Solution of Restrained Beams by Double

Integration Method

Moment at any exploratory section

EIy′′=M

Slope of the beam at any point

EIy′=∫M+C1

Deflection of beam at any point

EIy=∫∫M+C1x+C2

01 Propped beam with some uniform load by

double integration method
Example 01
Find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam shown in Figure PB-001. Use double
integration method.
Solution 01
EIy′′=M

EIy′′=RAx–12wo⟨x–a⟩2

EIy′=12RAx2–16wo⟨x–a⟩3+C1

EIy=16RAx3–124wo⟨x–a⟩4+C1x+C2

Apply boundary conditions to solve for integration constants C1 and C2:

At x=0, y=0, hence C2=0

At x=L, y=0, hence

0=16RAL3–124wo(L–a)4+C1L+0

C1L=124wo(L–a)4−16RAL3

C1=wo24L(L–a)4−RAL26

At x=L, y′=0, hence

0=12RAL2–16wo(L–a)3+wo24L(L–a)4−RAL26

RAL22–wo6(L–a)3+wo24L(L–a)4−RAL26=0

RAL23=wo6(L–a)3−wo24L(L–a)4

RA=wo2L2(L–a)3−wo8L3(L–a)4

RA=wob32L2−wob48L3

RA=wob38L3(4L−b) answer

02 Propped beam with increasing triangular

load by double integration method
Example 02

Find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam shown in Figure PB-002. Use double
integration method.
 Solution 02

yx=woL

y=woxL

Moment at x:

M=RAx–12xy(13x)

M=RAx–16x2y

M=RAx–x26(woxL)

M=RAx–wox36L

Thus,

EIy′′=RAx–wox36L

EIy′=RAx22–wox424L+C1

EIy=RAx36–wox5120L+C1x+C2

At x = 0, y = 0, thus C2 = 0

At x = L, y’ = 0

0=RAL22–woL424L+C1

C1=woL324−RAL22

Thus, the deflection equation is

EIy=RAx36–wox5120L+(woL324−RAL22)x

At x = L, y = 0
0=RAL36–woL5120L+(woL324−RAL22)L

0=RAL36–woL4120+woL424−RAL32

0=−RAL33+woL430

RAL33=woL430

RA=woL310 answer

03 Propped beam with decreasing triangular

load by double integration method
Example 03

By double integration method, find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam with
triangular load that is wo at the simple end and zero at the fixed end. See Figure PB-003

Solution 03

By ratio and proportion:

yL−x=woL

y=woL(L−x)
Solving for moment equation
M=RAx−12(x)(wo)(23x)−12(x)(y)(13x)

M=RAx−13wox2−16x2y

M=RAx−13wox2−16x2[woL(L−x)]

M=RAx−wo3x2−wo6L(Lx2−x3)

Doing the double integration

EIy′′=RAx−wo3x2−wo6L(Lx2−x3)

EIy′=RA2x2−wo9x3−wo6L(Lx33−x44)+C1

EIy=RA6x3−wo36x4−wo6L(Lx412−x520)+C1x+C2

Boundary conditions
At x = 0, y = 0, C2 = 0

At x = L, y = 0
0=RAL36−woL436−wo6L(L5)12−L520)+C1L+0

0=RAL36−woL436−woL4180+C1L

C1=woL330−RAL26

At x = L, y' = 0
0=RAL22−woL39−wo6L(L43−L44)+(woL330−RAL26)
0=RAL22−woL39−woL372+woL330−RAL26

RAL23=11woL3120

RA=11woL40 answer

04 Propped beam with moment load at

simple support by double integration method
Example 04

Find the reaction R at the propped support of the beam in Figure PB-004 by double integration
method.

Solution 04

The moment at any point point on the beam which

is at distance x from the left support is
Mx=M–Rx

By double integration method

EIy′′=Mx

EIy′′=M–Rx

EIy′=Mx–12Rx2+C1

EIy=12Mx2–16Rx3+C1x+C2
Boundary conditions
At x = 0, y = 0; C2 = 0

At x = L, y = 0;
0=12ML2–16RL3+C1L

C1=16RL2–12ML

At x = L, y' = 0;
0=ML–12RL2+(16RL2–12ML)

0=M–12RL+16RL–12M

13RL=12M

R=3M2L answer

05 Propped beam with concentrated load at

midspan by double integration method
Problem 05

For the propped beam shown in Fig. P-719, determine the reaction R and the midspan value of
EIδ.

