VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belgaum-590014

An Internship Report On

“BASICS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SYSTEMS”
Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the VIII Semester of the
Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Communication
Engineering
By

ROHANA.H
(1CE19EC008)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Shalini Prasad
Professor, Dept. of EC

CITY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Doddakallasandra, Kanakapura Road,
Bengaluru-560061

2022-2023
 CITY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Doddakallasandra, Kanakapura Road,
Bengaluru-560061
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Internship report titled “BASICS OF REMOTE SENSING AND
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS” has been carried out by ROHANA.H (1CE19EC008),
bonafide student of City Engineering College in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Visvesharaya Technological
University, Belgaum during the year 2022-2023. The Internship Report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of seminar work prescribed for the said Degree.

…………………………….. …………………………….
…………………………....
Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
Dr. Shalini Prasad Mr. Mallikarjuna GS Dr. H N Thippeswamy
Internal guide, Dept of EC HOD, Dept of EC Principal

External Viva
Name of the Examiner Signature with Date
1.
2.
 DECLARATION

I the student of 8th semester BE, Electronics and Communication Engineering, City
Engineering College hereby declare that the Internship report entitled “BASICS OF REMOTE SENSING
AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS” has been carried out by me at City Engineering
College, Bangalore and submitted in partial fulfillment of the course requirements of the degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum, during the academic year 2022-2023.

Date: ROHANA.H
Place: Banglore (1CE19EC008)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

While presenting this Internship based on “BASICS OF REMOTE SENSING AND

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS”, I feel that it is my duty to acknowledge the help rendered
to me by various persons.

Firstly, I thank God for showering his blessings on me. I’m grateful to my institution City Engineering
College for providing me a congenial atmosphere to carry out the Internship presentation successfully.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. H N Thippeswamy, Principal, CEC,Bangalore, for
extending his support.

I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Mallikarjun G S, HOD, Electronics and
Communication Engineering whose guidance and support was truly invaluable.

I’m very grateful to my guide, Dr. Shalini Prasad Prof., Department of Electronics and Communication, for
her guidance.

I would also have indebted to my Parent and Friends for their continued moral and material support
throughout the course of Internship and helping me in finalize the Internship presentation.

My hearty thanks to all those who have contributed bits, bytes and words to accomplish this Internship
presentation.

ROHANA.H (1CE19EC008)
 ABSTRACT
I enrolled in the Outreach program “BASICS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS” conduced by ISRO||IIRS. Through live and interaction classroom we were
thought the basic of RS (REMOTE SENSING),GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS) and
also about SGL (SCANPOINT GEOMETRIC LTD).They offered us offline workshop throughout the
program where we saw how satellite works in capturing the images from the space and how the images or
data in fetched by the station and how they are examined.After completing the course I gained more
knowledge on satellites ,its work and data encapsulation from the space station.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig .No Description Page.No.

1.5.1 National Remote Sensing Center

2.1.1 Illustration of Remote Sensing

2.2.1 Remote sensing

3.1 Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed

4.1.1 Spectrometers and images to hunt for evidence

4.1.2 Remote sensing process

4.1.3 Satellite demonstration

5.1 GIS

5.2 Basic layer

6.1.1 Maps

6.2.1 Data

6.3.1 Analysis

6.4 SGL
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description Page.No.

1 .Certificate

2 .Declaration

3 .Acknowledgement

4 .Abstract

5 .List of figures

6 .Table of content

CHAPTER 1- Introduction

1.1 - History of ISRO||IIRS

1.2 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing

1.3 Reorganization of IIRS as independent unit

1.4 International collaboration

1.5 Department of space

CHAPTER 2- Basic of Remote Sensing

2.1 Remote Sensing

2.2 Application of Remote Sensing

CHAPTER 3 - Satellite

CHAPTER 4 - Concept of fetching data

4.1 Data processing

CHAPTER 5 - GIS(Geographic Information System)

CHAPTER 6- SGL(Scan point Geometric Limited)

CHAPTER 7 - Conclusion

CHAPTER 8- Reference
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORY OF ISRO||IIRS
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is the space agency of India. The organization is
involved in science, engineering and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and the
mankind. ISRO is a major constituent of the Department of Space (DOS), Government of India. The
department executes the Indian Space Programme primarily through various Centers or units within ISRO.

