Chapter2&3 Group#1

A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble
Dust as a replacement for cement

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Grade level and Section: Grade - 10 – St. Augustine

Group number and Name: Group # - 1
Complete Name Specific Contribution

1.) Ms. Jedidiah Faith S. Anacleto Ash and Construction Supply (Local)
Materials
2.) Mr. Elijah M. Andrade Eggshells & Marble Dust(Foreign and Local)
Procedures
3.) Ms. Ize N. Ayson Ash and Construction Supply (Foreign)
Materials
4.) Ms. Precious Hope C. Babas Sawdust Ash (Foreign)
Data Analysis
5.) Ms. Joanna Ruth S. Benoza Sawdust Ash (Local)
Data analysis
6.) Ms. Bryan C. Castañeda Cement (Foreign and Local)
Procedures
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A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined

with Marble Dust as a replacement for cement
A Research Paper Presented to the Junior High School Faculty

of the Angeles University Foundation Integrated School
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Scientific Investigation
10 – St. Augustine
Group 1
Leader:
Mr. Elijah M. Andrade
Secretary:
Ms. Jedidiah Faith S. Anacleto
Members:
Ms. Ize N. Ayson
Ms. Precious Hope C. Babas
Ms. Joanna Ruth S. Benoza
Mr. Bryan C. Castañeda
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Date: December 5, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page 1
Approval Sheet 2
Table of Contents 3
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies
2.1. Literature
2.2 Studies
Chapter 3: Methodology
References
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2.1 Literature (Local and Foreign)
Ash
Nayak (2022) observed that since cement, which makes up the majority of concrete,
emits a lot of carbon dioxide, concrete has a significant impact on the environment. If the amount
of cement used in concrete construction is minimized by using mineral admixtures, such as fly
ash, the durability standards can be maintained without sacrificing the concrete's environmental
impact. One of the most urgent environmental problems is the disposal of fly ash, which is
created by power plants that use coal as fuel. Finding a solution to this issue becomes
significantly more challenging when flying ash production increases while landfill capacity
decreases (Abhilash P.P. et al., 2022).
A particularly dangerous type of intentional air pollution is aerosolized CFA (Coal Fly
Ash). Coal fly ash contains ultrafine nanoparticles that, when taken into the lungs, can have a
number of harmful effects, such as weakened host defenses, tissue inflammation, altered cellular
redox balance toward oxidation, and genotoxicity (Herndon and Whiteside, 2018). Chronic
inflammation and oxidative stress can predispose someone to chronic lung disease. To stop an
ever-growing epidemic of COPD and other respiratory disorders, it will be important to
acknowledge and publicly disclose the detrimental health effects of the geoengineering
operations currently underway in our atmosphere.
The use of concrete as a material for long-term infrastructure projects for the
advancement and development of countries all over the world is a necessity that civilization
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cannot neglect due to the innovative response to the fast-growing demand of developing nations
in terms of construction. While cement has been present for roughly 12 million years, concrete
has been in use for approximately 5,000 years. The Philippine mahogany tree, Swietenia
mahogany, originated from the Toona species, often recognized as red cedar (ASEAN Tropical
Plant Database, 2016). The genus Shorea and allied species produce brown or reddish wood that
is used for timber or furniture. Mahogany trees were imported to the Philippines as early as 1907,
and forest conservation initiatives were initiated around the nation (Anon, 2010). Mahogany
trees may grow to be over 60 meters tall, with trunks reaching 3.5 meters in diameter (Forest
Generation, 2015). These trees developed fruits that were distinguished by their hard shell called
carpel, which served as a cover for the seeds inside.
The use of 20% mahogany carpel ash cement substitution met the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) C270 minimum strength criterion for Type M mortar, according
to the results. The 40% and 60% cement replacements satisfied the minimum Type N mortar
criteria, whereas the 80% cement replacement reached the minimum Type O mortar standards.
These findings gave data that might be used to perform more studies to improve the application
of mahogany carpel in concrete technology and the building sector. Moreover, it is to educate
individuals on the feasible ways of utilizing mahogany carpel ash. (Cabaug, R. 2017)
Carpels are recognized by their unbelievably hard wooden substance, which was utilized
for fuel since it creates charcoal when burned. Mahogany trees have proliferated throughout the
Philippines, with ripe fruits distributed around them. Dried mahogany carpel is an excellent fuel
substitute for clay stoves (Daray, 2011; Deponio et al., 2015). Additional research on mahogany
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carpel utilization includes its use as potting material for healthy plants (Ramcharan and Gerber,
1982).
But, there is no scientific evidence that mahogany carpel can be used to substitute
cement. The purpose of this research is to look into the feasibility of using mahogany carpel ash
as a partial cement substitute in concrete mixtures.
Cement
In general, cement refers to any adhesive substance, but in a narrower sense, it refers to
the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cement of this type is
finely ground powders that harden when mixed with water. It is also said to be a generic term for
all types of adhesives, but in a more specific sense, it refers to the agents used in building and
civil engineering projects (Lea and Mason, 2022). These types of cement are made of finely
ground powders that solidify when combined with water to form a solid mass. Hydration, the
chemical reaction of the cement components with water to produce minute crystals or a gel-like
substance with a large surface area, is what causes setting and hardening. Moreover, the most
common type of cement is construction cement or Portland cement. P.-C. Aïtcin (2015) states
that Portland cement is a type of cement said to be a complex product consisting of simple and
abundant materials such as limestone and clay.
Cement is a component in the production of concrete for the establishment of concrete
buildings, roads, bridges, and further structures (Albarracin Jr, M. B., 2012). According to Selim
& Sale as stated in a study by Ogayon, J. A. (2014), cement is the main ingredient in
construction. Without the presence of cement, concrete is unfeasible for production.

