FarmMechanics 10048519

P R E FA CE
M ore mechani cal kn owledge is required farm on th e

th an in an y oth er lin e of busin ess If a far mer is n ot
.
m echan ically in clin ed h e is un der t h e n ecessity of em

,
ployi n g someon e who is .
S ome farms a r e supplied with a great m an y han dy

con trivan ces to save labor F arm ers di fier a gr eat deal
”
.
in thi s r es pect . S ome ar e n atural mechan i cs some ,
learn h ow to buy an d how to op erate t h e b est farm ma

chi n ery whil e others ar e still livin g in t h e pas t
, .
S ome farmers wh o make t h e least p r eten sion s have

t h e b est machin er y a n d impl emen t s They may n ot be
.
good m echan ics but they have an eye to t h e value of

,
labor savin g tools .
Th e obj ect of this book is to emphasize t h e impor

tan c e of mechan ics in m odern farmin g ; to fit scores of
quick actin g m achin es in to t h e daily routin e of farm
-
wor k an d thereby lift heavy loads from th e s houlders

of m en a n d women ; to in cr ease t h e output at l ess cost
of han d labor an d to im pr ove th e soil while pr oducin g
m or e ab un dan tly than ever b efore ; to suggest t h e us e
of suitable m achin es to man ufacture high pr iced n utri -
tious human foods fr om ch eap farm by product s

’
-
.
Il lustr ation s ar e us ed to ex plain prin ciples rather

t han to recommen d any particul ar typ e or pattern of
m achi n e .
Th e old is con trast ed with th e n ew an d t h e m er its of

both ar e express ed .
TH E A UT H O R .
3 9 6 9 0U
CONTENTS
CHA P TE R I
PACE
T H E F AR M S H OP W I TH TOOL S F OR WOR K I N G Woon AN n I R ON 9
CHA P T E R I I
CHA P TE R I I I
GE N ER ATI N G M E CH AN I CAL POWE R To D RI VE M ODE R N F AR M

M ACH I N ER Y
CH AP TE R I V
D RI VEN M A CH I N E S
CH AP TE R V
CH AP TE R V I
HAN DLI N G TH E H AY CR OP
CH A P TE R V I I
F AR M CON VE Y A N CE S
CH A P TE R VI I I
M I S CEL LA N E OU S F AR M CON VE N I E N CE S
I N nE x
FA RM M E C A N I CS H ,
CH A P T E R I
TH E F AR M S H OP WI TH TOOL S F OR WOR K I N G WOOD

AND I R ON
FAR M S H OP A N D IM PLE M E N T H OU S E
Th e works hop an d shed to hold farm implemen ts

S hould look as n eat an d attractive as t h e lar g er build
in gs F ar m implemen ts ar e exp en sive F arm machin

. .
er y is ev en mor e s o Wh en such machin ery is all prop

.
er ly housed a n d kept in r epair t h e d epreciation is esti
mated a t t en p er cen t a year Wh en t h e machin es a r e

.
l eft to rust an d weath er in th e rain an d Wi n d t h e loss is

simply ruin ous .
M or e machin ery is requi red on farms than formerly

a n d it costs more S til l it is n ot a question Wh eth er a
.
farmer can afior d a machin e If h e has s ufii cien t wor k

.
for it h e kn ows h e can n ot afi or d to g et al on g Without

it an d h e m ust have a shed to protect it fr om t h e
w eather when n ot in us e .
I n t h e first place t h e im plemen t shed shoul d b e lar ge

en ough to accomm odate all of t h e farm impl em en ts
a n d machin ery W ithout cr owdi n g a n d it shoul d b e w ell
built an d tight en ough to keep out t h e Win d an d sm all

an imals in cludin g chicken s an d spar r ows
, .
Th e p ers p ective an d plan shown h er ewith is twen ty

four feet in Width a n d sixty feet in l en gth .
9
10 FAR M m m
. 10 8
TH E F AR M S H OP 11
acl ed gd
A
12 FAR M H AN I CS
MEC
Th e doorways provide headroom s uflicien t for t h e

highest machin es an d t h e width when th e double
,
d oor s a r e op en ed an d t h e cen ter post rem oved is n early

twen ty feet whi ch is suffici en t f or a bin der in field
,
con ditio n or a t wo hor s e spri n g tooth r ake

- -
.
On e en d of t h e buildin g lookin g towar d t h e hous e is

in ten d ed f or a m achin e shop to b e par tition ed oil? by
en closin g t h e fir st b en t This gives a room twen ty feet
.
wide by twen ty four feet d eep f or a blacks m ith shop

-
Fg
i ur e 3 —P p
. er s ecti ve Vi ew of F a r m Im pl emen t S h ed and W or k s h op .
an d g en eal repair w or k Th e n ext twen ty feet is t h e

r .
g arag e T
. h e m achi n e shop par t of t h e buildin g will b e
ar ran g ed accordin g to t h e m echan ical in clination of

t h e far m er .
A real farm r epair shop is a rath er elaborate m e

ch an ica l p r oposition There is a good b r ick chimn ey
.
with a hood to carry OE t h e sm oke an d gases fr om t h e

blacksm ith fir e an d t h e chi mn ey should hav e a s eparate
flu e for a h eatin g stove F ar m r epair wor k is don e
.
m ostly duri n g th e win t er mon th s wh en a fir e in t h e

shop is n ecessary f or com for t a n d efi cien cy A p er .
s on cann ot wor k to advan tag e with cold fin ger s P ain t .
requir es m oderate heat to work to advan tage P ain t .

TH E FAR M S H OP 13
in g farm implemen ts is a very importan t part of rep a ir

work .
‘
A good shop arran gem en t is to hav e an iron work

ben ch across th e shop Win dow in t h e fr on t or en tr an ce
en d of t h e buildi n g I n th e f a r cor n er ag ain st t h e b a ck
.
wall is a g ood place f or a woodworkin g b en ch It is .
too m ussy to have th e blacksmi th work an d th e carp en

t er work mixed up .
Fig ur e 4 —Fl oor Pla n of Fa r m I m pl emen t S h ed s h owin g t h e ,
Wor k s h o p in on e en d of th e b ui ld i n g h a n d y t o t h e i m pl em en t s t or a ge
.
r oom .
S om etimes it is c sary to brin g in a pair of hor s es

n e es
for shoein g or to pull th e shoes OE F or this reason

, .
,
a t ie r ail bolted to th e studdi n g on th e side of t h e shop

n ea r t h e en tran c e is an extr a con v en i en ce .
I n a hot climate a slidi n g door is prefer abl e b ecaus e

t h e win d will n ot slam it shut I n cold clim ates hin g e
.
,
doo r s a r e b etter with a good sill an d threshold to shut

against to keep out t h e cold S om etim es th e lar g e door
.
con tain s a small door big en ough to step th r ough but ,
n ot large en ough to ad m it m uch cold wh en it is b ei n g ,
op en ed an d shut Likewise a ceilin g is n eeded in a cold

.
c oun try whil e i n warm er s ec tion s a roof is suffici en t

, , .
F arm shops like oth er farm buildin gs shoul d con

, ,
14 FAR M MEC H AN I CS
form to th e climate as well as con ven ien ce in doin g ,
t h e wor k A solid con cr ete floor is a great comfort

. .
A n d it is easily kept clean .
Th e p er spective an d floor plan show t h e arran ge

men t of t h e doors win dows an d chimn ey an d t h e plac
,
in g of t h e wor k b en ches for ge an vil t ool b en ch an d , , ,
drill p r ess .
F igur es 3 an d 4 show t h e p er sp ective an d floor plan

of a fa r m shop an d im plem en t house 40x1 6 feet in size ,
which is lar ge en ough for som e farms .
S H OP TOOLS
Good tools ar e m or e im por t an t on a farm than in a
city wor ks hop for t h e reason that a greater variety of
work is requir ed .
—
M ea s ur in g M echa n i ca l Wor k I n usin g tools on t h e
farm t h e first rule S hould b e accuracy It is just as .
F i8g ur e 5 — Ca l i per R ule A h a n d s l i d e ca l l er s h p r u l e i s m a d e o

s l i d e m a k ed i f r a ct i s f g
. .
wi t h h es a w i t h e d r a w in g
Th e g
r n on o nc s s o n n .
l m et er f a r i vet bol t r t h er r oun d ob ct m a y b e t a k n

a o o o e e
i s t a nt ly a l i p er s t o r
,
n y It i n t s
s a cc u r a t e a s
o o os e m ea s ur em en t s
c ,
b ut i t i s a p a t i a l t l f r f a r m us e
.
r c c oo o .
e asy to wo k to sixt een th of an in ch as to c a r el essly

r on e-
lay OE a pi ece of wor k so that t h e pi eces won t go to ’
gether ri ght .
Th e han di est m easurin g tool ever in v en ted I s th e old

fashion ed two foot rul e that folds up to six in ches in
-
l en gth to b e carr i ed in t h e pocket S uch rul es to b e .
ser viceable should b e br as s boun d Th e in ter ior m ar k .
in g should b e n otched to sixteen ths Th e outside m ark .

TH E FAR M S H OP ‘
15
in g may b e laid out in eighths Th e fin er m arkin g on .
the in side is protected b y keepin g t h e rule folded

to geth er wh en n ot in us e Th e coar ser mar kin g out.
side do es n ot s nE er s o m uch from Wea r F ig ure 5 .
shows a 1 2 in ch r ul e with a slide cal iper jaw

-
.
I n usin g a two foot rul e to lay OE work t h e forward

-
en d should con tai n th e small figu r es s o that t h e work
m an is coun tin g back on t h e rul e but forward on t h e
Fi gur e 6 —S m a ll Poc ket Oi l s t ne o p l

S h o oi s t one i n a b ox, l oo- foot
m ea s u i g ta pe l i n e ma ked
. .
r n r in i n ch es , f ee t a n d r od s
.
work an d h e has th e en d Of th e rul e to scrib e from I n

, .
l ayin g OE a 1 6 foot pole t h e stick is fir st m rked with

‘
a
-
a kni fe poin t or sharp scr at ch awl an d try square to

, ,
square on e en d Th e work is then laid OE fr om left

.
to right star tin g from t h e l eft han d edge of t h e

,
square mark or fir st m ark Th e two foot r ul e is l aid .

-
flat on top Of th e pi ece Of wood At t h e fron t en d of .
t h e rul e t h e wood is marked with a shar p scr a t ch awl

or t h e poin t of a k nife blade by pressin g t h e poin t
again st t h e en d of t h e rule at t h e time Of m ar ki n g I n .
movin g t h e rul e for w a r d t h e left en d is pl a c ed exactly

ov er t h e left edge of t h e mark so th e n ew m easur emen t ,
16 FA R M MEC H AN I C S
b eg in s at poin t wh ere t h e other left OE an d

t h e exact ,
so on t h e whole len g th of t h e stick Th e fin al mark is .
th en made ex actly sixteen feet from t h e first mark .
I n sawi n g th e en ds t h e saw kerf is cut fr om t h e waste

en ds of t h e stick Th e s aw cuts to t h e mark b ut does
.
n ot cut it out .
I n usin g a rul e car el es sly a workman may gai n on e

s ixt een th of an in ch ev er y tim e h e mov es t h e rul e ,
which would mean half Of an in ch in layin g OE a 1 6

f oot pole which would ruin it for carp en ter wor k If
, .
t h e pol e is afterwards used for stakin g fen ce posts h e ,
woul d gai n on e half i n ch at each post or a foot for

-
,
e very tw en ty four posts a dis tan ce to b oth er cons id

-
,
er a b l y in estimatin g acr es It is just as easy to m eas.
u r e exactly as it is to m easure a littl e m or e or a littl e

l ess an d it marks t h e diE er en ce b etw een right an d
,
Wl OI l g
'
W OOD W OR KIN G B E N CH
In a farm works hop it is b etter to sep a r a te th e wood

w or kin g departm en t as far as possible fr om t h e black
s m ith shop Workin g wood accumul ates a great deal
.
of litter shavi n gs blocks an d kin dlin g wood which

, , , ,
a r e in th e wa y in th e blacks mith shop an d a spark from ,
t h e an vil might set t h e shavin gs afir e .
A woodworkin g b en ch F igure 7 carp en ter s b en ch , ,

’
,
it is usually cal l ed n eeds a shor t l eg vise with Wid e

,
j aws T h.e top of t h e vis e should b e flush with t h e top

of th e b en ch so t h e boar ds m a y b e wor k ed wh en lyin g
,
flat on th e top of th e b en ch F or t h e same reason th e .
b en ch dog shoul d lower down flush wh en n ot n eeded

t o hold t h e en d of t h e board .
It is customary to m ake c a rp en ter s b en ch es sep a rate ’
from t h e shop an d lar ge en oug h to stan d alon e so they

, ,
m ay b e moved out doors or in to other buil din gs .

TH E FAR M S HOP 17
Figur e 7—C p B ench A k g ben ch is 1 6 l ong

wood w or i n
’ '
. ar en t e r s
Th e h ei gh t t o b e r t i cu l a r s h ou l d b e
.
,
”
'
8 6 wi d e a d 3 2 h i h
m pa
n . , ,
t h e l en of th e l eg 0 t h e m a n w h o u se s i t n col n w h en Joki n g
.
t on g a v e i t a s h i s o p i n i o n t h a t s l egs s h ou l d b e
,
wi t h 8 a ma
“ ’
‘
n
B ut t h a t r u l e i s n o t s u m
,
j u s t i on en oug h t o r ea ch t h e gr oun d .
ci en tl y eii n i te t o s a t i s fy ca r pen t er s s o t h e y a do p t ed t h e in s i d e l e
m ea s ur em en t .
,
T h ey cla im t h a t th e a ver ag e ca r pen t er is 5 1 0 g '
"
t al l an d h e wea r s a 32 l eg .
Fi gu r e 8 —C p T
r es t e o r S a w- en ch l Th e t o B
i ece i s p
’
en t e r s
pp v
ar
l g T i m p
. .
4x6 a n d t h e e s a r e 2 x4 . h er e s s u ci en t s r ea d of l eg 0 r e en t
i t f r om t o ppl g v
i n o er , b u t t h e l e a r e n ot r ea t in t h e w a y g ly
I t is .
h ea v e o ug h t o s t a n d s t i ll
wh e you s l i d e a oa r d a on b
I t is 2 l g
i i gg
.
f eet
18 FAR M MEC HAN I CS
Carp en ter b en ch es m ay b e well m ade, or they may b e

con str ucted in a hur ry S O lon g as t h e top is true it
.
F i ur e 9 —v H
S ha e or s e F o r s h a in p p
ieces o f h a r d wood f o r
g k Ag
.
v b l g
.
re w or . ood s h a e h o r s e i s a o u 8 '
on a n d t h e s ea t e n d
g
i s t h e h ei h t or a ch a ir v
T h e h ea d i s ca r ed on a h ar d w ood s t i c k
p j g p k
.
wi t h t h r ee r o ecti on s t o r i d ifl eren t s i zed pi eces t o b e wor e d .
F ig u r e 10 .
— mp
Co a s s es , Wood en Cl a mp and Cut t in g Pl i er s .
makes but little d iE er en ce how t h e l eg s a r e a ttach ed ,
so lon g a s th ey a r e str on g an d en oug h of th em A car .
p en t er b en ch th a t is u s ed f or all ki n ds of w or k m u s t b e
TH E FAR M S H OP 9
solid en oug h to p ermit hamm er in g dr ivin g n ails et c , , .
Usually t h e top Of th e ben ch is strai g ht tr ue an d level ,
an d it S hould b e kept fr ee fr om litt er a n d extr a tools .
Good carp en ters pref er a tool r ack separ ate from t h e

b en ch It m ay stan d on t h e fl oor or b e a ttach ed to t h e
.
Fi gur e 11 — k yW
M o n e - r en ch es a r e t h e h a n d i es t of a l l arm f
y v z
.
wr en ch es , b u t t h e wer e n e er i n t en d ed t o h a mm er wit h T w o s i es
—
.
a r e n eed ed g
a n ei h t - i n ch f or s m a ll
n u t s a n d a m u ch l a r er w r en c h ,
p
t o o en t w o i nch e s o r m o r e t o u s e w h en t a i n k g
t h e d s k s OK t h e
f
s h a t s of a di s k
h a r r ow l g pp
A a r e i e-w r en ch t o h o d t h e r ou n d l
f k g p l k
.
s h a t m a es a ood com a n i o n t oo f o r t h i s w or .
wall Carpen ter tools on a farm a r e n ot n umerous

.
,
but they shoul d hav e a r eg ular place an d labo r ers On ,
t h e fa rms shoul d b e en cour a g ed to keep t h e t OOl S where

th ey b elon g .
W OODW OR K I N G TOOLS
E ver y farmer has an axe or two some sort of a ,
han ds aw an d a n ail hamm er It is aston ishin g what .
jobs of repair work a han dy farm er will do with such

a dearth Of tools B u t it is n ot n ecessary to wor ry
.
a lon g Without a good repai r ki t Tools a r e ch eap .
en oug h .
S uch woodworkin g tools as coar s e an d fin e toothed

han d sa ws a g ood squar e a spl en did assor tm en t of
, ,
hamm ers an d t h e d iE er en t ki n ds of wr en ch es scr ew ,
m r ,
n —
cla ps bo i g tools in fact a com pl ete assortm en t of
han dy woodwor ki n g tools is a n absolute n ecessity on a
well m a n a g ed far m
-
.
20 FAR M ME C H AN I CS
Th efarm kit should con tain two sizes Of n ail h am
m ers s ee F igure 15 On e suitable to drive small n ails
, ,
'
s ay up to eight p en n y an d t h e oth er for lar ge n ails a n d

,
s pikes ; a l on g thin bladed han ds aw hav in g n i n e t eeth

-
,
Fi g ur e 12 —H
. Th is pa t t er n bot h f or cr oss cut a n d r i p
a nd S aw . ,
s a w h a s been a d op t ed by a l l m a k e r s of fine sa ws N in e t eet h t o .
th e in ch i s fin e en ou gh f o r m os t j o b s o n t h e fa r m .
F ig ur e 13 —K e yh ole S a w w it h l
oin t s i m en oug h to s ta r t th e cu t
f lf g l
.
r om a h a c h a u e r h o e.
Fi g u r e14 —B r am bl e B ook f or t r i mm in g ber y bu h es a n d clea n i n g

r s
k f ge wi t h h oo ked s a w teet h
.
o ut f en ce co r n e r s . l t as
h a n i e-
ed .
to th e in ch for sawin g boards an d plan ks ; a shorter

,
han dsaw havin g t en t eeth to th e in ch f or small work

, ,
a n d f or prun in g trees A p r un i n g s aw should cut a .
fin e sm ooth ker f so t h e woun d will n ot collect an d hold

, ,
m oistur e .
F arm ers han dsaws a r e r equi r ed to do a gr eat m an y

’
diE er en t kin ds of work F or this reason it is difficult

.
,
to keep them in good workin g con dition but if both ,
saws a r e join ted s et an d filed by a good m echan ic on ce

,
or twice a year th ey m ay b e kept in usable con dition

,
t h e rest Of t h e tim e by a han dy farm wor kman unl ess ,
extra b uildi n g or sp ecial work is requir ed .
Fi gu r e 1 5 — N a il H a mmer s T wo tyl . s es .
Th e u p pe r h a mm er i m d e w i t h ba ll
.
s a a n
a d a r u d fa ce
n o n I t i s t em pe red t o r iv e
s m a ll n a i l s wi th ut s l i ppi n g a d s h p ed t
.
o n a o
a v ido d i n gi n g t h e w ood T h i s h a m m er
.
s h oul d we h 18 r 1 9 oun ces

o i n c l ud i n g t h e
h a n d le T e l ower h a mm er is h ea vi er h a ,
s
a fl t fa v y wor k
.
a d i
ce ani ts d d f
n en h
e or ea
A l o n g -
bl ad ed r i p s aw is al so v er y us eful , an d what
is comm on ly ter med a keyhol e s aw fin ds m or e us e on
t h e farm than in a car p en ter s shop in town
’
It is .
ne ec ssary frequen tly to cut holes thr ough par tition s ,
floors et c an d at such times a keyhole saw wor ks in

, .
,
just right .
H an daxes ar e n eces sary for rou ghi n g cer tai n pi eces

Of wood f or repai r jobs TW O S iz es Of han daxes f or dif
.
f er en t ki n ds of wor k ar e very useful also a wide blade ,

22 FA R M MEC H AN I CS
d raw shave F igur e 1 6 a n d shav e hor se F igur e 9 A

, , , .
s t eel squar e havin g on e 24 in ch blad e a n d on e 1 8 i n ch

- -
is t h e b est size S uch squar es usually a r e h eav y en ough

.
to rem ain square after falli n g OE th e b en ch for ty or

fifty tim es A good deal d ep en ds upon t h e quality Of
.
t h e steel .
Fi gu r e 1 6 —D r a w in Kn i fe wi th
i d e bl a d e f or fi i s h g
-
.
n g s t r ai g h t
n
s u r fa ces
.
Fig u r e 1 7 —T r y S q ua e Wi t h S ix I n ch B l a d e W ood b r a s s a n d
-
r
A d uble ma r ki g
.
r op e r qm a t er i a l s f a t r y s q ua r e
.
t eel a r e t h e
,
ga uge f r s cr i pin g m or t is e s i a ls o s h w
s or ” o n
o s o n.
S teel squares d iE er in t h e m easurin g m arks , b u t t h e

ki n d to buy has on e side spaced to sixteen ths an d t h e
othe r side to ten ths or twelfths Th e sixteen ths i n t er .
es t f a r m er s g en er ally S O that sp ecial a tt en tion should

,
b e g iv en this side Of t h e squar e Th e lum b er r ul e on .
s om e squ a r es is u s eful but t h e b r ac e r ul es a n d m itr e

,
c alculation s ar e n ot likely to in ter est far m er s .

S crew drivers shoul d b e mostly stron g an d h eavy f or

-
farm work Three sizes Of han dled scr ew dr ivers of

.
-
d iE er en t len gths an d siz es , also two or three brac e bit

screw drivers a r e n eeded On e or t wo bits m a y b e
-
.
b r oken or twisted so t h e ass ortmen t is som etimes

ex hausted before th e c w is s ta rt ed
s re .
Figure 18 .
—H vy H
ea and p
A x f or U s e o n t h e S h o Ch o ppi n g Bl ock .
Ab
eet t o pp g k f
in l
n i e i s s h ow n a s o .
Fi gur e 19 — H ea vy S cr ewd r i ver Th e s t r

. . on es t and ch ea pes t
s cr ewd r i ver i s m a d e f r om a s i n gl e b a r of s t eel . h e wood en h a n d le
i s ma d e in tw o pa r t s a n d r i v et ed a s s h own .
P in ch bars an d claw bar s ar e very useful in a far m

tool kit F ar m mechan ic a l wor k con sists p r in cip ally
.
in repairi n g im pl em en ts , m achi n er y , fen c es an d build

in gs A lways a worn or broken part m ust b e rem oved
.
b efore t h e repai r can b e m ade A pi n ch bar twen ty .
four in ch es lon g , F igur e 21 , with a cold chisel en d , an d

an oth er b a r eighteen in ches lon g with a crooked claw
en d F igure 22 for pullin g n ai l s an d S pikes com es in
, ,
24 FAR M M E CHAN I CS
e 20 R a t ch et S cr ewd r i er
. I t d oes t a i d wor k an d v .
wi ll st a g
en er a ti on if ca r e u us ed ( )
2 u e r -
f ll
B t of t h e S i d e A g
A f ll
.
C u t t er y eT p u .s et i s n eed h e a r e n o t f or bor i ng in t o ol d T y
wood . R
un n i n g g
on ce a ai n s t a n a i r u i n s on e of t h es e bi t s l .
Fi re—H a n d s pi ke A wood en h a n d s pi ke or p r y is a bout seven

21 . .
feet n g by 3 in ch es t h i ck a t t h p r yi n g e d I n t h e N or t h i t i s
o
°
e n
u s ua l ly m a d e f r om a b i c k o d ogwood sa p l in
.
o a i r o w ood r n n or a
T h e ba r k i s em o ved a d t e h a d l e i s wor k ed
r o un d a n d s m
n t n r oo
on t h e s h ve h o s e
a I t i bet t e t o ut t h e po l
r . in t h e wi n t e wh en
s r c es r
t he sap i in t h
s r o ts A ft t h e h a n d pi k a r e fi n i s h ed t h ey
e o . er s es
s h oul d b ever ed d eep wi th s t r a w so t h ey wil l sea s on s l owl y t o
co
p r even t ch ecki ng .
F i g ur e 22 .
—
W r ec kin g B ar f or ul l in g l
n a i s an d t o pr y b r oken pa r t s
fr om ot er k
w r ec a g e .
Fi r e 2 3 —Ca r p en t er Level F r pr a cti ca l fa r m wor k t h e lev el

’
. s . o
3 0 l on g Wood i t h e mo t sa t is f a ct or m a t er i a l
"
s h ou 1 b e 2 4
( o r . s s
bes t levels a e m a d e up of d i ff er ent la y er s of w oo gl ued t o
.
Th e r
ge t h e t o p r even t wa pi n g or t wi s ti n g F or t h i s r ea s on a God level
r . r .
s h ou l d b e ca r efu ll y l a i d a wa y i n a d r
y pl a ce i mm ed i a t el y a t er us i n g .
TH E F AR M S H OP 25
Fig ur e 24 . S ni ps f or cut t i n g s h eet met a l . ( 2 ) Ca r p en t er

’
s
Le vel . i r on k
s t oc .
Fig ur e 25 —Wood B or i n g T wi s t D r i ll B i t Twi s t d

.
-
. 11s f or wood
h a ve l ong er poin t s t h a n d r i l l s f or b or i ng on .
Fig u r e 2 6 —P od B i t T h e fa s t es t bor i n g gim l et bi t s a r e of t h is

-
.
Th ey a r e ma d e in s izes fr om 96 t o 95 a n d a r e in t en d ed
.
" "
a t t er n.
or b r i n g s oft wood
o .
F ig ur e 27 Auger B i t s F or s mooth b r i n g t h e l i p bi t s a r e bes t

- -
o .
T h e s id e cu t t er s p r oj ect bey n d t h e cu t t in g l i p s t o cu t t h ci cl e
.
o e r
a h e a d of t h e ch i ps F r bo r i n g g r een wood t h e s i n gle wor m cl ea r s
. o -
b et t er t h an t h e d oubl e wor m b i t -
.
26 FAR M MEC H AN I C S I
l
very han dy These t wo bars shoul d b e made of t h e b est

.
octagon steel seven eighths of an in ch in diameter

,
-
.
F ig ur e 2 8 —E xt en s i on B or in g Bi t s Th e cu t t i n g l ip s ma y b e set
gm
.
Th ey u s ed m os t ly i n
.
to o ol es fr om to 3
"
in di a m et er . are
s of w
Fi gur e 29 S h ip.
— Auger Th is s h a pe a uger i s
. ma d e wi t h or wi t h
ou t a s cr ew o in t p . It wi ll bor e s t r a ig h t er in g
cr os s - r a i n ed wood
wi th out a poin t .
Fi g ur e 30 —Long
. S hi p Auger .
Fi gu re 31 —B
. ge Au ge
r id r . l g l p
T h e on h a n d e er m i t s t h e w or m a n k
t o s t a d er ect w h i le b r i n g
n o . l
Th e h om e m a d e h a n d e i s w e d ed on t o l
t h e s h a n k f a s h i p a ug er
o .
A wooden car p en ter s l evel F igur e 23 two feet ’

, ,
lon g with a plum b g l ass n ea r on e en d is t h e m ost s at

, ,
is f a ct or y far m l ev el an i n str um en t that is n eed ed a

,
great m an y tim es durin g th e year .

Good brace bits ar e scar ce on farms Th ey ar e n ot .
e xp e n siv e but farm

,
er s a r e car el ess about bits an d
b r ac es TWO sizes of braces ar e n eeded a small brace
. ,
f or small pod bits an d twist drills a n d a lar ge r atchet ,
brac e a 6 in ch cr an k radius f or turn in g larger

-
b its.
Fi gur e 3 2 .- Ca r pent er ’
s J oin t er .
F ig ur e 3 3 —For e P l a e Th is
.
- n . st yl e l a n e p r efer r ed
is to g l
a r e u ar
j oin t er f or m os t arm w or k .
Twis t dr ill bits will bore both wood an d iron an d ,
they ar e n ot expen sive up to three eighths in ch or on e -
half in ch B ut for lar ger sizes from on e half i n ch to

.
-
on e in ch t h e fin est lip wood bo r i n g bits will give t h e
b est satisfaction E x tens ion bits ar e us ed f or bor i n g

.
holes lar ger th an on e in ch TW O exten sion bits a r e b et

.
t er than on e bit with two lip cutt er s Th ey will bore -

.
hol es in soft wood in sizes fr om on e i n ch to thr ee in ch es .

28 FARM MEC H AN I CS
Oth er cuttin g tools such as j ack plan e join ter an d

smoothin g plan e also an ass ortmen t of chisels b elon g
, ,
to t h e farm equipmen t .
Fi gu r e 34 .
—Tool k l
B ox of S oc et Ch i s e s a n d Gou es g T h e ch i s e s
. l
a r e s i zed fr om to 2 i n wi d t h . l
T h e t wo ch i s e s t o t h e r i h t g .
s h ow d iff er en t p a t t er n s .
cuttin g t OOl s should b e Of t h e b est design an d t h e

A ll
b est steel If th ey ar e prop erly us ed an d taken care Of
.
,
t h e d iE er en t jobs Of repair wor k can b e han dl ed

qu ickly an d to great advan tage .
FAR M GR IN DS TON E
Agrin ds ton e may b e gritty without b ein g coar se so
it will bite t h e steel easily an d cut it away quickly A .
g ood sto n e is a v er y satisfactory farm impl em en t but ,
a gr eas y ston e is a p er p etual n uisan c e .
Ther e ar e gr in dston es with fram es too light Th e .
c omp etition to man uf actur e an d s ell a gri n dston e for

farm us e at t h e ch eap est possible p rice h as r es ulted in

t u rn in g out thousan ds Of grin ds t on e frames that pos
s ess very little stability .
Grin dst on es should b e kep t un der cov er ; t h e b est

s ton e wil l b e in jur ed by l eavi n g it in t h e hot s un Th e .
Fi re 35 —G
r i n d s t on e p
T h e s ee d o f a r i n d s t on e g v
a r i es wi t h
l j f g k p
. .
t h e l a m et e r of t h e s t on e I t s h ou d t u r n us t a s t en ou h t o ee
.
a flow of wa t er on t h e u er pp f
a ce s u r a ce f If
t h e s t on e t u r n s t oo
.
l
s o w t h e wa t er w i ll
r un d own ; i f t oo a s t , i t wi f o ff ll fly .
sun draws t h e mois tur e out of t h e upp er side an d

leaves t h e lower side dam p a n d soft so that in us e t h e
'
stone s oon b ecomes fiat s id ed Th e wet side freezes in

'
.
win ter, which is a di sin tegratin g process .
Th e b est ston es with good c ar e wi l l b ecome un even

, ,
in time Th e r emedy is to tru e them with a quarter

.
0 FARM MEC H AN I C S
i n ch soft iron roun d rod used like a lath e tool Ov er a n ’
ir on rest placed close to t h e ston e on a level with t h e

c en ter Of t h e ston e Th e r od is held again st t h e ston e in
.
such a way as to cut away t h e high bum p s an d m ake t h e

ston e truly r oun d Th e ston e cuts away b est when it is
.
dry A sm al l r od is b etter than a lar ge r od It digs

. .
in to t h e ston e b etter an d takes out a deep er bite L ar ge .
power ston es in m achin e shops a r e trued up in this way

fr equen tly . F ar m ston es Often ar e n eglected un til
they wabble so badly that it is di fii cul t to gr in d an y
tool to a n edge If t h e g r in dston e is tur n ed by a b elt
.
fr om an en gin e t h e work of tru in g may b e don e in a

f ew mi n utes If t h e s t on e is tur n ed by han d t h e work
.
.
of maki n g it roun d takes lon ger an d requires some

muscle but it p ays
, .
Th e face of a grin ds ton e should b e roun ded slightly ,
an d it S hould b e k ept so b y grin di n g t h e tools first on
on e sid e Of edge Of t h e ston e th en on t h e oth er with

, ,
t h e cuttin g edge Of t h e tool crosswise to t h e face of t h e

s ton e .
F or safety an d to preven t a sl oppy was te Of wat er

th e ston e shoul d tur n away from t h e Op er ator .
Th e b est way to keep a ston e m oist is by a tr ickl e Of

water from an over h ead supply T r oughs Of water .
susp en ded un der t h e ston e ar e un satisfactory b ecause ,
t h e water soon gets thick an d un fit f or us e S uch .
tr oughs ar e for gotten when th e job is don e so that on e ,
side of t h e ston e han gs in t h e water An over head sup .
ply Of w a ter lea ks away an d n o dam age is don e .
”
Grin dston e fr am es ar e b est m ade Of wood 3 x4
thoroughl y mortised toget h er an d well b r a ced with
wooden b r aces an d ti ed acr oss with plen ty Of i r on r ods .
A g ood g r in ds ton e fram e could b e m a de Of an gl e iron ,
but m an ufacturer s gen erally fail in t h e attempt .

