A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
Grade level and Section:
Group number and Name:
Complete Name
1.) Ms. Jedidiah Faith S. Anacleto
2.) Mr. Elijah M. Andrade
3.) Ms. Ize N. Ayson
4.) Ms. Precious Hope C. Babas
5.) Ms. Joanna Ruth S. Benoza
6.) Ms. Bryan C. Castañeda
1
Grade - 10 – St. Augustine
Group # - 1
Specific Contribution
1st and 2nd paragraph for the background of the
study
4th and 5th paragraph for the background of the
study and Objectives
3rd paragraph and scope and delimitation
Significance of the study
Hypothesis and definition of terms
Statement of the problem
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined

with Marble Dust as a replacement for cement

A Research Paper Presented to the Junior High School Faculty

of the Angeles University Foundation Integrated School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Scientific Investigation

10 – St. Augustine
Group 1

Leader:
Mr. Elijah M. Andrade

Secretary:
Ms. Jedidiah Faith S. Anacleto

Members:
Ms. Ize N. Ayson
Ms. Precious Hope C. Babas
Ms. Joanna Ruth S. Benoza
Mr. Bryan C. Castañeda
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Date: December 5, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1

Approval Sheet 2

Table of Contents 3

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Background of the Study 6

1.2. Statement of the Problem 7

1.3. Objectives 7

1.4. Hypothesis

References

Chapter 1
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Introduction

1.1. Background of The Study

As a result of the expansion in the construction industry, cement is now constantly used

by different countries all over the world and is in high demand from many people. The scarcity

of cement brought on by a convergence of rising demand, increasing unemployment, inflation,

and difficulties in major industries is seriously affecting the country's entire construction

industry. Not only this, but concrete also isn’t exactly environment friendly. The cement industry

being one of the top producers of carbon dioxide, is damaging the Earth’s ozone layer resulting

in Climate change. A large chunk of eggshell waste is disposed of in landfills, attracting vermin

because of the attached membrane posing threats related to human health and our environment

(Yerramala, 2014). Another material that’s causing problems for our environment is marble dust.

Quantities of marble dust are being left unchecked which is a huge factor in several

environmental problems. Because of this, countries have been coming up with a solution that

will allow us to reuse and properly utilize this waste material. (A.A. Aliabdo et al., 2014).

The construction industry has been affected by supply shortages ever since the pandemic

started approximately two years ago, but the current problem is a scarcity of concrete.

Specifically, a scarcity of cement mixture, one of the essential components of concrete, has been

brought on by supply chain problems and manpower shortages. Cement production uses

nonrenewable resources and emits CO2, which has had a negative impact on the environment

(Sathiparan, 2021). Around 2.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), or 8% of the total,
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

are produced annually only from the cement manufacturing process. In 2017, it was reported by

the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that India was the third-largest egg producer in the

world. Each year, only the food processing manufacturing industry shapes approximately

250,000 tons of leftover eggshells. Egg processors and manufacturers in India must produce

10000-11000 tons of eggshell per year, according to the report (Parthasarathi, 2017). Marble

sludge powder is an industrial waste that contains heavy metals. Processing stone slurry is

roughly equivalent to 40% of the final product in the dimensional stone industry. As a result of

rapid industrialization, massive amounts of waste have been generated. Aside from the use of

valuable agricultural land, some waste has no productive use and causes economic and

environmental issues (Shukla et al., 2020).

The quantity of non-renewable resources like limestone is declining as a result of rising

raw material extraction for rising cement production. Activities that are related to resource

extraction from the natural environment harm the greenery that serves as the habitat for flora and

fauna, increasing the risk of an ecological imbalance. These priceless resources are at risk of

running out if they are continuously harvested; activities related to the factory's raw material

processing stages discharge dust, noise, and greenhouse gases, which pollute the environment

(Mohamad et al., 2021). These environmental problems are detrimental to human lifestyles;

people in dusty environments are subjected to a variety of health risks, including gases, fumes,

and dust, which are risk factors for occupational disease. Pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease, restrictive lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and colon,
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

stomach, and liver cancer are all brought on by cement dust. Other studies have demonstrated

that cement dust can enter the systemic circulation and thereby affect many tissues, including the

heart, liver, spleen, bone, muscles, and hair, finally changing their micro-structure and

physiological function. One of the answers to this problem is to improve cement plant

manufacturing technology for a cleaner output (Adeyanju, 2019). Concrete made without cement

or using industrial waste as supplemental cement content would help reduce reliance on cement

consumption.

