A study of OFDM characteristics

A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree

of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering

Submitted by

Nihal Singh (190810026031)

Prince Sonowal (190810026036)

Raktim Deb (190810026037)

Tonmoy Buragohain (190810026048)

Submitted to

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

JORHAT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, JORHAT-10
AFFILIATED TO

ASSAM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

 A study of OFDM characteristics
Subject code….

A project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree

of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering

Submitted by

Nihal Singh (190810026031)

Prince Sonowal (190810026036)

Raktim Deb (190810026037)

Tonmoy Buragohain (190810026048)

Under the supervision of

Kabita Choudhury

Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology, Chenijaan, Jorhat

Swati Singh

Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology, Chenijaan , Jorhat

 Certificate of Approval from Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering, Jorhat Institute of Science &
Technology

The undersigned certify that the project report entitled “A Study of OFDM”
have been read and recommended to the Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering for acceptance, submitted by Nihal Singh,
Prince Sonowal, Raktim Deb, Tonmoy Buragohain in partial fulfillment for the
Degree of Bachelor in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

…………………………..
Kabita Chaudhury
Supervisor
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology,
Jorhat – 10

Swati Singh

Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology,
Jorhat – 10

……………………………..
Sanyukta Chetia

Head, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology,
Jorhat – 10
 Certificate of Approval from

Committee on Final Examination for Evaluation of the Project Report

The undersigned certify that the project report entitled “A Study of OFDM”
have been read and recommended to the Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering for acceptance, submitted by Nihal Singh,
Prince Sonowal, Raktim Deb, Tonmoy Buragohain in partial fulfillment for the
Degree of Bachelor in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

……………………………..
(Name of the External Examiner)
External Examiner
Full designation
Organization

……………………………..
(Name of the Supervisor)
Supervisor
Full designation
Organization
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to
our highly respected and esteemed guide Kabita Chaudhury (Asst. Professor ETC Dept.) and
Swati Singh (Asst. Professor ETC Dept.), for their valuable guidance, encouragement and
help for completing this work. His/her useful suggestions for this whole work and co-
operative behaviour are sincerely acknowledged.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to (with full designation and department), for
giving us this opportunity to undertake this project. We would also like to thank Sanyukta
Chetia (Head of Electronics and Telecommunication Department) for whole hearted support.

We are also grateful to our teachers for their constant support and guidance.

At the end we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and others who
helped us directly or indirectly during this project work.

Nihal Singh (190810026031)

Prince Sonowal (190810026036)

Raktim Deb (190810026037)

Tonmoy Buragohain (190810026048)

 Contents
Title Page number

Certificate of Approval from department I

Certificate of Approval from committee II

Acknowledge i

Abstract ii

List of Figures iii

List of Tables iv

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Universal Load Control System via GSM 1

1.2 Arduino UNO 1

1.3 GSM 2

1.4 GSM SIM900L 3

1.5 The Android Operating System 4 Chapter

2: Literature Review 5

2.1 Smart Home Devices Enabled via GSM 5

Chapter 3: Block Diagram 6 Chapter

4: Analysis and Design 7

4.1 Accumulating Tools Needed to Complete the Project 8

4.2 Implementation of the Hardware 8

4.3 Arduino Uno 8

4.4 Android Application and Mobile Phone 9

4.5 Programming the Arduino Uno 9

4.6 Integrating the GSM Module to Arduino Uno 9

 4.7 Connecting the Appliance to the Arduino Board 10
4.8 Prototype 10
Chapter 5: Results and Discussions 11
5.1 Problems Encountered 11
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Future Works 12
6.1 Future Works 12
References 13
 List of Figures
Figure Number Name of the Figure Page No.

