PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH  Persistant – If sepals do not fall and remain attached

TAXONOMY Midterms – Lesson 5 (Flowers) to fruit (Tomato, Capsicum, Brinjal, Cotton, Datura).

FLOWERS PETALS

 Group of leaves modified or adapted for reproduction  Usually the conspicuous, colored, attractive part of a

in the ANGIOSPERMS. flower, when taken together constitute the COROLLA

 Highly condensed and modified reproductive shoot - Symmetrical or Asymmetrical

 It functions to facilitate important events of gamete - Polypetalous or Gamopetalous

formation and fusion (carry out special reproduction in

plants) STAMENS
 Male part of the flower lying inner to the corolla;
grouping of stamens (anther, filament and connective) is
called ANDROECIUM

PISTIL
 The female part of the flower which comprises the
central whorl of modified floral leaves; collectively
called the GYNOECIUM

Each Consists of:

 Ovary – enlarged basal part, on which lies the
elongated tube the style
I.FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
 Style – connects the ovary to the stigma
 Stigma – usually at the tip of the style and is receptive
SEPALS
 Enclose the outer flower parts in the bud, outermost
whorl of the flower
 Generally green in color and all the sepals taken
COLLECTIVELY constitute the CALYX
- Poly-sepalous – all sepals are free from each
other (mustard, radish)
- Gamosepalous – sepals are fused with each
other (cotton, datura, brinjal)

surface for pollen grains

Duration of Sepals
 Caducous – Sepals fall just at the time of opening of
RECEPTACLE
flower bud (Poppy)
 Deciduous – Sepals fall after pollination (Mustard)
 The enlarged end of the flower stem or stalk
 The part where the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
are
attached.
II. VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE
Based on flower parts present
 Complete flower – calyx, corolla, androecium and
gynoecium are present
 Incomplete flower – flower with one of the four
whorls missing
Based on sexuality of the Flower
 Perfect flower – aka bisexual or hermaphroditic
flower
 Imperfect flower – aka unisexual flower
a. Androecium (staminate flower)
b. Gynoecium (Pistillate flower)
Plant Sources:
 Monoecious plants – staminate and pistillate flowers
are present on the same plant (Ex: squash and corn)
 Dioecious plants – staminate and pistillate flowers are
born on separate plants (Ex: papaya)
Based on Size and Shape of Floral plants
 Regular flower
 Irregular flower
a. Bilabiate – with two lips
b. Papillionaceous – resembles butterfly
c. Caesalpinaceous
d. Orchidaceous
Based on floral symmetry
 Actinomorphic or radially symmetrical flower –
Parts radiate from the center and any line drawn from
through center of the flower, thus divides the flower into
similar halves.
 Zygomorphic or Bilaterally Symmetrical Flower -
Parts do not radiate from the center and only one line
divides the flower into 2 similar halves.
 Asymmetrical - When the flower cannot be divided
into two equal halves from any plane.
Based on the position of the ovary
 Hypogenous flower – Ovary situated on the receptacle
above the points of origin of the perianth and the
stamens, petals, sepals and stamens are situated below
the ovary, ovary is said to be superior.
 Epigynous flower - Stamen and perianth are attached
above the ovary, other parts of flower arise above the
ovary, which is said to be an inferior ovary.
 Perigynous condition - Gynoecium is situated in the
center and other parts of flower are located on the rim of
the thalamus almost at the same level, ovary is said to be
half inferior.
Based on the Union of the floral parts
 Connation
a. Synsepalous flower – with fused sepals
b. Sympetalous flower – with fused petals
c. Synandrous flower - with fused stamens
d. Syncarpous flower – with fused pistils
 Adnation
Based on the number of Flower parts
 Dicotyledonous flower - parts are in multiples of 4 or
5
 Monocotyledonous flower - parts are in multiples of 3
III. INFLORESCENCE
Raceme
 Main axis has short branches or pedicels, each of Corymb
which terminates in a flower (Ex: gladiolus)  Pedicel are unequal in length but the flowers are on the
same level, younger flowers at the center have short
pedicel, while the outer older flowers are longer.
Panicle
 A branched raceme (Ex: Rice)
Spike
 Similar to raceme but flowers on the axis are sessile
(without pedicel) (Ex: Bottle Rush)

Cyme
 Similar to corymb but the inner flowers are older.
Fascicle
 Pedicelled or sessile flowers are crowded on one side
of the stem.
Composite Flowers
 Group of flowers so arranged to give an appearance of
a single flower, the characteristic grouping of flowers is
called the head

TYPES OF FLOWERS (Based on the agent of

pollination)

 Entomophilous flowers - Insect pollinated flowers,

Catkin
Modifications: brightly colored, scented, with sticky or
 Spike which is hanging or dropping and bearing only
spiny pollen, sticky stigmas, produces nectar.
staminate or pistillate flowers.
 Anemophilous flowers - Wind pollinated flowers,
Umbel
Modifications: inconspicuous flower without scent,
 Short axis and all pedicellate flowers radiate from the
with small and dry pollen grains, expanded stigmas, do
apex of the axis.
not produce nectar.
Spadix
 Hydrophilous flowers - Water pollinated flowers,
 Fleshy spike bearing both staminate and pistillate
Modifications: similar to anemophilous flowers.
flowers surrounded by a petalloid bract.
 Zoophilous flowers - animal pollinated flowers,
Modifications: similar to entomophilous flowers.