There ar e good ball b ear in g gr i n dston e han gers on

-
t h e market both f or han d cr an k ston es an d for b elt

,
us e .
Th e b elt is less in t h e way if it is brought up fr om

b elow This is n ot difficul t to do A grin dston e turn s
. .
slower th an an y other far m machin e so a sp eed r edue

in g j ack may b e bolted to t h e floor at t h e back Of t h e
gr in dston e a little to on e side to escape th e dr ip This .
ar ran gemen t requi r es a shor t b elt but it m ay h ave t h e

full face Width Of t h e p ulley as th e tight an d loose pul
l eys ar e on th e j ack sh aft .
E m er y Gr i n d er s — Th ere ar e small emery wheels

made for grin din g disks that work quickly an d cut a n
ur e 36 .
— y
E m er G r i n d er ll
Th e i u s t r a t i on s S h ow t w o i n d s o f k
g bl y l p lly p
.
r i n i n g t h a t d ou e em er wh ee s a r e es e ci a a d a t ed t o To
g k f y v B y pl
.
r in d a m o w i n m a ch i n e n i e i t i s n eces sa r t o r e er s e
-
a ci n
pp b l bv l
.
t h e r es t o o s t e t h e ce n t er et ween t h e t w o w h ee s t h e e e wi l
b
b e th e s a m e on ot h s i d es , o r ed es , of t h e s ec ti on g .
v b evel all aroun d They ar e made in pairs an d ar e

e en .
attached to t h e en ds of a man d rel suppor ted by a m etal

s t an d which is bolt ed to a b en ch Th e same rig is used .
f or s ickle grin din g an d other farm jobs .
B L ACK S M ITH S H OP
Th efurn iture in a blacksmith shop cons ists Of forge ,
an v il half b arrel vis e b en ch dr ill press an d tool r ack

, , , .
A farm shop also h as a h eatin g stove shave horse a , ,
woodworki n g b en ch a good power d riven grin dston e

,
a n d a double em ery grin der .

F or g e — Th e fashion ed forge laid up with bri ck

Ol d -
in conn ection with an Ol d fashion ed chimn ey is just as

-
popular as ever Th e sam e Ol d tuyer iron r eceives t h e

.
air blast fr om t h e sam e Ol d styl e l eath er b ellows an d ,
there is n othin g more satisf actor y B ut there ar e mod .
Fi gu e 3 7 —Por ta bl e For ges Th e s ma l ler for ge is

r . . f or l i gh t w or k
s u ch a s h ea t i n g r i ve t s f o i r on b r i d e c on s t r u ti
r c on . g
T h e l a r er
fo ge t o t h e r ig h t i s mea n t f or b l a cks m t h wor k
r .
er n p ortabl e forg es F i g ur e 3
,
7 mad e of iro n that ar
,
e ,
l ess ar tistic cheap er take up l ess room an d an swer

, ,
t h e purpose just about as well Th e portable iron for ge

.
has a sm a ll blower attach ed to t h e fr ame which feeds

oxygen i n to t h e fir e Ther e ar e a good m an y diE er en t
.
siz es of por tabl e for ges M ost Of them wor k well up to

.
their advertised capacity .

Gen erall y, farm forges required to develop

ar e n ot
a g reat amoun t of h eat F armers do but litt le weld

in g mos t Of t h e forge work on th e farmb ein g con
.
fin ed to r epair work such as heatin g brace i r on s so ,
th ey may b e easily ben t in to t h e p r op er shap e or to ,
soften m etal so that holes ma y be pun ched through it

easily .
S har p en in g har row t eeth dr awin g out plow p oin ts

,
a n d h orseshoein g ar e about t h e h eav i es t forge jobs r e
F igu 3 8 —An vi l Th e on ly s a ti s f a ct or
re . an vi l f g
i s o r ed out of
i n got s t ee l wi t h a power t r i p h a mm er
-
It s
. l g
ou d w ei h 1 4 0 oun d s p .
quired in a farm blacks mith s h Op so that a medium si ze,
for ge will an swer t h e purpos e .
—
A R I EL An an vil should w ei g h at l east 120 poun ds ;
140 is b etter It should b e set six feet from t h e cen ter
.
of th e fir e to t h e cen ter Of t h e an vil It should b e .
placed on a timb er t h e si ze Of t h e bas e of t h e an vil s et

three feet in t h e groun d Th e top Of t h e an v il shoul d
.
b e about thirty in ches high

’
H olmstrom s rul e is :
.
Clos e t h e fis t stan d er ect with t h e arm han gin g

,
down Th e kn uckles should just clear t h e face Of th e

34 FAR M MEC H AN I C S
B ench a n d Vis a —
be made
Th e vise b en ch should
s olid an d it shoul d fac e a good light Th e b en ch win .
d ow S houl d look to th e eas t or n orth if pos sible I t .
F ur e 3 9 S h ei n Too l B ox
. Th e four s ma ll com p a r t men t s
o .
are or h or s es h oe n a i l s 0 d iff e e t si ze s Th er e ma y be a lea th er

r n .
l p f or t h e pa r i g kn ife T h e l ow b ox en d is f or t h e s h ei g h a m
oo n o n
( 2 ) B l a ck s m i t h Tool R a ck
.
m er r a s p n i pper s a n d h oo f k n i fe . .
To gs h a d led pu ch es a n d cut t er s a r e h un o t h e i r o r a il s
, ,
T h e l ower p g
n , n n n n .
H n m e s a r e t h r own on t op a t f r m i s t h e s h op
'
caact a fi
. o
”
c
Figu e 40 — S h oei n K i fe Good t em pe i s t h e m a i n q u a l i fi ca

All h oei g k ge a r e p r a ct i ca lly t h e
r n . r
p l g
.
t i on s n n v s s a m e s h a e , a t h ou h
t h ey m a y va r y i n s i z
.
e .
should b e about four feet high an d eight feet lon g ,
with t h e wi n dow sill about six in ches above t h e ben ch .
TW O a n d on e h a lf feet is t h e usual h eight for a

-
wor kb en ch above t h e floor Th e best workben ch top s .

’
ar e made by boltin g togeth er 2x4 s with th e edges up .
H ardwood makes th e best b en ch but good pi n e will ,
l ast for year s Th e top sur face should b e plan ed true

.
an d sm oot h after th e n uts ar e drawn ti ght .
Fig ur e 41 —H or ses h oeing

. Ras a nd Wood R a s p . Th ese ar e neces
sa r y ls
t oo t h e far m s h op .
F igur e 42 —I r on Wor k Ben ch S ol id i s t h e fi r s t s peci fi ca ti on f or

. .
a n ir o ns h p b en ch o I t s h u l d b e t h r ee fee t wi d e n ot les s t h a n
. o ,
e i g h t fee t l o g a n d a b o ut 3 2 i
n h s h h T h e t op i s m a d e of 2 x4
nc e . s
pl d n ed ge a n d bol t ed t oget h
a ce o h e s u pp r t s a r e 2 x 6 b ol t d
er o e
h op s t u d di n g a n d b a ce d b a c k t o t h e s t ud d in g a t t h e s i ll
.
t o th e s r .
Th e f o t pa r t of t h e ben ch i s s uppo t ed by i r on l egs ma d e of g a

r n r s
p i p e wi t h t h r ea d ed fl a n ges a t t op d bot t om H ea vy r i t gl e
an . an
w r n h t i r on in s a r e us ed t o fa t en t h e t p o f t h e h e
o s t th e o n o
s t u d d ng T h e oot of t h e vi s e l e g i s l et i n t o t h e fl oor of t h e h o p
. s
o r i n t o a s li d woo d en bl ock s un k i n t h e g r oun d
o .
Th e b en ch vise should b e h eavy A vise is us ed f or .
b en di n g iron hot from th e for ge Un less t h e jaws a r e .
l a r ge t h e hot iron is likely to heat th e vise s ufii cien tl y

,
to dr aw t h e t emp er H eavy j a ws ar e solid en ough t o

.
86 FAR M MEC HA N I CS
support t h e iron wh en it is b ein g hammered Often .
h eavy hammers ar e us ed for thi s purpose A h eavy .
v is e holds th e work soli d b ecaus e it may b e screwed

,
E"
re 43 — Fl p
A s s or t men t of i es an d R a s s n eed ed i n a a r m s h o
. f p .
l i m t h r ee-cor n e r e d h a n d s a w-fil e ( 2 ) C omm on t h r ee cor n er e d

3
1) -
bl fil b k bl b
.
l e s ui t a e f or in u c -s a w ( ) D
3 u c ut , o r a sta r d , 1 0
g gl
a o e-
ll
.
i n c h fia t fi l e (4 . i n e cut , o r mi
-
fil e, ei t h er 1 0 o r 1 2 i n ch es .
( )
5 H alf -r
ou n d 1 -
in ch wood r a s p(6). H ’
or s es h oer s r as p .
F igu r e 44 —F i le H a n d l e
B a s s wood m a k es t h e m os t s a ti s fa ct or y
ha dl s T h ey a e fi t t ed by ca r eful ly t ur n i n g t h em o t o t h e
. .
fil e n e r n
k t o t a ke t h e r i gh t t a per T h r e s h oul d b e a h a n d le f or
.
fil e s h an e
T h e h n d l e S h o u l d b e t h e r i gh t s i z e a n d fi t t ed
.
e a h fil e
c . a tra i h t s
vi t h t h e fil e s o t h e fil e wi ll t a k e t h e s a m e an g l e t o t h e wo r k w en
{ur n e‘l over .
F r e 45 —
N a i S et . l
On a l l woo d en s u r a ces t o b e a i n t ed na i s
. f p l
s h ou (1 b e ca r e f u l y d r i en w i t h a r oun d ee n n a i v
h a m m er a n d t h e p l
h ea d s s u n k b
a o ut on e-ei h t h of a n i n ch d ee g
wi t h a na i s et Th e p l
ly
.
l fill p y v p
.
h o es m a y t h en b e ed wi t h u tt a n d co ere d s m oo th wi t h a i n t .
Fi re 4 6 Co d -
Ch ise — l h er e a re l T
or e fia t co d - ch is e s t h an m l l ‘
T y
. .
a l l 0 h er s h a es p
h e a r e ea s i m a d e i n t h e a r m s h o a n d i t is ly f p
g p T y lly f l
.
ood r a ct i ce he a r e u s ua ma d e r om oc t a on s t ee D i ff er
Ap
. .
en t s ize s a r e n ee d ed a cco r d i n t o t h e wor in h a n i ece of 96 g "

k
s t ee 6
"
l l
ong ma es a h a n d k
co d -c h i se f or r e a i r wo r y l l p k .
F ig ur e 47 —C pe C ld Ch i l
. a o -
se . I t ma y b e ta per ed bot h w a ys or on e
wa y t o a cutt i ng ed g e, or on e ed g e ma y b e r oun d ed .
F i gur e 4 8 Ti n er s P u ch M a d e of o t a g on s t el i s i zes
. n
’
n c e n
t o fi t t h e r i vets T h cu t t i n g d ge s ma d e
.
d i s fia t a n d h ae ha en s s e
r o ll fi l i ng
.
b I t h u l d be a b u t 7 l o g a d f r om
s to V in "
n n
"
dy
. o o 3
a m et er a co di n t t h e s i z e o f r i v e t a d t h i ck
r ss 0 s h eet m et a l
g P r ick P u ch U s ua lly ma d e a t h s h o t a d
, c o n ne
t o b e pu c h e d n . n r er r n
lo g ( 3 )
.
"
d ia m t e r a d
"
s t o kyc I t ma y b e
. o r 95 t 5 e n o n
H t l r o n P u ch M a d e i n m a y s i z es a d
.
en g t h s T h e t a per
‘
o n n n .
t h e d r a wi g
.
s h oul d b e t h e s a m e a s n .
so much tighter than a lig ht vise A heavy vise will .
hold light wor k but a light vise will n ot hold h eav y

,
work H eavy Vises cost m or e but they ar e cheap er in

.
,
F i gu B l a ck s m i t h V i
re 49 Th l d fa s h i o d l g vis e is
se e o ne e
m s t a t i f t o y f o t h e bl a c k m i t h h p I t s h u l d h a ve 5
. .
"
th e o s s ac r r s s o o
j w ( 2 ) P w e P s t D r i ll B l t p we i p a ct ica l f t h e pos t
.
a s o r o e o r s r or
d i l l 1 a fa m s h p k m y b ea s i ly a t t a ch ed w h n
. .
'
The h a d c
r o ran a e e
e l e5
r 1 . n
n e(
th e satisfactor y at all tim es A l eg vise

en d a n d m or e .
with fiv e in ch j aws weighs about sixty poun ds ; fiv e and

-
on e half i n ch j aws eighty poun ds A m achi n ist s vis e

’
- -
.
,
is made to bolt on top of t h e ben ch It will an swer for .
blacksm ith work on th e farm , but is n ot as good as t h e

Ol d fas hion ed l eg vise A m achin ist s vise is very us e
’
-
.
ful in t h e g arage, but it would har dly b e n ecess ary to

h ave two heavy Vises Th e pip e vis e b elon gs on a
.
s eparat e b en ch , which may b e a plan k b r acketed
again s t side Of t h e room

th e .
D r i ll P r es s
- — Th e most satisfactory drill press f or
.
-
u s e on a farm is t h e upright drill that bolts to a post .
Th ere is usually a self feed which m ay b e r egulat ed

a ccordin g to t h e wor k Th e heavy flywheel keeps t h e
.
m otion st eady an d b ecaus e th er e is n o b en ch in t h e

,
w ay wagon tires may b e susp en d ed from t h e drill

,
block so they will han g fr ee an d tru e f or dr illin g

,
.
Oft en lon g pi ec es Of str aight ir on a r e dr illed with

h ol es spac ed certai n distan ces apart It is easi er to .
p ass th em alo n g wh en th ey l i e flat s id e dow n on t h e
d rill block TO us e a dr ill p r op erly a n d safely t h e

.
,
c huck m ust r u n t r u e It is easy t o b r eak a dr ill when

.
i t wabbles .
M ost dr ills a r e mad e on th e twist patter n a n d it is ,
s o m ethin g Of a tr ick to gri n d a twist drill but an yo n e ,
c an do it if h e tackl es t he job with a d et er m i n atio n to
do it right I n g r in din g a twist dr ill us e a n ew drill

.
,
for patter n Grin d t h e an gles t h e sam e as t h e n ew

.
d r ill an d b e ca r ef ul to have t h e poin t in t h e cen ter A

‘
, .
little p r actice will m ake p er fect .
M echan ics will say that n o on e exc ept a n exp ert

s ho ul d attem pt to gr i n d a twist d r ill but far m ers who ,
a r e m echan ically in cli n ed ar e t h e b est exp er ts withi n
r each It is up to a farm er to g r i n d his Own dr ills or

.
us e them dull .
I n dr illi n g wrought iro n eith er water or Oil is r e

qu ired t o cool t h e dr ill but c a st iron an d b r ass ar e
,
‘
40 FA R M MEC HAN I CS
d rill ed dryLight work such as h OOp iron may b e
.
-
drilled d r y, but t h e cuttin g edge Of th e drill Will las t

l on ger even in light wor k if t h e drill is f ed with oil or
water .
Fi g u e 50
r E lec tr i D r i ll P r es s
c A s ma ll el ect r i m o tor i s
-
c
( 2 ) T a m P oi n t s
.
r i ll s p i d l e T wo t l p i n t s
.
a tt a ch d t o t h e
e n r s ee o
a r e fi t t ed wi t h t h u m b s
. .
cr e w la m c t o fa t en t h em t
s a l s g w d no on oo e
ba r Th ey a r e u s ed t o s i b c r cl es t oo la r ge f o r t h e m p s
cr e co a s es .
( 3 ) R a t ch et B a ce T wo b a es o bi t s t ock s a e n eed ed A l a ge
.
-
r r c r ,
r . r
b a ce wi t h a 6 r a d i us f or l r ge b i t s a d a s ma ll br a e wi t h 3
. ,
" "
r a n c a
r a d i u s f or s m a ll b i t s
”
o r 3 56 .
In usin g drill presses som e extra attachmen ts com e

-
,
in very han dy such as a sc r ew clamp to hold shor t

,
p i ec es of m etal B efo r e.star t in g t h e dri l l a cen t er ,

p un ch is us ed to mark t h e c en t er Of t h e hol e to b e bor ed

an d to sta rt t h e dr ill in t h e right spot .
Fi gur e 51 —T wis t -D r i sll R oun d sh an k f or th e pos t dri ll

an d
Br a ce
. .
p
t a er shan k
f or b wo r k ll s
d ri ar e sm a l
l , 34
”
or
{
Igna re r a ce .
988 0
F i gure 52 —T p
. a er R ea m er . U s ed t o en a r l ge or t r ue
, , or ta p er a le
ho
th a t h a s been ll
d r i ed o r pun ch ed .
Fig ur e 53 —A
. n oth er st yle of R ea mer .
F i gu r e 54 —Coun t er s i n k Th i s i s t h e ol d s t yl e b l a ck s m i t h m a d e-
,
I t wi ll d o q u i ck wo k b u t
. .
,
s m oo t h the
sute(l ggs
a co i krs n . ot r n so as
In doi n g p ar ticul ar wor k t h e dr ill may b e r e ,
c en ter ed wh en it start s wron g This is don e with a .

sm all rou d n osed cold chisel If t h e work is n ot very

n -
.
particul ar t h e drill m ay b e turn ed a littl e to on e side

,
by slan tin g th e piece to be drilled This plan is on ly .
a m akeshift however t h e p r oper way bei n g to block

, ,
t h e work l evel so that t h e drill will m eet it p er p en d icu

,
l a r l y H ow ever by startin g care fully t h e hol e m ay b e

.
, ,
bored exactly as required .
I r an Wor ki ng Tool s —F orge tools for a farm shop

n eed n ot b e n um erous S everal pairs Of ton gs on e
. .
Fi gu r e 5 5 —M a ch i n i s t s Ha m m er sA me
’
.
d i um wei gh t s h ou l d b e s el ect ed f r fa r m
.
o
r e pa i r w o r k I t s h u l d b e h un g s o t h e en d
. o
of t h e h a n d le cl ea r s h a lf a n i n ch w h en t h e
fa ce r es t s fia t on t h e ben ch .
blacksm ith ham mer on e sledge on e hardy on e

, , ,
wooden han dled cold chisel on e pair pin c er s on e par

-
, ,
in g kn ife on e shoei n g ras p a n d on e shoei n g ham m er

, ,
Will do t ob eg in with .
M on key wren ches come first in t h e wren ch d epart

-
m en t Th e farmer n eeds three sizes on e m ay b e quit e

.
,
sm all say six i n ch es in len gth on e t en in ch es an d t h e

, , ,
oth er large en ough to span a two in ch n u t An d th ere -

.
should b e an iron clad rul e n ever u s e a mon key wren ch

,
-
f or a ham mer F or wo r k aroun d plows cultivator s

.
, ,
h ar vesters an d other farm m achin es a cas e of S

, ,
TH E FAR M S HOP 48
Fig u r e 5 6 H a r d y Th e a n vi l h a r d y i s us ed m or e t h a n a n
. .
o t h er a n vi l t oo l excep t t h e b l a ck s m i t h s h am m er a d t n gs (2 )
’
n o
C o l d S h ut Lin k t h a t m a y b e wel d ed r i ve t ed or s im ply p u n d ed s h u t
.
-
, o .
Fl re 57 —Ca l i pe rs (1 ) A of t ig h t oi n t i n s i d e ca
air l i pe s
r
A p
.
t a ki g pr i g
.
(2 ) ts ma t f
e or n ou t s i d e i m en s i on s 3) . a i r of s n
j oi n t e d , p
s cr ew-a d j us t m en t i n s i d e c a li e r s f o r m a ch i n i s t s
’
us e .
58 — Bl k T g g g l "
Fi re a c s m ith on s S t r a i h t t on s m a d e t o h o d 9g
z
.
p l g
.
i r o n 8 t h e h a n d ies t s i e T wo o r t h r ee a ir s f o r a r er s izes of i r on
p ll y
.
a n d one a ir s m a er come i n h a n d .
FAR M MEC H A N I CS
wren ch es will b e greatly appreciated M an ufacturers .
i n clude wren ch es with alm ost all farm m achin es but ,
s uch wren ch es a r e too ch eap to b e of m uch us e .
F or heavier wor k pip e wren ch es a r e absolutely -
n eces sary Th e r eas on for havin g so man y wren ches is

.
1
F i gu re 59 1)
. W
i r e S i ce r pl v l p
T h e o a o en i n s i n t h e t oo a r e g l
z
.
o f d i ff er e n t s i es T y l
h e a r e m a d e t o h o d t w o w i r es , c os e t o et h er
. l g
w i t h end s p j
r o ec t i n in o g pp
o s i t e d i r ec t i o n s E a ch en d i s w o un .
a r oun d t h e o t h er wi r e T h e e n d s a r e t h en n ot c h ed wi t h a t h r ee
b k fil pl
.
c o r n e r e d fil e a n d r o en Off s h or t a n d e d s m oo t h T h e s i ci n g
l l b b g l
.
t oo s h ou d b e t h i n , a ou t or to rin t h e t w o t wi s t s c o s e
t o e t h er T
h i s i s es eci a i l y n e c es s a r in m a in y k g
h o o s f o r w oo d e n p
g P
.
a is . ( 2 ) B l a c k s m t h S h o ei n i n ce r s , u s ed t o u h or s e s h oes p ll .
l l g
h ey s h ou d c os e t o et h e r t o ca t ch a n a i t h e h ea d l by
1
F i gu 60
re C o t t er P i n oo and T l H y
f or i n s e r t i n or r em ov g
ky W
. .
i n g a l l s o r t s o f c ot t e r e s ( 2 ) N es t of S r en ch es o f d i E er e n t
F
.
z
s i es a r m e r s h a e n e er a v v
r ec i a t ed t h e pp
a ue o f i h t , h an d v l lg y
b l l ly
.
w r en c h e s t o fi t a l l s or t s Of n u t s a n d o t h ea d s c os e .
to save time when in t h e field It Often happ ens that .
m en an d horses stan d idl e waiti n g for What S hould b e

a quick rep air job .
F or b en ch wor k a riv eti n g hammer an d a ball p en e

m a chi n ist s hamm er a r e n eeded A n est of S wr en ch es
’
,
.
t wo riv et sets cold chis els roun d pun ch es an d s everal

, ,
fil es also a r e requir ed .
TH E FARM S H OP 45
Th e sam e twist drills up to three eighths in ch will - -
do f or iron as well as wood H owever if m uch dr illin g .

,
is don e th en r oun d shan k twist dr ills to fit t h e dr ill

,
chuck will work b etter F ar m er s s eldom drill hol es in .
iron larg er than on e half in ch F or particul ar work-

.
,
t o g et t h e ex act siz e ream ers ar e us ed to fin ish th e

,
Fig u e 6 1 —H a ck S a w On e h a d l e a d a d oze bl a d es Th e
r . . n n n .
fr a m s h ou l d b e s t i ff en ough eit h er t pus h o p ul l t h s a w wi t h out

e o r e
bin d i g T h e t eet h m y poi n t i t h e wa y t s ui t t h e w k i n h a n d
n . a e r o or .
F i gu r e 62 .
—P ower f u l B ol t
J
C u t t er . I t i s i n t en d ed f or fa ct or y us e.
hol es after d rillin g S crew holes in iron are coun ter

.
sun k in t h e dr ill p r ess -

.
F or sm all work twist drills with squar e shan ks for

,
brace us e shoul d ran ge in siz es fr om on e thir ty secon d -
Of an i n ch up to on e quar ter i n ch then every on e -

,
sixteen th i n ch up to on e half i n ch -
.
F or bor in g sc r ew holes in wood th e quickest work is

don e with pod bits Not m an y siz es ar e n eed ed but
.
,
th ey a r e cheap so that a half dozen ran g i n g fr om on e

, ,
sixteen th to on e quarter in ch or th er eabouts will b e

-
,
foun d very useful P od bits b elon g to t h e wood d e

.
FAR M MEC H A N I CS
p ar t m en t but on accoun t of b ein g used prin cipally for

,
screw si n kin g th ey a r e just as us eful in t h e iron W ork

,
in g d epa r tm en t as in t h e carp en t er shop .
S heet m etal sn ips for cuttin g sheet m etal prop erly

b elon g with t h e iron workin g tools S n ips ar e from .
t en to fourteen in ch es in l en gth A m edium si z e is .
b es t for misc ellan eous wor k If kept in good workin g .
Fi gu r e 6 3 —Cut ti n g N i p r s F or cut ti n g t h e i n t fr om h o r s e
. s
s h oe n a i l s a ft er t h e y a r e r i v n t h ough t h e h oo t o h ol d t h e s h oe
.
e r
i n pl a ce
. Th es e n i pper s a r e h a r d t m per ed a n d s h ou l d n ot b e u s ed
e
f or a n y o t h er p ur pos e .
Fi gu r e 64 —T w
. o Sha pe s of S t ee l C r ow b a r s .
order twelve in ch sn ips will cut

-
1 8 -g aug e g alvan ized
or black ir on B ut a man would n ot care to do a great
.
deal of such heavy cuttin g .
P ip e F i ttin g Tool s
- — R ec en t farm im p r ovem en ts r e
qui t e a f ew tools that rig htfully b elon g to plumb ers .
E very far m has some kin d of wat er supply for dom es

tic us e an d for live stock A great man y far m m a
-
.
chin es r equir e pipe tools for r epair work E v er y yea r .
more plum bin g reach es t h e far m .
P lum bi n g work is n o mor e d ifii cul t than oth er m e

‘
ch an ical wor k if t h e tools a r e at han d to meet t h e dif

,
TH E FARM S H OP 47
f er en trequirem en ts On e job of plumbin g that used

.
to stan d out as a n im possibility was t h e solderin g to

“
geth er of l ead pi p es techn ically ter m ed W ipi n g a
,
j oin t This o per ation h as b een discon tin ued E very

. .
'
possibl e con n ection requir ed in far m p l umb in g is n ow

provided for in stan dardized fittin gs E ver y pip e fit .
-
tin g Or conn ection that con ducts supply w ater or waste
Fi gu r e 65 Pi pe Vi s e H in ged t o pen o f or l o n g pi p e s ( 2)
Vi s
. . .
a ch i n i s t s M a d e wi t h a t u r n ta bl e t o ke l
’
e ta a ny h o r i zon t a
pi pe j a ws a e m ova bl e
.
an g le . Th e r re .
water n owadays screws together S iz es ar e all made to .
c er tain s tan dar ds an d th e coupli n g s ar e alm ost p er

f eet so that wo r k form er ly shr ouded in myster y or
,
hidden un der trade secr ets is n ow op en to ever y

schoolboy who h as l ea r n ed to r ead .
Th e n ec essary outfit to han dl e all th e pi p i n g a n d

plumbin g on th e far m is n ot ver y exp en sive p r obably ,
will in clude ev er y tool an d all oth er applian c es

n e cessary to put in all t h e pipi n g n eed ed to carr y water
to t h e waterin g troug hs an d to supply hot an d cold

water to th e kitchen an d t h e bathroom together with ,
t h e wast e pip es v en tilators an d t h e s ew er to t h e s epti c

,
tan k Th e sam e outfit Of tools will ans wer for repai r

.
work for a lifetime .
F arm water pipes us ually ar e sm all Ther e m ay b e .
a two in ch suction pip e to th e forc e p ump an d t h e dis

-
,
Fig u r e 6 6 —Pi pe Cu t t e T h e m os t s a t i s fa ct r y i pe cu t t e h a s
. r. o r
t h ee k n i fe c d e r ll e
r -
u t t e s w h i h f ll w e ch ot e r a r ou d t h e
o r c r c o o a n
pi pe S om O t h es e cut t er s h a ve two fla t fa ce r oll e s a n d on e cut t e
e r r
r o ll e t o p r e ve t r a i s i g a b u f t h pi pe T h fla t fa ce
.
r n on t h e en d
n rr o e . e
r o ll e r s i n ou t t h e b u r r a n d l ea ve t h e f r es h ly cut p i p e t h e s a m e s i z e
ro
cl ea r t o t h e en d .
Fi 67 - i e
re r en ch Pp W
h is t -
e of w r en ch i s T
a ua e f or yp v l bl
k v f pl
. .
w o r n g w i t h t h e h ea i e r a r m i m em e n t s I t i s i n t en d ed m or e f o r
l g g g
.
h o d in t h a n f or t u r n in I t i s r a t h er r o u h o n n u t s D a m a ed
g
. .
g
n ut s 8 ow s i n s of ca r e es s wo r l k .
charg e m a y b e on e an d a half in ch B u t th ese pipes ar e .
n ot likely to m ake t r oubl e .
Th er e should b e a good pip e vis e th a t will hold an y

s iz e pip e u p to th r ee i n ch es A t l east t wo pi p e wr en ch es .
ar e n eed ed an d th ey sho uld b e adjustabl e fr om on e
quart er in ch up to two i n ch pi p e
- -
.
We m ust rememb er that water p i pe sizes mean in

sid e m eas uremen ts On e in ch pi pe is about on e an d .
-
on e quart er in ch es outsid e di amet er