ISRO was previously the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up by
the Government of India in 1962, as envisioned by Dr. VikramA Sarabhai. ISRO was formed on August 15,
1969 and superseded INCOSPAR with an expanded role to harness space technology. DOS was set up and
ISRO was brought under DOS in 1972.

The prime objective of ISRO/DOS is the development and application of space technology for
various national needs. To fulfil this objective, ISRO has established major space systems for
communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services; resources monitoring and
management; space-based navigation services. ISRO has developed satellite launch vehicles, PSLV and
GSLV, to place the satellites in the required orbits.

Alongside its technological advancement, ISRO contributes to science and science education in the
country. Various dedicated research centers and autonomous institutions for remote sensing, astronomy and
astrophysics, atmospheric sciences and space sciences in general function under the aegis of Department of
Space. ISRO's own Lunar and interplanetary missions along with other scientific projects encourage and
promote science education, apart from providing valuable data to the scientific community which in turn
enriches science.

The activities of ISRO are guided by its Chairman, who would also be the secretary of DOS and
Chairman of Space commission – the apex body that formulates the policies and overseas the
implementation of the Indian Space Programme.
1.2 Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) at Dehradun is a premier institute with the objective of
capacity building in Remote Sensing and Geo-informatics and their applications through education and
training programme at postgraduate level. The Institute also hosts and provides support to the Centre for
Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP), affiliated to the United
Nations. The training and education programme of the Institute are designed to meet the requirements of
various target / user groups, i.e., for professionals at working, middle and supervisory levels, fresh
graduates, researchers, academia, and decision makers. The duration of courses ranges from one week to
two years.

1.2 Reorganization of the IIRS as independent unit of ISRO

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun has been premier institute responsible for capacity
building in the field of Remote Sensing and GIS applications. It has grown manifolds and establish itself as
an institute of repute both nationally and internationally. Realizing the potential of Earth Observation
System and ISRO's forthcoming initiatives in the areas of Natural Resource Survey, Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences and Oceanography, Dr. K. Ramakrishna, Chairman ISRO has reorganized IIRS as a separate entity
of ISRO w.e.f. 30 April 2011. IIRS will continue its Training, Education and Research programme with
enhanced focus on Microwave Remote Sensing, Hyper spectral Remote Sensing and Climate studies.

The institute will be guided by a Management Council which will provide overall direction for the
development of the institute. Dr. P.S. Roy, Outstanding Scientist has been appointed as first Director of IIRS
w.e.f 30 April 2011

1.4 International Collaborations

IIRS has collaborations with many reputed international organizations for capacity building, research
and faculty exchange. The organizations with which IIRS has/had significant collaborations are: ITC, IHE
(International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering) and Wageningen
University in The Netherlands; ITTO (International Timber Research Organization); UNESCO (United
Nations Education & Scientific Cooperation Organization); WMO (World Meteorological Organization);
ADPC (Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre); and NGI (Norwegian Geological Institute)
1.5 Department of Space (DOS) 
It is Government of India department mandated with the execution of Indian Space Programme. The
Department of Space has evolved the following programme with the objective of promoting & developing
application of space science and space technology:

 Launch Vehicle programme having indigenous capability for launching satellites.

 INSAT Programme for telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology, development of education
etc.
 Remote Sensing Programme for application of satellite imagery for various developmental purposes.
 Research and Development in Space Sciences and Technology for serving the end of applying them
for national development.

