CHEMISTRY 1

Q2_Week 5
December 12-16, 2022
COMPETENCIES
•Describe geometry of simple
molecules.
•Determine the polarity of simple
molecules.
Polarity of Molecules

• For a molecule to be polar:

1. It must have polar bonds
➢This can be determined from differences in
electronegativity.

2. Be an asymmetric molecule
➢ Based on molecular shape (polar means unequal
sharing of electrons, nonpolar means equal sharing of
electrons.
Molecular geometry

• Is a three-dimensional structure of atoms in a molecule.

Physical and chemical properties of molecules are
affected by its geometry. It can be predicted using Lewis
structure and VSEPR theory.
• VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory –
(pronounced as “vesper), states that to minimize
repulsion, each group of the outermost electrons stays
away as possible from each other. Thus, results to five
electron group arrangement.
• Electron Group – may comprise of a single bond, a
double bond, a triple bond, or a lone pair.
• Molecular geometry of molecules having one or more
lone pairs around the central atoms are affected by the
presence of the three repulsive forces. The repulsive
forces are between bonding pairs (BP), between lone
pairs (LP), and between bonding pair (BP) and lone pair
(LP). According to VSEPR theory, generally, repulsive
forces decrease in the following order:

LP vs LP repulsion > LP vs BP repulsion > BP vs BP

repulsion
Table 1. Five Basic Electron Group Arrangement

Number of Electron Name of Electron

Groups Group Geometry
2 Linear
3 Trigonal planar
4 Tetrahedral
5 Trigonal Bipyramidal
6 Octahedral
Table 3. Geometry of Molecules with One or More Lone Pairs in the Central
Atom. (A= central atom; X= an atom bonded to A; E= lone pairs in A)
Table 3. Geometry of Molecules with One or More Lone Pairs in the Central
Atom. (A= central atom; X= an atom bonded to A; E= lone pairs in A)
Table 3. Geometry of Molecules with One or More Lone Pairs in the Central
Atom. (A= central atom; X= an atom bonded to A; E= lone pairs in A)
Table 3. Geometry of Molecules with One or More Lone Pairs in the Central
Atom. (A= central atom; X= an atom bonded to A; E= lone pairs in A)
Example #1: Using VSEPR theory, predict the
molecular shape of PF3.
• Guide Questions:
• How many atoms are
bonded to A(X) and lone F P F
pair (E) are there around
the central atom?
•X = 3
•E = 1
F
• Generic Formula = AX3E
• Molecular shape = Trigonal Pyramidal
Example #1: Using VSEPR theory, predict the
molecular shape of NO2-.

[
• Guide Questions: -1
• How many atoms are
bonded to A(X) and lone
pair (E) are there around O N O
[
the central atom?
•X = 2
•E = 1
• Generic Formula = AX2E
• Molecular shape = Bent
Example #1: Using VSEPR theory, predict the
molecular shape of NO3-.
• Guide Questions:
• How many atoms are
O -1
bonded to A(X) and lone
pair (E) are there around
the central atom?
N
•X = 3 O O
•E = 0
• Generic Formula = AX3
• Molecular shape = Trigonal Planar
Example #1: Using VSEPR theory, predict the
molecular shape of OF2.
• Guide Questions:
• How many atoms are
bonded to A(X) and lone
pair (E) are there around
the central atom?
F O F
•X = 2
•E = 2
• Generic Formula = AX2E2
• Molecular shape = Bent
Bond Polarity

• Is the separation of electric charge along a bond,

leading to a molecule or its chemical groups
having an electric dipole or dipole moment.
• Electrons are not always shared equally between
two bonding atoms. One might exert more of a
force on the electron cloud than the other; the
pull is called electronegativity.
Electronegativity –measures a particular atom’s
attraction for electrons.
Bond Polarity

• The unequal sharing of electrons within a bond

leads to the formation of an electric dipole (a
separation of positive and negative electric
charge).
• Partial charges are denoted as δ+ (delta plus) and
δ- (delta minus), symbols that were introduced by
Christopher Ingold and his wife Hilda Usherwood
in 1926.
Bond Polarity

• Atoms with high electronegativity values –such as

fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen –exerts a greater
pull on electrons than do atoms with lower
electronegativity values.
• In a bond, this can lead to unequal sharing of
electrons between atoms, as electrons will be
drawn closer to the atom with higher
electronegativity.
 3.3 100%

Difference in electronegativities
Ionic

Percentage ionic character

1.7 Polar-covalent 50%

0.3 Nonpolar-covalent 5%
0 0%
Remember:

• “Polar bond is not the same as polar molecule”

• If bond is polar, then the molecule can either be

polar or nonpolar.
• If bond is nonpolar, then the molecule is
automatically nonpolar.
Polarity of Molecules

• Polar molecules –are those that possess regions of

positive and negative charge. These charges are
attracted to the charges of other polar molecules.
Generally, molecules with oxygen atoms, nitrogen
atoms, or ionizable groups (-CO2H and –SO3H) tend to
be polar.

• Nonpolar molecules –are those that do not possess

regions of positive and negative charge. Generally, the
more carbon and hydrogen atoms a molecule has, the
less polar (more nonpolar) it will be.
Example: H2O

• H=2.2 δ-
• O=3.44
• EN=1.24 (polar bond)
O
H H
δ +

• Polar molecule
(asymmetrical)
Example: CO2

• C=2.55
• O=3.44
• EN=0.89 (polar bond)
O C O
• Nonpolar molecule
• (symmetrical)
Example: Cl2

• Cl=3.16
• Cl=3.16 Cl Cl
• EN=0 (nonpolar bond)

• Nonpolar molecule
• (symmetrical)
Video References:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72CQe-
_PJU4

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UogkeeDIv8
w

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwgid9YuH5
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