-
Thr ee quarter .
-
i ch pipe is about
n i ch outsid on e in ch pip e will
n e . Two -
carr y four times as m uch water as on e in ch pi pe un der -

,
“
t h e rul e doublin g t h e diam et er in creas es t h e cap acity
four tim es .
’
Th e three wh eel p ip e cutter works quickly a n d is

-
sa tis factory for m ost jobs S om etimes two Of t h e kn ife

.
Fi gu r e 68 .
—A s ma ll er s iz ed w r en ch wi t h wood en h a n d le .
W h eels removed and roller s substituted to preven t

ar e
raisin g a bur r on th e en d of th e pi pe .
Thr eadin g di es ar e m ade in stan dar d sizes A good .
farm s et con sists Of stock an d dies to thr ead all t h e

diE er en t sizes of pi p e fr om on e quart er in ch to on e -
i n ch in clusive Not m an y pipes lar ger than in ch a r e

, .
thr eaded on t h e far m Th ey a r e cut to t h e pr oper

.
len gths in th e farm shop an d th e th reads ar e cut in

town .
CH A P T E R I I
F A R M S H OP WORK
PROFITABLE H OM E RE PAIR W ORK
E ach farm er must b e t h e judge in r egard to t h e kin d

Of m echan ical repair wor k that should b e don e at hom e
an d t h e kin d an d am oun t of repai r work that should
go to t h e shop in town A great deal dep en ds on t h e

.
Fi gur e 6 9 —Loggi n Ch a i On e of t h e cl eve es t fa r m i n ven t i on s

n r
I t i s u i ver s a lly u ed i n l l l um b e r
. .
of a n y a g e i s t h e l g n g ch a i n
o n s a
ca m p s a d e v e y fa r m I t u s ua lly i s fr m 1 6 t o 2 0 f et i n l e gt h
.
n on r o e n ,
u d h o k on on e en d f t h e s l i p h i t ch a n d a gr a b b oo k
.
wi t h a ro n o or
on t h e t h e e d t h a t m a k es fa s t b e t w e
o r n any tw en l in k s
o .
m echan ical ability of t h e far m er or his help ers H ow .
“
ev er , t h e poor est f a r m m echan ic c a n do first aid
’
s er vic e to far m im pl em en ts an d m achi n er y i n t h e n ick
Of ti m e , if h e is so dispos ed A g r eat m an y far m ers ar e

.
h el pl ess in this r es p ect b ecause they wan t to b e h el p

less I t is so m uch easi er to l et it g o than to g o ri ght at
.
it with a d eter m i n ation to fix it an d fix it right ,

.
50
FAR M S H OP W ORK 51
On gen eral prin cipl es how ever , farm repair work ,
S hould n ot occupy a far m er s tim e to t h e detrim en t Of ’
g rowi n g c r o p s or t h e p r op er car e of liv e stock F arm -

.
i n g i s t h e busin ess ; m echan ical work 1 s a side I ssue At .
F igu re —N ecky Oke a n d W h ifi et r ee I r on s Fa r m e s ca n m a ke

70
. . r
b et t er n e ck y k so d wh i fil et ee
e an tha rt h ey ca n b uy r ea d y m a d e
s n -
T h e i r on s m y b e b o ugh t s ep a r a t ly a d t h ey w od s e l ec t ed p i e by
.
a e n o ce
p i ece.
Fi gu e 7 1 M ea s u i n g a Wor n S kein f or
r -
r a N ew Boxi n g Th e
.
p a s t b a d ca l i p
e o r e ut t fit t h e Ol d S k ei n
er s a r c o s i d ewa y s beca use i t i s
p r ob bly fl a t t e ed
a t h e b o t t m f m w ea r
n on o ro .
th e sam e tim e a farm er so in clin ed can fin d ti m e dur

,
in g t h e y ear to look over ever y far m machi n e ever y ,
impl emen t an d ever y han d tool on t h e far m Th e .
stupidest far m hel per ca n clean t h e rust OE of a

s p ade an d rub th e surfac e with an Oily cloth in which ,
some fin e emery has b een dusted Th e em er y will r e .

move t h e rus t an d th e oil will preven t it from furth er
rustin g E very laborer kn ows b etter than to us e a
.
spade or shovel after a rivet head h as given way so th e

han dle is n ot p roperly sup p ort ed by t h e plate exten
s io n s Th er e r eally is n o excuse f or usin g tools or m a
.
chi n ery that a r e out of repair but th e exten t to which ,
F i g ur e 7 2 .
—Wood en Wa gon Axles Axle b
t im e r m a y b e bough t in
pa r t ly fi
.
th e r oug h or tt ed t o t h e s ei n s k .
F igur e 73 —S h owi n g
. h ow t o fit t h e i r on s on th e for w a r d en d of a
wa on r ea c h g .
F igu r e 74 .
—Wi r e S pli ce Wi t h a li t t l e p r a ct i e Wi e c r m a y b e woun d
cl s u gh t o p v t l i ppi n g
.
e o e no re en s .
a farmer can p rofitably do hi s own repair in g dep en ds

on m an y con tin g en ci es I n every case h e m ust decid e .
accor di n g to cir cumstan ces always how ever with a , , ,
desir e an d deter m in ation to r un his f a r m on bus i n ess

p r in cipl es .
H om e m a d e B ol ts
- — Th e easi est way to m a ke a bolt
is to cut a r od of roun d i r on t h e p r o p er l en g th a n d r un
a th r ead on each en d On on e en d t h e th r ead m ay b e
.
j ust lon g en ough to rivet t h e h ead whil e t h e th r ead on ,

th e other en d is m ade lon ger to accomm odate th e n ut

an d to take u p slack A far mer n eeds r oun d ir on in
.
siz es fr om on e four th in ch to fiv e ei g hths i n ch H e will

- -
.
u s e mo r e th r ee ei g hths a n d on e half i n ch than a n y

- -
other sizes B lan k n uts ar e m ade in stan dar d sizes to

.
Pa r i s To Ma ke Bolt
( N ut s and T hr eaded Rod)
Fi gur e 7 5 —E mer gen cy B ol t s A bol t m ay b e ma d e. ui ckl y wi t h

out a f ge fi e by cut t i g a s h or t t h r ea d on n e e d
.
or r n o n or t h e h ea d
a n d a l on g e t h r ea d on t h e o t h er en d f or t h e n ut
r .
Fi re 76 — R i ve t s A s t ck of s o ft i r n r i vet s of d iff er e t s i zes a n d

o o n
ld a l w y s k e p t on h a n d r ea d y f r i m m ed i a t
. .
en g t h s s h o u be a o us e
e .
fit an y siz e of r oun d ir on H ave a n assortm en t , in dif.
f er en t siz es , of both t h e square an d t h e hexago n n uts .
To m ake a bolt in t h e o r di n ar y way requires weld

in g , but f or r ep ai r wor k in a hur r y it is b etter to select
t h e p r o p er ir on a n d cut it to t h e requi r ed l en gth
ei th er with a col d chisel in t h e vise, or wi th a har dy
a n d a h a n dl ed cold chi s el ov er a n an vil Th e quickest .

F igur e 77 .
—R i vet s .
g
i ur e 7 8 —R v
i et S et T
h i s s t e of se t i s u sed f or yl s ma ll r i vet s
z l l v l ly vet s a r e
. . .
T h e s i e s h ou d b e se e ct ed t o fit t h e r i et s c os e La r . er r i
si d e t ug t h e wo r k by
m ean s of a fia t i ece o f s t ee p wi t h a h ol e
a r oug " ?fi
79 —Ri vet S et .
F i gu e 8 0 —( 1 ) Cou l t er Cl a m p
r 4 P l ow bea m cl -
am s l
s h ou d b e
m d i n t h fa m s h p t fi t h pl w ( 2 ) Ga d
. .
a e e r o o ea c o r en ced er Th e
q u i k t h d k i ll f y u ng w d g d l
. .
c es an i
er oth o ee s n e a r e n i s a fla t s t e e
bl d
a th t w
e k h o i z ta lly h a lf a n i n ch bel w t h
a or s r on o f
e s u r a ce o f t h e
g un d
ro
FAR M S H OP WOR K 55
F ig ure 8 1 .
—S t koc a n d D i es T p
a s a n d d i es a n d s t o c s a re
. k bes t kep t
p
i n com a r t men t s i n a ca se ma d e f or t h e ur os e p p .
Fig u r e 8 2 — S t oc k
. f orRoun d D i es . Th e o pen i n g is t u r n ed t r ue
a n d s ized a ccu r a t e ly t o fit . Th e s cr e w a ppl i es p r e s s u r e t
o h ol d th e
di e by f i cti on
r .
Fig ur e 8 3 —Ta ps a n d D i es S t a d a r d t h r ea d a t pp d i n t o
n s re a e
b l a n k n u t s a n d co es po d i n g t h r ea d a e c ut on t o b l t w i t h
. .
rr n s r o s ac
c u r a cy a d r a p i d i
n by us i g t h is t yle ta ps a n d d ies T h y m y b
n s . e a e
h ad i n a l l s ize s h e r a n ge f o r fa r m wor k s h ou l d cu t f m
. t ro o
i n cl us i ve .
56 FA R M MEC H AN I CS
way Of cuttin g that m ashes t h e rod th e least is to b e

p r efer r ed Th e size Of t h e r od will determ i n e t h e m an
'
n er of cutti n g in most i n stan ces .
Fi gur e 8 4 —T a per
. Ta p f o r B la cks mi th ’
s U se .
Fg i ure 8 5 .
—
M a ch i n e B l
o t a n d Ca r r i a e o t B l
Th e r s t i s u s ed
. fi
g
a a i n s t i r on a n d t h e s econ d a a in s t w oo b u t t h i s r u e i s n o t a r bi l
tra ry T h e r o u n d ed S i d e of t e n u t s a r e t ur n ed i n a a i n s t w ood ; g
q
.
g v
t h e fla t s id e a a i n s t wa s h er s o r h ea i e r i r on U s e s ua r e h ea d o t s
. b l
p k f
i f y ou ex ect t o t a e t h em out a t er t h e n ut s h a e r us t ed on v .
Fi gu r e 8 6 — Pi ow bol t s a n d s i ckl e bar b l ts

o s h oul d be k ep t in
s t oc k h a pes a ve a l
.
S ta d a r d
n i zes a d s n s re m a d e f or se r d i ff er en t
m a k es f pl w a d m a ch i es
.
o o s n n .
Taps an d di es a r e m a de to fit each S ize of r od If t h e .
thread on t h e bolt is cut with a solid or r oun d p late , ,
d ie t h e cor r es p on d i n g t a p is r u n cl ear thr ou gh t h e

,
n ut .I n t hat case t h e n u t will screw on t h e bolt easily ,
p ossibl y a littl e loos e f or so m e u

p pr os es It is so i n .
ten ded by t h e m an ufactur er s to give t h e workman a

FARM S H OP W ORK 5?
little l eeway If it is desir able to have t h e n u t scr ew

.
on t h e bolt ver y tight then th e tap is stopp ed befo r e

,
t h e last thread en t ers th e n ut A littl e practice soon .
F i g ur e 8 7 — L a g S cr ew T o s et a l a g s c r ew i n h a r d woo d , or e a h o
. b le
k lp
t h e s i ze o f t h e s c r ew s h a n a s ca i er ed et ween t h e t h r ea d s b .
Fig u e 8 8 — ( l Wa go B ox I r o s h owin g h ow t o a t ta ch t h e b ox
a n d t h e r a ve t o z
r n- ns,
s pi b a e t h e s id e f t h b x t o
.
he cr o se a d t
-
ec n o r c o e o
h ol d i t u p r i gh t T h e m a y b e ev l f t h e e b
er s er a
n e h id
o s r a ces o ac s e
o f t h e wa g ( 2 ) U B ol t i C em t A s ol id s t pl e t b e m
.
on b x
o n en a o e
b ed d ed i con et e f o a h e r i g d h i ge
. .
n cr r or s ow nt a ch i
, t
oo r n , c s n on , e c .
58 FARM MEC HAN I CS
qual ifies a wor km an to fit a n ut accordin g to t h e plac e
t h e bolt is to occupy .
Gen er ally it is desir able to h ave n uts fit very sn u g

On p arts Of m achi n es that shake a good deal an d this ,
ap pli es to alm ost all farm m achin ery an d im p l em en ts

-
.
O r di n ar ily a horse rake is supp osed to travel steadily

alon g like a cart but t h e groun d is rough an d in pr act i
,
g
i ur e 8 9 —W gon
a B ox
-
r a ce B l
I t i s ofi s et t o h o d t h e r a e a n d
. v
b b f
.
to r a ce t h e s i d e oa r d a t t h e r ea r a n d t h e r on t en d s a n d s om e
t i m es i n t h e m i d d le of lg g
i h t w a on bed s .
Fi gur e 90.
—T wo P low C l evi s es an d a P low Li k
n .
cal us e th e n uts loosen alm os t as soon as hayin g com

m en ces .
S om e far m er s m a ke a pra ctice of riveti n g bolt en ds

to p r even t n uts fr om wor ki n g loose Wh en t h e bolts .
have squar e hea ds this p r a ctice is n ot Obj ection abl e

, ,
b ec aus e with two wr en ch es a n u t ca n b e twisted OE

over t h e r iveti n g but a gr ea t m an y bolts h a ve r oun d
,
h ea ds a n d ver y shor t squa r e sh an ks Th eor etic a lly

, .
,
t h e sh a n ks a r e dr iven i n to t h e wood fir m en oug h to

p r ev en t t h e bolts fr om tur n in g P r a ctic ally this .
FARM S H OP WORK 59
th eory is a delus ion an d a sn are as ever y farm boy can ,
testify .
B olts ar e n ot man ufactured in quan titi es in t h e far m

blacksm ith shop They can b e mad e by machin er y
.
cheap er but S O m an y tim es a bolt is n eeded on shor t

,
n otic e th a t t h e farm shop should hav e t h e n ec essary
tool s an d m a teri a l s to supply t h e n eed quickly .
F or gin g I r on a nd S teel Iron a n d steel a r e com

.
-
posed Of t h e sam e p r op er ti es but d iE er chemi cally ,

.
S t eel also is fin er gr a i n ed than iron an d it requir es

d iE er en t tr eatm en t I r on should b e forg ed at a light
.
r ed or whit e h eat If forged at a dark r ed h eat t h e

.
-
iron gen er ally will gran ul a te or crack op en a n d weaken

t h e m etal F or a sm ooth fin ish t h e las t for gi n g m ay
.
b e don e at a dark r ed hea t but t h e h am m er m ust b e

-
,
used lightly Th e weight of th e h amm er as well as t h e

.
blows also m ust d iE er with t h e d iE er en t size Of iron

un der h eat S m all sizes should b e tr eated with ham
.
mer blows th a t ar e rather lig ht While f or lar ge sizes ,
t h e blows S hould b e cor respon di n gly h ea vy If l ight .
blows b e g iven with a light h amm er in forgin g hea vy

iron t h e outside a lon e will b e aE ect ed thus causi n g .
,
l f nev en t en sion a n d con t r a r ywise str a i n in th e i r on .
S teel should n ever b e h ea ted above a yellow h eat If .
h eated to a white h ea t t h e steel will b e burn ed S teel .
should n ever b e for g ed a t a d ar k r ed licet If t his is -

.
don e it will ca use con sider abl e str a in b etw een t h e i n n er

a n d out er p or tion s which m a y c a use it to cr ack whil e
,
for gin g Th e weight Of t h e hamm er a n d t h e h am m er

.
blows in for g in g Of steel is v astly Of m or e im p or t a n ce

'
than in for gi n g ir on If th e blow or t h e ham m er is not

.
h eavy en oug h to exert its for ce thr oughout t h e thick

n ess Of t h e st eel it wi ll p r ob ably c r a ck i n t h e p r oc ess Of
harden in g or tem per i n g If steel b e p r op er ly for ged it

.
60 FARM MEC HAN I C S
will harden easily an d n aturally but if im p r op er ly ,
—
for ged t h e tem p eri n g will b e ver y d ifi cu l t p r ob a bly a
failur e Th e quality of a fin ished tool dep en ds gr ea tly
.
upon t h e correct hea t a n d proper method us ed in f or g

in g a n d har d en i n g it .
M a ki n g S teel Tool s — S teel for tools should first b e

.
an n eal ed to even t h e den sity a n d p r even t warpin g .
This is don e by heati n g it to a dull cher r y r ed in a slow

fir e A charcoal fir e f or this purp ose is b est b ecause it
.
con tai n s n o su lphur or oth er i n jur ious i m pur iti es .
A ft e h ea tin g t h e pi ec e Of n ew steel all ov er a s ev en ly

r
as p os sible it should b e bur i ed sever a l i n ch es deep in
p owd er ed char co a l an d l eft to cool This co m p l et.es t h e
an n ealin g p r ocess Whil e wor kin g steel i n to p r op er

.
S h a p e for tools g r eat c a r e is r equi r ed to p r ev en t burn

,
in g . It should b e wor ked quickly an d t h e p r ocess r e

p e a t ed as Oft en as n ec e ssary P ractic e is t.h e o n ly
r ecip e f or sp eed .
When t h e tool is sh a p ed as well as p ossibl e on th e

a n vi l it is th en fin ish ed with a fil e by cl a m pi n g t h e n ew
tool in t h e vise usin g sin gl e cut fil es B as t ar d fil es a r e

, .
too r oug h f or tool steel A fter t h e tool is S hap ed by

.
cr oss fil in g a n d dr aw fil ing to m ake it sm ooth it is som e

- -
?
tim es p olished by wra pp in g fin e em ery cloth a r ou n d

t h e fil e . Oil is us ed with emer y cloth to g ive t h e steel
a luster fin ish T em p er in g is t h e last p r ocess in t h e
.
m aki n g Of such tools as cold chisels d r ills dies , , ,
pun ch es s cr at ch awl s et c
, , .
Temp er in g S teel Tool s — Good judg m en t is r equi r ed

to g et th e r i ght tem p er Good eyesi ght is n eeded to
.
catch th e color at t h e exact i n stan t a n d quick a ction to ,
plun ge it in to th e water b efor e it cools too m uch D i es .
a r e m a de v er y h a r d Th e color Of t h e steel a t di p p i n g
.
tim e shoul d b e a brig ht str aw color Cold chi s els will .

ur e 91 Bl k
- H
a c s mi t h a mm e r s
. y
S ome s mi t h s u se a h ea v ma
p f k
.
c h in t s h a mm e r B ut t h e fl a t een is m or e us e ul wh en wor i n g
’
vl v
.
a r ou n d t h e a n i a n d t h e l eg .is e
break wh en bein g used if tem p er ed too hard I f col d .
chisels ar e to b e us ed for cuttin g iron t h e color S houl d ,
b e viol et ; if t h e chisel s ar e for cuttin g ston e purpl e is ,
th e color D r ills for bor i n g iron a r e temp ered a dark

.
str aw color at th e cuttin g edge mer gi n g back in to blue .
Th e water in t h e dip p i n g tub should b e war m as st eel ,
is likely to check or cr a ck when it is tem p ered in col d

water .
0
Tool steel should b e h eld in a per p en dicular positio n

wh en it en t er s t h e wa ter to cool all sid es alike Oth er .
wise t h e n ew tool m i g ht w ar p It is b etter to d i p .
slowly som eti m es holdin g t h e p oin t or cuttin g edge in

, , ,
t h e water whil e p er m itti n g t h e sh a n k to c ool slowly

en oug h to r em a i n soft S om e siz es Of st eel m a y b e
.
tem p er ed too h a r d a t fir st a n d t h e tem p er i mm ediatel y

dr awn by p er m itti n g t h e h eat of t h e sh an k to follow
down alm os t to th e edge then dip , This is don e.
q uickly whil e watchi n g t h e colo r s as th ey mov e to

wa r ds t h e p oi n t or edg e .
D r a w fil i n g — M a ki n g s ix sid ed
-
an d -
ei g ht sid ed -
pun ch es a n d s cr a t ch awl s out Of hexagon an d o ctagon

tool steel is in ter es t i n g wor k Th e steel is cut to l en g th
.
by fili n g a cr ease al l ar oun d with a thr ee corn er ed fil e -

.
Wh en it is s ufii cien t l y n otch ed t h e st eel will br e ak

‘
,
str a ight ac r oss TO sh a p e t h e tool an d to d r a w out t h e

.
poin t t h e steel is h ea ted in t h e for g e to a dull ch er r y

r ed an d h a mm er ed c a r efully to p r eserv e t h e sh ap e
alon g t h e t a p er S p eci a l att en tion m us t b e g iv en t o

.
t h e n um er ous cor n er s A s cr a t ch awl or sm all p un ch

.
,
m us t b e h ea t ed m a n y ti m es a n d ham m er ed quickly b e
for e cooli n g A n Ol d E n glish shop ad a g e r ea d s
.
“
O n ly on e bl a cksm ith ever w en t to t h e devil an d t hat
”
was f or poun di n g cold ir on .
A ft er t h e p un ch or s cr at ch awl is roug h ed out on t h e

FA R M S H OP WOR K 63
an vil it is fas ten ed in t h e vise an d fin ished by cross

,
fil in g a n d dr aw fil in g Copp er caps on t h e vis e j aws

-
.
will preven t in den tation s .
D raw fil in g m ea n s g r as pin g ea ch en d Of t h e fil e an d
-
movin g it back an d for th sidewise alon g t h e work F or .
F ig u r e 92 .
—Vi se J aw G ua r d s f
S o t a u xi i a r l ise yv ja ws a re ma d e of
pp g lv
.
s h eet c o er or a a n i zed i r on .
while us ing
C
Fig ur e 9 3 —R oll Fi l in
. To fil e a pi ece of s t ee l r ou n d i t is ro lled by
on e h a n d wh i e th e fil e i s u s ed by th e ot h er ha n d .
this purpose si gle cut fil es ar e used Th e smoothi n g

n -
.
is don e with a ver y fin e sin gl e cut fil e or if ver y p ar -

,
t i cul ar a float fil e is us ed
, Then th e p ol ish is r ubbed.
on with fin e em ery cloth an d Oil Th e em er y cloth is .
wrapp ed aroun d t h e fil e a n d th e sam e m otion is con

t in u ed With som e little practice a very cr editable
.
piece of work may be turn ed out S uch work is v al u .
able b ecause Of t h e i n struction A good test of skill a t .
blacks mith i n g is makin g an octagon p un ch that tap er s

true to t h e eye when fini shed .
S et S cr ews
- — I t is cus tom ar y to fasten a good man y
.
gear wheels cran ks an d pul leys to m ach i n ery shafts

,
by s et screws There ar e two kin ds of set screws ; on e

-
.
-
has a con e poin t th e other a cup en d B oth screws ar e

,
.
harden ed to si n k i n to t h e shaft A cup is supposed to .
cut a ri n g an d t h e p oin t is supposed to sin k in to t h e

shaft t o make a small hole s uflicien t to keep t h e wheel
F ig ur e 94 —M a chi n e B ol t
S et S cr ew
-
and Th e bol t t o t h e e t i s l f
l pl
.
used t o cl a m cy i n d er h ea d s i n T h e s e t -s cr ew t o t h e r i h t is
p
a ce .
t h e cup v a r et y T h e en d i s c oun t er s u n t o or m a c u p w th a k f
shar prim .
from slippi ng H owever unl ess th e cone poin ted scr ew

.
,
-
is coun ter sun k in to t h e S haft it will n ot hold much of ,
a strain Th e poin t is so small it will slip an d cut a

.
groov e aroun d t h e shaft To preven t this t h e set screw

.
,
-
may b e coun tersu n k by first m arkin g t h e shaft with an

i n d en t a tion of th e poin t of t h e scr ew Then t h e wheel .
or c r an k or colla r may b e removed an d a hol e dr ill ed

in to t h e sh a ft with a t wist d rill th e sam e size or a -
,
sixty four th sm aller than th e s et screw

-
, Then by -
.
forcin g t h e en d Of t h e s et screw i n to t h e drill hole th e

-
,
wheel is h eld solid .
Th e p r i n cipal obj ection to s et screws is t hat th ey ar e -
dan ger ous Th e h eads always proj ect an d a r e ready

.
to catch a coat sl eeve when th e sh a ft is revolvin g I n .
all cas es s et screws should b e as l a r ge as t h e hub will

,
-
al low an d it is better to have them protected so it is im

,
possibl e to c a tch anythin g to win d aroun d th e shaft .
Cu p s et sc r ews ar e n ot satisfactory exc ept for ver y

-
li ght wor k If n ecessary to u s e them t h e en ds m ay b e

.
,
firmly fixed by cuttin g a rin g with a sharp diamon d ,
poi n t cold chi sel .
—
'
S ettin g th e H an d sa w Nin e teeth to t h e i n ch is t h e

.
most satisfactor y han dsaw for all kin ds of lumb er .
S ettin g th e t eeth of this kin d of s aw is b est don e with

a han d l ever s et Th e plun ger p in should b e care
.
full y adjusted to b en d th e teeth just far en oug h to give

t h e n ec essary s et F or gen er al wor k a s aw n eeds mor e
.
s et than is n eed ed for kil n dri ed stuff Th e teeth

-
.
should cut a ker f just wide en ough to clear th e blade .
A n yt hin g more is a w as t e Of tim e a n d muscl e It is .
better to wor k from both sides of th e s aw by first s et

tin g on e side t h e whole l en gth of th e blade Then r e .
verse t h e s aw in t h e clam p an d s et th e altern ate teeth

i n t h e s am e m ann er Th er e should b e a good solid stop
.
between t h e han dl es of t h e s et to in s ur e equal pressure

a gain st each sawtooth Th e p in should b e carefully
.
placed agai n st each tooth at exactly t h e same spot

ev ery tim e an d th e pr essur e should b e t h e sam e for each
tooth .
Th e b est s aw sets for fin e tooth s aws ar e automatic

-
so far as it is possible to make t hem so but t h e skill ,
of t h e op er ator deter m i n es t h e quality of t h e work .
Th e reason for setti n g a s aw b efo r e join ti n g is to leave

t h e flatt en ed en ds Of t h e t eeth squ ar e with t h e blad e
after th e joi n tin g a n d filin g is com pl eted .
J oin tin g a H a n d s a w — A ft er t h e saw has b een s et it

.
m ust b e join ted to squar e t h e teeth an d to even them to

equal l en g th a n d to keep t h e s aw straight on t h e cut
,
tin g edge S ome woodworkers give their saws a slight

.
66 FAR M A
M E CH N I CS
camb er or b elly to co spo d with

, ,
s Wa y back
rre n th e -
.
Th e cam b er facilitates cuttin g to t h e bottom in mi tr e

box wor k without sawin g i n to t h e b ed pi ece of t h e box .
It also throws t h e grea test wei g ht Of th e thrust up on

t h e m iddl e t eeth A s aw with even t eeth cuts sm
. ooth er ,
r un s tr u er an d wor ks fa ster than a s aw fil ed by g uess .
It is easy to fil e a saw when all of th e teeth a r e t h e sam e
F ile
ivet To Pr event
l l n in of B loc k
’ ‘
p g
Fi gu r e 9 5 — S a w J oi n t e Th e woo d en b l ock i s a bou t t wo i

r. h es nc
s q ua e by 1 2 in l gt h T h e bl ock i s m a d e t r ue a d s r i b d
.
" "
r or 1 4 en n c e
ca e fu lly t h a ve t h e r i p a w s l t s qu r s t r a i gh t a n d t u e
.
r o s o a e, Th e r .
fi l e i s s et i n t o a mor t i se s q ua e w i t h t h e bl oc k
r .
len gth an d al l have th e same s et An yon e can do a .
g ood job Of fi li n g if t h e saw is mad e right to b eg i n with ,
but n o on e can put a saw in good workin g or der with

a thr ee cor n er ed fil e as his o n ly tool
-
.
F i l in g th e H a n d sa w — Fi r st comes th e th r ee cor
.
-
n er ed fil e It should b e just large en ough to do t h e

.
wor k Ther e is n o econ om y in buyi n g l ar ger files

.
t hi n ki n g that each of th e thr ee cor n er s will an swer t h e

s am e p ur pose as a whole fi l e Of sm all er S ize I n t h e .
fir st plac e t h e small fil e is b etter con tr oll ed an d will

do b etter wor k I n th e secon d p lace t h e three corn er s
.
a r e n eed ed to g um t h e bottoms of t h e division s b etween

th e teeth Th er e is much more wear on th e corn ers

.
than on t h e s id es of a s aw fil e Al so t h e cor n ers of a -

.
sm all fil e ar e m o r e a cute which m ean s a good deal in

,
t h e S hap e Of t h e fin ish ed t eeth .
A fter t h e s aw is car efully s et a n d joi n ted clam p it ,
in t h e s aw vise an d fil e on e sid e Of t h e saw fr om heel

to poin t Th en r evers e th e s aw in t h e s a w clamp an d
.
fil e t h e oth er side b ein g car eful to keep t h e b evel Of

,
each too h t h e s am e It is b ett er to stop fili n g just b e

t .
for e t h e tooth com es to a p oin t A tr ian gul a r or dia .
m o n d S h a p ed poi n t will cut fas t er an d l eave a sm oother

s aw ker f a n d l ast lon g er than a n eedl e poi n t .
As t h e tooth Of a crosscut saw is fil ed away from both

edges it is n ec essar y to m a ke allow a n c es wh en fili n g
,
t h e fir st side oth erwise som e of t h e t eeth will com e to

,
a sh a rp poin t b efor e t h e gumm i n g is deep en ough .
Usin g a H a n d s a w — An yon e can saw a board s quar e

.
both up an d down an d cr ossways by followi n g a f ew

simpl e rules H ave t h e boar d sup p o r ted on t h e level
.
”
by t wo well made s a w b en ches 24 high S tan d up -
.
straight as possibl e a n d look down on both sides of

t h e s aw blade Us e lon g even str okes an d l et th e s aw
.
play lightly an d even l y thr oug h t h e s aw cut .
D o n ot cut t h e m a r k out ; cut to it on t h e wast e en d ,
or fur ther en d if th er e ar e m or e piec es to b e cut from

,
t h e boar d Th e saw ker f is about

. wide for a
n in e tooth s aw s et for un kil n e d lum b er or di m en sio n
-
stuff If both saw ker fs ar e taken fr om on e pi ece a n d

.
n on e fr om t h e n ex t th en on e l en gt h will b e
S hor ter than t h e oth er .
F or p r a ctic e it is a good p lan to m ak e t wo marks

”
3 /32 apar t an d cut b etween th em Us e a sharp .
poin ted s cr at ch awl t o m ake th e m ar ks A p en kn i fe .
blad e is n ext b est but it m us t b e held flat again st t h e

,
blade Of squar e otherwise it wi ll crowd in or r u n
the ,
OE a t a t a n g en t .
S et tin g a Cir cu l a r S a w — A good saw s et for a cir -
cu l a r saw m ay b e m a de out of a n Ol d wo r n out flat fil e -