Solution 05
Moment at x
M=Rx−P⟨x−12L⟩

EIy′′=M

EIy′′=Rx−P⟨x−12L⟩

EIy′=12Rx2−12P⟨x−12L⟩2+C1

EIy=16Rx3−16P⟨x−12L⟩3+C1x+C2

Boundary conditions
At x = 0, y = 0; thus C2 = 0

At x = L, y = 0
0=16RL3−16P(L−12L)3+C1L+0

0=16RL3−148PL3+C1L

C1L=148PL3−16RL3

C1=148PL2−16RL2
Therefore,
EIy′=12Rx2−12P⟨x−12L⟩2+(148PL2−16RL2)

At x = L, y' = 0
0=12RL2−12P(L−12L)2+148PL2−16RL2

0=12RL2−18PL2+148PL2−16RL2

0=13RL2−548PL2

13RL2=548PL2

R=516P answer

Thus, the deflection equation is

EIy=16Rx3−16P⟨x−12L⟩3+(148PL2−16RL2)x+0

EIy=16(516P)x3−16P⟨x−12L⟩3+148PL2x−16(516P)L2x

EIy=596Px3−16P⟨x−12L⟩3+148PL2x−596PL2x

EIy=596Px3−16P⟨x−12L⟩3−132PL2x

At midspan,x=12L
EIy=596P(12L)3−0−132PL2(12L)

EIy=5768PL3−164PL3

EIy=−7768PL3

Midspan deflection,
EIδmid=7768PL3 answer

Solution of Restrained Beams by Moment-

Area Method
Rotation of beam from A to B

θAB=1EI(AreaAB)

Deviation of B from a tangent line through A

tB/A=1EI(AreaAB)XˉB

01 Propped beam with some uniform load by

moment-area method
Example 01

Find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam shown in Figure PB-001 by using
moment-area method.

Solution 01

The moment at C due to reaction RA is RAL and the moment at C due to uniform load wo is –
wob(0.5b) = -½wob2.
The deviation at A from tangent line through C is zero. Thus,

EItA/C=(AreaAC)XˉA=0

12L(RAL)(23L)−13b(12wob2)(L−14b)=0

13RAL3−16wob3(L−14b)=0

13RAL3−124wob3(4L−b)=0

13RAL3=124wob3(4L−b)

RA=wob38L3(4L−b) answer

02 Propped beam with increasing triangular

load by moment-area method
 Example 02

Find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam shown in Figure PB-002 by using
moment-area method.

Solution 02

The moment at B due to RA is RAL and the moment at B due to triangular load is -1/6 woL2

Solution of RA by Moment-Area Method

EItA/B=(AreaAB)XˉA=0

12L(RAL)(23L)–14L(16woL2)(45L)=0
13RAL3–130woL4=0

13RAL3=130woL4

RA=woL10 answer

03 Propped beam with decreasing triangular

load by moment-area method
Example 03

By the use of moment-are method, determine the magnitude of the reaction force at the left
support of the propped beam in Figure PB-003.

Solution 03

Transform the triangular load into a downward uniformly distributed load and upward increasing
load. We do this so that we can easily draw the moment diagram by parts with moment center at
the fixed support.

Solution of RA by Moment-Area Method

EItA/B=(AreaAB)XˉA=0

14(L)(16woL2)(45L)+12(L)(RAL)(23L)−13(L)(12woL2)(34L)=0

woL430+RAL33−woL48=0

RAL33=11woL4120

RA=11woL40 answer

04 Propped beam with moment load at

simple support by moment-area method
Example 04

For the propped beam shown in Figure PB-004, solved for vertical reaction R at the simple
support.
 Solution 04

Taking the fixed support to be the moment center, the moment diagram by parts is shown to the
right.