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Additionally, cement is the world's second most used substance next to the water. Furthermore, a
more specific classification of cement is Portland cement. Portland cement is said to be a
high-grade bonding agent that settles when mixed with water and hardens in both air and
underwater. Under Portland cement, five classifications are present as determined by the
American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM). The following are Type 1 which is utilized in
general construction, Type 2 which contains moderate heat of hardening, Type 3 which shows
high early strength qualities, Type 4 which has a low heat of hydration, and Type 5 which
manifests high resistance to sulfate action (Albarracin Jr, M. B., 2012).
Construction Materials/Supply
A successful construction materials management process is essential to the success of a
construction project. It has evolved and changed over the years in response to the increasing
complexity of projects. Materials play a significant role. The cost component for the construction
industry. The overall materials may account for 60% or more of the total cost. The cost of a
construction project is determined by the nature of the project and the degree of mechanization
as well as the plant that was used (Gulghane, Khandve, 2015).
Because of modern lifestyles, advances in industry and technology have resulted in a
significant increase in the amount and types of waste in recent decades. The problem of waste
accumulation per year is widespread throughout the world. Slag, rice husk ash, bagasse, fly ash,
cement dust, brick dust, sludge, glass, tires, and other industrial and agricultural wastes are
byproducts. The building industry is an area of interest in terms of waste utilization, and
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researchers have attempted to develop new construction materials that incorporate waste. Other
theories in accordance with environmental sustainability are being developed by the new
generation of building materials (Barbuta, et al., 2015).
Africa, South America, and Asia have higher pollution indexes than the rest of the world.
This is because of increased industrialization, urbanization, fuel sources, and bushfires, with little
or no regulation and enforcement (Adeyanju, Okeke, 2019).
A project is often envisioned in the construction sector with anticipation of completion on
time, under budget, and with client satisfaction (Obodoh & Obodoh, 2016; Abedi, Fathi, &
Mohammad, 2011; Saeed, 2009 as cited in Castillio, 2019). Yet, one of the most typical issues in
this business is project delay. Many causes can lead to project delays. Analyzing the reasons for
delays is critical for resolving any possible problems and minimizing the impact on clients and
contractors (Muhwezi, Acai, & Otim, 2014, as cited in Castillio, 2019).
The researcher was motivated to identify the delay variables involved and evaluate their
relative impacts in the Qatari construction sector in order to suggest strategic project delay
reduction measures toward customer satisfaction. This investigation of the causes of delays and
determination of their impact on Qatari construction projects led to this. Although various studies
have been undertaken in other countries to study the reasons of construction project delays, the
majority of those research are limited to the locations being studied (Durdyev, et al., 2016;
Abedi, et al, 2014; Fathi, & Mohammad, 2011; Megha, & Rajiv, 2013; Gidado & Niazai, 2012;
Saeed, 2009, as cited in Castillio, 2019). Yet, the relevance of such study in the building business
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in Qatar remains unknown. Delays in construction projects are unavoidable; nevertheless, they
may be minimized by carefully identifying, analyzing, and resolving delay reasons. The purpose
of this study was to evaluate the elements that cause delays and their influence on construction
projects to generate strategic project delay mitigation approaches toward customer satisfaction. A
total of 50 delay indicators were detected and classified into five categories, including
contractor-related delay factors, client-related delay factors, resource-related delay factors, and
externally related delay factors. These have been sent to all parties involved in building projects
in order to reduce delays and satisfy clients (Castillio, R. 2019).
Sawdust Ash
Sawdust is one of the major wastes that result from wood processing and exploitation.
Lucky for us, there are plenty of uses for sawdust and sawdust ash. Nowadays, power plants use
a combination of coal and sawdust ash to create a more environmentally friendly way to make
electricity. Not only is this more environmentally friendly, but it is also better than coal-based
fuel (Sarkal, 2014).
Sawdust ash can also be used to treat black cotton soil, also known as BCS. Weathered
Deccon lava in India produces black cotton soils. BCS is used in agriculture because of its ability
to retain moisture. According to research, mixing sawdust ash with lime increases BCS strength.
A reinforced composite can be made by combining sawdust with a geopolymer. A study found
that mixing sawdust with a geopolymer improves its resistance to cracking and drying shrinkage,
especially at later ages (Ikeagwuani, Obeta, & Agunwamba, 2019).