1 Arduino Uno 2

2 GSM SIM900L 4

3 Block diagram of the project 6

4 Prototype 10
 List of Tables
Table Number Table Description Page No.

4.1 Shows the specification of the Arduino Uno 8

4.2 Shows the connection between the Arduino Uno and 10

the GSM module

ABSTRACT
This project implements an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
transceiver in a hybrid Simulink/Verilog programming environment with timing and
hardware resources consideration for an FPGA platform - Altera Cyclone II. The deliverable
of the project is real-time processing MATLAB Simulink model of an OFDM transceiver
with the core components implemented in hardware using hardware descriptive language
Verilog. My choice of the OFDM transceiver design project is motivated by the relevance of
its realization for students who share interest in the communication field. The project
provides opportunity to study outside the classroom a real-time processing software/hardware
implementation of a complete digital communication system based on most commonly used
in wireless technology modulation scheme - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.
The orthogonality between overlapping subcarriers which is at the core of OFDM modulation
requires a perfect synchronization. As a consequence, a more sophisticated synchronization
mechanism than in the case of a single carrier modulation necessitates employment of fast
implementations of various commonly used in a receiver design algorithms, such as CORDIC
and Fast-Fourier Transform, which can be re-used in different transceiver’s
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Universal Load Control System via GSM
A universal load control system via GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a
system that allows users to remotely control and monitor electrical loads (such as appliances
and lighting) using their mobile phone. This type of system typically consists of a central
control unit that is connected to the electrical loads and a GSM module that allows users to
communicate with the system using their mobile phone. Using a universal load control
system via GSM, users can turn electrical loads on or off, set schedules for when they should
be turned on or off, and monitor their energy usage. They can also receive alerts if there are
any issues with the system or if certain thresholds are exceeded (such as high energy usage).
This type of system can be particularly useful for people who are often away from home or
who want to be able to control their home from anywhere with an internet connection. It can
also help to save energy by allowing users to turn off appliances when they are not in use.
Overall, a universal load control system via GSM is a convenient and energy-efficient way to
control and monitor electrical loads in a home.
1.2 Arduino UNO

Arduino is an open-source platform that consists of hardware (microcontroller boards) and

software (Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)) used to build electronic
projects. It is designed to be simple and easy to use for people with little or no programming
experience. The Arduino platform is based on microcontroller boards that are designed to be
easy to use and program. These boards contain a microcontroller, which is a small computer
that can read inputs (such as from sensors) and control outputs (such as to motors or lights).
The Arduino IDE is a software program that runs on your computer and is used to write and
upload code to the microcontroller board. Arduino is widely used in a variety of DIY
projects, such as building home automation systems, creating robots, and prototyping Internet
of Things (IoT) devices. It is popular with hobbyists, educators, and professionals alike due
to its low cost, versatility, and large community of users who share their projects and provide
support.

Figure 1 - Arduino Uno

Reasons for choosing Arduino Uno

There are several reasons why the Arduino Uno is a popular choice for DIY projects:

• Easy to use: The Arduino Uno has a simple, user-friendly design that makes it easy to
get started with even if you have little or no programming experience.
• Inexpensive: The Arduino Uno is relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller boards, making it a good choice for people working on a budget.
• Versatile: The Arduino Uno can be used in a wide variety of projects, including
building home automation systems, creating robots, and prototyping Internet of
Things (IoT) devices.
 • Large user community: There is a large community of users who share their projects
and provide support for the Arduino Uno, which can be helpful for people who are
just getting started with the platform.
• Variety of input/output options: The Arduino Uno has a variety of input/output (I/O)
pins that can be used to connect to sensors, motors, and other devices, which makes it
flexible for different types of projects.

Overall, the Arduino Uno is a popular choice for DIY projects due to its simplicity,
versatility, and affordability.

1.3 GSM

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a standard for mobile
communication that is used by millions of people around the world to make and receive
phone calls and send and receive text messages. GSM is a digital mobile network that uses
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to allow multiple users to share the same frequency
band. It operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands in most parts of the world,
although it also operates in the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands in some regions. GSM is the
most widely used mobile communication standard in the world and is used by over 80% of
mobile phone users. It is supported by a variety of devices, including smartphones, tablets,
and feature phones, and is used by many mobile phone service providers around the world.
GSM has been succeeded by newer mobile communication standards such as 3G and 4G, but
it is still widely used in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with less developed
mobile infrastructure.

Importance of GSM in Home Automation

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) technology can be used in home
automation systems to allow users to remotely control and monitor devices and systems in
their home using their mobile phone. This can be particularly useful for people who are often
away from home or who want to be able to control their home from anywhere with an
internet connection.

Some examples of how GSM technology can be used in home automation include:

• Controlling lighting and appliances: Users can turn lights on or off and control
appliances such as coffee makers or thermostats using their mobile phone.
 • Monitoring energy usage: Users can track energy usage and receive alerts if energy
consumption exceeds a certain threshold.
• Monitoring security: Users can receive alerts if there is movement detected in their
home or if doors or windows are opened while they are away.
• Receiving alerts: Users can receive alerts if there is an issue with a device or system
in their home, such as a power outage or a water leak.

Overall, GSM technology can be an important component of a home automation system as it

allows users to remotely control and monitor their home from anywhere with an internet
connection.

