................................................................................... - 17 -
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................................. - 18 -
WORKING AND DESING........................................................................................................................... - 18 -
REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................ - 19 -
POWER SUPPLY ......................................................................................................................................... - 20 -
TRANSFORMER LESS TRANSFORMER ................................................................................................. - 21 -
RECTIFIER .................................................................................................................................................... - 21 -
FILTER .......................................................................................................................................................... - 22 -
REGULATION ............................................................................................................................................. - 22 -
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................................. - 24 -
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ....................................................................................................................................... - 24 -
COMPONENTS LISTINGS ......................................................................................................................... - 24 -
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................... - 26 -
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................ - 26 -
OBSERVATIONS............................................................................................................................................ - 26 -
RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE SCOPE ............................................................................................... - 26 -
REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................................ - 27 -

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Automatic Fan air conditioner is a type of control system that automatically control the
temperature of an object or an area.
We commonly use temperature control system in air conditioners, Refrigerators, geysers etc.
Where the temperature is automatically adjusted as per the input setting .In order to
implement a temperature control system, we need a temperature sensor, a controller, and a
cooling system
In this project, I have implemented a simple temperature control system using simple
components. The aim of this project is to automatically turn on or off the fan by detecting the
surrounding temperature.
The hardware requirements for this simple temperature control system are; LM35, L293D,
LM358, a fan and a few passive components (resistor).
1.1 OBJECTIVES

- The project is to design and make an environment conducive using temperature sensor in high temperature

places.

- The project will regulate the temperature inside the motor vehicle.

One should also:-

- Understand circuit theory

- The importance of sensor circuit

1.2 SPECIFICATION

- Power supply 5v

- Frequency :- 38 KHz pulse modulated at 100Hz

- High speed response

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 1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

INPUT (DHT 11) CONTROL (LM358) OUTPUT (L293D

And Fan)

FEEDBACK

Block Diagram of AnAUTOMATIC FAN CONTROLLER (fig 1)

The system consist of an input, a control device, output and feedback. The input is typically
Sensor that continually monitors the test parameter. Input DHT 11 Temperature sensor used in
measuring the temperature.
The data from the input is given to control device system. This control device will actuate the
output according to the input signals. In my project, LM358 Op-Amp is controller and it acts as a
comparator.
If the temperature is more than the desire temperature, we need to adjust the potentiometer
such that if the temperature increases above a value, the output from the Op-Amp should be
HIGH.
This high output from the Op-Amp is given to the motor Driver which along with the fan, forms
the output part of the control system.
Since the other drive input of the motor driver is already connected to ground, whenever
the output from the Op-Amp is HIGH, the input to the L293D is HIGH and the starts rotating.
This will cool down the surrounding and this phenomena acts as the feedback in the control
system. If the temperature decreases, the LM35 senses it and signals the Op-Amp to turn
off the fan.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 THEORY OF COMPONENTS

2.1 DHT SENSOR

Humidity is the measure of water vapor present in the air. The level of humidity in air affects various physical,
chemical and biological processes. In industrial applications, humidity can affect the business cost of the
products, health and safety of the employees. So, in semiconductor industries and control system industries
measurement of humidity is very important. Humidity measurement determines the amount of moisture
present in the gas that can be a mixture of water vapor, nitrogen, argon or pure gas etc… Humidity sensors
are of two types based on their measurement units. They are a relative humidity sensor and Absolute
humidity sensor. DHT11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor

What is a DHT11 Sensor?

DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can be easily interfaced
with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure humidity and temperature
instantaneously.
DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The difference between this
sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED. DHT11 is a relative humidity sensor. To
measure the surrounding air this sensor uses a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensor.

Working Principle of DHT11 Sensor

DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for sensing temperature.
The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes with a moisture holding substrate as a dielectric between
them. Change in the capacitance value occurs with the change in humidity levels. The IC measure, process this
changed resistance values and change them into digital form.
For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient thermistor, which causes a
decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature. To get larger resistance value even for the
smallest change in temperature, this sensor is usually made up of semiconductor ceramics or polymers.
The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree accuracy. Humidity range of
this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The sampling rate of this sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading
for every second. DHT11 is small in size with operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used
while measuring is 2.5mA

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 DHT11 sensor has four pins- VCC, GND, Data Pin and a not connected pin. A pull-up resistor of 5k to 10k ohms
is provided for communication between sensor and micro-controller.