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Sawdust, a by-product of woodworking operations such as cutting, grinding, drilling, is
currently one of the waste materials that are growing in volume every year in households,
factories, and other areas that can cause waste pollution (Paler et al., 2023). As the world’s
infrastructure continues to develop, the need for raw materials in the construction industry also
expands. The construction of housing and other infrastructure projects in developing countries
such as the Philippines has been significantly hindered by the high and rising cost of
conventional materials such as cement, granite, and sand leading to failure in building
production. According to Tomas Ganiron Jr. (2014), the use of waste building materials should
be recognized and accepted in order to achieve low-cost housing construction.
Marble Dust
Arel (2016) said that the disposal of these marble wastes poses a significant
environmental risk. Corinaldesi and colleagues (2010). Thus, using waste marble in concrete
production could be a significant step toward sustainable development (Rajgor et al., 2013).
Marble waste is formed in two sizes as an industrial byproduct of marble production: coarse
marble waste and dust waste (Akbulut, Gürer and Gürer, 2007). Larger marble pieces left over
from production or scraps of improperly cut marble can be used as coarse aggregates (Silva et
al., 2014). By producing environmentally friendly concrete, the use of these byproducts benefits
the environment and the national economy (Rai et al., 2011).
Throughout India, the extraction of artistic feculent carbonated water is common. One of
the most well-known types of rocks are granites and marbles sectors with the highest output.
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Today's ecological trend seeks to limit the use of natural raw materials in construction materials,
and thus the use of alternative materials (waste) from industrial activities, which have significant
economic, energy, and environmental benefits, has increased interest. Marble sludge powder is a
heavy metal-containing industrial waste. In the dimensional stone industry, the stone slurry
produced by processing accounts for approximately 40% of the final product (Shukla, A., Gupta,
N., & Gupta, A., 2020).
2.2 Studies (Foreign and Local)
Ash
A by-product of the coal industry, coal bottom ash (CBA) is mostly produced by thermal
power plants that burn coal for energy. Using CBA in the production of concrete offers an
economical and sustainable method of disposal. By conserving natural resources, its use also
encourages sustainability (Singh, N et al., 2020). This review article is concerned with the use of
CBA in place of Portland Cement (PC) in the production of concrete. As CBA's particle size is
reduced, its surface area rises, and its partial replacement of PC improves the strength, durability,
and microstructural characteristics of concrete. There aren't many research that deal with the use
of CBA that have looked into different concrete qualities.
The compressive strength of fly ash cement mortar was examined in relation to the
chemical makeup of the amorphous and crystalline phases of fly ash. The compressive strengths
of the specimens of the fly ash cement mortars were measured when 25 weight percent of cement
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was substituted with 16 different varieties of fly ashes. Because pozzolanic reactivity varied with
age, the compressive strength increased. The consequences of the fly ash's varied chemical
characteristics were examined. The glass phase's structural constituents SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3
as well as the depolymerizing glass constituents CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O had a substantial
impact on the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash (Choi, Y.C et al., 2019).
Aboga (2015) said that in terms of economics and compressive strength in concrete, the
use of mahogany carpel ash as a partial substitute is viable. Except for 100 percent replacement,
the findings of this investigation demonstrated that compressive strength attained at different
design formulations was favorable for its application. As a result, mahogany carpel ash can serve
as a cement potential substitute to create mortar mixes with varying percentage ratios. The
greatest compressive strength that meets the ASTM C270 Type M criteria is achievable. Up to
20% cement substitution. The compressive strength of the mortar is reduced by more than 20%
with Type N (for 40% and 60% replacement) and Type O (80% replacement).
Cement
Coal ash has the potential to be used in concrete and mortar formulations as a partial
replacement for cement. The use of coal ash can reduce costs and energy production while also
having a positive impact on the environment. In the Philippines, annual coal ash generation is
currently 2.78 Mt and is expected to increase to 13.02 Mt by 2035. As previously stated, a
significant field application of coal ash has been established and is employed in the cement
industry. Several studies on the use of coal ash as a cement raw material or concrete admixture
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have been conducted around the world because, aside from its pozzolanic properties, the use of
coal ash can reduce cost, energy, and environmental issues (Jamora, et al., 2020).
The possibilities for more sustainable cementitious materials are discussed. The most
viable option is to mix Portland cement clinker with increasing amounts of supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs), but the availability of common SCMs is limited in comparison to
the demand for cement. The only other potentially hazardous materials are calcined clays
available in sufficient quantities to keep the trend of reducing clinker content in blended cement
going. We recently demonstrated that partially replacing clinker with calcined clays combined
with limestone (LC3 blends) can result in blended cement with good performance at much lower
clinker levels. Such blends have the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions associated
with cement production (Scrivener, 2014)
Construction Materials/Supply
Learning from manufacturing was how the construction industry began its lean path.
Contrary to lean manufacturing, very few studies have looked deeply into lean construction to
yet, particularly from the standpoint of supply chains for the building industry. A research issue
arises as a result of the poor understanding of lean construction. In the context of supply chains
for project-based construction, this study intends to investigate how lean principles are applied. It
accomplishes its goal by conducting an empirical study in the UK. This study's validity and
reliability come from the use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Several different
kinds of construction projects, including residential building projects, can benefit from the
application of lean concepts. It has also been discovered that supply chain coordination helps
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improve lean construction. With the help of manufacturing, the construction industry began its
lean transformation. Few studies have looked into lean construction in-depth and broadly, in
contrast to lean manufacturing, particularly when looking at supply networks for the building
industry. A research difficulty arises from the lack of knowledge about lean building. In the
context of project-based building supply chains, this study intends to investigate how lean
principles are applied. An empirical study conducted in the UK helps it accomplish its goal. The
validity and reliability of this study are provided by a combination of quantitative and qualitative
approaches. Both residential construction projects and numerous other types of construction
projects have been shown to be adaptable to lean concepts. Also, it has been discovered that
supply chain collaboration and lean construction can work together to improve each other
(Meng, X., 2019).
Building practices all over the world consume a lot of resources and energy while
emitting a lot of pollution and waste. Sustainable buildings are an urgent requirement due to
climate change and the environmental impact of construction. Recognizing this fact, the concept
of sustainable building has gained popularity. Sustainable construction has already been
institutionalized in several countries, including Switzerland through SIA 112/1. While the call
for sustainable buildings is urgent, this also applies to advanced-built environments.
Sustainability as a design guideline is still limited to selected, advanced construction projects in
Asia-rapidly Pacific's developing urban centers. However, incorporating low-income groups'
building stock has received little attention in research thus far (Salzar, et al., 2016).
Eggshells
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Eggshells are easily collected waste materials from hatcheries, homes, and fast food
industries. Eggshell waste disposal contributes to the pollution of the environment. Challenges
related to the disposal of eggshells include cost, availability of disposal sites, odor, flies, and
abrasiveness. They can, however, be processed into marketable products such as fertilizer, used
in artwork, human and animal nutrition and construction materials, as well as collagen
production from membranes. One teaspoon of the powder is made from one whole medium-sized
eggshell. This produces approximately 750-800 mg of elemental calcium as well as other
microelements. The eggshell powder has been shown to increase bone mineral density in
osteoporosis patients and animals. The eggshell powder has been shown to increase egg
production and improve shell quality in laying hens in the late production phase. Eggshells are an
excellent source of liming and are frequently used as a plant fertilizer. This is due to the presence
of calcium in eggshells, which raises or neutralizes the pH of overly acidic soil (King’Ori,
2011).
With the advancement of diagnostic imaging, providing X-ray shielding has become a
major concern. While lead has been widely used as a shielding material, it is expensive and toxic
to humans and the environment. The purpose of this research is to assess the feasibility of using
eggshells as an alternative shielding material against diagnostic x-rays. To that end, eggshells
were collected, ground, sieved, and mixed with cement and water in increasing proportions. The
results revealed that increasing the number of eggshells improved shielding performance;
however, more shielding is required at higher X-ray energy levels. Nonetheless, the performance
of the standard Lead shield and the shield with the most eggshells was comparable. The
eggshells can be used as an alternative X-ray shielding material (Alipio, 2019).