EItA/B=(AreaAB)XˉA=0

ML(12L)–12L(RL)(23L)=0

12ML2–13RL3=0

R=3M2L answer
05 Propped beam with concentrated load at
midspan by moment-area method
Problem 05

For the propped beam shown in Fig. P-719, determine the reaction R and the midspan value of
EIδ.

Solution 05

The following links are solution to the same problem by different methods.

 Solution by double integration method

 Solution by conjugate beam method

Solving for the propped reaction R

EItA/B=0

(AreaAB)⋅XˉA=0

12L(RL)(23L)−12(12L)(12PL)(56L)=0

13RL3−548PL3=0

13R−548P=0

R=516P answer
Solving for the midspan deflection δmid
y12L=RLL

y=12RL

EItC/B=(AreaBC)⋅XˉA

EItC/B=12(12L)(RL)(13L)+12(12L)(12RL)(16L)−12(12L)(12PL)(13L)

EItC/B=112RL3+148RL3−124PL3

EItC/B=548RL3−124PL3

EItC/B=548(516P)L3−124PL3

EItC/B=25768PL3−124PL3
EItC/B=−7768PL3

Thus,
EIδmid=7768PL3 answer

06 Propped beam with moment load on the

span
Problem 06
For the beam shown in Fig. P-722, compute the reaction R at the propped end and the moment at
the wall. Check your results by letting b = L and comparing with the results in Example 04.

Solution 06
EI tA/B=0

(AreaAB)⋅XˉA=0

Mb(L−12b)−12L(RL)(23L)=0

MbL−12Mb2−13RL3=0

13RL3=MbL−12Mb2

R=3MbL2−3Mb22L3

R=3Mb2L3(2L−b) answer
Mwall=M−RL

Mwall=M−3Mb2L3(2L−b)L

Mwall=M−3Mb2L2(2L−b) answer

Whenb=L
R=3ML2L3(2L−L)=3M2L

Mwall=M−3ML2L2(2L−L)=M−32M=−32M

07 Propped beam with uniform load over half

the span
Problem 07
Find the reaction R and the moment at the wall for the propped beam shown in Fig. P-723.

Solution 07
EI tA/B=0

13(12L)(18woL2)(78L)+12(L)(RL)(23L)−13(L)(12woL2)(34L)=0

7384woL4+13RL3−18woL4=0

7384woL+13R−18woL=0

13R=18woL−7384woL
13R=41384woL

R=41128woL answer

Mwall=RL+18woL2−12woL2

Mwall=(41128woL)L+18woL2−12woL2

Mwall=41128woL2+18woL2−12woL2

Mwall=−7128woL2 answer
08 Propped beam with partially restrained
wall support
Problem 08
The beam shown in Fig. P-724 is only partially restrained at the wall so that, after the uniformly
distributed load is applied, the slope at the wall is woL3/48EI upward to the right. If the
supports remain at the same level, determine R.

Solution 08
θ=woL348EI

Lθ=woL448EI

tA/B=Lθ

tA/B=woL448EI

EI tA/B=148woL4

12(L)(RL)(23L)−13(L)(12woL2)(34L)=14
8woL4

13RL3−18woL4=148woL4

13RL3=748woL4

R=716woL4 answer
09 Propped beam with partially restrained
wall and settling simple support
Problem 09
If the support under the propped beam in Problem 08 settles an amount δ, show that the
propped reaction decreases by 3EIδ/L3.

Solution 09
θ=woL348EI

EI θ=148woL3

L(EI θ)=148woL4

tA/B=L θ−δ

EI tA/B=L(EI θ)−EI δ

13RL3=748woL4−EI δ

R=716woL−3EI δL3

The quantity 716woL is the simple reaction when there is no settlement δ at the propped
support, thus the reaction R decreased by 3EIδ/L3.

10 Fully restrained beam with concentrated

load at midspan
Problem 10
A beam of length L, perfectly restrained at both ends, supports a concentrated load P at midspan.
Determine the end moment and maximum deflection.