Applications

 Measures temperature and humidity

 Local weather station
 Automatic climate control
 Environment monitoring

Its compact size and sampling rate made this sensor popular among hobbyists. Some of the sensors which can
be used as an alternative to DHT11 sensor are DHT22, AM2302, and SHT71. Which of the specification of the
DHT11 sensor was helpful for your application?

2.2 RESISTORS

A resistor is a passive component that is used to limit the flow of current in an electrical /

electronic circuits. The figure the symbol used to indicate a resistor.

Resistance value is designated in units called “ohm”

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2.2.1 Classification of Resistors

There are two classes of resistors: fixed resistors and variable resistors.

Fixed resistors have fixed value of resistance while the valuable resistance has three connectors,

the wiper tag and the end tags. The wiper facilitates alteration of the resistance as desired.

Variable resistors also include

a) Rheostat – used for controlling current in a circuit

b) Potentiometer – used for controlling voltage.

2.2.2 Resistor Connection

Resistors can be connected in series to increase resistance or in parallel to decrease resistance.

I. Series resistors

I R1 R2
Run

V1 V2

V1=V1+V2…………………… (ii)

Shows low V= 1R

-: total voltage V1=IRT ………………………. (ii)

Voltage drop across R1

V1 = IR1

Voltage drop across R2

V2 = IR2

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 Hence total voltage

IRT=IR, +I, R2

Dividing through by I

RT =RI +R2

RT=R1+R2+………………Run n= no of resistors in series

ii) Parallel resistors

When R1 and R2 are counted in parallel

(a) The sense voltage cuts across each resistor

(b) The total current, equals to the sum of separated current through each resistor.

2.2.3 Identification

The value and tolerance of a resistor is normally given by a sequence of colored bands on the

resistor body .Normally there are four bands on three to give the value and the one for tolerance.

The figure shows how to obtain the value of a resistor.

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Colour Significant figures Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 x100

Brown 1 x101 + 1%

Red 2 x102 + 2%

Orange 3 x103

Yellow 4 x104

Green 5 x105 +0.5%

Blue 6 x106 + 0.25%

Violet 7 x107 + 0.1%

Gray 8 x108 +0.05%

White 9 x109

Gold x10-1 +5%

Silver x10-2 +10%

Nova +20%

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 Example

A resistor is a color coded yellow, Violet, Red, Gold, The resistance would be => yellow 4

Violet =7 red =10x2 Gold =+ 5% Resistance = 4700 + 5%

2.2.4 Types of Resistors

All modern fixed value resistors can be classified into four broad groups

a. Carbon composition Resistors – mode of carbon dust or graphite paste, low voltage value
b. Film or cermet’s Resistors –made from conductive metal oxide pate, very low voltage value

c. Wire- wound resistor – Metallic bodies for heat sink mounting, very high voltage ratings

d. Semiconductor Resistor – High frequency / precise surface mount thin film technology

Composition type Resistors

I. Carbon Resistors

They are a cheap general purpose resistor. They are made of a mixture of finally ground carbon

dust or graphite and a non- conducting ceramic (clay) powder to bind if all together. They have

low inductance making them ideal for high frequency applications but they can suffer from else

and stability when hot.

Ii. Film Type Resistor

The generic term “Film Resistor” Consist of metal film , Carbon Film and metal oxide film ,

resistor types which are generally made by depositing pure metals , such as licked , or an oxide

film, such as film - oxide auto an insulating ceramic rod or substrate. The restive value of the

resistor is controlled by increasing the desired thickness of the depositing film.

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- Metal film resistor – have much better temperature stability than their carbon equivalents,

lower noise and are generally better for high frequency applications.

- Metal Oxide resistors have better high surge current capability with a much higher

temperature rating than metal film resistors.

iii) Wire wound Type Resistor

It’s made by winding a thin metal alloy wire (Chrome) or similar wire auto an insulating ceramic

former in the form of a spiral helix.