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Sawdust Ash
The level of pollutants emitted as a result of energy conversion has dramatically grown
over the past ten years due to the rise in global energy demand. The amount of wood waste
produced by this procedure has also expanded along with the expanding wood exploitation
operations. By using an experimental technique, the situation presented in this study illustrates
the influence of pollutant emissions on the environment as a result of the process of converting
sawdust briquettes into thermal energy. Also, the findings from an analysis of the effects of
physical and chemical attributes for the available raw materials on the number of pollutant
emissions produced after burning are reported (Deac, Fechete-Tutunaru, Gaspar, 2016).
The following conclusions may be drawn from the findings of experimental
investigations on the effects of utilizing sawdust briquettes on the environment:
Burning was an extremely unsteady process. Large amounts of pollutant emissions and
incomplete combustion will result from this. The burning of sawdust briquettes in this boiler type
makes it extremely challenging to manage the burning process. It is challenging to regulate the
air supply into the combustion chamber, which is controlled by the chain thermostat, during the
burning process. A solution for the stability of the combustion process and therefore a decrease
of pollutant emission amount might be the enhancement of the combustion air supply control.
Studies have shown that sawdust ash can be one of the many solutions for low cost
housing as it can be used as an alternative replacement to fine aggregate which can be used in
building construction. Tomas Ganiron Jr. (2014) has proven that sawdust-cement can be useful
when trying to apply safety precautions in structures. In the compressive strength comparison of
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sawdust and standard concrete sample, the presented outcome shows that the tiny bits of sawdust
particles held the said collapsing body intact preventing total failure. Results also indicated that
the average strength of the sawdust-cement-gravel mix was above 3000 psi, which passed the
criteria classification standard of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP)
meaning it is in accordance with minimum safety standards.
In addition, the findings of the study by Stanley Paler and other researchers (2023) revealed
that the compressive strength and moisture content of concrete made using sawdust ash and
plastic materials are equal to those of concrete made with sand as the fine aggregate. The
eco-blocks made of sawdust ash have a moisture content of 9.69% similar to the plastic, the
commercial hollow blocks cannot be calculated but have a maximum moisture level of 45%.
Compared to high moisture content, the one with the lower moisture content is the stronger
block. Relevant studies have also shown that sawdust material is more cost-efficient compared to
commercial products since sawdust is already waste, and there would be a cost reduction in the
material.
These studies can help in spreading the knowledge throughout the companies in the
construction industry to use waste as filler for construction cement which can improve the
construction industry methods. However, it is important to note that there are still a number of
tests needed in improving the concrete mixed with sawdust ash such as flammability tests and
finding the appropriate mix proportions for experiments.
Marble Dust
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The technical significance of utilizing wastes and byproducts in performance
enhancement is used to express concrete production of concrete. The economic benefit is usually
attributed to the substitution of cheap materials for expensive and/or scarce ingredients. When
industrial wastes are recycled, not only are CO2 emissions reduced, but residual products from
other industries are reused, resulting in less material dumped in landfills and more natural
resources saved (Aliabdo, 2014).
Aliabdo (2014) also said that based on their investigation reported in this study, the
following conclusions can be drawn:
● The compressive strength of cement mortar grows as use of marble dust as a
cement substitute
● The tensile strength of concrete has increased significantly due to the use of
marble dust as a cement and sand replacement.
● When used as a cement replacement or sand replacement in concrete, marble dust
can produce less porous concrete than concrete without marble dust.
● In general, using marble dust as a sand replacement has a greater impact on the
mechanical properties of concrete than using it as a cement replacement.
Methodology
Research Design
In this study, the researchers will utilize a time series design to examine the performance
of the sample concretes and the control in terms of mechanical and durability properties during
the full water curing process. The research study will follow a time series design since for each
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curing age, the mean values for compression strength, flexural strength, and the durability of the
sample concretes after each test will be monitored. In this design, the effects of a treatment will
be measured repeatedly at regular intervals during the course of the experiment. Large series of
observations will be made on the same variable before and after the independent variable occurs
(Schnell, 2021). The researchers will be able to determine the potential of eggshell power
combined with marble dust as a replacement material for cement in concrete in the process of
this study.
Gathering and Preparation of Eggshells
The eggshells will be provided by Vitarich Corporation in Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines.
The eggshells will be purchased from the factory pre-compacted and semi-crushed condition.
These came in 8l plastic bags. After being removed from the plant, the eggshells will be
promptly cleaned with tap water. The washed eggshells will then be oven-dried for 24 hours at
105°C. Furthermore, using a grinding machine, the eggshells will be pulverized into powder
using a grinding machine. In the study, only eggshell powder with particles smaller than 60 m
will be employed. The assessment methods for this study are concrete cubes 100 x 100 x 100
mm and beams 100 x 100 x 500 mm. The eggshell powder replacement fractions are 5%, 10%,
15%, and 20% by volume.
Gathering and Preparation of Marble Dust