Various studies back up the viability of eggshells and dust as replacements for cement in

construction. Eggshell waste is abundant, and the food industry requires a method that will allow

them to process and utilize them in an eco-friendly way which is why several scientists are

opting to use eggshells as an alternative (N. Parthasarathi et al., 2017). Eggshells contain calcium

in their composites that cement lacks leading to low-strength concrete production. Moreover,

research also showed that concrete with eggshells had low reactive permeability which is why

eggshells have been evaluated as a construction material that can be utilized for the protection of

buildings against external radiation making eggshells efficient in construction in places with

great radiation ( Hamada, 2020). Marble dust is also backed by research to have benefits that will

result in sustainable development. Tests have shown that with the proper ratios, splitting tensile

strength and compressive strength will increase. Bond strength has also been shown to improve

as the substitution ratio for marble dust increases, particularly with steel reinforcement (Aliabdo

et al., 2014).
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

The production of cement, and the concrete itself, contribute to the emissions of

greenhouse gases that lead to which is one of the main causes of climate change. Hamada (2020)

states that we can enhance the sustainability of the construction industry if we are to reuse

agricultural and industrial waste, in this case, eggshells and marble dust. Major environmental

issues have also been caused by stone marble. Existing studies yielded positive results regarding

waste marble dust. However, there is yet to be a study wherein eggshell powder and marble dust

are mixed as an additive or a partial replacement for cement in construction. If we’re able to

produce positive outcomes, not only will we be able to provide a solution to the ongoing effects

of concrete in climate change, but we’ll also be able to reduce waste that has been piling up in

landfills.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to establish the feasibility of eggshell powder combined with marble dust as a

substitute for cement and to discover different benefits of using the mixture as an alternative to

commercial cement. Pertaining to this, this study focuses on answering these following

questions:

1. To determine compatibility of eggshell with marble dust as a construction material

2. To determine the results of eggshell with marble dust construction material in tests such as the
split tensile strength test, compressive strength test, and the bond strength test.

3. To provide an eco-friendly solution that will eradicate eggshell and marble waste pollution.
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

1.3. Objectives

1. Will the mixture of eggshell powder combined with marble dust be durable enough to be used

for construction?

2. What components are needed in order for eggshell powder and marble dust to be compatible

and be used as an alternative to commercial cement?

3. How can we make the mixture of eggshell powder combined with marble dust safer and more

beneficial than commercial cement?

1.4. Hypothesis

Null. Eggshell powder combined with Marble dust cannot be used as a replacement

material for cement in concrete.

Alternative. Eggshell powder combined with Marble dust can be used as a replacement

material for cement in concrete creating a sustainable construction supply.

1.5 Significance of the Study

A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Researchers have tried to use eggshells as a substitute for cement, but it wasn't possible

without combining it with something else, and they could only replace a small amount of

cement. Others have used marble dust, but they also couldn't fully replace cement. Not many

researchers have tried a combination of eggshell powder and marble dust to completely replace

cement. But we aim to experiment and find out if it is possible to use a mixture of eggshell

powder and marble dust as a replacement for cement. 

Community: With this study, we’ll be able to tackle the environmental issues that could

pose a threat to our health such as landfills attracting vermin, or our air being polluted. This

study will give our community a reason to reduce and reuse waste. We’ll be opening the eyes of

others to the global threat we are facing and invite them to join us for a cause.

Environment: This will give us an opportunity to hit two birds with one stone or in this

case, two waste materials with one solution. We’ll be reusing eggshells in a way that they won’t

pile up in landfills. We’ll also be able to solve the abundant waste of marble dust removing one

of the main causes of our environmental problems.

The food industry: The food industry will be rid of their worries on how they can reuse

organic waste. They’ll be reducing the number of eggshells wasted and instead they’ll be put into

something useful.
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

The Construction Industry: They’ll be able to lessen the amount of cement needed as

they’ll be using a material that will allow them to build but at the same time preserve our

environment.

Students and Researchers: Students will be knowledgeable about the effects of climate

change and how the construction industry plays a huge part. Their minds will be open to the

possibilities and potentials of eggshells and marble dust as construction material. They will be

able to use this study as a basis for similar research that will allow them to compare results.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to determine the viability of eggshells combined with marble dust as a

construction material. Our study will be limited by the materials and the time needed to conduct

this study as we are still in a pandemic. We will refer to existing studies for now as we won’t be

able to perform the methodologies

In order to establish the credibility of this study, the researchers will determine the

efficiency, durability, and suitability of the created material for construction, even in areas with

significant radiation. It will also investigate several aspects of eggshell and marble dust as

building materials, such as tensile strength, compression strength, and bond strength. Our study

shall not concern the other uses of eggshell and marble dust apart from its potential and viability

to be a construction material.
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

1.7 Definition of terms

Bond Strength – The amount of adhesion between bonded surfaces measured in terms of

the stress required to separate a layer of material from the base to which it is bonded

(Corrosionpedia, 2020).