They have very high voltage values and as high stability.

2.3LM358 Op-Amp

LM358 is an operational amplifier ice which consist of two independent op-amp.LM358 has a
wide range of application like filters,LED,or lamp drivers, pulse generator, voltage controlled
oscillator(VCO),amplifier,etc.In this project ,we are using the LM358ic in its comparator mode

L293D MOTOR DRIVER

A motor driver is an integrated circuit chip hitch is usually used to control

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 Motors in autonomous robots .Motor driver acts as an interface between Arduino and the
motor
The most commonly used motor driver devices are from the L293 Series such as L293D L293E
etc. These ices are designed to control12dc motor simultaneously .L293D consist of two h-
bridge .H Bridge is the simple’s circuit for controlling a low current rated motor driver. We will
be referring the motor driver ice as L293D has 16 pins

5KΩ POTENTIOMETER
A Potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals. Two terminal
Are connected to both ends of a resistive elements, and the third terminal connects
To a sliding contact called wiper moving over the resistive element .the position of
the Wiper determines the output voltage of the potentiometer.

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A5kΩ potentiometer is connected to the inverting input pin2 of the op-amp .pin8 and 4 are
connected to 12 dc voles supply and GND The output of the op-amp i.e. pin 1 is connected to
the 1A pin 3 which is the first driver input of the motor driver ice L293D.
The second driver input of L293D pin 1, 8 and 16 are connected to GND .12dc fan is connected
between pin3 and 6
12DC FAN

This the 12dc fan that controls the temperature when it is higher than the certain point

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 CHAPTER THREE

DHT
11

Fig 5 shows CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC FAN CONTROLLER

WORKING AND DESING

The working of the automatic fan System project can be explained easily by comparing it with a

closed loop control system. A closed loop control system consists of an input, a control device,

output and feedback. The input is typically a sensor that continuously monitors the test

parameter. Here, the input is the DHT 11 Temperature Sensor and the parameter we are

interested in measuring is the Temperature the data from the input is given to a control device or

system. This control device will actuate the output according to the input signals. In our project,

LM358 Op Amp is controller and it acts as a comparator. If the temperature is more than the

desired temperature, we need to activate the fan. So, we need to adjust the Potentiometer such

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that if the temperature increases above value, the output from the Op Amp should be HIGH. This

HIGH output from the Op Amp is given to the Motor Driver, which along with the Fan, forms

the output part of the Control System. Since the other drive input of the motor driver is already

connected to GND, whenever the output from the Op Amp is HIGH, the Input to the L293D is

HIGH and the Fan starts rotating. This will cool down the surroundings and this phenomena acts

as the feedback in the control system. If the temperature decreases, the DHT 11senses it and

signals the Op to turn off the Fan. The following image shows the closed loop control system

representation of the temperature control system.

REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS
Through the diode. As reverse voltage is increased from Zero , the reverse current varies quickly,

until it reaches a maximum or saturation value Io, that is also known as leakage current , when

this value is exceeded a breakdown occurs.

The figure below shows the general characteristic s of a diode.

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 The voltage ampere characteristics is described by the analytic equation called Boltzmann diode

equation, given where Io – Maximum reverse saturation current

POWER SUPPLY
The circuit was design to use +5VDC that had to be convened from 12VAC transformer. The

following factor were taken into consideration.

Transfomerl
Rectifier Filter Voltage
ess
Regulator
AC Input transformer
DC Output

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TRANSFORMER LESS TRANSFORMER

It’s used either to step –up or step-down the ac supply to suit the requirement of the solid state

electronic devices. It also provides isolation from the supply line and their losses which occur

due to the current given by:-

P=I2R

a. Transformer less Calculations

When a sense dal voltage VIP is applied to primary with secondary open circuit there will be no

energy transfer. No load current will be flowing and its function will produce a magnetic flux in

the core

+ QM .2M as the maximum value of the core flux. It also provides a compound to account for

hysteresis and the eddy current losses in the core.

The turn’s ratio gives a measure of how much the secondary voltage raised or covered in relation

to the primary voltage.