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The ASTM C150-compliant CEM I 42.5 N ordinary Portland cement provided by Holcim
Philippines will be employed in this study. A natural siliceous sand with a fineness modulus of
2.35 and crushed pink limestone with a nominal maximum size of 19.0 mm will both be used. As
a by-product of the marble cutting and shaping process, the marble dust that will be utilized are
to be obtained from marble factory (Five R Marble And Pebbles Supply) in wet form as slurry;
with the expected result, it will be dried in a laboratory oven before being manually sieved
through sieve No. 200. 16 mm diameter deformed high tensile steel bars will be used to achieve
the required average slump within the range of 100-200 mm, high range water reduction
admixture that complies with ASTM C494 Type F was applied in various ratios by weight of
cement. During the research, potable water will be used for mixing and curing procedures.
Test Parameters and Mixture Proportions for Marble Dust
The current research will be divided into two sections. The first section will discuss the
properties of cement mixed with marble dust. At 0.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, and 15% replacement
ratios, marble dust will be added to cement. Section two will examine the impact of using marble
dust in the production of concrete. Marble dust will be used as a replacement for cement and
sand. Marble dust will be added to concrete mixtures at 0.0%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, and 15.0%
cement replacement by weight with 0.50 and 0.40 w/p ratios. The cement content in control
mixtures will be set at 400 kg/m3. The cement content in m3 of marble dust-modified concrete
will vary according to marble dust replacement ratios (Aliabdo, 2014).

