Topik 2 - Conseptualizing Research

Conceptualizing Research
Dwi Hartanti Ph.D., apt. & Didik Setiawan, PhD., apt

Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi

UMP UMP UMP UMP farmasi.ump.ac.id
farmasi.ump.ac.id
Research is systematic and organized way of
collecting data using scientific methods and
interpreting the data through analysis
• New knowledge creation
• Addition to existing knowledge
• Validating existing knowledge
Sequeira, 2014
Well-designed Good
research research
Preplanned research stage Good, valid and reliable data

and empirical evidence
Sequeira, 2014
1. Topic research 2. Research questions
From reading, personal To be answered by research, to
experiences, state of knowledge in understanding the reality,
the field, solving problem,and ‘What is the relationship
curiosity (on something in media, between two variables x and y?’
personal values, and everyday life)
Sequeira, 2014
The research question
• Defines the “area of interest”
• Not a declarative statement like a hypothesis
• Might consist of central research question (general focus) and
is complemented by a few secondary questions (specific)
• Must be capable of being confirmed or refuted
Sequeira, 2014
Research questions in Research questions in
qualitative study quantitative study
• Topics loosely defined and become • Topic narrowed into a focused
clear only during the research process research question
• Data to narrow the focus • Help developing a testable hypothesis
• Literature review helps • Refer to relationship among variables.
Sequeira, 2014
2. Research 3. Research
1. Topic research
questions objectives
Statements of intentions defining the

actions and activities that are envisaged
for answering the research questions and
investigative questions
Sequeira, 2014
Conceptualization is to specify exactly what we
mean and don’t mean by the terms we use in
our research
• Result in ‘CONCEPT’ or ‘CONSTRUCT’  A word or complex set
of events or ideas referred by the word
• Can be word or symbol used to represent a meaningful whole
Sequeira, 2014
Conceptualization
• The process of developing and refining theoretical ideas
• A process of finding appropriate theoretical constructs for
explaining or understanding practical phenomena (in
quantitative research)
• Theory-driven research is more generalizable and its findings
are more relevant to practice and policy developments
Brown, 2011
farmasi.ump.ac.id
Concept
• Is a word or term that stands for something – a
Construct feeling, a characteristics, a behavior, or an object
A concept with the • Example: health outcomes, access to care, health
added meaning, behaviors; bioactivity, physicochemical properties
having been • Example the concept of ‘healthcare quality’ -
constructed for absence of medication dispensing error and
research purposes lower incidence of preventable DRPs
Brown, 2011
farmasi.ump.ac.id
Theory & theoretical model
• A set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions that
present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among
variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena
• These propositions are statements about the relationship between
variables, i.e., how change in one variable is related to change in another
variable
• A theoretical model or framework is more like a “mini-theory”, it focuses
on a few elements abstracted from all of reality, and is not necessarily as
well “worked out” as a theory
Brown, 2011
farmasi.ump.ac.id
1. Topic 2. Research 3. Research 4. Theoretical
research questions objectives concept

Testing a theory
• Theories are not directly tested, but the hypotheses that are
formulated deductively from the theory are empirically tested
• A hypothesis is a statement about the expected relationships between
two or more variables
• Hypotheses serve as bridges between theory and the empirical study
and they should flow directly from the theoretical model or framework
• Hypotheses are never really proved or disproved, rather, research
findings may support or not support the hypothesis
Brown, 2011
1. Topic 2. Research 3. Research 4. Theoretical
5. Hypothesis
research questions objectives concept

Application of a theory
• Theories are inherently abstract and are only practically
useful when applied to specific problems
• Therefore, to effectively apply theory, a researcher must
operationalize constructs so that they can be measured and
relationships tested.
• The operational definition of a variable serves as a bridge
between theory and observation
Brown, 2011
A variable is a concept that varies,
in either type or amount
1. Independent and dependent variables
2. Attribute or active variables
3. Continuous or categorical variable
4. Latent versus observable variables
Brown, 2011
Independent and dependent variables
• Independent (cause) and dependent (effect)
• The antidepressant intake and weight gain
• The type of extract and the antioxidant activity
• Variables are not inherently independent or dependent, they can
be independent in one study and dependent in another study
1. The relationship between gender (independent) and medication
adherence (dependent)
2. The effect of medication adherence (independent) on high blood
pressure (dependent)
Brown, 2011
Attribute or active variables
Attribute variables are Active variables are different

characteristics that participants treatments are exposed to study
bring to a research and are groups, the manipulated variable
measured or documented by the
• For example, in a study of the effects of
researcher, not actively manipulated
a pharmacist-provided medication
• Attributes of a person (race, therapy management service, one
socioeconomic status, gender) group is exposed to the service
• Attributes of an environment (treatment group) and one group does
(rural/urban, county or region of not receive the service (control group)
residence) Brown, 2011
Continuous or categorical variable
Continuous variables are numeric variables that have
an infinite number of values.
• Can be numeric or date/time.
• For example, speed, distance, time.
Categorical variables contain a finite number of
categories or distinct groups.
• Might not have a logical order.
• For example, gender, material type, education
Brown, 2011
Latent versus observable variables
• A latent variable is an unobserved ‘entity’ presumed to
underlie observed variables
• An observable variable is presumed indicator,
operationally defined, latent variable
• Example, patient satisfaction is a latent variable, one
cannot see it or feel it. It must be measured with a
presumed indicator, such as score on a satisfaction scale
Brown, 2011
Experimental variables
• Independent variable is controlled by the researcher
• Dependent variable changes, depending on the independent
variable. It is measured by the scientist to prove or disprove
hypothesis
• The controlled variables are conditions which must be kept
controlled and constant throughout the experiment so that they
don't interfere with the dependent variable. When the experiment
is repeated, the controlled variables must be exactly the same
Brown, 2011
https://www.tobiipro.com/
farmasi.ump.ac.id
https://theory.labster.com/experimental_variables/
farmasi.ump.ac.id
4.
1. Topic 2. Research 3. Research 5. 6. Research
Theoretical
research questions objectives Hypothesis variables
concept

Scientific relationship
• A relationship exists between two variables, when a change
in one variable corresponds with a change in the other
• The association can be positive or negative
• In quantitative research, scientists test relationships
between independent and dependent variables
Brown, 2011
Correlational and causal relationships
A correlational relationship is when changes in the independent
variable are associated with changes in the dependent variable.
• Health insurance is correlated to morbidity, Andrographolide content is
correlated to the anti-hyperglycemia effects
A causal (or cause-and-effect) relationship is when the independent
variable causes the dependent variable or, a change in the
independent variable produces a change in the dependent variable.
• Increased caloric intake causes weight gain, increased dose of sambiloto
extract tablet results in a lower blood glucose level
Brown, 2011
Tugas Konseptualisasi Penelitian
1. Pilihlah satu TOPIK MASALAH PENELITIAN
2. Tulislah PERTANYAAN PENELITIAN dari topik tersebut
3. Tulislah TUJUAN PENELITIAN tersebut
4. Tulislah HIPOTESIS penelitian tersebut
5. Tulislah VARIABEL-VARIABEL PENELITIAN tersebut


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Conceptualizing Research

Dwi Hartanti Ph.D., apt. & Didik Setiawan, PhD., apt

Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi

Preplanned research stage Good, valid and reliable data

Statements of intentions defining the

Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi

Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi

Attribute variables are Active variables are different

Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi

Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi

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