.
H eat t h e fil e in t h e for g e fir e to draw t h e tem p er an d

an n eal it by cover in g it with ash es S m ooth it on t h e .
g r in dsto n e P u
. t it i n t h e vis e a n d fil e a n otch in on e
edge . Th e n otch should b e just wi de en oug h t o fit

loosely Ov er th e poin t Of a sawtooth Th e n otch should .
b e just deep en ough to r each down on e quarter of t h e -
l en gt h Of t h e tooth .
M ake a s aw s et gauge out of a piece Of flat iron or

-
steel on e i n ch wide a n d about four in ch es lon g F il e a .
n otch i n to an d p a r all el to on e edge at on e cor n er about ,
on e sixt een th of an i n ch d eep fr om t h e ed g e a n d about

’
half an in ch lon g m eas ur i n g f r om t h e en d With t h e .
hom em adesaw s et b en d t h e saw t eeth outw ar d un til t h e

-
p oi n ts just m iss t h e i r o n g a ug e i n t h e co r n er n otch .
Th e edg es Of t h e g a uge shoul d b e str ai ght a n d par all el

a n d t h e n otch shou d b e p a r all el with t h e ed g e I
l n use .
t h e edg e Of t h e ga uge is laid a g a i n st t h e sid e Of t h e saw

so t h e p r oj ectin g tooth reach es i n to t h e n otch On e .
sixteen th of an i n ch m ay b e too m uch s et for a sm all

saw but it won t b e too m uch for a 24 i n ch wood s aw
’
-
wor kin g in green cord wood .
J oin t in g a Cir cul a r S a w — R un t h e s aw at ful l sp eed .
L a y a 14 i n ch fil e fla t on t h e top Of t h e s aw tabl e at
-
r i g ht a n gl es to t h e saw M ove t h e fil e slowly a n d car e

.
fully tow ar ds t h e s aw un til it ticks a g a i n s t t h e teeth .
H old t h e fil e fir m ly by both en ds un til ea ch s a wtooth

ti cks lightl y ag a in st t h e fil e A saw in good wor kin g
.
or d er n eeds v er y littl e joi n ti n g but it should h a ve at

,
ten tion every tim e t h e s aw is s et an d it should b e don e

a fter s ettin g an d b efor e fil i n g .
FAR M S H OP W OR K 69
F il in g a Cir cul ar S aw — Th e teeth of a crosscut cir

c ul ar s a w poin t a littl e ah ead . S ometimes they poin t
s o ne arly str aight out from t h e cen ter that you have to
look twice to determin e wh ich way t h e s aw should r un .
There a r e plen ty Of rul es for t h e pitch of sawt eeth but ,
t h ey ar e subj ect to m an y qualification s What in ter .
ests a far m er is a s a w that will cut green pol es an d ,
crooked limbs i n to stove len gths with t h e leas t possibl e

delay A saw 20 in ches I n diam eter will cut a stick
.
eight in ch es through without turn i n g it to fin is h t h e
cu t. Th e fr o n t or cutti n g ed g es of t h e teeth Of a 24
in ch crosscut ci r cular s aw for wood sawin g shoul d lin e
t o a poin t a littl e back from t h e c en t er This may n ot .
s o un d d efin it e en ough for b est results so t h e more p a r

,
t icul ar fa rm er s m ay us e a str aight edge S elect a .
s traight stick about half a n i n ch s quar e R est it on .
t op of or again st t h e back of t h e s aw man drel a n d

s h ap e t h e forward edg es of t h e t eeth O n a lin e with t h e
u pp er sid e or rea r sid e of t h e st r ai g ht edge Th e teeth .
will stan d at t h e prop er pitch when th e s aw is n ew ,
if it was design ed for sawi n g gr een wood If it wor ks .
r ight b efore b ein g fil ed t h en t h e width of t h e straight

,
edge may b e m ade t o con for m to t h e origi n al pitch an d
kept for future us e .
Th e gummin g is don e with t h e edge of t h e fil e while

filin g t h e fron t edges Of t h e t eeth It is fin ished with
.
th e flat side of t h e fil e while fili n g t h e r ear edg es of

t h e teeth . Th e d epth or l en gth Of t h e teeth should b e
, ,
kept th e same as t h e ma n ufactur er design ed th em A .
wood s aw works b est wh en th e fron t edges Of t h e t eeth

have but little b evel Th e back edges should have
.
m o r e slan t
'
.Th e t eeth should have thr ee corn er ed or -
diamon d S hap ed poi n ts Needle poin ts b r eak OE when

-
.
th ey com e again st kn ots or cross gr ain ed hardwood -

.
70 FAR M M E CH N I CS A
‘
S hort t eeth do cuttin g S in gl e cut flat fil es ar e us ed

no .
for circular saws Th e fil e should fit t h e s aw It

. .
shoul d b e about Vs W ider than t h e len gth of th e fron t

s id e of th e t eeth Th e back edg es req uire that t h e fil e
.
shall have some play to show part of th e tooth whil e

t h e fil e is in m otion L a rg e files ar e clumsy Th e fil e
. .
should b e c a refully selected .
H ow to S h a r p en a H oe — I t is qui cker an d more s at

isf actor y to fil e a h oe s harp than to grin d it on th e
Fi re 96 H ow t o S h a r en a H oe
.
-
p Gr i n di n a h oe i s d i fi cul t ,
l g p g g y If
.
b ut in it s h ar a n d s t r a i h t a t t h e cu t t i n e g e i s ea s th e .
l v p
h oe ch a t t er s w h en h e d i n t h e i s e, s r i n a wood e n oc g bl k
un d er t h e
bl a de . f l v j p v
U s e a s e i s e a ws t o r e en t d i n g i n t h e s h a n g k .
grin dston e Th e shan k of t h e h oe must b e h eld firml y

.
in t h e vise a n d ther e should b e a solid block of wood

un d er t h e bl a d e of t h e h oe a littl e back fr om t h e edge;
,
to keep th e fil e fr om chatter i n g A si n gl e cut flat fil e .
is t h e b est to us e It S hould b e lon g en ough to b e

.
easily h eld in on e position to m a ke a sm ooth even b ev el ,
at t h e same an gl e to t h e fa ce of t h e bl a de all th e way

acr oss To m a ke s ur e n ot to fil e a feath er edge it is
.
b etter to join t th e h oe to b eg i n with th en to stop fili n g ,
just b efor e r ea chi n g t h e edg e If t h e edge b e l eft .

thi ck it will wear lon ger an d work more easily

after hav in g b een us ed an hour or t wo than it will if
t h e edge b e fil ed thin This is esp ecially n oticeable
.
wh en th e groun d con tain s small ston es H o es a r e .
s harp en ed fr om th e un d er side onl y Th e i n sid e of a .
h oe blad e should b e straight cl ear to t h e edge H oes .
s hould always have shar p corn ers When wor kin g .
a roun d valuabl e plan ts you wan t to kn ow exactly
wh er e th e cor n er of t h e h oe is when t h e blade is buri ed

ou t of sight in t h e g roun d .
S h oei n g F a r m H or s es — F armers have n o time or

i n cli n ation to make a busin ess of sho ein g hors es but ,
th er e ar e occasion s when it is n eces sary to pull a shoe

or s et a S ho e an d to do it quickly S ho ei n g tools ar e n ot .
n um erous or exp en siv e They cons ist first Of a tool box

.
,
with a s t iE ir on han dle mad e in th e sh a p e of a bale .
Th e box con tain s a shoein g hamm er hoof rasp hoof , ,
kni fe or parin g kn i fe as it is us ually cal l ed a n d two

,
-
, ,
s iz es of hor s eshoe n ails -

S om eti m es a foot p edestal is
.
u s ed to s et t h e horse s fr o n t foot on wh en t h e hors e

’
wan ts to b ear down too har d but this p edestal is n ot

.
n ec essary in t h e fa r m shop .
There ar e flat footed horses that c an n ot work even

-
in summ er without sho es Com m on s en se a n d sho ein g

.
t ools a r e t h e on ly r equi r em en ts n ec essary to t a ck on a

plate without c alks S ho es to fit an y foot m ay b e pur
.
chased a t so m uch a poun d .
A parin g kn ife is us ed to l evel th e bottom of t h e

-
h oof so th a t it will h ave an even b eari n g on t h e shoe all

t h e way roun d . I t is n ot d esirabl e to p ar e t h e fr og or
t h e br a c es in t h e bottom Of a hor se s foot If t h e foot
’
.
i s well cup p ed a littl e Of t h e ho r n y r im m ay b e taken

,
off n ea r t h e edges Gen er ally it is n ec essa r y to S hor ten

.
t h e t oe . T h is is don e par tly with t h e hoof chis el a n d

72 FAR M MEC HAN ICS
ra sp aft er th e shoe is n ailed fast S ometimes on e .
f ourth of an in ch is suflicien t ; at other times a horse s ’
h oof is very much improved by takin g OE on e half in ch -
or more of t h e t oe growth either from t h e bottom or t h e

f ron t or both .
L ike all oth er mechani cal work th e shoein g of a

horse s foot should b e st udi ed an d plann ed b efore
’
s tarti n g A lon g t oe is a bad l everag e to overcom e

.
when p ul lin g a heavy load A t th e same time n atur e

.
,
Fig ur e 9 7 T ool B ox f or Fi el d U s e The l on g open s i d e i s f or

- .
t oo l s
. On t h e ot h er s i d e of th e cen t e r pa r ti ti on bol t s k ey s s cr ews
, , ,
nail s b i t s o f wi r e l ea t h er t i n et c ar e k ept i n t h e d iff ere t
, . n
di vi s ion s
, ,
in ten ded that a horse s houl d h ave considerable t oe

len gth as a protection to t h e m ore ten der parts of t h e
foot An d th e pas t ern bo n e s houl d play at t h e prop er
.
an gl e .
—
H a n d y Tool B oas A tool box with a high len gthwi se
partition in t h e middle an d a han dle in t h e m iddl e of
t h e top of t h e partition is t h e han di est tool box ever
used on a farm At hayin g an d harvest time it should
.
b e fitted with t h e common tools required about hayin g

a n d harv est machi n ery O n e sid e is
. partitio n ed i n to
s q uare bo x es to hold split wire keys was h ers bolts , , ,
r i vets an d a coll ection of wi re n ail s bits of copper

, ,
FARM S H OP WOR K 73
wire a leather pun ch et c On th e oth er side of t h e

, , .
box is an a ssortmen t of wren ches cold chisels pun ches , , ,
pli ers an d hammers This tool box b elon gs in th e .
wagon that a ccom pan ies the outfit to t h e field .
B a bbi tting B oxing s —B abbittin g boxin gs is on e Of

.
t h e r epair jobs on t h e far m S om e m en a r e careless .
about oilin g ; som etim es san d cuts th em out E very .
year som e boxin gs n eed r eb abb it t in g Th e m eltin g .
ladl e should b e large en ough to pour t h e largest box .
Usually a 5 in ch bowl is about right A l arge ladl e

-
.
Fi 98
re —
M e t in ad e l a g L l
i t ti n B bb
s h a t b oxin
. g f q
r e ui r es a
l l l l b b o wl
.
me t n g a d e I t s h o u d b e a o u t fi v e i n c h e s a c r os s t e and
b p T g for ge
.
a o ut t h r ee in ch es d ee h at is a o od s iz e t o h ea t i n
. a fi r e.
’
will pour a small box but a small ladle won t pour a
l a rge on e I n cold weather t h e shaft an d box should
.
b e warmed to in sure an even flow of m etal P asteboard .
is fitted ag ain st t h e shaft when pourin g t h e cap or top

half of t h e box P asteboard is fitted aroun d t h e shaft
.
at the en ds of t h e box to keep t h e m elted metal from

runn in g out Never us e clay or putty it is t oo m ussy
.
,
an d t h e babbitt is m ade rough an d un even at t h e edges .
S om e skill is required to fit eith er wood or m etal close

en ough to preven t l eaks an d to do a n eat job .
If th e boxi n g is sm all both top an d bottom m ay b e ,
poured at on ce by m akin g holes through t h e div idi n g

p ast eboa r d T h e hol es m
. ust b e larg e en ou g h to l et t h e
m elted m eta l through a n d sm a ll en ough to break apart

easily wh en cold .
CH AP T E R I I I
GE N E R A TI N G ME CH AN I CAL POWE R TO DRI VE

M OD E R N F AR M M ACHI N E R Y
At time n in ety seven p er c en t of th e population

on e -
Of t h e Un it ed S tates got their livin g di rectly from till

in g t h e soil an d t h e power us ed was o x en an d m an ual
,
l abor . A t t h e presen t tim e probably n ot more than

thirty fiv e p er cen t Of our people ar e actively en gaged
-
in agricultural pursui ts An d t h e power problem h as

.
b een tran sferred to horses st eam , gas ol in e kerosen e

, ,
an d wat er power with el ectricity as a power con v eyor

,
.
F ifty yea rs ago a far m er was lucky if h e own ed a

sin gle m oldboard cas t iron plow that h e could foll ow all
-
day on foot an d turn over on e or at most t wo acres , ,

.
Th e n ew tractio n en gin es a r e so powerful that it is

possibl e to plow sixty feet in width an d other m a ,
chin es have b een in ven ted to follow th e tr actor

t hroughout t h e pl an tin g an d gr owi n g season s to t h e
en d of t h e h ar vest Th e tr actor is suppl em en ted by
.
n um er ous sm al l er pow ers Al l of which com bin e to

.
make it p ossible for on e th i r d of th e p eopl e to grow

-
en ough to feed th e Whol e Am erican fami ly an d to ex
port a surplus to E urope .
At t h e sam e time t h e stan dard of livi n g is very m uch

,
h igh er than it was when practicall y everyon e wor ked

in t h e fields t o grow an d to h arvest th e food n ec essary
t o l ive .
F ar m m achin e is exp en sive but it is more exp en ,
s ive to do wi thout F ar m er s who make t h e m ost m on ey

.
74
GE N E RATI N G MEC HAN I CAL P OW E R 75
ar e th e
on es who u s e t h e greatest power an d t h e b est
machi n er y F a rm ers who have a h a rd tim e of it ar e
.
t h e on es who u s e t h e Ol d wh eezy han d pump t h e eight ,
foot harr ow an d t h e walkin g plow Th e f ew hor ses .
they keep ar e sm all a n d t h e work worries th em Th e .
own er sym pathizes with his team an d that worri es him .
Worry is t h e common est form of in san ity .
Fi -
99 t h Fla i l
o d e s t t h r es hli n m a ch i n e s g
ti u s ed f o r ll
gi
l l e -
e ,
p v v
,
t h r es ' l l g ed il g r eed seed s t o r e en t m i xi n g T h e s t a ff i s s e e n o r

f p
.
g
el g b t ee t n a n d t h e s wi pl
e i s a o ut t h r ee bee t on f
t wo a n d l g by
o n e- h a lf
i n c h es t h i c k
in t h e m i d d e , t a er in l p g
t o o n e a n d on e h a -
lf
i n ch es a t t h e e n ds pl
Th e s t a ff a n d s w i e a r e a s t en ed to e t h er b
. f g y
r a w h i d e t h on g s .
Fi re1 00 uc et —B k Y k
o e I t fit s a r ou n d t h e n ec a n d o er t h e
. k v
s h ou d e r s S u ch h um a n y k
o es h a e v b
een u s ed f or a es t o ca r r t wo g y
b k lk lq b k p l l
.
u c et s of wa t er , m i o r o t h er i ui d s T h e u c et s o r
. a i s s h ou d
n ea r l b
a l a n ce e a ch o t h er he T y
a r e s t ea di ed hand to r e en t by p v
g
.
s l op p .
At a fam ous p lowin g m atch held at Wheatlan d ,
Illin ois t wo i n ter estin g facts w ere brought out B oys

, .
ar e n ot c om p etin g f or fur r ow prizes an d t h e w a lki n g
plow has gon e out of fas hion Th e plowin g at t h e

’
.
Whea tlan d plowin g m atch was don e by m en with r id

in g plows O n ly on e boy un der eight een y ea rs was
.
ready to m easure his ability again st com petition Th e .
att en dan ce of far m ers an d visitors n um b ered about

th ree thousan d which shows that gen er al in ter est in
,
th e Ol d fashion ed plowi n g m a tch is as keen as ever

-
A .
o
jum bo tr actor on t h e gr oun ds proved its ability to

d r aw a b ig crowd a n d ei g hteen plows at t h e s a m e tim e .
It did its work well an d Without vulga r osten tation .
L ack of sufficien t lan d to keep it busy was th e tractor s

’
76 F AR M MEC HAN I CS
on ly dis appoin tmen t but it r eached out a stron g righ t
,
a r m an d harr owed t h e furrows down fin e just to show ,

’
t hat it wasn t mad at n obody .
M odern farm methods ar e con tin ually dem an di n g

m ore power . Larger implem en t s ar e b ein g used an d
Fig ur e 1 01 —Wel l S weep

of t h e s wee p l s s u m
.
.
ci en t t o
bu cket in t o th e wa t er a n d t o r a i se i t t o
t h e copi g a t t h e t op of t h e b r i c kwor k
n
T h e r o k on t h e s h or t en d of t h e s wee p
.
c
is h e vy en ough t o b a l a ce th e
b u c{ et fu ll o f wa t er
us t a n
.
h eav i er horses ar e r equired to pull th em A great deal .
of farm work is don e by en gi n e power F ar m power is .
p r o fitabl e wh en it is em ploy ed to its full capacity in
m an ufacturin g h igh priced products

-
It m ay b e .
pr ofitable al so in preven tin g was te by workin g up

cheap m aterials in to valuable b y product s Th e m od- .
er n w ell man aged farm is a factory an d it should b e

,
-
man aged alon g progressive factory m ethods I n a .
good dairy stable hay straw gr ai n s an d oth er feeds

, ,
ar e m an ufactured i n to high priced cream an d butter -

.
F arm in g p ays in proportion to t h e am oun t of wor k

in tel ligen tly appli ed to th is man n er of i n creasin g v al
Fi gur e 1 02 —W
i r e S t r et ch er s ma A ll bl ock a n d t a ckle wil l
fe ce B y us in g t wo
. .
s t r et ch a s in e gl b b g
a r - wi r e t i h t e n o u h f o r a g n .
w i r e s n a t ch es t h e en d s of t wo wi r es ma y b e s t r a i n ed t ogeth er f or
spl i c in g .
Fi ur e 1 03—B l ock a n d Ta ckl e

. . p
T h e r o e i s t h r ea d e d i n t o t w o
bl ock s T h er e i s a s a fet y p l l
gpgi g
o l . s to t h a t h o d s t h e oa d a t a n y
e l
u es It is d ifficul t to m ake a profit g r owin g a n d sellin g

.
gra in Gr ain m ay sell f or m or e than t h e l abor an d

.
s eed but it t akes so m uch vitality fr om t h e l a n d that

,
d ep r eciation of c a pit al Often is g r eater than t h e m ar g in

of ap p ar en t p r ofit When gr ain s ar e g rown a n d f ed to
.
live stock on t h e f a r m b us in ess m ethods d em an d b etter

-
,
buil d in gs an d more power whi ch mean s that t h e ,
far m er is em p loyi n g auxiliar y machi n ery an d other

mod er n m ethods to en h an ce values .
I n other m an ufactu r in g establishm en ts r aw mat e

rial is wor ked Ov er i n to com mercial p r oducts which
brin g sever al times t h e am oun t of mon ey paid for t h e
raw mater ial .
F i gu r e 1 04 — Fa m H i s t r o s. T wo s tyl es of fa r m el ev a t i n h oi s t s
t h i i ll u s t r a t i on v er y lf g
.
a e sh w i T wo d iff e r e n t i t in ob s a r e
a ro 8 g w
n n s .
s o n .
Th e p r in ciple is th e same on th e farm excep t that

when a far m er r aises t h e r aw mater ial h e sells it to
hi m self at a p r ofit When h e feeds it to live stock an d
.
-
s ells t h e live stock h e m akes an oth er profit Wh en t h e

-
.
m an ure is p r op er ly han dled an d return ed to t h e soil

h e is m a kin g an oth er p r ofit on a b y product -
.
F ar m in g car r ied on in this w ay is a com p licated

busi n es s which r equires sup er ior kn owl ed g e of busin ess
methods an d p r i n ciples I n or der to con duct t h e bus i
.
GE N E R ATI N G MEC HA N I CAL POW E R 79
ne ss of far m in g p r ofitably t h e labor problem has to b e

m et Good fa rm help is exp en sive P oo r farm help is
. .
mor e exp en sive Whil e far m m a chi n er y also is ex

.
p en sive it is cheaper than han d labor when t h e farmer

,
has suffici en t work to justify t h e outlay It is tires ome .
Fi gu re 1 05 —Two Power f ul Win ch es Th e on e t o t h e l eft i s us ed

. .
f or p ull i g s m a ll s t u m p s
n o t s in t h e
or r o ces f c l ea r i n g l a d
ro s o n .
Th e p e u on a d ff t h e d um t o m a t a i t h e o f u l p
ro r ns n o r n n re r o r a s
or tu rn
s T h e wi h t o t h e r i g h t i s u s ed f
nc h i s t i g w ll d r i ll i n g
or o n e
t oo l s t h a g a bee f a im a l T h r pe w i d s o
.
or o n n . e o t h e d um i
n t wo
n r n
la y e s if ce a r y
r ne ss .
to have agricultur a l writers din g at us about t h e s u

p er ior acr e r etur n s Of Ger m an farms Ger man han d .
mad e retur n s m ay b e gr eater per acr e but on e Am er i ,
c an f ar m h a n d by t h e u s e of prop er machi n er y wil l

, ,
p r oduc e m or e food th an a whol e Ger m an fam ily .
HU R N D OG C
E ven t h e dog wor ks on som e farm s A dog is a n ui .
san c e amon g dairy cattle but h e can b e m ade to earn ,
his salt at churn i n g tim e Al l m echan ism in con n ec .

tion with dog power must b e light It also is n ecess a ry .
to elim in ate t h e fr iction as m uch as poss ible .
Th e b est way to m ake a dog pow er is to u s e a li g ht

woo d en sulky wh eel for th e revolvi n g tur n ta ble Next .
b est to t h e sulky wheel is a light bu g gy wheel Th e .
wh eel is m ade fast to an upright i r on sh a ft that is

s tepp ed i n to an iron Oil w ell at t h e bottom an d i n cli n ed
F igu r e 1 06 —D og Ch u n Power A wh eel key ed t a i on s h a f t

r o n r
i s pl a ced a t a a gl e a T h e wei gh t o f t h e d g t u
. .
n h w n s s o n s the o rn
w h e l a d p ower i s co v ey ed t o t h e ch u r n by l i gh t r o e bel t I t i s
.
e n n a .
n e es sa r y t o c n fi e t h e d og b et w en s t t i o a r y p r t i t
c o n e bui l t l i k
a n a on s e
a s t a ll v e t h w h ee l
o r e .
at an an gl e of about fifteen degr ees to give t h e n eces

sary pow er To steady t h e t op of t h e sh a ft a li g ht b ox
.
in g is used prefer ably a ballb ear in g bicycle r a ce to r e

,
duce friction P ower is con v eyed to t h e chur n by

.
m ean s of a gr ooved pul ley on t h e top Of t h e sh a ft A .
sm a ll soft rop e or h eavy str in g b elt r un s fr om this

,
p u ll ey to a s im il a r pull ey co nn ect ed w i th t h e chu r n .
D og s l ea r n to l ik e t h e wor k wh en f ed i m m ediat ely

a fter t h e ch u r n i n g is fin ish ed D o g s h a ve b een kn own .
t o g et on to t h e power wh eel to cal l atten tion to th ei r

GE N E RATI N G MECHAN I CAL P OW E R 81
hun gry con dition This calls to min d t h e n ecessity of

.
ar ran gin g a b r ake to stop t h e wheel to l et t h e dog OE

’
When th e Wh eel is run n in g light th e dog cann ot l et go , .
A sprin g b r a ke to w ear ag a i n st t h e iron tire of t h e

wheel is t h e m ost satisfactory Th e bra ke may b e .
tr ipp ed an d s et ag a in st th e ti r e autom a tic ally by a

small lever an d weight att ached to t h e un derside of
t h e wheel Wh en t h e sp eed is too fast t h e weight
.
s win gs out an d sets t h e brake When t h e speed sl a ck

.
en s t h e w eight dro p s back towards t h e c en t er an d r e
leas es t h e brake When th e sp eed is about right t h e

.
weight swin gs b etween t h e t wo sprin g catches .
B U LL TRE ADM ILL

On dairy farms it is comm on to a valuable pure s ee
bred bull workin g a trea d m ill for exer cise an d to pum p

water . S om etimes h e turn s t h e cream sep ar ator but -
,
t h e motion is too un steady for good r esul ts Trea d .
mills for this purpose a r e ver y sim pl e Th e m echan .
ism turn s a grooved p ul ley which p r op els a r op e pow

er con v eyor Th e rop e b elt m a y b e carri ed acr oss t h e
.
yards in an y di r ection an d to alm ost an y dist an ce .
B ull treadmills con sist of a fram ewor k of wood which

carr i es an en dless apron supported on roller s Th e .
ap r on lin k chain s pass aroun d an d turn two dr umh ead

sp r ocket wheels at th e upp er en d an d an idler drum at
-
t h e lower en d Th e sp r ocket Wh eel drum shaft is

.
-
geared to an auxiliar y sh a ft which ca rri es a gr ooved

pulley A r op e b elt power con veyor r un s in this gr oove
.
a n d c ar r i es pow er from t h e b ul l p en to th e p um p .
B ull tread pow er s usually have sm ooth i n cli n ed

la gs b ecause a b ul l s step s on t h e tr ead power ar e
,
’
n a tu r a lly u n ev en a n d ir r egu lar This con struction .
gives an even str a ight tread to th e tr avel surface To .

p r even t slip p in g soft wooden strips ar e n ail ed on to th e
,
lags a t th e lower ed ges E ven in cli n e t r ead bl ocks or

.
lag s ar e also r ecomm en ded f or horses that ar e n ot shod

an d f or all an im als with split hoofs Th e tr aveli n g .
ap r on of t h e p ower is p laced on an i n cli n e a n d t h e

trea ds ar e car r ied a r oun d t h e two dr ums at t h e up p er
a n d lower en ds Of t h e fr am e by m ean s Of en dl ess
.
F i u r e 1 07 — u
g B ll T r ea d P we o Tr ea d mi ll s h a ve gone ou t o f
r
f fr i t i on wa s t h e a u b u t m i ll l i ke t h i i s
. .
a s h i on T oo m u c h c c s e, a s
v l bl a p u e b ed b u ll S m e da ir ym e m ke h i m
.
a ua e t o e xe r c i s e r r . o n a
p ump wa t e r .
ch a in s Th er e is a govern or attachm en t which regu

.
l a t es t h e sp eed an d p r even ts th e m achin er y fr om r u n

n in g a w a y .
Th e S im p lest gover n or is m a d e on t h e two b a ll gov -
cr u or p r i n ci p l e with w eights on opposit e l ev er s Th e .
gover n or is a ttached to two op p osite sp okes in t h e fly

wh eel A s t h e sp eed in cr ea ses t h e wei ghts m ove out
.
wa r d b ec a u s e Of th eir cen tr ifu g al for ce This m otion .
Op er a t es a b r a k e l ev er to r etar d or stop t h e flywh eel .