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Aliabdo (2014) also stated that, in order to investigate the effect of marble dust on
concrete, 18 concrete mixtures will be prepared and divided into four groups. The absolute
volume method will be used to create the mixtures. The mixing will be done with a laboratory
rotary mixer with a capacity of of 125 L in the materials testing laboratory at Alexandria
University's Faculty of Engineering. Inside the mixer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate will be
mixed first, followed by cement and marble dust, and then all dry ingredients will be mixed for
about one minute. Water and chemical admixture will then be added and mixed until a
homogeneous mixture is obtained. The slump test will be performed directly after mixing using a
standard slump cone in accordance with ASTM C143. All specimens will be removed from
molds 24 hours after they are cast and cured in water until testing times.
X-ray fluorescence analysis (Eggshell Powder)
An X-ray fluorescence analyzer (XRF) will be used on the Bruker S8 TIGER
spectrometer to examine the chemical composition of the crushed eggshell.
X-ray diffraction analysis (Eggshell Powder)
The eggshell sample X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination will be captured with Philips
X'Pert Pro Diffraction and copper (Cu)-Kα radiation at an operating voltage of 45 kV, a current
40 mA with a 0·02°/min scanning speed. The pattern's measurement was done at the diffraction
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angle of 2θ/θ ranging from 3° to 80°. XRD was utilized to determine the marble dust and
eggshell powders' quality composition and crystalline structure after grinding.
Microstructure characterization
Microstructural examination of the concrete ES/MD specimens used a scanning electron
microscope to do the research (SEM), the Hitachi TM 3030 Plus in this case. Samples that will
be used will be mounted using double-sided carbon tape on a short stub.
Combination of Eggshell Powder and Marble Dust
To test the viability of ES Powder and MD Powder as a replacement for cement, the two
mixtures will be combined with varying amounts; they will then be run through the same tests
and analyses that were used in our model study. We will be using replacement ratios of
5%/10%/15%/20% for ES Powder and 0.0%/7.5%/10.0%/15% for MD Powder. The mixtures
will then be combined with regular concrete.
Mechanical Properties analysis