VP/VS = IS/IP = NP/NS = EP/ES

The fall in voltage due to losses in termed as regulation and is given by.

Regulation = VO –
VTx100
VO

When VO is no load secondary voltage VI voltage under full load current .The transformer that

is to be used is a step down transformer which gives 9v from 220 Hz.

RECTIFIER

It’s a device that converts the A.C to DC voltages.

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 In this case the wo4 bridge rectifier was used because it provided the derived ratings and its

compactness suited the project which said ministration.

FILTER
The main function of a filter circuit is to minimize the ripple content from the rectifier output

because the conserved project. Uses full wave rectifier the ripple contents and harmonies are

high and filtering is necessary to give out a fairly smooth dc voltage.

Peak ripple voltage for full wave is given as

Vic = Vmax
2RLCF

Where Rh is the load resistor

C = Capacitance of the capacitor

F = supply frequency

IC = capacitor current

IC is at maximum when the voltage is maximum .this is a stand of the conduction period and is

given as IMAX =

From the above two formula we can n calculate the real ripple current and IC max. The chosen

capacitor is 100uf and if we use a load resistor of 700R

ΔVc = Vmax = ______5____ = 0.119

2RLCF 2 x 700 x 100 x 10-6 x 50

ӨC – Cos-1 [5-0.119] =
0.99 5

ICmax = 2∏ x 50 x 100 x 10-6 x 5 Sin0.99

= 0.031A

REGULATION
It’s the measure of a circuit ability to maintain a constant output voltage even when either input

voltage or load current varies.

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In this project the 3- terminal 1A positive voltage regulator 7805s was considered because of the

following features:-

(i) Output current up to 1A

(ii) Output voltage 5v

(iii) Terminal overload protection

(iv) Short circuit protection

(v) Output transistor safe operating area protection

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 CHAPTER FOUR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Complete circuit diagram is show in appendix A, B, C,

COMPONENTS LISTINGS

Components Specification Quantity Price

Resistors R1 1KR 1 10
R, 4R, 3, R, 2 5.6 KR 3 30
R5 470 R 1 10
R6 10KR 1 10
R7 470R 1 10
R9, R8 100R 2 20
VR1 100R 1 40
Capacitors C1 1MF 10v 1 20
C6, C2, C3, C4, 0.01NF 4 80
C6 4.7NF10V 1 20
Diode D1, D2 1N4148 2 20
LEDs, LED3 RED 2 20
1R, LED 1 1 100
Relay RL1 5v Reed relay 1 300
1R RECEIVER MODULE 1 200
Bridge rectifier Wo4 1 150
TRANSFORMER TX %240VAC 9VAC 1 600
1C1, 1C2, 1C3 NE 555 3 150
Transistor T1 BC558 1 40

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 Advantages

i. The project implements a closed loop type control system for automatically

adjusting the temperature

ii. Closed loop type control system is more efficient than an open loop system as the

output is continuously monitored as feedback.

Applications

The Temperature Control System is a common type of control system implemented in different types

of systems like Air Conditioning, Water Heaters, Refrigerators, etc. This type of Temperature

Controlled Systems, industries, automobiles.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

I conclude that a lot of companies and industries operating under high room temperatures lack the

system of this kind.

OBSERVATIONS

This set up is performed to use in operate mostly in companies to control high temperatures

RECOMMENDATION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The prototype function as expected but when it was subjected to Vigorous uses testing led burnt

out, this was found out after a hectic fault finding mission. Which established the led with a trial

actually burn out because it a lower rating than the specified one which was unavailable at the

marked at the of writing, that is SFH-506-38 Siemens

The other section of the prototype is the main display and the power supply performed as desired

even after the regions test.

For the future scope of the project I‘ll recommend for the use of a microcontroller to simplify the

Project, Make it more intelligent and for miniaturization.

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REFERENCE
Books Referred

Art of electronics –thrill and Norowitz

Analogue and switching circuit – Watson

Digital electronic systems

Circuit Design for electronics instrumentation –Darold

Data sheet referred

DHT 11

LM358

Websites referred

www.efymagazine.com

www.fairchildsemi.com

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