Fig 1.5.1 National Remote Sensing Center

CHAPTER 2
BASICS OF RS(REMOTE SENSING)
2.1 REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making
physical contact with the object, in contrast to in situ or on-site observation. The term is applied especially to
acquiring information about Earth and other planets. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields,
including geophysics, geography, land surveying and most Earth science disciplines (e.g. exploration
geophysics, hydrology, ecology, meteorology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military,
intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications, among others.
It can be divided into two types of methods: Passive remote sensing and Active remote
sensing. Passive sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding areas.
Reflected sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of
passive remote sensors include film photography, infrared, charge-coupled devices, and radiometers. Active
collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then
detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or back scattered from the
target. RADAR and LiDAR are examples of active remote sensing where the time delay between emission
and return is measured, establishing the location, speed and direction of an object.

fig 2.1.1 illustration of Remote Sensing

 Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing
applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic
and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the Cold
War made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces
costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed.

Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum,
which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides researchers
with enough information to monitor trends such as El Niño and other natural long and short term
phenomena. Other uses include different areas of the earth sciences such as natural resource management,
agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation,greenhouse gas monitoring, oil spill detection and
monitoring, and national security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas.

fig 2.1.2 Remote sensing

 Energy Source (A)

 Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)

 Interaction with the Target (C)

 Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)

 Transmission and Reception (E)

 Data Processing (F)

 interpretation and Analysis (G)

 Application (H)
2.2 Applications of remote sensing
 Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic control, early warning, and certain large-scale
meteorological data. Doppler radar is used by local law enforcement monitoring of speed limits and in
enhanced meteorological collection such as wind speed and direction within weather systems in addition
to precipitation location and intensity. Other types of active collection includes plasmas in
the ionosphere. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar is used to produce precise digital elevation
models of large scale terrain (See RADARSAT, TerraSAR-X, Magellan).
 Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data. By measuring the bulges of
water caused by gravity, they map features on the seafloor to a resolution of a mile or so. By measuring
the height and wavelength of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and direction, and surface
ocean currents and directions.
 Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and
offshore tide gauges.
 Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is well known in examples of weapon ranging, laser illuminated
homing of projectiles. LIDAR is used to detect and measure the concentration of various chemicals in
the atmosphere, while airborne LIDAR can be used to measure the heights of objects and features on the
ground more accurately than with radar technology. Vegetation remote sensing is a principal application
of LIDAR.
 Radiometers and photometers are the most common instrument in use, collecting reflected and emitted
radiation in a wide range of frequencies. The most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by
microwave, gamma-ray, and rarely, ultraviolet. They may also be used to detect the emission spectra of
various chemicals, providing data on chemical concentrations in the atmosphere.

 Radiometers are also used at night, because artificial light emissions are a key signature of human
activity. Applications include remote sensing of population, GDP, and damage to infrastructure from war
or disasters.
 Radiometers and radar onboard of satellites can be used to monitor volcanic eruptions 
 Spectropolarimetric Imaging has been reported to be useful for target tracking purposes by researchers at
the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. They determined that man made items possess parametric
signatures that are not found in natural objects. These conclusions were drawn from the imaging of
military trucks, like the Humvee, and trailers with their acousto-optic tunable
filter dual hyperspectral and spectropolarimetric VNIR Spectropolarimetric Image.
 Stereographic pairs of aerial photographs have often been used to make topographic maps by imagery
and terrain analysts in traffic ability and highway departments for potential routes, in addition to
modelling terrestrial habitat features.
 Simultaneous multi-spectral platforms such as Landsat have been in use since the 1970s. These thematic
mappers take images in multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are
usually found on Earth observation satellites, including (for example) the Landsat program or
the IKONOS satellite. Maps of land cover and land use from thematic mapping can be used to prospect
for minerals, detect or monitor land usage, detect invasive vegetation, deforestation, and examine the
health of indigenous plants and crops (satellite crop monitoring), including entire farming regions or
forests. Prominent scientists using remote sensing for this purpose include Janet Franklin and Ruth
DeFries. Landsat images are used by regulatory agencies such as KYDOW to indicate water quality
parameters including Secchi depth, chlorophyll density, and total phosphorus content. Weather
satellites are used in meteorology and climatology.
 Hyperspectral imaging produces an image where each pixel has full spectral information with imaging
narrow spectral bands over a contiguous spectral range. Hyper spectral images are used in various
applications including mineralogy, biology, defence, and environmental measurements.