G E N E RATI N G MEC HAN I CAL P OWE R 83
When t h e m a chin e s tops an opposite weight rests

ag a i n st t h e flywheel un til it star ts in motion agai n s o ,
t h e ap r o n c a nn ot b e m oved un til t h e b r a ke is r eleased .
This is n ec ess ar y to g et t h e an im al on or OE Of t h e p l at
fo r m while it is at r est to a void acciden ts Th e us ual.
i n cl in e is a r ise Of two feet in ei g ht when p ower is

w an ted This pitch com p els t h e bull to lift on e qu ar ter
.
-
Of his own w ei g ht an d it m ay b e too s ever e f or a h eavy
an im al Th e en dless ap r on is a n en dl es s hil l clim b to

.
t h e bull . T r eadm ills ar e n ot econ om ica l of p ower b e

cau se ther e ar e so m an y b ear in gs to g en erate friction .
W IN D M I LLS
Win d power is t h e cheap est power we have A win d .
mill p r operly p r opor tion ed to its work is a g reat h el p ,
esp e cially wh en it is att a ch ed to a good pump f or t h e
pur p ose Of liftin g wa ter in to a n el evated t an k fr om

which it is pip ed un der p r essure f or dom estic pur poses
a n d for wat er i n g live stock
-
.
You can have con sider abl e pati en ce with a win dmill
if you on ly dep en d upon it for pum pi n g water pro ,
v id ed you have a tan k that will hold a w eek s sup p ly to

’
b e d r awn du rin g a dry hot tim e wh en ev er y a n im al on

,
t h e fa rm dem an d s a d oubl e allowan c e Of water That .
is t h e tim e wh en a far m er hates to attach h i m self to

t h e p um p h a n dl e f or t h e pur pos e of wo r ki n g u p a
hickory br eeze Th a t also is t h e tim e wh en t h e W in d
.
n eg l ects a fellow .
A g ood wi n dm ill is useful up to about on e thi r d of its

-
rat ed c a p acity which is th e str on g est a r gum en t for

,
buyi n g a mill l a r g er th an at fir st seem s n eces s ar y S om e .
m en have s uff er ed at som e tim e in th eir lives with t h e

delusion that they coul d tin ker with a p oor ly con
structed wi n dmill a n d m ake it ear n its Oil Th ey h ave.
ne ver waked up to a ful l realization of their ear ly d e
l us ion It is a positive fact that all win dm ills ar e n ot
.
lazy deceitful n or wholly un reliable Wh en pr op er ly

, .
con st ructed r ightly m oun ted a n d kept in good r ep a ir

, ,
they ar e n ot p r on e to wor k in a cr a zy fashion wh en t h e

t an k is full an d loaf wh en it is em p ty Th ere ar e .
thousan ds of win dmills that have fa ithfully st a id on

t h e job con ti n uously twen ty four hour s p er day f or
-
fiv e or t en year s at a str etch all t h e tim e wor ki n g f or

,
n othin g y ear aft er y ear wi thout gr um bli n g exc ep t ,
when com p ell ed to r un without Oil A t such tim es t h e .
protest is loud a n d n er ve r ackin g .
A good win dmi ll with suitabl e derrick pum p a n d ,
pipin g m ay cost $ 1 50 Th e yearly exp en se figu r es

.
somethin g like this :

In terest on in vestm en t at 6 % p er ann um
D epreciation 10%
Oil
R epairs
makin g a total of $28 wh ich is less than
, p er
m on th for t h e wo r k of el evati n g a con stan t supply of

w a ter for t h e hous e stable an d bar n ya rd
, .
ON E M
-
U LE P U M P
A hom e m ade device that is m uch used on live stock
- -
ran ch es in Californ i a is shown in t h e ill us tr ation .
This si m pl e m echan ism is a p r actic al mean s f or con

ver ti n g cir cular mul e m otion in to ver tic al r ecip r oca t
in g p um p action A solid post is s et r a th er d eep in t h e
.
gr oun d about twelve feet fr om th e well This p os t is .
t h e ful cr um sup port of t h e walkin g b ea m On e en d-

.
Of t h e w al kin g b eam r each es to t h e c en t er li n e of t h e

-
wel l where it conn ects with t h e pum p shaft Th e

,
.
GE N E R ATI N G MEC H AN I CAL POWE R 85
oth er of t h e walki n g b eam is Op er a ted by a pit

en d -
m a n shaft con n ectin g with a cr a n k wr ist p in n ear t h e

g roun d A rou. n d i r o n S haft si m i l a r to a hor se p ower -
tumblin g rod about t en or twelve feet in len gth an d

on e an d a h a lf i n ch es in di a m eter is us ed to con vey
power a n d m otion to t h e p itm an shaft .
Fi gur e 1 08 —M ul e Pum p A pr a ct i ca l h me ma d e power t o pum p . o -
w a t er f o r l i v e s t o ck w a t e t a bl e i s w i t h i n
.
I t i s u s ed wh e e t h
-
. r e r-
2 0 fee t o f t h e s u r fa ce o f t h e g ou d T h e d a w i g h ow s r p st
n r n s a o
i n t h e ce t e w h i ch s u ppo r t s t h e wa lk i n g be m a d a c t s a s a fu l c u m
.
n r -
a n r .
A m w i n g m a ch i e w h eel i s k y ed t o o e en d o f a r ou n d i r o
o -
n e h a ft n n s .
T h e o t h r e d o f t h i s h a ft t u n i n a bo xi n g w h i ch i s w i v el ed t a
e n s r s s o
s h or t p os t a s s h o w n a t B S ee a ls o d et a i l T h e t w o pl u ger “
B n
s h f t s a r e s h ow T h e m u l e i s h i t h d t o t h e ou d i
. .
a at A A n n c e r n ro
h ft n ea t h e t a v l i g w h ee l by m a s of a u d ho k
.
s a r r e n As t h e e n ro n o .
m u l e w a lk a u d i s ci
ro le t h s h a f t r ev lv es a d pe a t e t h e
n n a rc e o n o r s
cr a k B
n T h e e r e s id guy s n t s h own i t h e d a w in g t o k eep t h e
r a e o n r
wa lk i n g bea m i n pos i t i n
.
-
o .
A m owin g m a chin e wh eel is keyed to t h e outer en d

-
of t h e tumblin g rod A t t h e c r an k en d is a b a bbitted .
boxin g with a bolt a tta chm en t r ea chin g down in to t h e

t op of a shor t post s et solidly i n to t h e gr oun d di r ectly ,
un der t h e in n er en d of t h e w a lkin g b eam This bolt -

.
p e r m its t h e boxin g to r evolv e with a swiv el motio n .
An oth er swivel conn ects t h e upp er en d of th e pitm an

shaft with th e Walkin g b eam Th e wh ifflet r ee is at -
.
t a ch ed to t h e tumbli n g r od by a n i r o n b ook Thi s b ook .
is h eld in pl a c e by t wo i r on coll a r s fas ten ed to t h e

86 FAR M M EC HA N I CS
tumblin g rod by m ean s of keys or s et scr ews Th e -
.
mowin g m achin e drive wh eel tr avels ar oun d in a cir

-
cl e b ehi n d t h e m ul e tur n in g t h e S h a ft which wor ks t h e
walki n g b eam an d Op er ates t h e p um p It w ould b e

-
.
d ifi cu l t to d es i g n an oth er hor se or m ul e pow er s o

chea p a n d sim p le a n d eff ective Th e mu l e g r ows wise
.
a ft er a whil e so it is n ecess a r y to u s e a bli n dfold or h e

, ,
will soldier on t h e job With a littl e en cour agem en t

.
fr om a whip occasion ally a m ul e will walk a r oun d an d

a r oun d f or hour s pulli n g t h e mowi n g m achin e wh eel
-
after him .
H OR S E POW E R
On e hors ep ow er is for ce s uEicien t to lift
a
poun d s on e fo ot high in on e min ute .
“ ”
Th e t erm hors ep ower in p op ula r u s e y ears a g o
m ean t a coll ection Of gear wheels a n d lon g l evers with
-
eight or t en hor s es sol em n ly m a r chi n g ar oun d in a cir
cl e with a m a n p er ched on a pl a tfor m in t h e c en t er in
t h e cap a city of um p i r e .
This was t h e Ol d th r eshin g m achin e hors epower It

-
.
was t h e fir st r eal succ ess in p oolin g m an y d iE er en t

far m power un its to con cen tr a te t h e com bin ed eff ort
upon on e im por tan t op er ation .
Not m an y hor ses ar e c a p able Of r aisin g

poun ds on e foot in on e min ut e ever y m in ut e f or a n
hour or a d ay S om e hor ses a r e n atu r al bo r n sl a cker s
.
-
with s uElcien t acum en to b ea t t h e um p ir e at his own

gam e S om e hor ses w alk fa ster than oth er s also
.
,
horses var y in size a n d c a p a city f or wor k B u t dur in g .
a busy tim e ea ch hor se was coun ted a s on e hor s ep ower ,
a n d th ey w er e on ly ei g ht or t en in n u m b er A n d it S O .
d evelop ed th a t t h e thr eshin g hor sep ower h a d lim ita

tion s which t h e sep ar a tor outgr ew .
GE N E RATI N G MEC HAN I CAL POWE R 87
Th e th r eshin g horsep ower has b een sup erseded

Ol d
by steam en g in es a n d g asolin e an d ker osen e p ower but ,
hor ses a r e m ore im p or tan t than ever .
F ar m hor ses a r e lar g er an d m or e p ower ful ; they a r e

b etter kept b etter tr ain ed a n d hitch ed to b etter m a
, ,
chin ery b ecause it p ays On e m an dr ives thr ee

,
.
poun d draft horses as fast as h e used to dr ive t wo
Fi g ur e 1 09 —H or s e P ower s h o wi n g th e m an ner of a t ta ch in g
b r a ced l e v e b ll l
. ,
r to th e u w h ee .
-
poun d g en eral p ur p ose hor ses Th e thr ee dr aft
-
.
er s m ake p lay Of a h eavy load whil e t h e two li g ht ,
hor ses wor r y th emselves p oor an d a ccom p lish little .
M odern far m m achin ery is h eavier it cuts wid er a n d ,
di g s deep er an d does m or e thor oug h wor k M oder n .
far m r equir em en ts go sci en tific ally in to t h e p r op er cul

t iv a t ion a n d p r ep a r ation Of soil to in cr ease fer tility .
Old m ethods used u p fertility un til t h e lan d r efus ed

to produce p rofitably .
Although th e old familiar horsepower has b een
gr eatly outclas sed it has n ot b een discar ded Th er e
, .
a r e m an y small hors ep ow er s in u s e f or el evat in g grai n ,
balin g h ay cuttin g str aw f or feed an d b eddin g grin d

, ,
in g feed an d oth er li g ht wor k wh er e en gin e pow er is

n ot availabl e .
W ATE R POW E R -
Water power is th e m ost satisfactory of all kin ds of

-
station ary farm power wh en a steady stream of water

,
m a y b e h a r n essed to a good water wh eel It is n ot a

-
.
difficul t en gin eerin g feat to throw a d am acr oss a small

str eam an d take t h e water out in to a p en stock to sup
l
p y wat er to a turbi n e w a t er wh eel I n t h e first
-
plac.e
it is n ecessar y to m easur e t h e flow Of water to deter

m in e t h e size Of water wheel which m ay b e used to a d
-
van tag e I n co n n ection with t h e flow Of water it is also

.
im portan t to kn ow t h e fall Water is m easured by .
“
what is ter m ed a wei r It is easily m ade by cuttin g
.
an Oblon g n otch in a p lan k plac ed ac r oss t h e str eam as ,
a tem p or ar y d a m which r aises t h e water a f ew i n ches

to g et a steady even flow Of water through t h e n otch
,
so that calculation s m ay b e m ade in min er s i n ch es ’

.
Th e t er m m in er s i n ch is n ot accur ate but it com es

“ ’
,
n ear en ou gh f or p r actic a l p u rposes M easur in g t h e .
volum e of water should b e don e dur in g a d r y ti m e in

summ er .
Th e f all of t h e str eam is easily m ea sur ed by m ean s

of a car p en ter s level a n d a stake Th e stake is dr iven
’
.
i n to t h e g r oun d at a poin t down str eam wh er e water

m a y b e d eliver ed to t h e wh eel a n d a t a ilr a ce esta blish ed
to th e b est advan tag e S i ghtin g over th e level to a
.
m ar k on t h e s t ake will S how t h e am oun t Of fa ll Wh en .
a m an ufactu r er of wat er wh eel s has t h e am oun t of wa

-
GE N E R ATI N G MEC HAN I CAL P OWE R 89
t er an d fall h e can es tim ate t h e siz e an d char acter

th e ,
of wheel to supply Th e p en stock may b e ver tical or

.
placed on a slan t A galvan ized pip e s u Eicien t to car r y

.
t h e n ecessary amoun t of wa ter may b e laid alon g t h e

ban k but it S houl d b e thor oughly well supp or ted b e
,
cause a pip e ful l of water is h eavy an d settlin g is ,
likely to b r eak a join t .
Galvani z ed pipin g f or a farm p en stock is n ot n ec

ess ar il y exp en sive It m ay b e made at an y t in shop
.
a n d put togeth er on t h e groun d in s ection s Th e on ly .
difi cul t p art about it is solder in g t h e un der side of

t h e j oin ts but gen erally it m a y b e rol l ed a littl e to on e
,
si de un til t h e bottom of t h e se am is reached .
Th e m ost satisfactor y way to carry power fr om t h e

water wheel to th e farm buildin gs is by mean s of elec
-
t r i city Th e dyn amo may b e coupl ed to t h e water

.
wheel an d wires carri ed an y r equired distan ce .
Th e work Of in stalli n g el ectr ic power machi n ery is

mo r e a ques tion Of detail than mechan ics or electrical
en gi n eer in g Th e diff er en t ap plian ces ar e bought fr om
.
th e m an ufacturer an d placed Where they a r e n eeded .
It is pr i n cipally a question of exp en se an d quan tity of

el ectr icity n eeded or d evelo p ed If t h e curren t is used
.
f or pow er then a motor is conn ect ed with t h e dyn am o

,
an d curr en t from t h e dyn amo drives t h e m otor A .
dyn amo m ay b e conn ected with th e water wh eel shaft -
a t t h e source Of pow er an d t h e m otor may b e p laced in

t h e pow er hous e or an y of t h e oth er buildin gs
-
.
Th e cost of farm water wor ks depen ds pr i n cip ally

on t h e amoun t Of power d evelop ed S mall m ach irier y
.
may b e had f or a f ew hun dred dollars but l a r g e pow , ,
er f ul m achi n er y is exp en sive If th e stream is lar ge

.
an d con siderable pow er is g oi n g to w as te it m i g ht p a

y
t o put in a lar ger plan t an d sell cu rren t to t h e n eigh
bors for el ectric lightin g an d for p ower pur poses .
S tan dar d machin ery is man uf actured for just such

plan ts .
Th e qu estion of harn essin g a str eam on your own

lan d wh en you con trol both ban ks is a sim ple busi n ess
p r opositio n . If an yon e els e c a n s et up a plausibl e pl ea
of r ipar ian r i ghts flood dam age in ter s tate complica

, ,
tion s or i n t er fer en ce with n avi g ation it th en b ecom es ,
a qu estion of litigation to b e decided by som e succeed
in g gen eration .
S TE A M BOILE R AN D E N GIN E
F arm en g in es usually ar e of two d iE er en t typ es ,
steam en gin es an d gasolin e or Oil en g i n es S team sta .
t ion ar y en g in es a r e used on dairy far m s b ecaus e st eam

is t h e b est kn own mean s of keepin g a dairy clean a n d
san itar y Th e boiler that furn ishes power to r un t h e
.
en gin e also su pp li es st eam to h eat w a t er an d steam for
ster ilizin g bottles c a n s a n d oth er uten sils

,
.
F or som e un accoun table r eason stea m en gi n es ar e

mor e r eliable than gas oli n e en gi n es A t t h e sam e tim e
.
they r equi r e m ore atten tion that is t h e boilers do

, ,
.
S team en g i n es have b een kn own to p er for m th eir tasks

year after year wi thout balki n g a n d without repairs
or atten tion Of an y kin d exc ep t to feed st eam a n d Oil
in to th e n ecessar y par ts an d occ asion ally r epack t h e

,
stuffin g b oxes .
On th e oth er han d boil ers r equi r e sup er i n ten den c e

,
t o feed th em with both fu el an d wat er Th e am oun t .
of tim e v ar i es gr eatly If t h e boiler is ver y m uch

.
l a r g er than t h e en gin e that is if th e boil er is big

, ,
en ou g h to fu r n ish st eam f or two such en gi n es it will ,
fur n ish steam f or on e en g in e a n d on ly h alf try This .
m ean s that t h e fireman can raise 40 or 60 poun ds of

t am an d atten d to h is oth er wor k ar oun d t h e da iry

s e
o r bar n .
'
Wh er e steam b oil er s a r e r equi r ed f or h eatin g water

an d fur n ishin g steam to scald c a n s a n d wash bottl es ,
t h e boil er shoul d b e sev er a l hor s epow er lar g er th a n t h e

en gin e requi r em en ts Th er e is n o Obj ection to this
.
,
exc ept that a lar ge boil er costs m or e th an a sm al l er
on e an d th a t m o r e steam is gen er ated th an is a ctu a lly

,
r equir ed to r un t h e en gin e Th e kin d Of wor k r e .
qui r ed Of a boiler an d en g i n e m ust d eter m in e t h e size

a n d g en er al char act er of th e i n stallation .
P ortabl e boil ers an d en gin es a r e n ot quite so satis

factory as station ary but th er e a r e a great m an y p or
,
t abl e outfits that give good satisfa ction an d th er e is ,
t h e a dvan tag e of m ovin g t h em to t h e d iE er en t p arts Of

t h e farm when power is r equir ed f or certain pu r poses .
SM A LL GAS OLI N E EN GI N E S
A gasolin e en g in e Of horsep ower is t h e m ost us e
ful siz e for a gen er al p urpose far m en g in e It is con
'
ven i en t to r u n t h e pump w ashi n g m achin e fan n i n g

,
-
,
m ill c r eam s ep ar a tor gr in ds ton e a n d oth er sim ila r

,
-
, ,
fa r m chor es that have h er etofor e always b een don e by

human muscle A sm all en g i n e m ay b e p l a ced on a
.
l ow down tr uck a n d m ov ed fr om on e buildi n g to a n

-
oth er by han d On e dr ive b elt 20 or 3 0 feet lon g m ak

.
,
in g a doubl e b elt r each of 12 or 1 5 feet will a n swer ,
f or each s ettin g .
Th e en g i n e o n ce lin ed up to hitch o n to t h e pull ey of

a n y station ar y m achi n e is a ll that is n ec ess a r y Wh en .
t h e truck is on ce pl a ced in p r o p er p os itio n t h e wh eels

m ay b e blocked by a casti n g of con c r et e m olded i n to a
depression in t h e gr oun d in fr on t an d b ehin d each
wh eel These blocks ar e p er m an en t so that t h e truck

.
m a y b e pulled to t h e sam e s p ot each time .
A g asolin e en gin e for far m use is exp ected to r un

by t h e hour without atten tion F or th is rea son it .
should have a good reliabl e hit an d miss gover n or t o

,
reg ulate t h e sp eed as this typ e is t h e most eco n om ical

,
in fuel It should have a m agn eto in ad d ition to a

.
Fi gur e 1 1 0 —Ker osen e Fa r m E g i e T h i s is a ver com pa ct t yp

n n e
A l n g ba s e m ig t s i t s t a d i e
.
o f en g i e w i t h h ea vy fiy w h eel s
.
n o er e r
a wa gon b ut f or s t a t i on a y u e li d con r et e pi r i t gi v
.
on a r s on so c e es
good s er vi c
,
e.
six cell d r y battery It shoul d b e equipp ed with a n

-
.
i m pulse starter a device that elim i n ates all starti n g

,
t r oubles Th e en gin e should b e p erfectly bala n ced so

.
as to i n sure sm ooth r unn i n g which adds mat eri ally to ,
t h e life of th e en gin e With a g ood solid pump jack

.
, ,
3 2 1A
.
, hors epow er en gi n e will p um p wat er u n til t h e
tan k is full wh ether it r equir es on e hour or half a

,
d ay .
It is easily mo ved to th e dai r y house to r u n t h e

separ a tor As t h e cream separ ator chor e com es a lon g
.
-
reg ular ly every n ight an d every morn in g th e en gin e ,
an d tr uck would n atur ally r em ain in sid e Of t h e dai r y
hous e m or e than an y other place If t h e dairy hou se

.
is too sm all to l et t h e en g in e in th en an addition is

,
n ec ess ary f or t h e en gin e m ust b e kep t un der cover

, .
Th e en g in e hous e shoul d have some ar tistic p r et en si on s

a n d a coat of pain t .
KE R OSE N E POR TAB LE EN GI N E S

Th e ker osen e en gin e is n ecessar ily of t h e throttle
gover n or typ e in order to main tain app r oxi m ately un i
for m high tem perature at all tim es so es sen tial to t h e ,
p r op er combustion of ker osen e fuel Th er efor e a kero.

,
sen e en g in e of t h e hit an d miss typ e shoul d b e avoided

- -
.
H owever th ere a r e c ertain clas ses of wor k wh er e a

,
throttle gover n or en gin e is at a decided disadvan tag e ,
such as sawin g wood b ecause a thr ottl e govern or en

,
gin e will n ot go fr om light load to ful l load as quickly

as will a hit an d mi s s typ e a n d con s equen tly chokes
- -
,
down m uch easi er causin g con siderabl e loss Of time

, .
A g en er al purpose portabl e ker osen e en gin e is a d

m ir ab l y suit ed to all wo r k r equi r in g con sid er a bl e hors e
p ow er a n d lon g hours of servi ce with a fai r ly steady
load such as tractor wor k thr eshi n g custom feed
, , ,
grin din g i r r i g atin g an d silo fillin g Th er e will b e a

, .
con sider able savin g in fuel bill over a g asolin e en g i n e

if th e en g in e will r eally r u n with ker osen e or oth er ,
low p r iced fuel without b ein g m ixed with gasolin e

-
, .
I n choosin g a ker osen e en g in e p ar ticular atten tion

,
shoul d b e p aid to wh eth er or n ot th e en gi n e can b e r un

on all loads without sm okin g Un less this can b e don e
.
,
liquid fuel is en ter in g t h e cylin der which will caus e ex

cess iv e w ear on t h e piston an d r in gs A g ood ker osen e
.
en g i n e should S how as cl ean an exh aust as wh en op er at

in g gasolin e a n d should develop a p p r oxim a tely a s
On
much hor sep ower An oth er featur e is har m on izi n g t h e
.
fuel oil an d t h e lub r icatin g Oil so that on e will n ot

coun t eract t h e eE ect s Of t h e oth er .
POR TABLE FAR M EN GIN E AN D TR U CK

A con ven ien t ar r an gem en t f or t r uck an d por tabl e
p ow er f or s p r ayin g s a wi n g wood a n d i r
,
r i g ation pu m p
in g is shown in t h e accom p an yin g illustr a tion
,
Th e .
tr uck is l ow down which keeps t h e m achin er y within

,
Fi gu re I l l a
—P or t a bl e F a r m g Th i
E n in e gi e i s pe m
. t ly
s en n r a n en
m o u n t ed on a lo w wh e l t u c k w g
e r T h e s a w f a m e i s d t a ch bl e
a on r e a
u c k i s u s ed f r p yi n g a d o t h e w r k
.
a nd t h e sa me tr o s ra n r o .
reach Th e wheels a r e well br aced which ten ds to

.
,
hold th e outfit steady wh en t h e en g in e is run n i n g Th e .
saw tabl e is detachable Wh en r em oved th e S pr ayin g .

,
tan k bolts on to t h e sam e tr uck fr am e ; also t h e elevated

table with t h e railin g ar oun d it wh er e t h e m en stan d ,
to spr ay lar ge apple tr ees is bolted on to t h e wagon ,
b ed .
S p r ayin g v
pr op erly don e un til t h e p ow er
n e er was
ful en g in e a n d hi gh p r essur e t an ks wer e i n ven ted .
S pr ayi n g to b e eE ect iv e should b e fin e as m ist which, ,
r equi r es a p ressure of 1 50 poun ds Ther e m ay b e a .

GE N E RATI N G MEC HAN I CAL P OWE R 5
n umber of attachm en ts to a sp r ayin g outfit of this

ki n d . A pip e susp en d ed un der t h e fr am e with a n oz
zl e f or each r ow is us ed to spr a y potato es str awb er ry ,
v in es a n d other l ow down cr op s that a r e gr own in r ows .
Wh en n ot in us e as a portabl e en g in e it is blocked
'
fir m ly in to place to r un t h e r eg ular station ary far m

machin er y .
Th e hydr aul ic r a m is a machin e t hat gets its power

fr o m t h e m omen tum Of run ni n g water A r a m con sists .
of a pip e of lar ge di ameter, an air chamber a n d an

oth er pip e Of sm all diameter , all con n ected by mean s Of
valves to en courage t h e flow of water in two d iE er en t
d i r ections
. A supply of r un ni n g water with a fall of
at l east two feet is r un through a pip e sever al in ch es
in di ameter r eachin g fr om above t h e dam to t h e h y
d r a ul ic ram , wh er e part of t h e flow en t ers t h e a i r
ch amb er of th e r am Near t h e foot of t h e lar ge pi pe,
.
or at what mi ght b e called t h e tailr ace, is a p ecul iar ly

con structed valve that closes when run n in g water
star ts to pass thr ough it Wh en t h e lar ge valve closes
.
t h e water stops suddenl y whi ch caus es a b a ck p r essu r e

,
-
s uffici en t to lift a ch eck valv e to admit a c er t a i n

-
amoun t Of water from t h e lar ge supply pipe in to th e

air chamb er of th e ram
-
.
A fter t h e flow of water is ch ecked t h e foot valve ,

-
drops Of its own weight which again starts t h e flow

,
Of wat er th r oug h t h e la r g e pi p e an d t h e p r oc ess is

,
rep eated a thousan d or a m illion tim es each time for e ,
in g a littl e wat er thr oug h t h e check valve in to t h e a ir-
chamb er Of t h e r am Th e water is con tin ually b ein g

.
for ced out in to th e sm all deliver y p ip e in a con st an t

stream because Of t h e steady pr essure of t h e im pr is
on ed air in t h e a ir chamb er which acts as a cushion
-
.
96 FARM M E CI I A N I CS
This im prison ed air com pr es ses after each kick an d ex

p a n d s b etw een kicks in a m ann er in ten ded to for c e a
m or e or less steady flow of water thr oug h t h e sm all
p ip e .T h e a i r p r essur e is m ain tai n ed by m ean s Of a
sm a ll valve that p er mi ts a little air to suck in with t h e

supp ly of water .
Wa ter Leve l
Fi g u e 1 1 2
r d r a ul i c R a m Th e u pp
e r d r e wi n s h ows h ow t o
s t a ll t h e l g l g
. .
in am
r e owe r d r a wi n i s a d et a i s e c t o n t h r o u h t h e
W ll g pp
.
cen t e r o f t h e r a m a t er fio ws d own h i t h r ou h t h e s u p l y i e
.
v lv f p
.
T h e i n t er m i t t en t a c ti on o f t h e a e o r ces a or t i o n o f t e w a t e r
g
t h r ou h a n o t h er a v lv b
e i n t o t h e a ir c h a m er
-
Ai r p r es s u r ef o r ces
g lv ypp A v lv p ll
.
t h i s w a t er o u t t h r o u h d e i er i e . n ot h er a e s i s t h e wa s t e
v
wa t e r o e r i n t o t h e t a i a ce l
r . A n a ut o m i
at c a i r -
v lv
a ly
e i n t er m i t t en t
b
a d m i t s a i r i n t o t h e a i r - ch a m er .
Water m ay b e con veyed uphill to t h e house by t h is

m ean s som etimes to con siderabl e distan ce Th e size
, .
of t h e ram a n d its power to lift water dep en ds upon

t h e am oun t of wat er at t h e sp r in g a n d t h e n umb er of
feet Of fall I n layin g t h e sm all p ip e it shoul d b e
.
,
p lac ed w ell dow n un d er g r oun d to k ee p it cool i n sum

m er a n d to bury it b eyon d th e r each Of win ter fr ost .
A t t h e up p er en d where t h e water is d el ivered a stor

ag e tan k with an overflow is n ecessary so th e water ,
c a n r un away wh en n ot b ein g dr aw n f or u s e A con .
stan t supply through a ram dem an d s a con stan t dcliv

er y. It is n ec essar y to guar d th e water in take at t h e
dam A fen ce protection aroun d t h e supply pool to
.
keep live stock or wild an imals out is t h e fir st m easur e

-
o f p r ecaution A fin e scr een surr oun din g t h e upp er

.
en d of t h e pip e that suppli es water to t h e r am is n eces
sary to keep small trash fr om in terfer in g with t h e

valves .
TH E FAR M TR A CTOR
F arm tractors a r e b ecomi n g pr actical M ost t h e .
or ies h a ve h ad a t r y out th e jun k pil e has r eceived

,
man y failures an d th e fittest a r e about to survive .
Now if t h e man uf actur ers will stan dar dize t h e ratin g

,
a n d t h e i m po r tan t parts an d imp rov e th ei r s ellin g or
g a n iz a t i ons t h e whol e n atio n will pro fit Th e succ ess

.
f ul tr actor s usually have vertical en gin es with four

cylin der s Th ey ar e likely to have straight spur tran s
.
mission gears an d a str aight spur or chain dr ive all

, ,
c arefull y prot ect ed fr om dust An d they will have

.
con sid er able sur face b earin g to avoid packin g t h e soil .
S om e tractors car ry th eir w ei ght mostly up on t h e dr ive

—
wh eels a pr in ciple that utilizes weight to in cr ease
t raction . Other t r actor s ex ert a gr eat deal of en er gy
in for cin g a sm all n ar r ow fr on t steer i n g Wh eel thr ough
,
-
t h e soft gr oun d A n y far m er who has push ed a loaded

.
wheelbarr ow kn o ws what that m ean s S om e kerosen e .
tr actors requi r e a lar g e p er cen tage of gasolin e Th e .
d r iver m ay b e as much to blam e as t h e en g in e B u t .
it shoul d b e cor rected .
M an ufactur ers shoul d do more education al work an d

talk les s about th e won derfully m arvelous an d mar
v el ou s l y won derful S al esmen S houl d study mechani cs
.
in stea d Of or ator y Tractor efi cien cy should be rated
.
p r a ctically in stead Of th eor etically Th e f ew actu a l .
Fi gur e 113 —Tr a ct or T r a n s m i s s i on Gea r

. . S pur gea rs are th e m os t
f
sa t i s a c t or y f or h ea v y wor k .
reports of p er forman c e have em an ated from tests with

n ew m achi n es in t h e han ds of trai n ed d em o n str ators .
M an uf actur ers in clude b elt power wor k am on g t h e

G E N E R ATI N G MEC HAN I CAL P OW E R 99
virtu es of far m tractors an d th ey en um er ate m an y,
light jobs such as r un n in g a c r eam sep ar a tor sa win g

,
-
,
wood pumpi n g water an d tur n in g th e fan n in g m ill

,
-
.
—
W ell a far m t r actor can do such wor k y es S o ca n .
,
an el ephan t push a b aby carriage If man ufacturer s .
F i gur e 114 —S t
. r ai gh t T a n s m i s s i on Gea r for wa r d
r , and ch a in v
dr i e
r ev e s e f o
r , r t a ct i o e gi n e
r n n .
would devise a pr actical m ean s of usin g electricity as

a n in term ediary an d explai n to far m er s h ow a d ay s
’
,
en er gy m a y b e stor ed in p r actical wor ki n g batter i es to
b e paid out in a w eek th en we could un d er st an d why

,
we should r un a 20 ho r sep ower en g i n e to o p er a te a

cr eam sep ar ator on e hour at n ight an d an oth er h our in
-
th e mor n i n g .
CH AP T E R I V
D RI V E N M A CH I N E S
FAR M W ATE R W OR KS
E very farm has its own water supply S om e ar e .
very simple oth ers a r e quite elaborate It is both

, .
possible an d practical for a farmer to have hi s own

tap water un der pressur e on th e same plan as t h e city .
When good water is abun dan t within 7 5 feet of t h e

s urfac e of t h e groun d t h e farm supply may b e had
ch eap er an d b etter than t h e city E ven d eep well

.
pumpin g is practical with good m achin ery r ightly in

stall ed F arm waterwor ks should serve t h e hous e an d
.
t h e waterin g tr oughs un der a p r ess ur e of at l east 40

poun ds a t th e groun d level Th e system should als o
.
i n clud e water f or sp r in klin g t h e lawn an d f or ir r ig at

in g t h e garden . If str a wb erri es or other in ten sive
mon ey cr ops ar e grown for mar ket th er e should b e
s u fi cien t wat er in t h e pip es to save t h e cr op in time of
d r outh These d iE er en t uses S hould all b e cr edited

.
to th e farm Waterwor ks sys tem pro rata accor di n g to ,
t h e amoun ts us ed by t h e d iE er en t d epart m en ts Of t h e
farm Th e books woul d then p r ove that t h e luxu ry of
.
hot a n d cold run n in g water in t h e fa rmhous e costs l ess

than t h e aver age city fa mily pays .
Th r ee S ys tem s of Wa ter S tor ag e — Th e first plan

adopted f or supplyi n g water un der pressur e on farms
was th e overhead tan k Th e water was lifted up in to
.
t h e tan k by a win dmi ll an d for ce pump B ecause win d

.
1 00
D RIVE N M A CH INE S 1 01
f i é ad Opt ed t h e l ’
ow r p ov d rath r i
’
p e r e e u n ce r ta n ar ri er
g as olin e en gin e usual ly a two horsepower en gin e

, .
Th e secon d water storag e plan was t h e air tight steel -
w at er tan k to b e plac ed in t h e c ellar or in a p it un der

-
g rou n d Th . e sam e pump a n d pow e r su pp li es t h e wat er
for this system but it also requires an air p ump to sup

,
-
p yl pr e ssur e to forc e t h e wat er out of t h e ta n k .
Th e third plan for ces th e wat er out Of t h e w ell by air

pressure as it is n eeded f or us e N O wat er pump is
, .
r equi r ed in this system ; t h e air compressor tak es it s -
place .
S u cti on P ump s - — Th e word suction wh en appli ed t o

.
,
pumps is a misn omer Th e prin ciple upon which such

,
.
pumps wor k is this : Th e pump piston drives t h e air

out of t h e pump cylin der which produces a vacuum .
T h e p r essur e of t h e atmosph ere is about fifteen poun ds

p e r squa r e i n ch Of su r fac e This pr essu r e .forc e s s um
c i en t wat er up t h r ough t h e s o call ed suction pip e to fil l -
t h e vacuum in t h e cylin d er Th e water is held in t h e