1.4 GSM SIM900L

The SIM900L is a type of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) module that is
commonly used in DIY projects and home automation systems. It is a small, low-power
module that can be used to add GSM connectivity to a device or system. The SIM900L
module has a built-in GSM/GPRS modem and a microcontroller that can be used to send and
receive SMS messages and make and receive phone calls. It can be connected to a device or
system using a serial interface and can be controlled using AT commands. The SIM900L
module is popular in DIY projects and home automation systems due to its low cost, small
size, and low power consumption. It is commonly used to add GSM connectivity to devices
such as security systems, home automation systems, and remote monitoring systems. Overall,
the SIM900L is a useful tool for adding GSM connectivity to a device or system, and it is
widely used in a variety of DIY projects and home automation systems.
 Figure 2 – GSM SIM900L

1.5 The Android Operating System

The Android operating system is a mobile operating system developed by Google that is used
on a wide range of devices, including smartphones, tablets, and TV boxes. It is based on the
Linux kernel and is designed to be customizable and easy to use. One of the main features of
the Android operating system is its app ecosystem. There are millions of apps available for
Android devices on the Google Play Store, which can be downloaded and installed on the
device. These apps provide users with a wide range of functionality, from productivity tools
to games and entertainment. In addition to its app ecosystem, the Android operating system
also offers a variety of features and tools that make it easy for users to customize their device
and interact with it. These features include a notification centre, a home screen with
customizable widgets, and a built-in voice assistant (Google Assistant).

Overall, the Android operating system is a popular and widely used mobile operating system
that is known for its customization options and wide range of apps.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Smart Home Devices Enabled via GSM

There are many types of smart home devices that can be enabled via GSM (Global System
for Mobile Communications) technology, which allows users to remotely control and monitor
their devices using their mobile phone. Some examples of smart home devices that can be
enabled via GSM include:

• Smart thermostats: These devices can be controlled and programmed remotely to

adjust the temperature in a home.
• Smart lighting: Users can control and automate their lighting using a smartphone app
or a voice assistant.
• Smart security cameras: These cameras can send alerts to a user's phone when motion
is detected and allow users to view a live feed of their home remotely.
• Smart door locks: Users can remotely lock and unlock their doors using a smartphone
app or a voice assistant.
• Smart appliances: Users can control and monitor appliances such as washing
machines, dryers, and refrigerators remotely.

Overall, GSM technology can be used to enable a wide range of smart home devices, making
it easier for users to control and monitor their home remotely.

Chapter 3: Block Diagram

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 3 – Block diagram of the project

Chapter 4: Analysis and Design

The steps needed to achieve the desired goal of the project and successfully run it will be
explained in this chapter.
 Project Flow

The above figure shows the steps needed to accomplish the goals of this project in a
sequential manner. First, all the parts needed to design the project are collected and a primary
concept is designed based on it. Next is the connection between the Arduino Uno and the
GSM via the GSM module which is the most important part of the project. After all the
connection is being done, the Arduino board needs to be programmed and the Arduino
software has to be installed.
At the end, the Android based mobile phone is used to control the Arduino Uno via message.

4.1 Accumulating Tools Needed to Complete the Project

• Arduino-Uno

• Android based mobile phone

 • GSM Module (GSM SIM800L)

• An Android application (through which the Arduino is controlled via GSM)

• Relay

• Bulbs

4.2 Implementation of the Hardware

This section describes the overall hardware needed to design this project. The system is
designed using the Arduino Uno Board, the GSM module (GSM SIM800L), relay, an
Android mobile phone, and an Android application to control the Arduino board as shown in
the figure below. It also uses various electronic components involved.

4.3 Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the Atmega 328. It has a ceramic resonator
that is 16MHz, fourteen digital input/output pins (six of which can be used as PWM outputs),
a reset button, a USB connection, a power jack and six analog inputs. It is an 8-bit
microcontroller based on RISC architecture. The Arduino Uno board is shown in figure with
the parts labelled.

Table 1- Shows the specifications of the Arduino Uno

Microcontroller Atmega 328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (Recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage Limitation 6-12V
Digital Input/Output Pins 14
Analog Input Pins 6
Clock Speed 16MHz
EEPROM 1KB

The recommended voltage is between 7-12V because if the voltage dips below 7V, the 5V pin
on the Arduino board will become unstable and if the voltage rises above 12V, the board may
overheat and become damaged.