Cement – A powder of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, and magnesium oxide burned

together in a kiln and finely pulverized and used as an ingredient of mortar and concrete

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

Compression Strength – It refers to the ability of a certain material or structural element

to withstand loads that reduce the size of that material, or structural element, when

applied (Matmatch, 2022).

Concrete – A low-tensile and high-compressive strength material made from cement,

fine and coarse aggregate and water (Hamada, et al., 2020).

Eggshell Powder – A source of calcium carbonate in the form of pure calcite (Shiferaw,

et al., 2019).
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Marble dust – A waste product formed during the production of marble (Sharma et al.,

2014).

Radiation – The process of emitting radiant energy in the form of waves or particles

(Merriam-Webster, n.d.).

Tensile Strength – The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being

stretched or pulled before breaking (The Gund Company, 2021).

References

Adeyanju, E., & Okeke, C. A. (2019). Exposure effect to cement dust pollution: a mini
review. SN Applied Sciences, 1(12), 1-17.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-019-1583-0

Aliabdo, A. A., Abd Elmoaty, M., & Auda, E. M. (2014). Re-use of waste marble dust in

the production of cement and concrete. Construction and building materials, 50, 28-41.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061813008453 DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.005
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Corrosionpedia. (2020). What is a bond strength? - definition from Corrosionpedia.

Retrieved December 3, 2022, from https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/180/bond-

strength NO DOI

Hamada, H. M., Tayeh, B. A., Al-Attar, A., Yahaya, F. M., Muthusamy, K., & Humada,

A. M. (2020). The present state of the use of eggshell powder in concrete: a review.

Journal of Building Engineering, 32, 101583.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352710219325276 DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101583

Matmatch. (2022). What is compressive strength? Retrieved December 3, 2022, from

https://matmatch.com/learn/property/compressive-strength NO DOI

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Cement. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

December 3. 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cement NO DOI

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Radiation. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved

December 4, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/radiation NO DOI

A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Sathiparan, N. (2021). Utilization prospects of eggshell powder in sustainable

construction material–A review. Construction and Building Materials, 293, 123465.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061821012253 DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123465

Mohamad, N., Muthusamy, K., Embong, R., Kusbiantoro, A., & Hashim, M. H. (2021).

Environmental impact of cement production and Solutions: A review. Materials Today:

Proceedings. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321012943

Parthasarathi, N., Prakash, M., & Satyanarayanan, K. S. (2017). Experimental study on

partial replacement of cement with egg shell powder and silica fume. Rasayan Journal of

Chemistry, 10(2), 442-449. http://rasayanjournal.co.in/admin/php/upload/165_pdf.pdf

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.7324/RJC.2017.1021689

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.212

Sharma, U., Khatri, A., & Kanoungo, A. (2014, March). (PDF) use of waste marble dust

in concrete - researchgate.net. ResearchGate. Retrieved December 3, 2022, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273858319_Use_of_Waste_Marble_Dust_in_C

oncrete NO DOI

Shiferaw, N., Habte, L., Thenepalli, T., & Ahn, J. W. (2019). Effect of eggshell powder

on the hydration of cement paste. Materials, 12(15), 2483. https://www.mdpi.com/1996-

1944/12/15/2483 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152483

A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Shukla, A., Gupta, N., & Gupta, A. (2020). Development of green concrete using waste

marble dust. Materials Today: Proceedings, 26, 2590-2594.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320313031 DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.548

The Gund Company. (2021, September 17). Understanding tensile strength - the gund

company. Retrieved December 3, 2022, from

https://thegundcompany.com/understanding-tensile-strength NO DOI

Yerramala, A. (2014). Properties of concrete with eggshell powder as cement

replacement. The Indian concrete journal, 88(10), 94-105.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amarnath-Yerramala/publication/

276891886_Properties_of_concrete_with_eggshell_powder_as_cement_replacement/

links/5587f17708aeb0cdade0fa82/Properties-of-concrete-with-eggshell-powder-as-

cement-replacement.pdf NO DOI
A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Take note:

Paper type and size – short white bond paper, 8.5 x 11 inches

Spacing – double spacing throughout the whole paper

Font size – 12 (twelve)

Font style – Times New Roman

A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement
1

Page margin – 1 (one) inch on all sides

Text alignment – text flush left. Do not use “full justify”.

Numbering – use Arabic numbers only and place them in the upper-right corner of the

page.