E40M

Inductors, RL Filters, Interesting L Circuits

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 1

 Reading

•  Course Reader Chapter 9

•  A&L: Chapter 9 – 9.1 to 9.3 (Inductors)

•  Chapter 13 pages 732 – 741 (RL Circuits)

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 2

 Why Are Inductors Useful/Important?

How do we design circuits that Motors convert electrical energy into

respond to certain frequencies? mechanical energy. Generators do the
reverse. Inductors are key to this.

How do we convert 110V AC into

voltages useful for electronic
devices?
http://hackedgadgets.com/2007/08/22/diy-wall-wart-
usb-power-supply/

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 3

 How Does This Work?

The voltage converter you used in the

solar charger project is actually a
“Boost” converter. It uses an inductor
to boost the battery voltage to 5V.

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 4

 INDUCTORS

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 5

 Inductors

•  An inductor is a new type of two terminal device

–  It is linear – double V and you will double i
–  Like a capacitor, it stores energy
•  Ideal inductors don’t dissipate energy

•  Defining equation: V = L di/dt L is inductance (in Henrys)

–  (see next page)

•  If a sinewave current flows, i = io sin 2πFt ( ) (

so V = io 2πFLcos 2π ft )
•  Thus the impedance of an inductor is
V 2πFLio cos 2πFt
Z= =
(
= j ∗ 2πFL
)
i (
io sin 2πFt )
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 6
 So What Does It Do?

•  It affects how fast a current can change

–  Voltage sets di/dt, and not i
–  Fast changes require lots of voltage!

•  For very small Δt inductors look like current sources

–  They can supply very large voltages (+ or -)
–  And not change their current

•  But for large Δt

–  Inductors look like short circuits (they are a wire)

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 7

 Inductor Info, if You Know Physics E&M

•  Models the energy stored in magnetic fields

•  An inductor is just a wire.

–  In the ideal case the wire has zero resistance
–  But current through a wire causes a magnetic field
φ=iL where φ is the magnetic flux created by the current

•  Changing magnetic flux induces a voltage

dφ d di
–  Faraday’s Law: V =
dt
so that V =
dt
( )
Li = L
dt

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 8

 Aside: Energy Flow in Inductors

•  Power flow into a device is always iV

–  Total energy that flows into the inductor

t t final
di 1
P = iV = iL ∴ ∫ Pdt = ∫ Lidi = Li2final
dt 0 0 2
–  Assumes current starts at 0A and ends at ifinal

1 2
•  The energy stored in the inductor is Li
2
1 2
•  Recall in a capacitor, energy stored is CV
2

•  In both cases, the energy is stored and later returned.

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 9

 Transformers

•  The energy is stored in the magnetic field (Wikipedia)

–  And the field is generated by the current

dφ di
φ = iL and V = =L
dt dt

•  If you have two coils of wire around the same magnetic material
–  Both wires will see the same magnetic field (φ)
–  You can transfer power between the two coils

•  Drive one with a sinewave to create changing magnetic field

–  The other coil will develop a voltage across it
–  The voltage depends on the relative inductance
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 10
 Ideal vs. Real Inductors

•  Ideal inductors
–  Have no loss
–  Can store energy by letting the stored current circulate

•  Real Inductors
–  Are not that ideal (unless they are superconducting)
–  They have significant resistance from the wire
–  Can by modeled by an ideal inductor in series with a resistor
•  The resistance causes a voltage across the ideal inductor
•  Since the voltage across the ideal inductor is negative
–  The current decreases
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 11
 Series and Parallel Inductors

•  If you have inductors in series

–  Currents and di/dt are the same
–  V = Ldi/dt = L1di/dt + L2di/dt + . . .
–  Leqv = L1 + L2 + . . . .

•  If you have inductors in parallel

–  Voltages must be the same
•  di1/dt = V/L1
•  di2/dt = V/L2
–  Total current change
•  di/dt = V (1/L1 + 1/L2 + . . .) = V/Leqv
•  1/Leqv = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + . . .

•  i.e. Inductors in series and parallel behave like resistors

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 12
 INTERESTING INDUCTOR
CIRCUIT

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 13

 An Interesting Inductor Circuit

55VV
•  If the negative leads of the LEDs go to Vdd (5V)
–  How do the LEDs light up?
–  LEDs have 2V VF, 20 mA ION 200Ω
+

•  What is the current through the inductor

–  Before the transistor turns off?
•  Assume transistor resistance is 1Ω
•  Assume inductor is around 30Ω
–  Right after the transistor turns off

•  Where does this current go?

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 14

 Working Through the Circuit

55VV
•  What happens to current over time?

200Ω
+

•  So inductors can generate quite large

voltages if we use them in circuits where
they have to do so to keep iL constant!

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 15

 EveryCircuit Simulation

•  In the simulation the NMOS

transistor is turned ON and
OFF.

•  When the NMOS is ON,

current flows through the
100 ohm resistor and
through the inductor to
ground.

•  Where does i go when the

NMOS device is OFF?

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 16

 RL and RLC FILTERS

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 17

 RL Filters – Low Pass

vin vout Vout R 1

= =
L Vin R + j∗ 2πFL L
R 1+ j∗ 2πF
R

Gain 1
Fc = Corner Freq =
dB - 20dB/decade L
0 2π
R

If R = 1 kΩ and L = 1 mH,
-20
then Fc ≅ 159 kHz

-40
Freq

103 104 105 106 107 Hz

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 18

 RL and RC Low Pass Filters

vin vout vin vout

L R
R C

1
FC =
L 1
2π FC =
R 0 2πRC
- 20 dB/decade

dB

Log F
FC
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 19
 RL High Pass

vin vout j∗ 2πF

L
Vout j∗ 2πFL
R = = R
L Vin R + j∗ 2πFL L
1+ j∗ 2πF
R
Gain
20dB/decade 1
dB FC =
0 L
2π
R
-20
If R = 1 kΩ and L = 1 mH,
then Fc ≅ 159 kHz
-40
Freq
103 104 105 106 107 Hz

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 20

 RLC Filter

vout •  Let’s think about this before we

vin do any math
L C
R
•  Very low frequencies:

Vout/Vin
•  Very high frequencies:

F
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 21
 RLC Filter

Vout R
vin vout Vin
=
1
L R + j∗ 2πFL +
C j∗ 2πFC
R
j∗ 2πFRC
=
2
(
1+ j∗ 2πFRC + j∗ 2πF LC )
Let R = 1 kΩ, L = 10 mH, and C = 10 µF
We can estimate the corner frequencies as follows:
1 2
Neglecting the F term, Fc = = 15.9 Hz
2πRC
2 1
The F2 term dominates when 2πF LC = 2πFRC or F =
( ) = 15.9 kHz
L
2π
R
M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 22
 RLC Filter

vin vout V j∗ 2πFRC

out =
L C Vin 2
R (
1+ j∗ 2πFRC + j∗ 2πF LC )
R = 1 kΩ, L = 10 mH, and C = 10 µF
Gain
0
dB

-10

-20

-30

-40
Freq

1 10 100 103 104 105 106 Hz

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 23

 EveryCircuit Simulation

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 24

 Learning Objectives

•  Understand what an inductor is

–  V = L di/dt
–  It is a device that tries to keep current constant
•  Generates voltage (in either direction) to resist current changes

•  Understand that ideal inductors and capacitors are lossless

–  They store energy, and don’t dissipate it
–  Energy that goes into an LC circuit, must come out
–  We can use this to convert energy from one voltage to another
–  Size of the components is related to the energy they can store

•  Be able to use impedance to

–  Solve for the output voltage of RL filters

M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 25