The Arduino does not use a RC oscillator, but rather a crystal oscillator because of the
quality factor (Q). The quality factor for a crystal oscillator is of the order 100,000 whereas
the quality factor for an RC oscillator is of the order 100. A quality factor is defined as:
Q = f/BW where f is the resonant frequency and BW is the bandwidth.

4.4 Android Application and Mobile Phone

The Android mobile phone used for this Project is Google Nexus 5 with an installed
application called LMBT. The LMBT application is a simple application on Android and is
used to control the pins of the Arduino-Uno from an Android phone in a wireless manner. A
simple Android user interface is employed by LMBT to control digital pins of Arduino Uno
and PWM pins, to send commands to Arduino Uno in the form of text and reception of data
over a GSM serial module from Arduino.

4.5 Programming the Arduino Uno

The Arduino-Uno board needs to be programmed with a code so that it is able to interact with
the application. Arduino provides a flexible platform, which helps to write a code for any
function to be performed by the Arduino Uno and upload to the board.

APPENDIX A shows the full source code of the Arduino Uno. Interfacing the Atmega 328
with Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) is done using the
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) protocol. The code is
written in Embedded C using Atmel studio 6.0. The code is then compiled and converted to
HEX code. Afterwards, the HEX code is then burned to the Atmega 328 microcontroller.

4.6 Integrating the GSM Module to Arduino Uno

For the Arduino Uno to be controlled, a connection is required between the GSM module and
the Arduino Uno.

The VCC port on the Arduino Uno board is connected to the VCC pin on the GSM module
(SIM900L). The GND port on the Arduino Uno is connected to the GND pin on the GSM
module (SIM900L). Finally, the transmitter of the GSM module is connected to the receiver
of the Arduino Uno as well as the transmitter of the Arduino Uno to the receiver of the GSM
module need to be connected.

Table 2 - Shows the connection between the Arduino Uno and the GSM module
Arduino Uno Board GSM Module

GND Port GND Pin

VCC Port VCC Pin

 Transmitter Pin Receiver Port

Receiver Pin Transmitter Port

The connection between the Arduino Uno and the GSM module is the fundamental
connection in the circuit.

4.7 Connecting the Appliance to the Arduino Board

After all the connections are done, the home appliances should be connected to the Arduino.
The positive end of the home appliance has to be connected to the anode port of the relay and
negative end of the appliance has to be connected to the power source using wires. Using
different relay and Arduino ports, the connections is made for other appliances. Finally, with

the help of an Android phone, all of the appliances in the house are controlled wirelessly. 4.8

Prototype

Figure 4 - Prototype

Chapter 5: Results and Discussions

With the procedures mentioned, the implementation of the project “UNIVERSAL LOAD
CONTROL SYSTEM” is successfully completed and implemented. The project is cost
efficient and user friendly because it can be used by anyone with a simple click on an
Android based mobile device. All the appliances of the house are controlled successfully via
SMS using an Android mobile phone.
5.1 Problems Encountered

This project encountered certain difficulties that are described below.

Initially, when all the connections were done, the major problem was the connection between
the GSM module and the Arduino Uno. Network of the Sim Card was the main issue, as the
network was no easily available, so the SMS wasn’t being able to send from the Android
Based Smart Phone.

A second problem was also encountered with the use of the fixing of the relays on the board.

A third problem was seen that when we used vernacular language (like Assamese) it wasn’t
being able to recognize the voice command as Google Voice Assistant wasn’t being able to
recognize the voice and convert it into text.

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Future Works

The implementation of this project overall is successful. The motive of making the project
cost efficient and user friendly is taken into account and achieved. The project is comprised
of components such as a GSM module, an Arduino board, an Android mobile device, relays,
and an Android application (LMBT). Furthermore, with the discussions and objectives
presented, it can be concluded that the objectives of the project have been achieved. Taking
into consideration the target audience of elderly and handicapped people, the project
developed is user friendly. Using an Android mobile phone, a Smart Home is created and
controlled with a smart phone.

6.1 Future Works

Though overall the project is completed successfully, further study could be conducted to
consider Implement Voice to Text converter (LANGUAGE SCOPE). Furthermore, rather
than using relays and connecting them to the breadboard, further study could consider the use
of an opt coupler to connect the modules.

References
1. K. Y. Lee, and J. W. Choi, „Remote-Controlled Home Automation System via GSM

Home Network,‟ vol. 3, 2003, pp. 2824-2829.

2. GSM. (2016).Fast Facts. [Online].

Available:http://www.gsm.com/Pges/Fast-Facts.aspx.

3. Wikimedia Commons.

4. www.arduino.cc.

5. http://cdn.instructables.com/ .