.
cylin d er by foot valves or cl a ck valves As t h e p iston

- -
.
ag ain descen ds in to t h e cylin der it plun ges in to water

in stead of air A foot valve in th e bottom en d of t h e
.
-
holl ow piston Op en s whil e goin g down an d closes to

hold an d l ift t h e water as t h e piston r is es Water .
fr om t h e well is for ced by atm ospheric p r ess ure to fol

l ow th e piston an d t h e pump con tin ues to lift wat er so
lon g as t h e joi n ts r em ain air tight Th e size Of piston
'
-
.
an d l en gth of stroke d ep en d on t h e volum e Of wat er
r equi r ed t h e h eight to which it must b e lift ed a n d t h e

,
p ow e r availabl e A small . pow er a n d a small cyli n d er
will lift a sm all quan tity Of water to a con sider able

height B u t i n cr easi n g t h e volume of water r equi r es a
.
larger pump an d a gr eat i n cr ease in th e power to op

er at e it Th e siz e of t h e deliv ery pip e has a good d eal
.
F AR M M E CHAN I C S
Fi g ur e 115 .
— Th e
Fa r m P um p I t s uper s ed ed t h e i r o boun d. n-
b u c k t t h e l i m y ol d b u k t t h e m a l a i a l i d b u k t t h a t h u g
e s c e r -
ne c e n
w ell b u t i t w e u t t h e w m e v w t ed o i t
, ,
in th
e or o Oi l w a o n s ne er as n s
cr ea k i g j i t La t er i t wa s fi t t d wi t h a s t u fii g b x a d a n a i r
, .
n o n s. e n -
o n
c h a m be a d t h e pl u g e
r, n w a h i t h d t t h e w i d m i ll
n r s c e o n .
T t h e i gh t a h w tw ki d f t h l d igger s T h e u pp er
l a r t h e p ea t h u t of t h e bot t om
o r re s o n o n s o os -
o e .
d i gg
er i sm t im
so u ed t es se o c e ne r o
o f a h o l e d ug by t h e l w d i gge r o er .
to do with t h e flow of water When water is forced .
throug h a sm all pip e at con sider able v elocity th er e is a ,
g ood d eal of fr iction Oft en t h e am oun t Of water d e

.
DR I VE N M A CH I N E S 1 03
liver ed is reduced b ecaus e th e dis charg e p ip e is too

small D oublin g t h e diameter Of a pipe i n cr eases its
.
capacity four times S quare tu rn s in t h e discharge

.
pip e a r e Obstruction s ; either t h e pipe mus t b e lar ger

or th ere will b e a dimin ish ed flow of water S om e .
p um p makers ar e par ticular to fur n ish easy roun d

b en ds in stead of t h e or din ar y r ight angl ed elbows A -
.
great man y p umps ar e workin g un der unn ecessary
F i g ur e 1 16 —H a
. nd F Or ce- um P p
S h owi n
. t wo wa g ys of a tt a ch in g
l
wood en h a n d es t o h a n d o r ce- um s f p p .
han dicaps simply b ecause either t h e supply pip e or

,
dischar ge pip e is n ot in propor tion to t h e capacity of

t h e pump or t h e ar r an gem en t of th e pip es is faulty
, .
R ota r y P u mp s — A twi n cham b er rotar y pum p a d -
'
mits wat er at t h e bottom Of the chamb er a n d for ces it

out th r ough t h e top I n ter m eshin g cogs a n d r otar y
.
cams revolve outwar d fr om t h e c en t er at th e bottom as ,
S hown by t h e a r r ows in F igur e 1 1 8 Th e st r eam of .
wat er is divided by t h e cams as it en ter s t h e su p ply ,
pip e at t h e bottom a n d half of t h e w ater is car r i ed

,
each way ar oun d t h e outsid es of t h e doubl e cham b er .
Th ese str eam s of water m eet a t t h e top of t h e cham

b er wh er e th ey un ite to fill t h e dischar ge pip e Th es e
, .
I
D R VE N M ACHI N E S 1 05
p u mps Op erate without air chambers and supply water

-
in a con ti n uous str eam They m ay b e S p eeded up t o

.
throw water un der high pressu re f or fir e fightin g but ,
f or econ om y in ordin ary us e t h e sp eed is kept down to

200 revolution s or th ereabout R otary pumps a r e also
,
.
m ad e with on e s i n gle water cham b er cylin der Th e .
pump head or S haft is plac ed a little OE cen ter A

, ,
.
d ouble en d cam m oves t h e water B oth en ds of t h e

.
cam fit agai n st t h e b ore of t h e cylin der It wor ks .
loos ely back a n d for th th rough a slotted open in g in t h e

p u m p h e ad. A s t h e shaft r evolv es t h e ecc en tr ic m otio n
of t h e doubl e cam chan ges t h e sizes of t h e water pock -
et s. Th e pockets ar e lar gest at th e i n take an d sm all est

at t h e dischar ge R otar y pumps ar e com par ativ ely
.
cheap as regards first cost but they ar e n ot econ om i

, ,
cal of power I n places wh er e t h e water table is n ear

.
-
t h e surfac e of t h e g r oun d th ey will th r ow water in a

v er y satisfactor y m an n er B ut th ey ar e m ore used in
.
r efin er i es a n d facto r i es f or sp ecial work such as pum p ,
i n g Oil an d oth er h eavy liqui ds .
Cen tr if ug a l P u m p s — Th e in ven tion an d imp r ove

m en t of m od er n c en tr ifug al pumps has m ad e t h e lift
in g of water in lar ge quan titi es possibl e These p ump s .
a r e con str uct ed on t h e tu r bi n e p r in cipl e Wat er is .
lifted in a co n ti n uous str eam by a tur bi n e wheel r e

volvi n g un d er hi g h sp eed Wat er is adm itt ed at t h e
.
c en ter an d dischar g ed at t h e outside Of t h e casi n g .
Cen tr ifug al pum p s wo r k b est at d epths r an g i n g fr om

twen ty to sixty feet M an ufactur er s claim that far m
.
er s ca n aff or d to lift i r r i g ation wat er sixty feet with a
cen tr ifug al p u m p dr iven by a ker osen e en g in e .
Th e illustr atio n s S how t h e p r in cipl e upon which t h e

pump wor ks a n d th e m ost app r oved way of settin g
1 06 FAR M MEC HAN I CS
pum ps an d i s Cen tr ifu g a l p u m ps usu ally a r e
en g n e .
S et in d r y w ells a f ew feet above t h e w a t er t a bl e Whil e -

.
th es e pum ps have a cer tai n am oun t Of suction it i s ,
foun d that shor t sup ply p i p es a r e m uch m or e effici en t .
Wh er e wat er is fou n d in a bun d an c e withi n fr om 1 5 t o

3 0 feet Of t h e su r fa c e a n d t h e well s m a y b e so con ,
s tru ct ed that t h e p ull down or t h e lower i n g Of t h e

-
,
F igu e 1 1 9 — Ce t i fuga l P um p T h i s t yle f pump i u ed i

r n r s o s s n
m a y pl a i ig ti t h i gh pe d w h i h va i
. .
n ces f or rr It u
a on r ns a s e c r es
iz
,
f t h pum p I t ta k s w te a t th
.
or
a cc di g t
n o th e s e o e . en t e r a d e a r e c n
d i s ch a ges i t
r t t h e u t i d of t h e a s i g
a o s e c n .
water while pum p i n g is n ot excess ive th en it is pos ,
sibl e to lift w a ter p r ofit ably to i r r i g at e cr op s in t h e

h umid section s I r r i g atio n in such cas es in t h e E a st is
.
, ,
m o r e in t h e n a tu r e Of i n s ur an c e ag ai n s t dr outh V alu .
able cr ops s uch as p otatoes a n d str awber r ies m a y b e

, ,
m ad e to yi eld doubl e or b etter b y supplyin g pl en t y

, ,
of m oi s tur e a t t h e c r itic a l ti m e in cr op d evelopm en t .
It is a n ew p r op osition in easter n far m i n g that is likely

t o d evelop in t h e n ear futur e .
DR I VE N M A CHI N E S 1 07
A ir P r ess ur e P ump — I n st ead Of pumpin g wat er out

o f t h e w ell som e farm ers pump a ir i n to t h e well to forc e
t h e water out A doubl e compar tmen t cyli n d rical tan k

.
is placed in th e water in t h e well These tan ks ar e con .
n ect ed with t h e far m water di stributi n g sys t em to b e
c arri ed i n pip es to t h e hous e an d to t h e stock stabl es .
Air un der a pressur e of from 50 to 100 poun ds p er
mpres s or
Drain Cock
Dis t r ibut ion Sys t
S ubmer ged Pump
Fl ur e l 2o .
—Ai P r es s u r e
r P
um . p P p gum i n wa t er by
air p
r es s ur e
r eq r es a l g
a r e a i r con t a i n er c a a bl g
e o f r es i s t i n a p
r es s ur e o f 1 00
p q
o un d s pe r s ua r e i n ch T
h i s i l us t r a ti on s h o ws t h e p
r es s ur e ta n , k
g p ll b g p p
.
en i n e, a i r - c om r es s or , w e a n d s u m e r ed um .
square in ch is stored in a steel tan k above gr oun d .
S mall gas pip es con n ect this air p r essur e tan k with
-
t h e air cham b er of t h e air water tan k in t h e well

- -
A .
p e culia r automati
.
c valv e r egul at es t h e a ir so that it
en ters t h e compartm en t that is fill ed or p a rt ly fill ed , ,
with water an d escap es fr om th e em pty on e so th e two

,
compar tmen ts wor k together altern ately That is t h e .

,
secon d chamb er fills with water whil e t h e fir st cham ,
b er is b ein g drawn upon Then th e first cham b er

.
fills whil e t h e s econ d is b ein g empti ed This s ystem .

1 08 FAR M MEC H AN I C S
will wor k in a well as sm all as eight in ches in di am eter ,
a n d to a d epth of 1 40 feet It might b e m ade to work

.
at a gr eater depth but it seems hardl y p r actical to

,
do so for t h e reas on that after allowin g for friction in

,
t h e pip es 1 00 poun d s of a i r p r essure is n ecessary to

,
lift water 150 feet An air tan k of con siderabl e size is

.
n eeded to p r ovi de storage for suf fici en t air to op er ate
t h e syst em without att en tion for several days Care .
f ul en gin eerin g fig ures ar e n ecessary to accoun t for

t h e diff er en t d epths of farm w ells an d t h e various ,
am oun ts of water an d power r equi r ed F or in stan ce .
Th e a ir tan k already con tains g allons of a ir at

atm osp heric pressure—then : F orci n g gallon s of
atmosph er ic air in to a gallon tan k will give a
-
workin g pr essure of 1 5 poun ds per square in ch ;

gallon s 30 p oun ds ;
, gallon s 45 poun ds a n d so on
, , .
Ther efor e a pr essur e of 100 p oun ds in a

,
gallon -
tan k (42 in ch es by 14 feet ) would requi r e gallon s

Of fr ee atm osphere in addition to t h e o r igin al
,
gallon s an d t h e tan k woul d th en con tain

, gallon s
Of com pr ess ed air un d er a wo r ki n g p r essure of 1 00
poun ds p er square in ch A on e cylin d er com p r essor
.
6 i n ch es by 6 i n ch es op er ati n g at a sp eed of 200 R P M

,
. . .
would fil l this tan k to a wor kin g p r ess ur e of 100

poun ds in about 50 m i n utes On e gallon of air will
.
deliver on e g allon of water at t h e faucet B ut t h e .
air m ust h a ve t h e sam e press ur e as t h e wa ter an d th er e ,
mus t b e n o fr iction Thus on e g allo n of a ir un d er a

.
,
wor kin g p r essur e of for ty fiv e poun ds will th eor etic

-
, ,
a ll y d eliv er on e gallon Of wat er t o a h ei g ht of 1 00 feet

, .
B u t it takes thr ee g allo n s of fr ee a ir to m ake on e gal

l on Of comp r essed a ir at fo r ty fiv e poun ds p r ess u r e
-
.
If t h e lift is 1 00 feet th en ,
gallon s of a ir un der a
D RI VE N MAC HI N E S 1 09
pressure of forty fiv e poun ds will theoreti cally deliver

-
gallon s of water P ractically t h e a ir tan k would

.
,
h ave to b e loaded to a ver y much gr eater p r essure to
Fi gu r e 1 2 1 S i n gl e Gea r P u m p J a ck
-
Th i s t ype of ja ck i s
( 2 ) D o ubl G e
.
we ll s fr om 20 t o 4 0 fe t d p
.
us ed f o r e ee e- or ar,
M u l t i pl e G ea P um p J a c k
.
- r T h i s i s a r a t h er ow er f u l j a k d es i gn ed
c
f or d ee p well s o f or el eva t in g wa t e r i n t a h h w a t e r t a n k
.
r o -
.
secur e th e gallon s of water b efor e losin g t h e

elasticity of t h e com p r essed air If on e thous an d gal
.
lon s of water is n eeded on t h e farm ever y day th en ,
t h e air pump would have to wor k about on e hour each

F i g ur e 1 22 — os t P Pum p J a k T h i a r a n g em en t i s u s ed i n f a c
c s r
fl p va l ua ble T h e w i d fa e d i vi n g pulley i s
. .
t o r i e s w h en o or s a ce i s . e- c r -
s h own t o t h e e t l f .
F i gu e 1 2 3
r — T h r ee
Ja ks f D ifi e t P ur p s c A t t h e l ft i s a
or
'
er n o es e
ve m ot i j k h vi g t h e m peed t u i g i t h i gh t or
. .
re rse on ac a n sa e s rn n e er r
l ef t T h l i t t l l i gh t w k t h i g h b l t
p eed T t h r jg h t i
e k i th t r i
e ac f n e ce n e s or or a e
p w fu l j a c k i t e d e d f s l w p e d s
.
s o e s a o er n n or o s e
u ch a s h i t i g l v ti g g i
.
s o s n or e e a n ra n .
m or n in g Thi s m ay n ot b e less exp en s ive than p um p

.
in g t h e w a ter dir ectly , but it OE er s t h e advan t a g e of

w a ter fr es h fr om t h e well P ur e air p um p ed i n to t h e .
well ten ds to keep t h e water fr om b ecomin g stal e .

D RI VE N M A CH I N E S 111
P u mp J acks a n d S p eed J a cks — F ar m pum ps an d
sp eed -
ducin g jacks
re ar e par tn ers in farm pump i n g .
F i gu r e 1 24 S
- p e ed Ja k c f or r e d u ci n g s peed bet w een e gi n ne and
t u m bl i n g pe b t w ee t um bli g r od a
. ,
d
ro or t o i n cr e a s e s ed e n n nd th e
d r iv en m a ch i ne
Fi g ur e 125 —Th e
S p ed J k th l f t i s ed i t h t ed uce
e ac on e e us e er o r
t u m bl i g
.
or i r as
nc e e d p d d t
n ro th m ti
s eeTh an o r e v er s e e o on e
S peed J a c k o t h i gh t t f p w i t h f m b l t t t um bl i
.
f m h igh b l t p d t l w t u mbli g t og
n e r rans er s o er e er ro e o n
ro d or r eve e It t
rs . r a ns or s e s ee o o n
S peed o r vi ce v er s a
, .
F or c e pumps shoul d
-
faster th an for ty strokes n ot r u n
p er m i n ute Con sid er abl e power is r equi r ed to m ove

.
th e piston when th e water is dr awn fr om a deep well

112 FAR M M EC H AN I C S
an d for ced i n to an overhead tan k J acks ar e m an uf a c .
t ur ed which bolt directly to th e pump a n d ther e a r e ,
pumps an d jacks b uilt tog eth er A p um p jack shou ld .
have good solid gear in g to r educe t h e sp eed S pur

, .
g eari n g is t h e m ost satisfactory B ev el g ea r s a r e.wast e -
f ul of power when wor ked un der hea vy loads P ower .
to drive a pump j ack is appli ed to a pulley at l east

twelve in ches in d iameter with a four i n ch face when -
b eltin g is us ed If a rop e power con veyor is u sed

.
,
then pull eys of lar ger d iam eter s a r e required to con

v ey t h e sam e am oun t Of pow er .
O nl y gen er al terms m ay b e us ed in d escribin g t h e

far m pump b ecaus e t h e con dition s diff er in each cas e
,
.
Gen erally sp eakin g farm ers fail to appr eciate t h e

,
amoun t of pow er us ed an d they ar e m or e than likely

,
to buy a ja ck that is too light Light m achin er y may

. .
do t h e wor k but it go es to pieces quicker whil e a h eavy

, ,
jack with solid con n ection s will op er ate t h e pum p year

in a n d year out without m akin g tr ouble F or in .
creas i n g or r educin g either sp eed or power som e ki n d

of j ack is n eeded A ll farm m achi n es hav e th eir b est
.
sp eed A cer tain n um b er of r evolution s p er m in ute

.
will accom plish m or e an d do b etter wor k than an y

oth er sp eed To apply power to ad van ta g e sp eed jacks
.
hav e b een in ven ted to adjust t h e i n accur aci es b etw een

driver an d dr iven .
IRR IGATION BY P U M PI N G
Th e an n ual rain fall in th e Un ited S tates varies in
di ff er ent part s of t h e co un try fr om a f ew i n ches to a
f ew feet Un d er n atural con dition s som e soils g et too
.
much m oistur e an d som e too littl e I r r igation is em .
ployed to supply t h e d efici en cy an d dr ain age eith er ,

DR I VE N M A CHI N E S 113
n at ural or art ificial carri es OE th e ex cess I r rigation

,
.
a n d drain age b elon g together Irrigation fills t h e soil .
w ith m oisture an d drain ag e em pties it Thus a con .

,
di tion is established that suppli es valuable farm p lan ts

with both air an d moistur e I n th e dri er portion s of .
t h e Uni ted S tates n othin g of value will grow Without

,
1 26 .
—
Cen t r i fuga l Pu m p S et t in g . W h en u s ed i r r i ga
t i on , c eri t r if ug a l um p ps a r e et a s l s e
s c o to th e g r o un d wa ter a s
p r a ct l ca l
irrigation I n th e s o call ed hum i d districts d efici en cy

.
-
of moisture at t h e critical tim e r educes t h e yield an d

destroys t h e profit Th e value of irrigation has b een
.
dem on str ated in th e West an d th e practice is wor ki n g

,
eastward .
Irr igation is th e n ew han dmaiden of prosp erity A .
r ai n y season is a boun tiful on e Irrigation sup pli es .
t h e boun ty without en cour a gi n g d es tructiv e fun g us

1 14 FAR M MEC HAN I C S
diseases . Wher e water is abun dant within eas y reach ,
p u m mg n i r r i g atio n wat er is thor o u g hly p r actic a l .
I m p r ovem en ts in pum ps in recen t year s h a ve in cr eas ed

thei r c a p a city an d i n sured m uch g r ea ter r eliability .
A cen tr ifugal pump is recomm en ded f or dep ths down

to 7 5 feet ; b eyon d this d epth t h e n eces s ity Of in stallin g
m or e exp en sive m achin er y places t h e busi n ess of pump
in g f or ir r i g a tio n on a di ff er en t plan e A c en tr ifugal .
pum p will thr ow m or e water with l ess m a chin er y th a n

a n y oth er d evic e but like all oth er m echan ic a l in v en
,
tion s it has its lim itation s I n figur in g econ om ical

, .
pum pin g t h e m in im um quan tity should b e at l east 1 00

,
gallon s p er m in ute b ecaus e tim e is a n Obj ect an d i r r i

, ,
g a t i o n , if don e at all should cover an ar ea s ufii cien t to

,
b r in g subs tan tial r etur n s Cen tr ifug a l p um ps shou ld

.
b e plac ed n ear t h e surfac e Of t h e wat er in t h e w ell .
F or this r eason a la r ge d r y well is d u g down to

, ,
t h e l evel Of t h e wat er t abl e a n d th e pum p is solidly

-
bolted to a con cr ete foun d a tion built on th e bottom Of

this well A supply pip e m ay b e exten d ed an y depth
.
b elow t h e pum p b ut th e stan din g water sur fa ce in t h e

,
well should r each within a f ew feet of th e p um p Th e .
p u m p a n d su pp yl m ust b e S O w e ll b a l a n c e d a g ai n st
each oth er th a t t h e p ul l down fr om p um p i n g will n ot
-
lower t h e w a ter l evel in t h e w ell m or e than tw en ty feet

-
b elow t h e p um p Th e n ear er t h e g r oun d water is to

.
t h e p um p t h e b ett er .
Th e w a ter w ell b elow th e p um p m ay b e bo r ed or a ,
p er for a ted w ell p i p e m a y b e dr iven ; or s ev er a l w ell

p oi n t s m a y b e co n n ect ed Th e ki
. n d O f w ell m ust d e
p en d u p o n t h e co n ditio n O f t h e e a r th a n d t h e n atu r e
of t h e w a t er sup p ly D r iven wells a r e m o r e succ essful

.
wh en w a t er is foun d in a st r a tum Of co a r se g r avel .

B efor e buyin g ir r iga tio n m a chi n er y it is a goo d

,
plan to test t h e w a ter supply by tempor ar y m ean s .
A n y g oo d fa r m pu m p m ay b e hitch ed t o a g a solin e en
g in e to d e t er m i n e if t h e wat er supply is las ti n g or n o t.
P erman en t p um p in g m achi n ery shoul d d eliver t h e wa

t er on hi g h g r oun d . A m ain i r r ig a tio n ditch m ay b e
r u n ac r oss th e upp er en d of t h e field This ditch
.
should hold th e water hi g h en oug h S O it m a y b e t a p p ed

a t co n v en i en t pl a c es to r u n th r ough t h e cor r u g atio n s to
r each th e r oots Of t h e pl a n ts to b e b en efit ed Th er e a r e

.
d iE er en t syst em s Of i r r i g ation desi g n ed to fit d iE er en t

soils Cor r ug ations a r e th e ch ea p est a n d t h e m ost
.
s a tisfa ctor y wh en soils a r e loose en ough to p ermit t h e

w at er to soak i n to t h e soil sideways as wel l a s to si n k
,
down Th e water should p en etr ate t h e soil on both

.
sides Of t h e co r r ugatio n s f or dista n c es of sever al i n ch es .
Cor r uga tion s should b e str aight a n d true an d just f a r

en ou g h ap art so th e i r r i g ation water will soak acr oss
a n d m eet b etween . S om e soils will wash or g u lly out

if th e fall is too r ap id I n such cas es it m ay b e n eces
.
sary to ter race t h e l an d b y followin g t h e n atur al con

tour ar oun d t h e r idg es S O t h e wat er m ay flow gen tly .
Wher e t h e fall is ver y S light that is wh ere t h e g r oun d

, ,
is so n ea r ly l evel th at it slop es a way l ess than S ix in ches

in a hun dr ed feet i t becom es n eces s a r y t o pr epar e t h e
,
lan d by buildi n g ch ecks an d bor der s to con fin e t h e

wa ter f or a c er tai n len g th of ti m e Th en it is l et out
.
in to t h e n ext ch eck I n t h e ch eck an d bor der syst em

.
t h e check ban k on t h e lower sid e h a s a n o p en i n g which

is closed duri n g th e soakin g p er iod with a can vas d am .
Wh en t h e can vas is lifted t h e water flows thr ough a n d

fills t h e n ext ch eck . This syst em is m or e exp en siv e ,
a n d it r equi r es mo r e kn owl edge Of i r r iga tio n to g et it

1 16 FARM MEC HAN I C S
started an d it is n ot likely to p r ove satisfactory in t h e
,
E ast .
F or fruits an d veg etables what is kn own as t h e f ur

,
r ow system of i r r igation is t h e m ost p r actical A n or .
chard is irrigated by plowin g fur r ows ou each sid e of

each r ow Of t r ees . Th e water is tur n ed i n to th ese fur
rows an d it run s acr oss th e or c h ar d like so man y littl e
rivul ets P otatoes ar e i r r i g ated on t h e sam e plan by
.
runn in g wat er thr ough b etw een t h e r ows after t h e p o

t at oes have b een r idg ed by a double shovel p low This
-
.
plan als o wor ks w ell with str awb er r i es A fter t h e l a n d .
is pr epar ed for i r r i g ation t h e exp en se Of supply i n g

,
water to a fruit or char d str awb er ry p a tch or p otato

,
field is v er y little com par ed with th e i n cr ea se in yi eld .
I n fa ct th er e ar e season s wh en on e i r r i g ation will sav e

,
t h e crop an d pr oduc e an ab un dan t yi eld wh en oth er ,
wise it would have b een a lmost a total loss

Ov er h ea d S p r a y I r r ig a ti on —Th e m ost s a tisfactor y
.
gar d en i r r i g a tion is t h e over head spr ay system P ost s .
a r e s et t en feet apar t in r ows 50 feet apar t W a t er .
p ip e s a r e laid o n t h e tops of t h e posts a n d h eld loos e ly

in p osition by lar ge st a pl es These water pip es a r e
.
p er fo r at e d by d r illi n g a li n e O f s m all hol es a bout th r ee
feet apart in a str ai g ht li n e alon g on e side Of t h e p i p e .
Th e hol es ar e tapp ed a n d sm all b r a ss n ozzl es a r e

scr ewed in Th e over head pip es ar e conn ected with
.
s tan dpip es at t h e hi g h est p lac e g en er a lly at t h e en ds

,
Of t h e r ows . Th e pip e li n es a r e loosely coup l ed to t h e

-
stan dp i p es to p er m it th em to r oll p a r tly ar oun d to d i

r ect th e hu n d r eds Of sp r ay n ozz l es as n eeded ‘
S ix feet hi g h is s uffici en t to thr ow a fin e m ist or

sp r ay twen ty fiv e feet which is f ar en ou g h to m eet t h e
-
,
sp r ay fr om th e n ext r ow so th e g r oun d will b e com

,
I
D R VE N M A CHIN E S 1 17
p l et el y covered To do this t h e pipes ar e rolled from

.
on e side to t h e oth er , through a 90 degr ee arc to throw
t hespray on both sides Th e pipes us ually a r e laid .
with a grade which follows down t h e slo p e of t h e lan d .
A fall of on e foot in fifty is s ufi cien t Water is alwa ys .
adm itted at t h e u pp er en d Of each pip e l in e to flow -
'
- 2 00
Fi g ur e 1 2 7 Over h ea d I r r iga ti on Di a r a m s h owin g t h e a r r a n ge

i r i ga t i g on e a c r e of g d
-
m en t f p i p es f p i pes a r e s up
.
o or r n n Th e
p t ed On pos t s i x feet h i gh
.
or s .
down by gravity ass i sted by tank pressure A pres

,
.
sure Of about forty poun ds is n eeded to produ ce a fin e

sp r ay an d to sen d it across to meet t h e Op p osite j ets
,
.
Th e littl e brass n ozzles a r e d r ill ed with about a on e

eighth in ch hollow B ut t h e jet op en in g is sm all
.
,
about NO 20 W G This gives a wire drawn strea m

. . .
-
that quickly va p or izes when it m eets t h e resistan ce of

t h e atm os ph er e Wh en p r o p erly i n stall ed a fin e m isty
.
rain is created which quickly takes t h e same temp era

,
118 FARM MEC HAN I C S
ture as t h e air an d settles so gen tly that t h e most
,
del icate plan ts ar e n ot i n jured .
Q u a n ti ty f
o W a t er t o Us e — G ood jud g m en t is n ec es
sary in applyin g water to cr op s in r eg ar d to qu an tity ,
as well as t h e tim e Of m aki n g a pplication Gen eral ly .
sp eakin g it is b etter to w a it un til th e cr o p r eally n eeds

,
m oistur e . Wh en t h e pum p is start ed g ive t h e cr op

p l en ty with t h e ex p e ct a tio n th a t on e i r r i g atio n will b e
sufficien t M uch d ep en ds upon th e am oun t of m oist

.
u r e in t h e soil ; a lso t h e ki n d of cr op a n d w ea ther con
dit ions en ter in to t h e p r obl em .On s an dy l an d that is

very dry where dr ai n a g e is good w a ter m ay b e p er ,
m it t ed to r u n in t h e cor rug ation s f or s ever al days un

til th e groun d is thor oughly so a ked Wh en p otatoes .
a r e form i n g or clov er is puttin g down its b ig root s y s

,
t em a gr eat d eal of water is n eeded

,
I r r ig a tion s u m
.
ci en t to m a ke two i n ches of r a in f all m ay b e used to

advan tag e f or such cr ops un der or din ar y fa r m i n g con
d it ion s. It is n ec ess a r y after each i r r i g a tion to b r eak
t h e soil cr ust by cultivation to preven t ev a por ation .
This is just as im por tan t a fter ir r i g a tion as it is after

a r ai n shower A lso a n y littl e pockets th a t hold water
.
m ust b e car efully dr a in ed out oth erwi s e t h e cr op will

,
b e i n jur ed by st an di n g wa t er .W e a r e n ot sup p osed

to h a ve such pockets on lan d th a t h a s b een p r epar ed
f or i r r igatio n .
K in d of Cr op s t o I r r ig a t e .
— Wh eat o a ts bar l ey et c
, , , .
,
m ay b e h el p ed with on e i r r igation fr om imm i n en t fa il

u r e to a w ea lth of p r oductio n B u t th es e r a in fa ll
.
g r ai n cr o p s do n ot com e un der t h e g en er al cl a s s ifica

tion th a t i n ter ests t h e r egul a r ir r i g atio n far m er b eyon d
his div er sity pl a n s f or p r oducin g con s ider abl e v ar i ety .
F r uits r oots clover alfalfa v eg et abl es an d I n dian

, , , ,
cor n a r e m on ey cr op s un der ir r igation Cer tain seed .

DR I VE N M A CH I N E S 1 19
crops yi eld sp l en didly wh en wa tered An apple Or .
chard pr op er ly car ed f or a n d ir r igated jus t at t h e right

tim e will pay fr om fiv e hun dred to a thous a n d dollars
p e r ac r e. S m all f r u i ts ar e just as valuabl e Th e s e .
success es a ccoun t for t h e high p ric es Of irrigated lan d .
I n t h e E a st an d in t h e grea t M iddl e West v a lu abl e ,
cr op s a r e cut shor t or rui n ed by dr outh wh en t h e fr uit

or corn is formin g It makes n o d iE er en ce how m uch
.
rain com es alon g at other ti m es in t h e year if t h e roots ,
can n ot fin d moistur e at t h e critica l time t h e yi eld is ,
reduc ed Often b elow th e p r ofit Of raisi n g an d harv est

in g t h e c r op S trawb er r y blossom s shr ivel a n d di e
.
in t h e bloomi n g wh en rain fails I r r i g ation is b etter

.
than rain for str awber ri es S tr awber r i es un der irr i

.
g a t i on m a y b e m a d e t o yi e ld mor e bush e ls than potato e s

un der humid con dition s On e hun dr ed bush els of
.
strawb er ri es p er acr e soun ds like a fa i r y tal e but i t I s ,
possible on rich lan d un der i r r ig a tion .
Th e cost of p um pi n g f or irr iga tion wh ere t h e we ll ,
an d m achi n er y is used f or n o oth er p u r p os e m us t b e ,
ch a r g ed up to t h e cr op Th e item s Of exp en se a r e in
.
t er es t on t h e fir st cost of t h e p um m n g m a chi n er y d e ,
p r e ciatio n upk
,
ee p a n d r u n n i n g ex p e n s es O n E a s
. t
er n f a r m s how ev er
,
wher e diversified far m in g is t h e
,
busin ess thi s exp en s e m a y b e divided am on g t h e d if

,
f er en t li n es Of wo r k Wh er e live stock is kep t it is

.
-
,
n ec essary to hav e a good r eliabl e wat er sup ply f or

,
t h e an i m a ls A r eser voi r on high g r ou n d so water m a y

.
b e p ip ed to t h e wa t er i n g tr oug hs a n d to t h e hous e is a
grea t con ven ien ce A lso th e s am e en g i n e that does t h e
.
p umpi n g m a y b e us e d f o r oth e r wo r k i n co n n ectio n
with t h e far m so that t h e i r r i g ation pump en g i n e i n

, ,
stead Of lyi n g idl e t en or el even m on ths in t h e yea r ,
may b e utilized to advan tage an d m ade to ea r n its keep .

