REVIEWER FOR EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Limited resources; struggle for survival; superior trait
Landslide, also called landslip is the movement of rock, debris
or earth down a slope.
Flood Hazard Mapping is a vital component for appropriate land
use planning in flood-prone areas.
Hydrometeorology - It is a process or phenomenon of
atmospheric, hydro-logical or oceanographic nature that may
cause damage.
Flood occurs when water overflows.
Drought - is characterized by below-average precipitation in a
given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in its water supply.
Tropical cyclone - are warm-core low pressure systems.
Coastal Processes
Waves are caused by wind.
• Waves are caused by wind. Wave height in the open
ocean is determined by three factors.
• Wind speed. The greater the wind speed, the larger
the waves.
• Wind duration. The greater the duration of the wind (or
storm) the larger the waves.
• Fetch. The greater the fetch (area over which the wind
is blowing - size of storm) the larger the waves
Tides result from the gravitational attraction of the sun and the
Moon on the oceans.
Seawater intrusion is the movement of ocean water into fresh
groundwater.
Mitigation is a measure taken prior to the impact of a disaster to
minimize its effects.
CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE
Fundamental Properties of Life
1. Cellular organization. - All organisms consist of one or more
cells—complex, organized assemblages of molecules enclosed
within membranes.
2. Sensitivity - All organisms respond to stimuli—though not
always to the same stimuli in the same ways.
3. Growth - All living things assimilate energy and use it to grow,
a process called metabolism.
4. Development - Multicellular organisms undergo systematic
gene-directed changes as they grow and mature.
5. Reproduction - All living things reproduce, passing on traits
from one generation to the next.
6. Regulation - All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that
coordinate internal processes.
7. Homeostasis - All living things maintain relatively constant
internal conditions, different from their environment.
ORIGIN OF THE FIRST LIFE FORM
1. Special creation - Life forms may have been put on earth by
supernatural or divine forces.
2. Extraterrestrial origin - Life may not have originated on earth
at all; instead, life may have infected earth from some other
planet.
3. Spontaneous origin - Life may have evolved from inanimate
matter, as associations among molecules became more and
more complex.
Evolution - is a branch of science that explains the origin and
diversity of life.
Basis of evolution n by natural selection
1. Variability of traits among members of population.
2. Variable traits are heritable.
• genotype – genetic composition of individual
• phenotype – external manifestation of genetic traits
(environment)
• acquired traits- develop in response in certain
condition of the environment.
3. General tendency for over population.
4. Different individuals leave different number of descendants.
5.
dominates.
Cell is the basic unit of life; it is called the fundamental
structural and functional unit of life; and it can either be
unicellular or multicellular
Two Types of Cell
1. Prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles
2. Eukaryotic - has a membrane bound nucleus
Robert Hooke an English scientist was the first to observed cell
in a slice of a cork and in doing so he named them cells.
The cell theory was first proposed by Matthias Schleiden (1838)
and Theodore Schwann (1839). Rudolf Virchow (1855) later
added the concept of formation of cells; to this theory.
a. All living things are made of cells
b. It is the smallest living unit structure and function of all
organisms.
c. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Parts of a cell
Nucleus - control center of the cell
Cytoplasm - found inside the cell membrane and outside the
nucleus; it is where the organelles are suspended
Cell membrane - functions as the guard of the cells that is a
semi-permeable membrane that is made up of hydrophilic heads
and hydrophobic tails.
Cytoskeleton - serve as the framework or skeleton of the cell.
Mitochondria - called the powerhouse of the cell because it is
the major site of ATP production
Endoplasmic Reticulum - has two types:
1. Rough ER - with attached ribosomes
2. Smooth ER- with no attaché ribosomes
Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
Golgi bodies - sort and package protein
Parts found in plant cell only
Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis; where chlorophyll the
green pigment is present.
Cell wall - made up of cellulose
Large Vacuole - storage of water
ORGANELLES FUNCTION
1. Cell wall Provides mechanical support and maintains cell shape in
plant cell. It prevents water loss in plants and protect from
over expansion by too much water.(Animals have no cell
wall)
2. mitochondrion Provides energy for the cell in the form of ATP
3. vacuole Stores water, food and waste for the cells
4. Golgi Apparatus Sorts, packages and secretes cellular products
5. lysosomes The “suicide bag”. They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or
bacteria.
6. centrioles Formation of the spindle fiber during cell division
7. endoplasmic reticulum Translocation of materials within the cell and in and out of
the nucleus
8. chloroplastids Gives green color of plants
9. nuclear membrane Separates the nuclear contents from the contents of
cytoplasm
10. Nucleoplasm Synthesis of RNA and production of ribosomes
11. Ribosomes They use the RNA synthesized by the nucleolus in
making specific amino acid.
12. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is responsible for cell shape, motility of
the cell as a whole, and motility of organelles within a
cell
13. Microbodies They contain enzymes that are essential in neutralizing
toxic materials that are product of cellular metabolism
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- food making process of plants by converting light energy to
chemical energy.
Types of organism based on the way they obtain food
1. Autotrophs - organisms that acquire energy through
photosynthesis.
2. Heterotrophs - organisms that acquire energy from other
organisms.
Formula of photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

Visible light - used by plants because radiation with

wavelengths below 400nm contains so much energy that it
breaks hydrogen bonds and disrupts the structure of many
molecules.

Two Stages
1. Light Dependent Reaction - occurs in the thylakoid
2. Light Independent Reaction - occurs in the stroma

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- oxidizing of food molecule like glucose to form carbon dioxide
and water.
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ~ 36 ATP

Three stages
1. Glycolysis - splitting of sugar; produces 2ATP and
Pyruvate
*Pyruvate is then converted to Acetyl COA
2. Kreb’s Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle - starting point is Acetyl
CoA
FAD – Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - A series of membrane-
bound carriers in the mitochondria that pass electrons from
one to another
Aerobic Respiration – an oxygen dependent pathway of ATP
formation
Anaerobic Respiration – takes place within the cell cytoplasm;
without O2

Stage 2 and 3 happens in the mitochondria hence it is called

the powerhouse of the cell.