fig 2.2.1 Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed by or interfaced with

oceanographic research vessels.
CHAPTER 3

SATELLITE
An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed
for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy satellites and similar ones intended for non-military
uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, cartography and others. The most common type are
Earth imaging satellites, that take satellite images, analogous to aerial photographs; some EO satellites may
perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in GNSS radio occultation.

The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial
satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which
scientists used to study the ionosphere. The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first
American satellite, Explorer 1, for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information
sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation
belts. The TIROS-1 spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's Television Infrared
Observation Satellite (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken
from space.

In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and
active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily By 2021, that total had grown to over 950,
with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company Planet Labs.

Most Earth observation satellites carry instruments that should be operated at a relatively low

altitude. Most orbit at altitudes above 500 to 600 kilometers (310 to 370 mi). Lower orbits have
significant air-drag, which makes frequent orbit reboost maneuvers necessary. The Earth observation
satellites ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat of European Space Agency as well as the MetOp spacecraft
of EUMETSAT are all operated at altitudes of about 800 km (500 mi). The Proba-1, Proba-
2 and SMOS spacecraft of European Space Agency are observing the Earth from an altitude of about
700 km (430 mi). The Earth observation satellites of UAE, DubaiSat-1 & DubaiSat-2 are also placed in Low
Earth Orbits (LEO) orbits and providing satellite imagery of various parts of the Earth.
Fig 3.1 Earth observation satellites comprising the A-train satellite constellation as of
2014.
CHAPTER 4

CONCEPTS OF FETCHING DATA

4.1 DATA PROCESSING
In order to create sensor-based maps, most remote sensing systems expect to extrapolate sensor data
in relation to a reference point including distances between known points on the ground. This depends on the
type of sensor used. For example, in conventional photographs, distances are accurate in the center of the
image, with the distortion of measurements increasing the farther you get from the center. Another factor is
that of the platen against which the film is pressed can cause severe errors when photographs are used to
measure ground distances. The step in which this problem is resolved is called georeferencing and involves
computer-aided matching of points in the image (typically 30 or more points per image) which is
extrapolated with the use of an established benchmark, "warping" the image to produce accurate spatial data.
As of the early 1990s, most satellite images are sold fully Geo referenced

Fig 4.1.1 spectrometers and images to hunt for evidence of past or present water and
volcanic activity on Mars.
 The development of artificial satellites in the latter half of the 20th century allowed remote sensing to
progress to a global scale as of the end of the Cold War. Instrumentation aboard various Earth observing and
weather satellites such as Landsat, the Nimbus and more recent missions such
as RADARSAT and UARS provided global measurements of various data for civil, research, and military
purposes. Space probes to other planets have also provided the opportunity to conduct remote sensing
studies in extraterrestrial environments, synthetic aperture radar aboard the Magellan spacecraft provided
detailed topographic maps of Venus, while instruments aboard SOHO allowed studies to be performed on
the Sun and the solar wind, just to name a few examples.

Recent developments include, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s with the development of image
processing of satellite imagery. Several research groups in Silicon Valley including NASA Ames Research
Center, GTE, and ESL Inc. developed Fourier transform techniques leading to the first notable enhancement
of imagery data. In 1999 the first commercial satellite (IKONOS) collecting very high resolution imagery
was launched.

Fig 4.1.2 remote sensing process

 fig 4.1.3 satellite demonstration

Following the successful demonstration flights of the Bhaskara-1 and Bhaskara-2 satellites launched
in 1979 and 1981, respectively.

India began to develop the indigenous Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite program to support the
national economy in the areas of agriculture, water resources, forestry & ecology, geology, watersheds,
marine fisheries & coastal management.