Solution 10
EI θAB=0

12(0.5L)(0.25PL)−0.5L(Mwall)=0
12MwallL=116PL2

Mwall=18PL answer

δmax=tA/B

EI δmax=EI tA/B

EI δmax=(AreaAB)⋅XˉA

EI δmax=12(0.5L)(0.25PL)[23(0.5L)]−0.5L(Mwall)[12(0.5L)]

EI δmax=148PL3−18MwallL2

EI δmax=148PL3−18(18PL)L2

EI δmax=148PL3−164PL3
EI δmax=1192PL3 answer

11 Fully restrained beam with uniform load

over the entire span
Problem 11
Repeat Problem 10 assuming that the concentrated load is replaced by a uniformly distributed
load of intensity wo over the entire length.

Solution 11
EI θAB=0

12(12L)(14woL2)−12L(Mwall)−13(12L)(18woL2)=0

116woL3−12MwallL−148woL3=0

12MwallL=124woL3

Mwall=112woL2 answer
δmax=tA/B

EI δmax=EI tA/B

EI δmax=(AreaAB)⋅XˉA

EI δmax=12(12L)(14woL2)[23(12L)]−12L(Mwall)[12(12L)]
−13(12L)(18woL2)[34(12L)]

EI δmax=116woL3(13L)−12MwallL(14L)−148woL3(38L)

EI δmax=148woL4−18MwallL2−1128woL4

EI δmax=148woL4−18(112woL2)L2−1128woL4

EI δmax=148woL4−196woL4−1128woL4
EI δmax=1384woL4 answer

12 Isosceles triangular load over the entire

span of fully restrained beam
Problem 12
Determine the end moment and maximum deflection of a perfectly restrained beam loaded as
shown in Fig. P-728.

Solution 12
EI θAB=0

12(12L)(18woL2)−12L(Mwall)−14(12L)(124woL2)=0

132woL3−12MwallL−1192woL3=0

12MwallL=5192woL3

Mwall=596woL2
δmax=tA/B

EI δmax=EI tA/B

EI δmax=(AreaAB)⋅XˉA

EI δmax=12(12L)(18woL2)[23(12L)]−12L(Mwall)[12(12L)]
−14(12L)(124woL2)[45(12L)]

EI δmax=132woL3(13L)−12MwallL(14L)−1192woL3(25L)

EI δmax=196woL4−18MwallL2−1480woL4

EI δmax=196woL4−18(596woL2)L2−1480woL4

EI δmax=196woL4−5768woL4−1480woL4
EI δmax=73840woL4 answer

13 Uniform load over the center part of fully

restrained beam
Problem 13
For the restrained beam shown in Fig. P-729, compute the end moment and maximum EIδ.

Solution 13
EI θAC=0

12(6)(3600)−6M−13(3)(900)=0

10800−6M−900=0

M=1650 lb⋅ft answer

δmax=tA/C

EI δmax=EI tA/C

EI δmax=(AreaAC)⋅XˉA

EI δmax=12(6)(3600)[23(6)]−6M(3)−13(3)(900)[3+34(3)]

EI δmax=10800(4)−18M−900(5.25)

EI δmax=10800(4)−18(1650)−900(5.25)

EI δmax=8775 lb⋅ft3 answer

14 Uniform loads at each end of fully
restrained beam
Problem 14
Determine the end moment and maximum deflection for a perfectly restrained beam loaded as
shown in Fig. P-730.

Solution 14
EI θAC=0

13(12L−a)[12wo(12L−a)2]+12(12L)(12woLa)−12LM−13(12L)(18woL2)=0

16wo(12L−a)3+18woL2a−12LM−148woL3=0

12LM=16wo(12L−a)3−148woL3+18woL2a

12LM=148wo(L−2a)3−148woL2(L−6a)

12LM=148wo[(L−2a)3−L2(L−6a)]

M=wo24L[L3−3L2(2a)+3L(2a)2−(2a)3−L3+6L2a]
M=wo24L[L3−6L2a+12La2−8a3−L3+6L2a]

M=wo24L[12La2−8a3]

M=wo24L[4a2(3L−2a)]

M=woa26L(3L−2a) answer

δmax=tA/C

EI δmax=EI tA/C

EI δmax=(AreaAC)⋅XˉA

EI δmax=13(12L−a)[12wo(12L−a)2][a+34(12L−a)]
+12(12L)(12woLa)[23(12L)]−12LM[12(12L)]
−13(12L)(18woL2)[34(12L)]