W ell -
water con tains m an y im pur iti es F or this rea .
s on it is likely to b e valuabl e for crop growi n g p u r

,
p os es i n a wider sen se than merely to s upply moisture .
Well water con tains lim e an d lim e is b en eficial to m ost

-
,
soil s It has b een n oticed that crops grow especial ly

.
well when irrigated from well s .
S U P PO RT
Figur e 1 2 8 —Power Tr a n s mi s s i on Ci r cul a r mot io i s con ver t ed

. n
i n t r eci p r a t i g m t i o n by t h e d iff er en t l en gt h s of t h e t w o pi t m a
.
o oc n o n
cr a k s w h i h
n a us e t h e u p e r w h ee l t
c c
p os ci ll a t e P o wer i s ca r r i ed
o .
to a d i s t a ce by wi r e s
n T r ed u e f i t i on t h e wi r es a e s u pp r t e d
o c r c r o
by wi n gi g h a ge s S om et i m s w od e r od a r e us ed i s t ea d of
.
s n n r e o n s n
wi r es t l es s e expa n si
.
o n a d t a ct i oon n co n r n .
H ous e B a r n s S upp li ed f r om a R eser voi r

a nd A .
-
farm r eser voir m ay som etim es b e built very cheaply

by thr owin g a d am acr oss a n ar row hollow b etw een two
hills or r idges On other farms it is n ecess ar y to
,
.
,
scr a p e out a hol e on t h e hi g h est gr oun d within r ea ch .
F or easy i r r i g ation a r eser v oi r is n ecessa ry a n d it is

'
econ om ic a l b ec a us e t h e p um p may wor k ov er ti m e a n d

D R I VE N M A CH I N E S 1 21
upply en ough water so th e i r rigation m ay b e don e

'
quickly an d with s u fli cien t water to m ake it eff ective .
Wh en t h e cost of t h e reservoir ca n b e ch a r ged up to

t h e diff eren t d epartm en ts Of t h e busin ess such as irr i ,
g a t ion liv
,
e stock
-
a n d hous e u se t h e cost is divid
, ed a n d
th e profits ar e m ul ti p li ed .
P ower Con v eyor — Ci r cul ar m otion is con ver t ed in to

.
r eciprocal motion to op er ate a pump at a di stan ce fr om

t h e en gi n e Th e S hort jack cr an k oscillat es t h e dr ivin g
.
pulley to move th e con veyor wir es back a n d for th Th e .
distan c e to whi ch p ower m ay b e car r i ed is limited by

t h e expan s ion an d con traction Of t h e con veyi n g wires .
Wooden rods ar e b etter un der ext r em es of tem p era

ture Wh er e an en gin e is used n ight an d m or n in g in
.
t h e dairy hous e to r un a cream separ ator this kin d of ,
power tran smission may b e worked to Op er ate t h e

p ump at t h e hous e L ight
. wir e ha n ger s will support
t h e li n e wires or rods They should b e about thr ee
.
feet in len gth m ade fast at top an d bottom to p reven t

,
wear Th e sp r in g of a N O 10 wire thr ee feet lon g is

. .
s u fii cien t t o swin g t h e len gth of a pump str oke a n d t h e
friction is practically n othin g .
I TY
E LE CTR CI ON TH E FAR M
cur r en t in som e section s m ay b e pur chased
E l ectr ic
from electr ic railways or city lightin g plan ts B u t t h e .
gr eat majority of farms a r e b eyon d t h e r each of high

ten sion t r an sm i ssion cabl es I n som e places thr ee or
.
four farmer s may club together an d buy a sm all li ght

i n g plan t to supply their own premises with both light
an d pow er Unl ess a n en gin eer is em p loyed to r u n it
.
trouble is sur e to follow b ecause on e fam ily does all of

,
t h e work an d oth ers shar e equally in t h e b en efits Th e .
solution is for each far m er to i n stall a sm all plan t of

his Own Th e p r oposition is n ot so d ifiicul t as it soun ds
. .
Two ho r sepower plan ts ar e man ufactur ed for this very

-
purpose B u t ther e is m or e to it than buyin g a dy

.
n a m o an d a f ew lam p bulbs A fa r m el ectr ic system .
should sup p ly power to r un a ll of t h e light station ary

machi n er y about t h e farm an d that m ean s storage ,
F i gu r e 1 29 — E l ect i P we P la t A p a ti a l fa r m ge er a t or
r c o r n r c c n
t r a g ba t t y m a k i g a m plet e fa m el ect i c pla t t h a t wi ll
. .
a d
n s o e er n co r r n
d ev l p le t i i t y f i t a t u e in a y r a l l of t h e
,
e o d st
an e or e c r c or ns n s n o
fa m bui l d i gs
r n .
b a tter i es a n d th e u s e of on e or more small el ectric m o

,
tor s Th er e a r e s ever al w ays to ar r a n g e t h e p lan t

.
,
but to sav e con fusion it is b etter to study first t h e stor

a g e batt er y plan a n d to star t with a n en g i n e lar ge
en ough to p um p water a n d r u n t h e dyn am o at t h e sam e
m
ti e It is a g ood way to do two jobs a t on ce you
.
—
stor e w ater en oug h in t h e sup p ly t a n k to last twen ty
four or for ty ei g ht hour s a n d at t h e sam e tim e you
-
,
D RI VE N M A CH I N E S 1 23
store up s uEicien t el ectr icity to r un th e cream separ a -
tor for a week E lectr ic power is t h e o n ly power that

.
is steady en ough t o g et all of t h e cr eam .
R efr iger ation is a pr ofitabl e way to us e electric p ow

er . Th er e a r e sm all automatic r efr iger ator m achin es
that m ain tai n low tem p er atures to preserve food p r od
u ct s . This br an ch of t h e wor k m ay b e m ade p r ofitabl e .
L aun dry wor k on t h e farm was p r i n cipally han d labor

un til t h e sm all power wash ers an d wr in gers were in
ven ted N OW a sm all electr ic motor takes th e blue out
.
Of M on d a y an d t h e wom en wear smil es

,
E l ectric fla t .
iron s aff or d t h e greatest com for t on Tuesday Th e .
p r op er h eat is m ai n tai n ed co n tin ually u n til t h e l as t

pi ece is i r on ed Cookin g by electricity is an oth er gr ea t
.
success S om e wom en buy separ ate cookin g uten sils

.
,
such as toasters chafin g dishes an d coff ee p ercolators

, .
Oth ers i n v est i n a regular electr ic cookin g ran ge at a

cost of fifty dollars an d feel that th e m on ey was w ell
sp en t It takes about 100 K W H p er m on th in hot
. . . .
weather to cook by el ectr icity f or a family of four I n .
win ter when h eat is m or e of a luxury t h e coal or wood

, ,
ran g e will sav e half of th e electr ic cur ren t D ishwash .
in g by el ectr icity is an oth er labor sa ver thr ee t im es a -
day V acuum cl ean ers r un by electr icity take t h e dus t

.
a n d m icr ob es out of floor rugs with l ess han d labor
than p us hin g a car p et sweep er I n cubator s a r e b etter

.
h eated by el ectr icity than a n y other way B rooder s .
com e un der t h e sam e class S ewi ng m achin es wer e Op -
er a t ed by el ectr icity in sw eatshops year s ag o—b ecaus e

.
it paid F a r m wom en a r e n ow en joyi n g t h e sam e p r ivi

.
leg e .
E l ectr ic lighti n g on th e far m is t h e m os t sp ectacul a r ,
if n ot th e m ost in t er es tin g r es ult Of electr ic gen er ation

in t h e coun tr y This featur e of t h e subj ect was s om e
.
what ov er taxed by t alkative sal es m en r ep resen tin g
som e Of t h e pion eer ma n ufactur er s of el ectric lightin g
p la n ts but
,
t h e busi n ess h as st eadi ed dow n R eal el ec .
tr ic gen er atin g m achin ery is b ein g man ufa ctured an d

sold on its m erits in sm all un its .
Not m an y m il es fr om Chicago th ere is an el ectr i c

lightin g plan t on a dairy farm that is givi n g s at is f ac
tion Th e stables ar e large an d they ar e man aged On
.
t h e plan of m ilki n g ear ly in t h e m or n i n g a n d again in

t h e middl e of t h e aft ern oon Th e m orn in g wor k r e
.
quir es a gr eat deal of light in t h e d iE er en t stables ,
m ore light than ordin ary b ecaus e t h e m ilki n g is don e

,
by m achin ery Th e m ilkin g m achi n e air p um p is

.
-
driven by el ectricity gen er ated on t h e farm t h e power ,
b ein g suppli ed by a kerosen e en gin e .
E lectricity on this far m is used in un its s eparate ,
lin es ext en din g to t h e diE er en t buildin gs Th e light .
in g plan t is op erated on what is kn own as t h e 3 2 volt -
system ; t h e ratin g costs l ess t o i n stall th an som e oth ers

an d t h e m ai n ten an c e is l ess t han wh en a high er volt
ag e is us ed I n oticed also that t her e ar e fewer parts

.
in conn ection with t h e plan t t han in oth er el ectric li ght

works that I have examin ed .
T echn ical kn owl edge of el ectr icity an d its b ehav ior

un der d iE er en t ci r cumstan ces is hardly n ecess a r y to a
farm er b eca use t h e man ufactur er s hav e sim plified t h e
,
m echan ics of el ectr ic power an d l ig h t in g to such an ex

ten t that it is on ly n ecessary to u s e ordin ary p r ecau
tion to r un th e plan t to its capacity .
At t h e S ame tim e it is just as w ell to kn ow som eth in g

about g en erator s switchboar ds an d t h e m ean in gs of
,
“
such ter m s a n d n am es as volt am p ere batter y pol es

, , ,
voltm eter amm eter rh eostat discharge switch un der

, , , ,
D R I VE N M A CH I N E S 25
l oad circuit breaker false fuse blocks et c b ecaus e

, , .
,
familiar ity with these n am es an d t h e parts they r ep

,
r esen t giv es th e p er son con fiden c e in char gi n g t h e bat
t er ies. S uch kn owl edge alsosup pli es a r eason for t h e

on e prin cipal battery p r ecaution wh ich is n ot to u s e,
ou t all of t h e el ectricity t h e batt er i es con tai n .
Those who have electr ic lightin g plan ts on t h e farm

d o n ot s eem to feel t h e cost of r un n i n g t h e p lan ts b e ,
ca us e th ey us e t h e en gi n e for oth er pur p oses Gen .
er a l l y m an ufactur ers figur e about 1 H P ext r a to r u n.
a dyn am o to supply from 25 to 50 ights

l M y ex p er i.
en c e with farm en gin es is that for o r di n ar y far m wor k
s uch as drivin g t h e cr eam separ ator wo r ki n g t h e pump,
a n d gr i n di n g feed a two hors e power en gi n e is m ore

,
-
useful than an y oth er size F ar m er s wh o con duct

.
bus in ess in t h e us ual way will n eed a thr ee horsepower -
en gin e if they con tem plate addi n g an el ectr ic lighti n g
system to t h e farm equipm en t .
Am on g th e advan tages of an el ectr ic lightin g s ys

t em is t h e fr eedom fr om c a r e on t h e part of t h e women .
There a r e n o lamps to clean or br oken chim n eys t o cut

a fin ger so that when t h e system is prop er ly i n stall ed
,
t h e o n ly wor k t h e wom en have to do is to tur n th e

switches to thr ow t h e lights on or OE as n eeded .
Th e exp en se in startin g a farm el ectri c l ight plan t

may b e a little mor e than som e other ins tallation s but ,
it seems to b e m or e econ omical in serv ice wh en figur ed

fr om a farm er s stan dpoin t taki n g i n to con sider ation
’
,
t h e fact that h e is usin g pow er f or gen eratin g el ectr ic

ity that un der ordi n ary farm man agem en t goes to
waste .
A thr ee hors epower en gin e will do t h e s am e amoun t

-
of work with t h e same amoun t of g asolin e that a t wo

hor sepower en gi n e wi ll do This s tatem en t may n ot
.
hold good when figur ed in fr action s but it will in farm ,
p r actice Al so when run n in g a pump or cream sepa

.
tor t h e en gin e is capable of doin g a li ttle ex tr a wo r k

so th a t t h e stor age batter i es m ay b e charged with very
little extr a exp en se .
On on e dair y fa rm a fiv e hors epower k er os en e en gin e

-
is used to fur n ish power f or var ious farm purposes .
Th e en gin e is b elted to a di r ect curr en t g en er ator Of

-
t h e shun t woun d typ e

-
Th e gen er a tor is wi r ed to a n
.
el ectr ic stor a g e batt er y of 88 am p er e hour capacity .
Th e battery is comp osed of a n um b er of s epar ate cells .
Th e c ells a r e gr oup ed togeth er in j ar s Th es e jars con .
tai n t h e wor ki n g pa r ts of t h e batter ies A s each ja r .
of th e battery is com pl ete i n its elf an y on e ja r m ay b e

,
cut out or a n oth er a dded without aff ectin g t h e oth er

un its .Th e switchboard rec eives cur r en t either fr om
t h e b a tt er y or fr om t h e en g i n e an d gen er a tor di r ect .
Th er e a r e a n umb er of switch es attach ed to t h e switch

board which ma y b e m an ipul ated to tur n t h e curren t
,
in an y di r ectio n d esi r ed .
S ome p r ovision shou ld b e made f or t h e ren ewal Of

el ectric lam p s Old l a m ps give less li g ht th an n ew
.
on es an d th e m an ufactur er s should m eet custom er s on

,
some ki n d of a fai r exch a n ge basis Tun gsten lam p s .
a r e givi n g good satisfactio n for far m us e These .
lamp s a r e econ om ical of cur r en t which m ean s a r ed u c

,
tion Of power to sup ply t h e sam e am oun t of li g ht Th e .
M azda l am p is a n oth er valuabl e a ddition to t h e list of

el ectr ic lam ps .
Th e Wiscon si n Ag r icul tur is t publishes a list Of 104

diff eren t uses f or electricity on farms M an y of th e .
el ectri cal m a chi n es a r e us ed for sp ecial d eta il wor k
in dair i es Wher e cheese or butter i s m ade in quan tity .

D RI V E N M AC H IN E S 1 27
S ugar plan tations al s o req u ire small un its of p ower

t hat woul d n ot apply to o r di n ary farmi n g S om e Of .
t h e wor k m en tion ed is extr a h eavy such as th r eshin g ,
a n d cuttin g en sil a g e O t h er jobs soun d trivial b ut .

,
they ar e all pos sible labor savers H ere is th e list -

.
Oat cr ushers a lfalfa m ill s hor se groom ers horse , , ,
clipp ers hay cutter s clover cutter s corn S hell ers en

, , , ,
silag e cutters cor n crackers bran din g i r on s cur ryin g

, , ,
machin es feed grin ders flailin g m achi n es live stock

, , ,
food warmers sheep shears thr esh er s gr ain grader s

, , , ,
root cutters bon e gri n der s hay hoists clover hull ers
, , , ,
rice th reshers p ea an d b ean hull ers g as electr ic har

, ,
-
v es t er s hay bal er s po r tabl e m otors f or run n i n g thr esh

, ,
er s fan n in g m ills grai n el ev a tor s husk er s a n d sh r ed

,
-
, ,
ders gra in d r yin g m achin es bin der m otors wheat a n d

, , ,
corn grin der s milki n g m a chi n es ster ilizi n g m ilk r e

, , ,
f r ig er a t ion chur n s cream separ ator s butter wor kers

, ,
-
, ,
butter cuttin g p r in tin g m ilk coolin g an d cir culatin g

-
,
pum ps m ilk cl a r ifier s cream r ip en ers m ilk m ixers

, , , ,
butter tam p ers m ilk shakers curd gr in der s p as t eu r i

, , ,
zer s , bottl e cl ean ers bottl e fil l er s con cr ete m ixers , , ,
cider mills cider p r esses spra yi n g m achi n es wood

, , ,
splitters auto tr ucks i n cubator s hov ers tel ephon es

, , , , ,
el ectric b ells ice cutters fir e alar m s el ectr ic v ehicl es

, , , ,
el ectro cultur es water supply pumpi n g water st eril , , ,
izer s fr uit p r ess es blastin g m ag n etos lighti n g i n te

, , , ,
rior tel ephon es vulcan izer s pocket fl as h li g hts ice , , ,

°
b r eaker s grin dston es em ery wheels wood s aws dr op

, , , ,
hamm er s solder i n g ir on s glue pots cor d wood s aws

, , , ,
eg g t esters bur glar alarms b ell r i n gi n g tran s form er s

, , ,
devices for killi n g i n s ects a n d p es ts m a chi n e tools , ,
m olasses h eaters v a cuum cl ean er s por tabl e l a m p s to, ,
attr act in sects toaster s hot plates gr ills p er col ators

, , , , ,
flat ir on s ran ges toilette articles water heater s fan s

, , , , ,
eg g boiler s heatin g p a ds dishwash er s washin g ma
, , ,
chin es cur lin g iron s forg e blower s

, , .
GAS OLIN E H OU SE LIGHTIN G

Gas olin e gas f or hous e lighti n g is m an ufactured in a
small gen er ator by evaporatin g gas olin e i n to g as an d
m ixi n g it with a ir about 5 p er cen t gas an d 95 p er c en t
,
air We a r e all fam iliar with t h e little bras s gas olin e

.
t or é h h eater that ti nn ers an d plumb ers us e to h eat

th ei r solder i n g ir on s Th e p r in ci pl e is th e same
. .
Ther e ar e t hree system s of usi n g gas olin e gas for

farmh ous e lightin g pur poses t h e hollow wir e tub e sys , ,
t em a n d si n gl e lam p system
,
.
Th e hollow wi r e system carri es t h e liquid gasolin e

thr oug h t h e cir cuit in a sm all pip e called a hollow wi r e .
E ach lam p on t h e ci r cuit takes a f ew dr o p s of g asolin e

as n eed ed con ver ts it i n to g as m ixes t h e gas with t h e
, ,
prop er am oun t of air an d produc es a fin e br illian t

li g ht E ach lam p has its own little gen erator a n d is
.
in dep en den t of al l other lamps on t h e lin e .
Th e tub e system of g asoli n e gas li g hti n g is si m ilar in

app ear an ce but t h e tub es ar e l ar g er a n d look m or e like
,
regu lar gas pi p es I n t h e tub e system t h e g as is gen er

.
a t ed a n d m ix ed with a ir b efor e it g ets i n to t h e d is t r i
b u t ion tub e so that lam ps do n ot requi r e s epar ate g en

,
er a t or s .
I n th e separ ate lamp system each lam p is s epar ate

a n d in d ep en d en t E ach lam p has a sm a ll sup ply of
.
ga soli n e in t h e bas e of t h e lam p a n d h as a gas g en era

t or attach ed to t h e burn er which con ver ts t h e gasoli n e
,
i n to g as m ixes it with t h e pr op er a m oun t Of air an d

,
feeds it i n to th e burn er as r equir ed F arm lan tern s a r e .
m an ufactured th a t work on thi s prin ciple They pro .
duc e a br illian t light .

DR IVE N M A CH I N E S 1 29
By in ves tigatin g t h e diff eren t systems of gasolin e gas

lightin g in us e in village stores a n d coun try homes a n y
far m er can select t h e syst em that fit s in to his hom e con
di t ions t o t h e best advan tage I n on e farmhouse t h e
.
own er wan ted gas oli n e gas str eet lamps on top of hi s
b ig con c r ete gateposts a n d this was on e reas o n wh y h e
,
d ecided to adopt g as Ol in c g as lightin g an d to us e t h e

separate lamp system .
A CE TYLE N E GAS
A cetylen e lightin g plan ts a r e in ten ded for coun tr y

u s e b eyon d t h e r each of city gas main s or el ectric
cabl es Carbide comes in lump for m in steel drums It

. .
is con ver ted in to gas by a gen erator that is fitted with

clock wor k to drop on e or m or e lum ps i n to water as gas
is n eeded to keep up t h e p r es sur e Acetyl en e gas is
.
said to b e t he purest of all illumin atin g gases E xper i .
m en ts in growi n g d elic a te plan ts in gr een houses lig ht ed

with acetyl en e seem to p r ove t his claim to b e correct .
Th e light also is b r i ght cl ear an d pow er ful

,
Th e .
g ea is explosive when m i x ed with air an d con fin ed so ,
that precaution s ar e n ecessary in regard to usin g l an

tern s or match es n ear t h e gen erators Th e exp en se of .
in stallin g an ac etyl en e plan t in a farm home has pr e

ven ted its gen eral us e .
W OOD S AW -
FR AM E S
Ther e ar e a numb er of m ak es of saw fram es f or us e
On farms som e Of which a r e ver y simpl e whil e oth ers
, ,
ar e quit e elaborate . P r ovi sion usually is m ade for

dr op p i n g th e en d of t h e stick as it is cut S om etimes .
carri ers ar e provided to elevate th e blocks on to a pile .
E xt en sion fr ames to hold both en ds Of t h e stick give

m o r e or l ess troubl,e b ecaus e wh en t h e stick to b e sawed
is crooked it is al most impos sibl e to prev en t bin din g
, .
If a saw bin ds in t h e ker f very Often t h e un iform s et

,
is pin ched out of align men t an d ther e is som e d a n ger

,
of bucklin g th e saw so that f or or din ary wood sawi n g

,
it is b etter to hav e t h e en d of t h e stick p roj ect b eyon d

t h e j ig. If t h e s aw is sharp an d has th e r ig ht s et an d
t h e right m otion it will cut t h e stick OE qui ckly an d
,
r u n fr ee whil e t h e en d is d r oppi n g to t h e gr oun d .
Th e quickest saw fr a m es oscillate b ei n g supported ,
on l egs th a t a r e hi n ged to t h e bottom of t h e fr am e

‘
Oscillati n g fr am es wor k easi er than slidin g fr am es .
S lidin g fr am es ar e som etim es provid ed with roll ers ,
but roll er fr am es ar e n ot steady en ough F or cros s .
sawin g lumb er V shap ed grooves a r e b est N O m atter

-
.
wh a t th e feedi n g d evic e is it shoul d always b e p r o

,
t ect ed by a hood ov er t h e s aw Th e fram e shoul d fall

.
back of its own weight bri n gin g t h e hood with it s o

, ,
th a t t h e saw is alwa ys cover ed excep t wh en actually

en gag ed with t h e stick S aw m an dr el s vary in diam e
.
-
t er an d l en gth but in con struction th ey a r e m uch

,
a like. F or wood sa win g t h e shaft should b e or

in di am eter .Th e shaft run s in two babbitted
boxes firmly bolted to th e saw fr am e Th e fram e itsel f .
should b e well m a de an d w ell b r aced .
R OO T P U LPE R
There ar e root pul p er s with con cave kn ives which
'
slic e r oots in such a way as to b en d t h e slic es a n d br eak

them i n to thousan ds of l eafy shr eds Th e p r in ci ple is .
sim ilar to b en din g a n um b er of sh eets of p a p er so that

ea ch s h eet will slid e p a st t h e n ext on e A n im als d o .
n ot ch ew r oots wh en f ed in lar g e solid pi ec es Cattl e .
choke tr yin g to swallow th em whol e but they will ,
mun ch shr edded r oots wi th app aren t pati en c e an d ev i

D R I VE N M A CH I N E S 1 31
d en t satis faction American far m ers ar e shy on r oots

. .
Th ey do n ot r ais e roots in quan titi es b ecaus e it r e

qui r es a good deal of han d labor but roots m ake a ,
j uicy laxativ e an d th e y a r e valuabl e as a n a pp etiz er
an d th ey c a r r y m i n er al P ul p ed roots a r e safe to feed

.
a n d th ey oE er t h e b es t m ixi n g m edium f or c r ush ed
g r ain s an d oth er co n c en trat e d foods .
F E E D CR US H E R
In stea d Of gr in di n g gr ain for feedi n g we have what ,
is kn own as a cr ush er which op erates on t h e r oller m ill -
prin ciple It b r eaks t h e grain s in to flour by cr ushin g

.
in stead of gr i n di n g It has t h e a dvan t ag e Of doin g

.
good wor k quickly Our feed gr in di n g is don e in th e

.
two story cor n cr ib a n d gr an a ry It is on e of t h e Od d

-
.
jobs on th e far m that ev ery m a n l ik es Th e g r ain is .
f ed autom atically in to t h e m achi n e by m ean s of t h e

grain spouts which lead t h e d iE er en t ki n ds of g r ain
down fr om t h e over h ea d bin s Th e el evator buckets
.
.
carry t h e cr us hed feed back to on e of t h e bin s or i n to

t h e bagg er .I n eith er cas e it is n ot n ec essary to do an y
lifti n g f or th e sacks ar e c a rr i ed away on a b a g tr u ck
.
.
We have n o u s e for a scoop shovel excep t as a sor t of

big dustpan to u s e with th e bar n b r oom
- .
S TU M P P U LLE R
P ul lin g stumps by m achi n er y is quick op er ation a
com p ar ed with th e Old tim e m ethods Of g rubbi n g chop ,
p gin pryi
,
n g a n d bur n in g that our forefath er s had on
th ei r han ds M oder n stum p pul lin g m achin es ar e

.
sm all aE air s com par ed with th e h eavy clumsy thin gs ,
t hat w er e us ed a f ew years ago S om e of th e n ew

.
s tump p u ll er s ar e guaran teed to clear an ac r e a day of

or din ary stumpag e This Of cour se m ust b e a rough
.
, ,
es ti m at e b ec a us e stumps
,
like other thin gs v a r y in
, ,
n um ber s siz e a n d co n dition of soun dn ess

,
S om e Ol d .
stum ps m ay b e r em oved eas ily while others han g t o

t h e gr oun d with won d er ful t en acity .
Ther e ar e two p r ofits to follow t h e r emoval of st umps

fr om a par ti a lly cl ea red field Th e wor k alr eady p ut
.
on t h e lan d h as in every cas e cost co n sid er abl e labor t o
g et t h e t r ees a n d b r ush out of t h e w a y Th e l a n d is .
p a r ti a lly un p r oductive so lon g as stum ps r emain F or .
t his reason it is i m possibl e to fig ur e on t h e fir st cost

,
un til th e stumps ar e rem oved to com plete t h e wor k a n d

to put t h e lan d in con dition to r aise m a chin e m a de
cr ops Wh en th e stumps ar e rem oved t h e v a lue of th e
.
,
l and eith er for s ellin g or f or far m in g purpos es is in

cr eased a t on c e Wh ether sold or far m ed th e in cr eas
.
,
in g value is m ain t a i n ed by cr oppin g t h e lan d an d se

curin g a ddition a l reven ue .
Th er e ar e d iEer en t ways of rem ovi n g stum ps som e ,
of which ar e easy whil e oth er s a r e diffit a n d exp en
sive On e of t h e easi est ways is to bor e a two in ch

.
-
auger hole diagon ally down in to t h e stum p ; then fil l

t h e au g er hol e with coal Oil an d l et it r em a i n for some
-
w eeks to soak i n to th e wood Lar ge stum ps m ay b e .
bor ed in d iE er en t d ir ect ion s s o t h e coa l Oil will fin d its -
way n ot onl y through th e mai n par t Of t h e stumps

but down in to t h e r oots This treatm en t r equi r es that
.
t h e stump s should b e somewhat dry A stum p th a t is.
full of sap h as n o r oom f or coal Oil but after t h e s ap

'
-
,
p a r ti al ly dr i es out then coal Oil will fil l t h e pores of th e

,
wood A fter t h e stump is thor oughl y saturated with

.
coa l Oil it will burn down to t h e gr oun d S O th at t h e

-
, ,
d iE er en t lar ge roots will b e s epar ated S om etim es t h e .
roots will burn b elow plow d epth but a good heavy ,

DR I VE N M A CH I N E S 133
pair of horses with a gr applin g hook will r emove t h e

s epar at ed r oots .
D yn amite Often is us ed to blow stumps to pi ec es an d ,
t h e work is n ot con sidered dan ger ous sin c e t h e in v en

ti on of safety devices I n some section s of t h e coun try
.
where firewood is valuabl e dyn amite has t h e advan tag e

,
I nit ial Pos it ion Fina l Pos it ion

Fi gur e — l
1 3 0 l l h e O d es t
.
'
F
a r m H ei s t fi v
Th e r s t in en ti on f or el e
.
va t i n g a h ea vy bj o p
ect wa s a t r i od m a d e of t h r ee p l g
o es t i e d t o e t h e r
a t t h e t op wi t h t h o n s o f ar b k
o r r a wh id e W
h en h u n t e r s we r e
l ky k ll p l v v
.
uc en ou h t o i a ca r , t h e t r i od e e a t o r w a s e r e c t ed o e r t h e
ca r ca s s wi t l
t h e ower en d s of t h e p l p
o es s r ea d we ll p
a a r t t o o we r l
th e a x. g b l
Th e a m r e wa s in s er t ed u n d e r t h e h a m s t r i n s a n d a tg
t a ch p
t o th e t op of t h e t r i od A s t he s i n nin k g
of t h e a n i ma pr ol
f p v l g By
.
cee d ed t h e ee t o f t h e t r i o d we r e m o e d c o s e r t o e t h er th e .
t ime t h e h ea d wa s c u t off t h e ca r ca s s wou d s wi n c ea rl g l .
of savin g t h e wood An ex p er t with dyn am ite will

.
blow a stump to pieces so thor oughly that t h e diff er

en t parts a r e easily worked in to stov e l en gths P itch .
'
pin e st um ps have a chem ic al value that was n ot sus

pe ct ed un til som e fellows got rich by op erati n g a r eto r t .
F AR M E LE VATI N G M A CHIN E RY
M an y han dy a f ew heavy el evators ar e b ein g
an d
man uf actured to replace human m uscle Th e simple .
tr ipod b eef g in was familiar to t h e ear ly settl ers an d

84 FAR M MEC H A N I CS
it is still in us e When a heavy an imal was killed f or
.
butcherin g t h e sm all en ds of thr ee pol es were ti ed t o

,
gether to form a tr ipod over t h e c arcass Th e feet of .
t h e tripod w er e placed wide apar t to ra is e th e ap ex

onl y a f ew feet above t h e an im al A f ter t h e gambrel
.
was in s er t ed an d attached t h e feet Of t h e tr ipod were

moved gr adua lly closer together as t h e ski n n in g p r o
ceed ed thus el evati n g t h e carcas s to swi n g cl ear of t h e
,
gr oun d .
Gr a in E l eva tor s — As a farm labor saver mach in ery