Towards this end, India had established the National Natural Resources Management System
(NNRMS) for which the Department of Space (DOS) is the nodal agency, providing operational remote
sensing data services.
CHAPTER 5

GIS(GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM)

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that analyzes and displays
geographically referenced information. It uses data that is attached to a unique location.

Most of the information we have about our world contains a location reference: Where are USGS
seamstresses located? Where was a rock sample collected? Exactly where are all of a city's fire hydrants?

If, for example, a rare plant is observed in three different places, GIS analysis might show that the
plants are all on north-facing slopes that are above an elevation of 1,000 feet and that get more than ten
inches of rain per year. GIS maps can then display all locations in the area that have similar conditions, so
researchers know where to look for more of the rare plants.

By knowing the geographic location of farms using a specific fertilizer, GIS analysis of farm
locations, stream locations, elevations, and rainfall will show which streams are likely to carry that fertilizer
downstream.

These are just a few examples of the many uses of GIS in earth sciences, biology, resource
management, and many other fields.

fig 5.1 GIS

fig 5.2 basic layer
CHAPTER 6

SGL (SCANPOINT GEOMETRIC LTD)

Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems are rapidly growing technology, it needs a few
processes/analyses to deliver the output as maps or graphs or statistical data. IGiS (Integrated GIS and
Image Processing) Software developed by SGL in collaboration with ISRO facilitates image and vector data
processing along with newly developed modules like Photogrammetry, and CAD.

6.1 Maps

Maps are the geographic container for the data layers and analytic you want to work with. GIS maps
are easily shared and embedded in apps, and accessible by virtually everyone, everywhere.

6.2 Data

GIS integrates many different kinds of data layers using spatial location. Most data has a geographic
component. GIS data includes imagery, features, and base maps linked to spreadsheets and tables.

6.3 Analysis

Spatial analysis lets you evaluate suitability and capability, estimate and predict, interpret and
understand, and much more, lending new perspectives to your insight and decision-making.

fig 6.1.1 MAPS fig6.2.1 DATA fig 6.3.1 ANALYSIS

fig 6.4 SGL(SCANPOINT GEOMETRIC LTD)
CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
After learning Remote Sensing,Geographic information system and SGL I have gained loads of
knowledge and skills on this technology, which is at present a very popular topic. I learned that RS is an
important tool for earth surface researches and many different kinds of applications, such as weather
forecasting, land monitoring and military usage. Through the lectures, workshops and seminars, I gained
plenty of basic terminology used. For example in RS, multi-spectral signatures of different land covers,
various sensor and satellites used to produce satellite images, ways of image processing and interpretation
and the latest application of RS.

I really find RS a fascinating and useful subject, as it is gaining more and more importance. Whilst,
satellite image data can also be used in GIS to do some more complicated researches. I think RS is a critical
enabling tool for earth surface researches and monitoring and what I learned can help significantly for my
dissertation and other work. I will further continue my study in GIS using my knowledge of remote sensing
and link these two subjects together to do more research on the environmental issues and problems.
CHAPTER 8

REFERENCE
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observations and aerial photography of storm-induced neritic carbonate transport from shallow
carbonate platforms. International Journal of Remote Sensing.
2. Acker J.G., A. Vasilkov, D. Nadeau, and N. Kuring. 2004. Use of SeaWiFS ocean colour data to
estimate neritic sediment mass transport from carbonate platforms for two hurricane-forced events.
3. Ackleson S.G. 2003. Light in shallow waters: A brief research review. Limnology and Oceanography.
4. Ammenberg P., L. Lindell, and P. Kramer. 2002. In Moosa M.K., Soemodihardjo S., Soegiarto A.,
Romimohtarto K., Nontji A. and Suharsono S.(Eds.). Detection of coral bleaching using high spatial
resolution satellite images. International Society for Reef Studies.
5. Andréfouët S., C. Payri. 2001. Scaling-up carbon and carbonate metabolism of coral reefs using in-situ
data and remote sensing.