UNIT 4 MANAGING ACROSS CULTURES

multinational adjective = involving several different countries, or (of a business) producing and selling goods in several

different countries: đa quốc gia
The UN has sent a multinational peace-keeping force.
As with all major high-technology industries, Oppo is now dominated by large multinational companies
to adapt verb = to change, or to change something, to suit different conditions or uses: điều chỉnh
Many software companies have adapted popular programs to the new operating system.
The Harry Potter is adapted from J.K Rowling novels.
hierarchy noun /ˈhaɪə.rɑː.ki/ = a system in which people or things are arranged according to their importance: cấp, bậc, tôn ti
He rose quickly through the political hierarchy to become party leader.

characteristic noun = a typical or noticeable quality of someone or something: đặc điểm
Unfortunately a big nose is a family characteristic.
pole  noun = + a long, thin stick of wood or metal, often used standing straight up in the ground to support things: cây sào, cột
A flag fluttered from a 40-foot pole.
+ either of two completely opposite or different opinions, positions, or qualities: một trong hai thái cực đối lập, xung đột
These two men might be thought to represent the opposite poles of economic ideology.
Hispanic-American adjective  /hɪˌspæn.ɪk əˈmer.ɪ.kən/ a person who lives in the US but whose family originally came from Spain
or another Spanish-speaking country, especially a country in Latin America: người Tây Ban Nha và người những nước nói tiếng
Tây Ban Nha
Both of the major political parties are pursuing Hispanic-American voters
universal adjective = existing everywhere or involving everyone: phổ biến
Food, like sex, is a subject of almost universal interest.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone document in the history of human rights.
individualist  noun  = a person who is different and original in his or her thoughts and actions: người cá nhân chủ nghĩa
Even though she’s part of the mainstream, McCardell remains an individualist who thinks for herself.
collectivist adjective /kəˈlektɪvɪst/ believing that the group is more important than the individual. chủ nghĩa tập thể
In the collectivist cultures, the effect of working hours is not as disruptive as for managers working in individualistic, anglo-
saxon cultures.
compromise noun /ˈkɒm.prə.maɪz/ reducing demands or changing opinions in order to agree sự thoả hiệp
In a compromise between management and unions, a four percent pay rise was agreed in return for an increase in
productivity.
confront verb /kənˈfrʌnt/ to deal with a difficult situation đương đầu với
It's an issue we'll have to confront at some point, no matter how unpleasant it is.
confrontation noun /ˌkɒn.frʌnˈteɪ.ʃən/ a face-to-face disagreement or argument sự chạm trán, sự đương đầu
Some couples seem to like confrontation, but josh and i hardly ever argue.
connections noun /kəˈnek.ʃən/ people of influence or importance with whom you are associated mối quan hệ
They're sisters? I knew their surname was the same, but i never made (= thought of) the connection.

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eye contact /ˈaɪ ˌkɒn.tækt/ looking directly at the people you are talking or listening to giao tiếp bằng ánh mắt
He's very shy and never makes eye contact.
formulate verb /ˈfɔː.mjə.leɪt/ create or devise a plan/ a strategy đề ra
He rose quickly through the political hierarchy to become party leader.
improvise verb /ˈɪm.prə.vaɪz/ to do something when necessary without having already planned it ứng biến, làm ngay được
I hadn't prepared a speech so i suddenly had to improvise.
interrupt verb /ˌɪn.təˈrʌpt/ to cut into someone else’s turn to speak ngắt lời
Please feel free to interrupt me if you don't understand anything.
intuition noun /ˌɪn.tʃuːˈɪʃ.ən/ understanding or knowing without consciously using reason trực giác
Often there's no clear evidence one way or the other and you just have to base your judgment on intuition.
lose face idiom /luːz feɪs/  to be humiliated or disrespected in public mất thể diện
She had to accept defeat without losing face.
precedence noun /ˈpres.ɪ.dəns/ the condition of being dealt with before other things or of being considered more important than other
things địa vị cao hơn, địa vị trên
Business people often think that fluency and communication take precedence over grammar when speaking.
principle noun /ˈprɪn.sə.pəl/ a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works nguyên lý, nguyên tắc
The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.
rational adjective /ˈræʃ.ən.əl/ based on reasons rather than emotions có lý trí, dựa trên lý trí
There must be some rational explanation for what happened.
regulation noun /ˌreɡ.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ an official rule or the act of controlling something điều quy định, quy tắc, điều lệ
Safety regulations are being ignored by company managers in the drive to increase profits.
represent verb /ˌrep.rɪˈzent/ to speak, act, or be present officially for another person or people thay mặt, đại diện
Women were well represented at the conference.
status noun /ˈsteɪ.təs/ respect, prestige or importance given to someone cấp bậc, địa vị xã hội cao
The association works to promote the status of retired people as useful members of the community.
loquacious adjective /ləˈkweɪ.ʃəs/ having the habit of talking a lot: ba hoa
I was talking to a loquacious taxi driver.
impulsive adjective /ɪmˈpʌl.sɪv = showing behaviour in which you do things suddenly without any planning and
without considering the effects they may have: ngẫu hứng
Don't be so impulsive - think before you act.
courteous adjective /ˈkɜː.ti.əs/ = polite and showing respect: lịch sự
Although she often disagreed with me, she was always courteous.
amiable adjective /ˈeɪ.mi.ə.bəl/ = pleasant and friendly: thân thiện
So amiable was the mood of the meeting that a decision was soon reached.
accommodating adjective  /əˈkɒm.ə.deɪ.tɪŋ/= used to describe a person who is eager or willing to help other people,
for example by changing his or her plans: sẵn sàng giúp đỡ
I'm sure she'll help you - she's always very accommodating.
linear adjective /ˈlɪn.i.ər/ consisting of or to do with lines: bằng các đường kẻ
a linear diagram

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 linear-active cutures: nền văn hóa chủ động đơn phương
active adjective = busy with a particular activity: năng động
You have to try to keep active as you grow older.
multi-active cutures: nền văn hóa chủ động đa phương

reactive adjective =reacting to events or situations rather than acting first to change or prevent something: phản ứng

Unfortunately, the police have dealt with the problem of car theft in a reactive rather than a proactive way.
re-active cutures: nền văn hóa phản ứng / thụ động
cross-cultural adjective /ˌkrɒsˈkʌltʃərəl/: involving two or more different cultures and their ideas and customs: liên văn hóa

This is a study of cross-cultural communication in the global marketplace.