EI δmax=16wo(12L−a)3(14a+38L)+18woL2a(13L)
−12LM(14L)−148woL3(38L)

EI δmax=1384wo(L−2a)3(2a+3L)+124woL3a−18L2M−1128woL4

EI δmax=1384wo[L3−3L2(2a)+3L(2a)2−(2a)3](2a+3L)
+124woL3a−18L2M−1128woL4

EI δmax=1384wo(L3−6L2a+12La2−8a3)(2a+3L)
+124woL3a−18L2M−1128woL4

EI δmax=1384wo(2L3a−12L2a2+24La3−16a4+3L4−18L3a+36L2a2
−24La3)+124woL3a−18L2M−1128woL4

EI δmax=1384wo(24L2a2−16a4+3L4−16L3a)+124woL3a−18L2M−1128woL4

EI δmax=(116woL2a2−124woa4+1128woL4−124woL3a)+124woL3a
−18L2M−1128woL4

EI δmax=116woL2a2−124woa4−18L2M

EI δmax=116woL2a2−124woa4−18L2[woa26L(3L−2a)]
EI δmax=116woL2a2−124woa4−148woLa2(3L−2a)

EI δmax=116woL2a2−124woa4−116woL2a2+124woa3

EI δmax=−124woa4+124woLa3

EI δmax=124woa3(L−a) answer

Solution of Restrained Beams by

Superposition Method
There are 12 cases listed in the method of superposition for beam deflection.

 Cantilever beam with...

1. concentrated load at the free end.
2. concentrated load anywhere on the beam.
3. uniform load over the entire span.
4. triangular load with zero at the free end
5. moment load at the free end.
 Simply supported beam with...
1. concentrated load at the midspan.
2. concentrated load anywhere on the beam span.
3. uniform load over the entire span.
4. triangular load which is zero at one end and full at the other end.
5. triangular load with zero at both ends and full at the midspan.
6. moment load at the right support.
7. moment load at the left support.

01 Propped beam with some uniform load by

method of superposition
Example 01

Find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam shown in Figure PB-001 by the use
of method of superposition.
 Solution 01

Deflection at A is zero. Thus, the deflection

due to RA denoted by δ1 is equal to the sum of
deflection at B denoted as δ2 and the vertical
deflection at A due to rotation of B which is
denoted by aθ.

δ1=δ2+aθ

RAL33EI=wob48EI+a(wob36EI)

RAL33=wob48+woab36

RA=3wob48L3+woab32L3

RA=wob3L3(3b8+a2)

RA=wob3L3(3b8+L−b2)

RA=wob3L3(3b+4L−4b8)

RA=wob38L3(4L−b) answer

02 Propped beam with increasing triangular

load by method of superposition
 Example 02

The propped beam shown in Figure PB-002 is loaded by uniformly increasing load that varies
from zero at A to wo at B. Find the reaction at A by the use of method of superposition.

Solution 02

Resolve the propped beam into two cantilever beams, one with uniformly varying load and the
other with concentrated load as shown below. The concentrated load is the reaction at A.
The deflection at A is zero. Thus, by superposition method, the deflection due to triangular load
is equal to the deflection due to concentrated load.

δ1=woL430EI → deflection due to triangular load

δ2=RAL33EI → deflection due to concentrated load

δ1=δ1

woL430EI=RAL33EI

RA=woL10 answer

03 Propped beam with decreasing triangular

load by method of superposition
Example 03

The propped beam shown in Figure PB-003 is loaded by decreasing triangular load varying from
wo from the left end to 0 at the right end. Find the reaction at A by the use of method of
superposition.

Solution 03

Decreasing triangular load is not listed in the

summary of beam loadings. It is therefore
necessary to resolve this load into loads that are
in the list. In this case, the load was resolved
into uniformly distributed load and upward
triangular load as shown. The sum of such loads is equal to the one that is given in the problem.