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Using a MATEST S.p.A. Treviolo testing machine with a loading rate of 2·4 kN/s, the
compression strength test will be conducted, whereas a U-test machine with a 0–5 kN/s loading
rate will be used for the flexural strength test. The samples will then be tested at room
temperature after 1, 7, 28, 56, and 90 d of full water curing. Three specimens at each
composition will be tested for compressive and flexural strength, and the averages are to be
computed for each test. Thereafter, a compression test in accordance with BS 1881: Part 116
(BSI, 1983a) and a flexural strength test in accordance with BS 1881: Part 112 will be carried out
(BSI, 1983b)
Durability Properties analysis
The specimens underwent durability examination for water absorption, acid attack, and
sulfate resistance. The purpose of choosing the concrete cubes will be to assess their durability,
including mechanical qualities and mass transformation. A water absorption test will be
performed to see how quickly water is absorbed into specimens made of concrete. Specimens of
concrete cubes will be dried for 24 hours at 105°C in the oven. The original mass of the samples
will be measured. The specimens will then be submerged before the water's surface is wiped dry
and the weight is removed from the finally collected specimens. The concrete cubes will be
repeatedly measured at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 1440, 2880 and 4320 min. The testing
procedure will be conducted according to BS 1881: Part 122 (BSI, 2011).

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All the concrete cubes will be demolded after 24 hours and then fully water and air cured
for 28 days before being submerged in a 5% solution of sodium sulfuric acid for 1800 hours and
a 5% solution of sodium sulfate for 50 weeks, respectively. The mass loss and decrease in
compressive strength will be used to determine the durability of both traditional concrete and
ES/MD concrete mixtures.
Data Analysis
The sustainable cement replacement and the data gathered will be observed after its
creation. Durability, acid attack, compression strength, sulfate resistance, and water absorption
will be tested for the sustainable cement to check the product's performance if it can be used as a
replacement material for cement in concrete. At room temperature, the samples will be examined
1, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days following complete water curing. Three specimens at each composition
will be tested for compressive and flexural strength, and the averages will be computed for each
test. Thereafter, a compression test in accordance with BS 1881: Part 116 (BSI, 1983a) and a
flexural strength test in accordance with BS 1881: Part 112 will be carried out (BSI, 1983b). The
specimens will undergo durability examination for water absorption, acid attack, and sulfate
resistance. To determine the durability performance, including mechanical qualities and mass
change, concrete cubes will be used. To determine the rate of water absorption in the concrete
specimens, a water absorption test will be conducted. The concrete cube specimens will be baked
at 105°C for 24 hours to dry them out. The specimens' original weight will be calculated. The
specimens will then be immersed in the water, the surface will be dried, and the specimens'
1
weight will then be calculated. At intervals of 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 1440, 2880, and
4320 minutes, the concrete cubes will be routinely measured. After being demolded for 24 hours,
all of the concrete cubes will undergo complete water curing and air curing for 28 days before
being submerged in 5% sodium sulfuric acid for 1800 hours and 5% sodium sulfate for 50
weeks, respectively. By assessing the mass loss and decrease in compressive strength, the
durability of both regular concrete and eggshell with marble dust concrete mixtures will be
ascertained.
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A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined with Marble

Dust as a replacement for cement

Grade level and Section: Grade - 10 – St. Augustine

Complete Name Specific Contribution

A sustainable construction supply: Utilizing Eggshell Powder combined

A Research Paper Presented to the Junior High School Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Scientific Investigation

Date: December 5, 2022

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

2.1 Literature (Local and Foreign)

decreases (Abhilash P.P. et al., 2022).

ever-growing epidemic of COPD and other respiratory disorders, it will be important to

operations currently underway in our atmosphere.

carpel, which served as a cover for the seeds inside.

as a partial cement substitute in concrete mixtures.

abundant materials such as limestone and clay.

Cement is a component in the production of concrete for the establishment of concrete

construction. Without the presence of cement, concrete is unfeasible for production.

more specific classification of cement is Portland cement. Portland cement is said to be a

manifests high resistance to sulfate action (Albarracin Jr, M. B., 2012).

A successful construction materials management process is essential to the success of a

as well as the plant that was used (Gulghane, Khandve, 2015).

Because of modern lifestyles, advances in industry and technology have resulted in a

generation of building materials (Barbuta, et al., 2015).

or no regulation and enforcement (Adeyanju, Okeke, 2019).

A project is often envisioned in the construction sector with anticipation of completion on

contractors (Muhwezi, Acai, & Otim, 2014, as cited in Castillio, 2019).

in order to reduce delays and satisfy clients (Castillio, R. 2019).

fuel (Sarkal, 2014).

especially at later ages (Ikeagwuani, Obeta, & Agunwamba, 2019).

Sawdust, a by-product of woodworking operations such as cutting, grinding, drilling, is

be recognized and accepted in order to achieve low-cost housing construction.

the environment and the national economy (Rai et al., 2011).

N., & Gupta, A., 2020).

2.2 Studies (Foreign and Local)

of CBA that have looked into different concrete qualities.

currently 2.78 Mt and is expected to increase to 13.02 Mt by 2035. As previously stated, a

with cement production (Scrivener, 2014)

(Meng, X., 2019).

for sustainable buildings is urgent, this also applies to advanced-built environments.

Sustainability as a design guideline is still limited to selected, advanced construction projects in

Asia-rapidly Pacific's developing urban centers. However, incorporating low-income groups'

eggshell. This produces approximately 750-800 mg of elemental calcium as well as other

eggshells can be used as an alternative X-ray shielding material (Alipio, 2019).

The following conclusions may be drawn from the findings of experimental

investigations on the effects of utilizing sawdust briquettes on the environment:

meaning it is in accordance with minimum safety standards.

finding the appropriate mix proportions for experiments.

The technical significance of utilizing wastes and byproducts in performance

resources saved (Aliabdo, 2014).

following conclusions can be drawn:

● The compressive strength of cement mortar grows as use of marble dust as a

marble dust as a cement and sand replacement.

● When used as a cement replacement or sand replacement in concrete, marble dust

mechanical properties of concrete than using it as a cement replacement.

Gathering and Preparation of Eggshells

The eggshells will be provided by Vitarich Corporation in Marilao, Bulacan, Philippines.