From the figure, it is clear that

δ1+δ3=δ2

RAL33EI+woL430EI=woL48EI

RA3+woL30=woL8

RA3=11woL120

RA=11woL40 answer

Another Solution

Another way of solving the reaction at A is by the use of derivative. From Case No. 2, the
deflection at the free end of cantilever beam is

δ=Pa26EI(3L−a)

For this problem P=ydx, a=L−x, and δ=dδ2.

dδ2=ydx(L−x)26EI[3L−(L−x)]

From the figure,

yL−x=woL

y=woL(L−x)

Thus,
dδ2=[woL(L−x)](L−x)26EI[3L−(L−x)]dx

dδ2=wo(L−x)36LEI[3L−(L−x)]dx

dδ2=wo2EI(L−x)3dx−wo6LEI(L−x)4dx
δ2=wo2EI∫L0(L−x)3dx−wo6LEI∫L0(L−x)4dx

δ1 = end deflection due to RA

δ1=RAL33EI

δ1=δ2

RAL33EI=wo2EI∫L0(L−x)3dx−wo6LEI∫L0(L−x)4dx

RA=3wo2L3∫L0(L−x)3dx−wo2L4∫L0(L−x)4dx

RA=3wo2L3[−(L−x)44]−wo2L4[−(L−x)55]

RA=−3wo8L3[04−L4]+wo10L4[05−L5]

RA=3woL8−woL10

RA=11woL40 answer

Solution of Restrained Beams by Conjugate

Beam Method
Basic principles for conjugate beam method:

Slope on real beam = Shear on conjugate beam

Deflection on real beam = Moment on conjugate beam

01 Propped beam with uniform load by

conjugate beam method
 Example 01

Find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam shown in Figure PB-001. Use
conjugate beam method.

Solution 01

The first step of the solution is to construct the moment diagram by parts of the real beam. For
this particular problem, we take the moment of RA and wo at point C. The resulting moment
diagram is then loaded to the conjugate beam.
From the conjugate beam
ΣMA=0

12L(RAL)(23L)=13b(12wob2)(L–14b)

RAL33=wob36(L–14b)

RAL33=wob36(L–14b)

RA=wob32L3(L–14b)

RA=wob38L3(4L–b) answer

02 Propped beam with increasing triangular

load by conjugate beam method
Example 02

By the use of conjugate beam method, solve for the reaction at the simple support of the propped
beam shown in Figure PB-002.

Solution 02

From the real beam, moment at B due to reaction RA is RAL and the moment at B due to
triangular load is –1/2 (L)(wo)(1/3 L) = –1/6 woL2.
From the conjugate beam
ΣMA=0

12(L)(RAL)(23L)−14(L)(16woL2)(45L)=0

13RAL3−130woL4=0

RAL33=woL430

RA=woL10 answer

03 Propped beam with moment load at

simple support by conjugate beam method
Example 03

By using conjugate beam, find the reaction at the simple support of the propped beam shown in
Figure PB-004.
 Solution 03

From the conjugate beam above

ΣMA=0

ML(12L)–12L(RL)(23L)=0

12ML2–13RL3=0

12M–13RL=0
R=3M2L answer

04 Propped beam with concentrated load at

midspan by conjugate beam method
Problem 04

For the propped beam shown in Fig. P-719, determine the reaction R and the midspan value of
EIδ.

Solution 04

The following links are solution to the same problem by different methods.

 Solution by moment-area method

 Solution by double integration method

From the conjugate beam

ΣMA=0

12L(RL)(23L)−12(12L)(12PL)(56L)=0

13RL3−548PL3=0

13RL3=548PL3

R=516P answer
Support reaction of conjugate beam
FA+12(12L)(12PL)=12L(RL)

FA+18PL2=12RL2

FA+18PL2=12(516P)L2

FA+18PL2=532PL2

FA=132PL2
By ratio and proportion
y12L=RLL

y=12RL

y=12(516P)L

y=532PL

Solving for the midspan deflection δmid

MC=12(12L)(y)(16L)−FA(12L)

MC=124L2y−12FAL

MC=124L2(532PL)−12(132PL2)L

MC=5768PL3−164PL3

MC=−7768PL3
Thus,
EIδmid=7768PL3 answer