-
,
t o el evate cor n in to t h e two story con cr ib an d grain

-
in to t h e upp er bin s is on e of t h e n ew er an d mor e im

portan t far m in g in ven tion s With a m odern two story
.
-
corn crib h a vin g a dr ivew ay thr ough t h e c en t er a con ,
crete floor an d a pit it is easy to dump a load of gr ain

,
or car corn by r a is in g t h e fr on t en d Of th e wag on b ox

'
without usin g a shovel or cor n fork A fter th e load is

.
dump ed i n to th e pit a boy can dr ive a hor se aroun d in a

cir cle whil e th e buckets car ry t h e corn or small gr ain
an d d eliver it by spout in to t h e d iE er en t cor n cr ibs or
grain bi n s Ther e ar e sever al m akes of power ful g rain

.
el evatin g m achi n es that will do t h e wor k easily an d
qui ckly .
Th e first r equisite is a buildin g with storag e over

head, an d a con ven ien t place to work th e m achin ery .
S om e Of t h e el evatin g machin es ar e m ade portable an d

some a r e station a ry S om e Of th e portable m achin es
.
will work both ways Usually station ary el evators ar e

.
plac ed in ver tical posi tion S ome portabl e elevators

.
may b e Op er ated eith er vertically or on a n i n clin e .
S uch m achi n es ar e adap tabl e to diff er en t situation s so ,
t h e co r n m ay b e carri ed u p in to t h e top story Of a far m

gr a in w a rehouse or t h e app aratus m ay b e hauled to th e
r ailway sta tio n for chutin g th e g r ain or car corn in to
a ca r It dep en ds upon th e us e to b e made of t h e m a

.
chin ery wh ether t h e str ictly station ar y or portabl e el e

vetor is requi r ed To unl oad us u ally som e ki n d of pit
.
or in clin e is n eeded with an y kin d of an el evator so t h e ,
load may be dump ed autom atic a lly quickly from th e

wagon box to b e di stributed by carr yin g buckets at
leisure .
Fig ur e 1 3 1 —Por ta b l e Gr a i n E l eva t o Fi ll i g a Co c i b T h e r n rn r .
i s t a k n t t h e r a i l wa y t l T h wa go n i s u n
.
s a me r e o d b ox a s o oa c r e
l oa d ed y a l i ft i g j k I t f om 1 t 1 5 p e r b u s h l t o
.
n t
ac co s s r c o 1 c e
,
s h ov l n by h a n d b u t th e g ea t e t vi n g i s i n t im e
.
e co r , r s sa .
S om e l vators ar e arr a n g ed to take gr a i n slowly

e e
fr om un der t h e t a ilboar d of a wagon box Th e t ail r od .
is r em ov ed a n d t h e tailboar d r aised half an in ch or an

'
i n ch ac cor di n g to t h e ca p a city Of t h e m a chin er y Th e
,
.
load pays out thr oug h t h e Op en in g as t h e fr on t of th e

wag on is gr a dually r a is ed so t h e last g r a in will dis ,
char g e i n to th e pit or el ev ator hopp er of it s own w ei ght .
T echn ical buildi n g kn owledg e a n d Skill is r equi r ed to

p r op er ly con n ect th e buildin g a n d el ev ati n g m a chi n er y
so that th e two will wor k sm oothly tog eth er Ther e .
a r e c er t a in featu r es about t h e buildi n g th a t m ust con

1 36 FAR M ME C H AN I CS
f orm to th e requirements an d p ecul iariti es of th e el e

y atin g machin ery . Th e grain an d car com ar e both
c arri ed up t o a poin t from which th ey will travel by
g ravity to a n y part of t h e buildi n g T h.e buil di n g r e
q u i r es gr e at st r uctural str en gth in som e plac es but

, t h e
m aterial may b e very light in other s H en c e t h e n eces

.
,
s it y of un derstan di n g both b ui ldin g an d machin ery in
or d er to m eet al l of t h e n ec es s ar y techn i cal requir e

CH A P T E R V
WOR K I N G TH E S OI L
I M POR TAN CE OF PLOW I N G

P l owin g is a mechan ical op er ation that deals with
physics chemistry bacter iology an d en tom ology Th e
, , .
soil is t h e far mer s labor atory ; his soil worki n g im pl e

’
men ts ar e his m echan ical laboratory applian ces A .
F ig u re 1 32 —H vyea Di s k Pl ow . A s t r on g f ou r -
h or s e di s k m
im e
b ki g py gr ou d o g b
.
m e n t f or r ea n s t um n r t o t ea r t ou h s od i n t o its be
f or e t ur n i n g un d e r wi t h a m l d b oa r d
o .
h igh order Of in tell igen ce is required to merge on e op

er a t ion in to t h e n ext to take full adv an tag e of t h e
assistan c e Off ered by n ature, Th e obj ect of plowin g

a n d cultivation is to imp r ove t h e m ech an i ca l con dition
of t h e soil to r etai n moisture to kill in sects an d to p r o

, ,
vide a suitable home for t h e d iE er en t kin ds of soil bac

ter ia .
There ar e aerobic an d an aer obic bacteria also n itro ,
137
1 38 FARM MEC H AN I C S
g en -
gath eri n g bacter ia an d ni tr ifyin g bacteria which
ar e Oft en loosely referr ed to as a zot a b act er sp eci es .
F ew of us a r e on in timat e t erms with an y of them but ,
som e of us have had formal in trod uctions through ex

p er im en t s a n d Obs er vation .
TH E M E C H AN I CS OF PLOWIN G
Wa lkin g P l ow —Th e draft of a w a lki n g plow m ay
be in cr ea sed or di m i n ished by t h e m ann er Of hitch . It
Fi gu re 133 —S ul ky P l ow Th i s is op ul a r t ype r id i n g pl ow
pl g
. a .
I t i s fit t lt
.
ed wi t h a r ol n cou er .
is c ary to fin d th e direct lin e of draft b etween t h e

n e ess
wor k p er for med an d t h e p r op elli n g for ce Th e cl evis .
in t h e two hor se doubletr ee or t h e thr ee ho r se ev en er

-
,
-
a n d t h e adjustin g cl evis in t h e en d Of t h e plow b eam -
with th e con n ecti n g lin k will p er m it a lim ited adjust

m en t . Th e exact di r ection th a t this li n e t a kes will
p r ov e out in Op er a tio n Th e w a lki ng plow
. should n ot
have a ten den cy t o r un either in or out n eith er t oo ,
deep n or too sh allow F or t h e prop er adjustm en t as t o

.
width an d depth of furrow th e plow should follow t h e ,
lin e of draft in str ict Ob edi en ce to t h e pull so that it

W ORK I N G TH E S O IL
will keep to t h e furrow on level g r oun d a dista n ce Of
sever al feet Without guidan ce fr om t h e han dl es I n .
makin g t h e adjustm en t it is fir st n ecessar y to s ee th a t .
Fi gur e 1 3 4 —D i s k P l ow L
. . es s p o w er is q
r e u i r ed t o l ow w i t h ap
d i s k b ut i t i s a
, rt
so f ut
o c a dn v
co e r p
r oce s s Th e d is di s k g
n a r r w a t t h e bo t t m Th g b l l
.
t r en ch es o o e r e a r e r i d es et w ee n t h e it t e
t r en h es t h a t a r e n o t w o k d
.
c r e .
Fi gur e1 3 5 — h r ee- or s e a n d
T H ou r F
o r s e E e n er s
-
H h i s kin d of v T
v l l
. .
e en er h i t c h e s t h e h or s e s c o s e r t o t h e oa d t h a n s o m e o t h e r s a n d
the y l
a r e ea s i e r t o h a n d e t h a n t h e s r ea d o u t inds p Th e ou r k . f
q b
h or se r ig r e u i r es t h e es t h or s e s i n t h e m i dd e l .
t h e pl ow it self is ingood wor ki n g order All cuttin g .
edges such a s share coulter or joi n ter m us t b e r ea s on

,
abl y sharp an d t h e lan d S lip in con dition as t h e m akers

in ten ded .
Al l pl ows shoul d have a l ea ther pocket on t h e side of

t h e beam to carry a fil e A 1 2 in ch bastard fil e with a
.
-
good han dle is t h e most satisfactory im plem en t f or

sharp en in g t h e cuttin g edges of a plow in th e fields A .
good deal d ep en ds on t h e character of t h e soil an d its

con dition of dr yn ess but gen erally sp eakin g it p ays t o
, ,
do a littl e fil in g after plowin g a half mil e of furrow .
If th e horses a r e doin g their duty a little rest at th e ,
en d Of t h e half mil e is w ell ea r n ed Th e plowm an can .
put in th e ti m e to advan tage with t h e fil e an d th e n ex t

half mile wil l go alon g m er ril y in con sequen ce N O .
far mer would con ti n ue t o chop wood all day without

whettin g h is axe but un fortun ately plowmen often
, , ,
wor k fr om m or n in g till n ight without a n y attempt to

keep th e cuttin g edges of their plows in good wor kin g
order .
R iding P l ow —Th e ridin g pl ow in liftin g an d tur n

in g t h e furrow slice d ep en ds a good deal on t h e wheels .
Th e a ction of t h e plow is that of a wedge with t h e

power pushin g t h e poin t t h e share an d th e moldboard,
b etw een th e furr ow slices an d t h e lan d S ide an d th e

furrow bottom There is t h e same fr iction between t h e
.
‘
moldboard an d t h e furrow slice as in th e case of t h e

walkin g plow but th e wh eels ar e in ten ded to mate
,
r i elly r educ e t h e p r essu re on t h e f urrow bottom a n d
a gain st t h e lan d sid e P low wh eel s ar e i n t en d ed to r e

.
li eve th e dr a ft in this r esp ect becaus e wh eels roll much

e asi er than t h e plow bottom can slid e wi th t h e w eigh t
of t h e wor k on top Th e tr ack m a de in t h e bottom of

.
t h e furrow with th e walki n g plow shows plai n ly t h e

h eavy pres sure Of th e fur r ow slice on t h e m oldboard by
t h e mar k of th e slip To appr eciat e t h e weight t h e
.
slip ca rri es an in terest i n g cxp er ftnen t m ay b e p er

,
formed by loadin g t h e walkin g pl OW with weig hts suf

W OR K I N G TH E SO IL 1 41
ficien t to m ake t h e same kin d of a mar k when t h e plow

is n ot tur n in g a f ur r ow .
On e advan tage in ri di n g plows in addition to t h e

relief of such a load is less packin g of t h e fur row bot
tom On c ertain soils when th e m oistur e is just s um
.
cien t to m ake th e subsoil sticky , a c er tain por tion of t h e

furrow bottom is c em en ted by plow pr essure so that it
igu r e 136 T
h r ee S ec t i o n , S pi ke oo t h
-
T a r r ow H
T h e h a r r ow i s
g pl v gv
.
ma d e s t r a i h t , b ut t h e h i t c h i s a ced o e r t o on e s i d e t o i e ea ch
p l
t oot h a s e a r a t e i n e o f t r a ev l .
Fig ur e 1 3 7 —Ha r r ow S l ed Lon g E n ou gh to H ol d a Four S ecti on

a l r ow
-
H .
b ecomes imp er vious t ot h e p ass ag e of m oisture eith er

up or down Th e tr ack of a plow wheel is l ess in
.
jurion s .
P low wh eels should stan d a t t h e p r op er an gl e to t h e

pressure with esp ecial refer en ce to t h e wor k p erformed .
Wheels should b e adjusted with a n ey e sin gle to t h e

con dition s ex istin g in t h e fur r ow S ome wheel p lows .
appar en tly ar e esp ecially built to r u n light like a

wagon above groun d regardless of th e un d ergroun d
work required of th em .
1 42 FAR M MEC H AN I CS
A xl es should han g at right an gles to th e lin e of lift
so accurately as to cause t h e wheels to wear but lightly
on t h e en ds Of t h e hubs M istakes in adj ustm en t S how
.
in t h e n ecessity Of keepi n g a supply of w ashers on han d

to r eplace th e on es that quickly wear thin .
Fi gu e 1 3 8 —C n Cul t i va t or A n e r ow id i g d is k cul t i va t or
r or o r n .
r i d ges m t h ed by t h e s p r i n g s c r a p er s t o l ea v e a n e ven
. ,
Th e e
ar s oo
'
s u r fa e t o p
c ve t v p t i o
re n e a or a n .
In this sp ect a good deal d ep ds

re ban dsen on t h e s an d -
at t h e en ds of t h e hubs P low wh eels a r e con stan tly

.
lifti n g gr itty ear th an d dr oppin g it on t h e hubs Th ere .
is on ly on e successful way to keep san d out of t h e jour

n a l s a n d tha t is by havi n g t h e hubs or hub ferr ul es , ,
exten d well b eyon d t h e b ear i n gs P low wh eel hub ex .
ten sion s should r each t wo in ch es b eyon d th e journ al

both a t t h e lar g e en d Of t h e hub an d at th e n u t or lin ch
W OR K IN G TH E SO IL 1 43
p in S om e plow wheels ou t so badly that f armers

en d .
con sider Oil a damag e an d they ar e p ermitted to r un

dry This is n ot on ly v ery wasteful of exp ens ive iron
.
but th e wheels soon wabble t o such an ext en t that t h ey

n o lon ger guid e t h e plow in whi ch cas e th e dr af t may
,
b e in creased en ormous l y .
F re 1 39 — b
A Com in a t i on R
id i n g a n d Wa lkin l v
Cu ti a t or ,
g f p y ou n g pla n t s t fi
.
s h ow e nd e r s a tt a ch ed to r ot e c t e r s t ti m e
t h r ou h g . T h e t wo b ll
u g
t on u e s s h own are f or us e in h ea y s o i s
v l
or wh en p
d ee er d i gg
i n g is n eces s a r y .
S cotch P l ows — Wh en t h e lon g n arrow S cotch s od

.
,
plows a r e exhibited at Amer ican agricultur al fairs they

attract a good deal Of atten tion an d n o sm all amoun t of
ridicule from American farmers becaus e of t h e six or
sev en in ch furr ows they ar e in ten ded to turn I n thi s .
coun try we ar e in t oo m uch Of a hurry to sp en d all day

plowi n g three fourths Of an acre of groun d I n ten sive
-
.
farm in g is n ot so much of an obj ect with us as th e

quan tity of l an d put un der cultivation .
1 44 FAR M H A N I CS
MEC
Thos e ol d fas hi on e
-
d S cotch pl ows tur n a fu rrow
about two thi rds of th e way over , l ayin g t h e sod su rface
-
at an an gl e of about 45 to t h e bottom of t h e fu rrow .
Th e s h arp comb cut by t h e coulter an d share stan ds u p

r i g ht s o th at a sod fiel d wh en plowed is marked in s harp
ridges s ix or seven in ch es apart , accordin g t o th e width

of t h e furrow E dges of sod show in t h e bottoms of
.
th e corru gation s b etw een th ese littl e furrow ridges .
Wh en th e rains come t h e water is held in th ese

‘
g r o ov es an d it fin ds i t s way dow n t h e whol e d epth of

t h e fur row sli ce carryin g air with it an d moisteni n g cv
er y particle of trash clear to th e bottom of t h e f urrow .
S uch con diti ons ar e ideal for th e work of th e diE er en t

f orms of bacteri a to br eak down p l an t fib r e co n tain ed
in th e roots an d trash a n d work it i n to humus , which
is in t urn man ip ul ated b y oth er forms of s oil ba cteria
.
t o p r oduc e soil water which is t h e onl y food Of gr ow

in g plan ts
—
.
J oi nt er H ows American plow makers al so have

recogni zed t h e n ec essity of mixin g humus with soil in ‘
th e act of plowin g To facili tate th e process an d at th e

.
s a m e time turn a wide fu r ow , t h e join t er does fairly

r
good work when soil con dition s ar e suitable Th e .
join t er is a littl e plow which takes th e place of t h e

coulter an d is attach ed to t h e plow b eam in t h e sam e -
m ann er Th e joint er turns a little furrow on e in ch

.
or t wo in ch es d eep an d t h e large plow followin g after
t urns a twelve in ch or fourteen i n ch furrow slice flat

- -
over, th rowi n g t h e littl e join t er furrow in t h e middle

of th e furrow bottom in such a way that th e big f urrow
breaks over t h e smaller furrow .
If th e work is well don e, cracks as wide as a man s ’
han d a n d from three to fiv e in ches deep ar e l eft all over

th e field These cracks l ead ai r an d moisture to rot t h e
.
W OR K I N G TH E IL
SO 1 45
trash below This is a much qui cker way of doin g a

.
fairly good job of plowin g S uch plows loosen t h e soil

.
an d furni s h th e co n di tion s requi r ed by n atur e ; a n d
t hey may be op er ated with m uch l ess skill than t h e Ol d

fashi on ed n arrow furrowed S cotch plows
-
.
Good plowin g requires fir st that t h e soil b e in prop er

con di tion to plow n either t OO dry n or too wet but n o
, ,
m an can do good plowin g without t h e prop er kin d of

plow to fit t h e s oil h e is wor kin g with .
PLOW IN G BY TR A CTOR
Un der pr es en t con dition s fa r m tractors ar e n ot in
ten ded to r eplace horse power en tirely but to pr ecede
horses to sm ooth th e rough plac es that horses m ay fol
low with t h e lighter ma chin es to add th e fin ishin g
t ouch es. L ight tr a ctors ar e bei n g made a n d th ey ar e ,
gr owi n g in pop ul a r ity but t h e real busin ess Of t h e

,
—
f a rm tr actor is to do t h e h eavy luggi n g t h e wor k that
kills horses a n d del ays seedin g un til t h e gr owi n g s ea
son has passed Th e actua l power b es t suited to t h e
. .
in dividu al farm ca n onl y b e deter m i n ed by t h e n atur e

of t h e lan d an d t h e ki n d Of far m i n g .
I n t h e M iddl e West wh ere diversified far m i n g is

practic ed t h e 8 1 6 a n d t h e 10 20 siz es seem to b e t h e
,
- -
most satisfa ctor y an d this is without r ega r d to t h e size

,
of th e far m Th e p r epon der an ce of h eavy wor k will

.
n atu r ally dictat e t h e buyi n g of a tr actor h ea vi er th a n
a 10 20 Th e amoun t of station ary wor k is a factor

-
. .
I n cert a in comm un iti es heav y far m tr actors a r e m ad e

t o earn di v iden ds by run n in g th r eshi n g m a chin es a ft er
har vest silo fil ler s in th e fall an d li m eston e cru sh er s
,
in t h e wi n t er .
H er e is a classified list Of jobs t h e medium size fa rm

tractor is good f or
1 46 FA R M M E CH AN I C S
Clearin g t h e L an d— pullin g up bush es by t h e roots ,
tear in g out hedges pullin g stum ps grubbin g pul li n g

, , ,
ston es .
P r ep a r in g S eed B ed an d S eedin g— plowin g di skin g , ,
crus hi n g clods pullin g a l an d pl an e rollin g packin g

, , , ,
drillin g har r owi n g

, .
H a r vesti n g— mowi n g pull i n g rai n bin ders pullin g

g , ,
p ota to digger .
B elt Wor k— hay balin g cor n sh ellin g heavy pump , ,
in g for i r rigation gr i n din g feed thr eshi n g clov er

, , ,
hullin g huskin g an d shreddin g silo fil lin g ston e

, , ,
cr ushin g .
—
R oad Wo r k gradi n g dr ag gin g levelin g ditchi n g
, , , ,
hauli n g cr ops .
—
M iscell a n eous run n i n g portable sawmi ll str etch ,
i n g wi r e fen ci n g ditch di g gin g m an ur e spreadin g

, ,
.
Gen er ally sp eaki n g however t h e m ost imp ortan t

, ,
far m tractor wor k is p r ep ar i n g t h e s eed b ed thoroughly -
a n d quickly whil e t h e soil a n d w ea ther con dition s a r e
t h e b est A n d t h e t r actor s a bility to work all day a n d

’
.
a l l n ight at such ti m es is on e of its b est qu a lification s .
TO p low on e squar e mil e or 640 acres with a walk , ,
I n g plow turn i n g a tw elv e in ch furrow

‘
a m an an d -
,
t ea m m ust walk m iles Th e gan g plow has al .

-
ways b een con sid er ed a hor se ki ller a n d wh en farmers , ,
discover ed th a t they could u s e oil p ower to save thei r

h or s es m an y w er e quick to m a ke t h e ch an ge
, .
It requi r es ap p roxim a tely 10 horsep ower hours to

t ur n an a cre of l a n d with hor ses A t a sp eed of t wo .
miles a team with on e plow in t en hours will turn two

,
a c r es
. TO d eliver t h e two hors ep ow er r equi r ed to do
th is wo r k th ey m ust tr avel 1 7 6 feet p er m i n ute an d
,
exer t a con ti n uous p ull of 3 7 5 p oun ds or p oun ds

p er hor s e .
WORK I N G TH E IL
SO 1 47
On e horsepower quals a pull of e poun ds ,
m oved on e foot p er mi n ute Two m il e sp eed equals.

-
t wo tim es or feet p er hour or 1 7 6 feet p er ,
m i n ute S i x ty six thousa n d divided by 1 7 6 equals 3 7 5

.
-
foot poun ds pull p er mi n ute On e horsepower is ab .
sor b ed in 88 feet Of furrow .
H orse labor costs accordin g to Gover n m en t figures

, ,
cen ts p er hour p er horse On this b asis t en hours .

’
work wil l b e which is t h e averag e daily cost of

each hors e A n average I l li n ois div ersified farm of 1 60
.
acres would b e approxi m ately as follows : F ifty acres

of corn 3 0 acres of oats an d wh eat 20 acres of hay 60
, , ,
acres of rough lan d pasture orchard buildin g an d , , ,
feed lots .
This average farm supports six work horses or ulul es

a n d on e colt A c cordin g to figures taken from farm
.
work repor ts submitted by m an y d iE er en t corn b elt

farm er s t h e amoun t of hors e work n ecessary to do this
,
-
crop pin g woul d figure out as follows

F ifty acres of corn lan d for plowin g diskin g har , ,
rowin g p lan tin g cul tivatin g an d harv estin g would

, ,
amoun t to a total of horsepow er hours Thirty .
acr es of wheat woul d require a total of 3 3 0 hor sepower

hour s Twen ty acres of hay would requir e 1 1 0 hors e
.
power hours I n roun d figures

. horsepower hours ,
at cen ts woul d amoun t to

E laborate figur es have b een worked out theoretical ly
to show that this wor k can b e don e by an 8 16 farm -
tractor in 27 days at a cost for ker osen e fuel an d

lubr icatin g Oil of p e r day A ddi n g i n t er est r e .
,
p airs a n d d epr e ciatio n b r i n g s this fi g u r e,

u p to about
p e r day or a total of
,
f or t h e job N O ac .
coun t is kept of m an power in car in g f or eith er t h e

horses or t h e tractor Th e actual m an labor on th e job
.
,
1 48 FARM MEC HAN I CS
however figures 12% days less for th e tr actor th an for
,
hor ses W e should rem em b er that actual fa rm figur es

.
ar e used for t h e cost of ho r se work S uch fig ur es ar e .
n ot availabl e for tractor work .
Th e cost of plowin g with a traction en gin e d ep en ds

u pon so m an y factor s that it is difficul t to m ake a n y
d efini te statem en t It dep en ds upon t h e con dition of
.
th e groun d siz e Of th e tr actor th e n um b er of plows

, ,
p ull ed an d
,
t h e a m ou n t of fuel us ed An 8 1 6 horse .
-
p ow er tractor for i ns tan c e bur n i n g fr om 15 to 20 gal

, ,
lon s of low grade kerosen e p er t en hour day an d usi n g

on e gall o n of lubricati n g Oil costs about , p er t en
hours work P ul lin g t wo 14 in ch p lows an d travelin g

.
-
20 mil es p er d ay t h e tr actor will plow

,
acr es at a
f uel an d a n oil cost Of about 30 c en ts p er acre P ulli n g
,
.
th r ee 14 in ch p lows it will tur n

-
,
acres at a cost for
fuel an d oil of about 20 cen ts an acr e .
Th e ki n d an d con di tion of soil is an im p ortan t factor

in d etermin in g t h e t r actor cost of p lowin g Com p ari .
s on b etween t h e av er age horse cost an d t h e aver a g e
tr actor cost sug gests very in ter esti n g p ossibiliti es in

favor of tr actor plowin g un d er g ood m an agem en t .
Aside fr om t h e a ctual cost in dollar s we should also

r em em b er th a t n o hor s e g a n g ca n po s sibly do t h e qual
ity of Work that can b e a ccom plished by a n en g in e

gan g An xi ety to spar e th e team h as cut a b ig slice OE
.
t h e p r ofits of m a n y a far m er H e h as Often p l owed l a te

.
on accoun t of har d groun d an d h e h as m an y tim es

,
allow ed a field to r em ain un p lowed on accoun t of wor n

Ou t t eam s Un d er n orm al con dition s lat e p l ow mg
.
,
n ever produces as g ood r esults as ear ly p lowi n g M an y .
a farm er has f ed an d har n es s ed by t h e li g ht Of t h e l a n

ter n gon e to t h e field an d wor ked his team h a r d to t ake
,
advan tage of th e cool Of th e m or n in g With t h e a p .

W OR K I N G IL
TH E S O 9
p roach O f t h e hot hours of midday t h e v icious fli es ,
sa ppin g t h e vitality from his faithful team h e h as ,
eas ed up On t h e work or qui t t h e job .
I n us in g t h e tractor for plowin g there ar e n on e of ,
t h ese di stressin g con ditions to be taken in to con sidera

t ion n othin g to thi n k Of but t h e quality Of work don e
,
.
It is poss ible to plow d eep without thought Of th e added

b ur den D eep plowin g may or may n ot b e advisable
. .
B u t where t h e s oil will stan d it deep plowin g a t ,
t h e p r op er time of year an d wh en don e with judg,
men t holds moistur e better an d provides more plan t

,
food .
Th e pull power r equired to plow diE er en t soils varies

from about three poun ds per square in ch Of furrow for
l ight san d up to twen ty poun ds per square i n ch of
fur row for gumbo Th e draft Of a plow is gen eral ly
.
figured from clover sod which averag es about s even,
poun ds p er s quare in ch S uppose a p low rig has t wo

.
14 in ch bottoms an d t h e depth to b e plowed is s ix

-
,
i n ches A cr oss section Of each plow is therefore 1 4 by

.
6 in ches or 8 4 square in ch es
, Twice thi s for two h ot .
toms is 1 68 square in ches S in ce in san dy soil t h e .

, ,
pressur e p er square in ch is three poun ds therefore 1 68 ,
t im es 3 poun ds equals 504 poun ds t h e draft in san dy ,
soil 1 68 tim es 7 poun ds equals

. poun ds t h e draft ,
in clover sod 1 6 8 tim es 8 poun ds equals

. poun ds ,
t h e draft in clay sod .
Th e success of crop growin g depen ds upon th e way

t h e s eed b ed is prepar ed Th e fin al preparation Of t h e
-
.
seed b ed can n ever b e thoroughly well don e un l ess t h e

-
groun d is prop erly plowed to b egin with It is n ot s u f .
ficien t to root t h e groun d over or to crowd it to on e side

but t h e plow m ust really tur n t h e furrow slic e in a un i
form s ystem atic m ann er an d lay it bottom side upper
,
m ost to rec eive t h e b en eficial action Of t h e air rain, an d
suns hin e .
Th e moldboard of a p low m ust b e sm ooth in order t o

p r op erly shed t h e ear th freely to make a n easy turn
over Th e shap e of t h e shear a n d t h e forward p art of
.
t h e moldboard is pri m arily that of a wed g e but t h e roll

‘
or upp er curv e of t h e m oldboard chan g es accordin g t o

soil texture an d t h e width an d depth of furrow to b e
t urn ed M oldboards also diE er in size an d sh a p e s e
.
,
cordin g to t h e ki n d of fur row to b e tur n ed S om etim es .
in c er tai n soils a n arrow solid furrow with a com b

on t h e upp er edge is p refer abl e I n other soils a .
cracked or broken furr ow slice works t h e b est When .
workin g our lighter soils a wide furrow tur n ed flat over

on top Of a joi n ter furrow b r eaks t h e gr oun d i n to frag
men ts with wide cracks or op en in gs reachin g sever al

in ch es down B etween th es e extr em es th er e a r e man y
.
modi fication s made for t h e par ticular typ e or text ure

Of t h e soil to b e plowed We can Observe t h e cE ect that a
.
rough or badly s cratch ed or poor ly S hap ed moldboard

, ,
has on an y kin d of soil esp ecially wh en passin g f rom

,
gr avelly soils to clay I n soil that con tai n s t h e r ight

.
amoun t Of m oisture wh en a plow scour s all t h e tim e

, ,
t h e top of t h e fu rrow slice always h a s a glaz ed or shi n y

app ear an c e This shows that t h e soil is slippin g OE
.
t h e m oldboard easily I n places wh ere t h e p low does

.
n ot scour t h e groun d is push ed to on e sid e a n d p ack ed
or puddled on t h e un d ersid e i n st ead Of b ein g lifted

an d tur n ed as it should b e A field p lowed with a d e
.
f ect iv e m oldboar d will b e f ull of th ese p laces S uch .
groun d c a n n ot have th e life to br i n g about a satis

factory bacter ia con dition n ecessar y to p rom ote t h e
r apid p lan t growth that prop er p lowi n g g ives it .
Cul tivat ed sa n dy soils ar e b ecom in g m ore a cid year

W ORK I N G TH E S O IL 1 51
a fter year W e a r e usin g lim e to correct t h e acidity

.
,
but t h e us e of lim e requi res better plowi n g an d b ett er

after cul tivation to thoroughly mi x t h e trash with t h e
earth to m ake soil con dition s favorabl e to th e di ff eren t
ki n ds of soil bacteria Un less we pay sp ecial atten tion

.
to t h e hum us con ten t of th e soil we ar e likely to u s e

l im c to dissolve out plan t foods that a r e n ot n eed ed by
t h e presen t crop a n d therefore can n ot b e ut iliz ed
, , ,
.
“
T hi s is what t h e Ol d adage m eans whi ch r eads L im e
en r ich et h t h e father but im p ov er is h et h t h e s on When
.
that was written th e world had n o prop er tillage tools

an d t h e importan c e of humus was n ot even dream ed of .
Not so m an y years ago farm plows were made of cast

iron Then came t h e steel m oldboard which was sup
.
,
p os ed to b e t h e ac m e Of p erfectio n i n plow m aki n g .
S teel would scour an d tur n t h e furrow in fluE y soils

where cast iron would just root alon g without tu rn in g
th e groun d at all . L ater t h e art of m oldin g steel was
studi ed an d p erfected un til man y grades an d deg rees
of har dn ess were produced a n d t h e shap e of t h e m old
board pass ed through a thous an d chan ges Th e idea .
all t h e tim e was to m ake plows that woul d n ot on ly

scour but polish in all ki n ds Of soil A t t h e sam e ti m e
.
they mus t turn un der all of th e vegetabl e g rowth to

make humus to kill weeds an d to d estr oy tr oubl es om e
,
in sects B esides th ese requirem en ts t h e soil m us t b e

.
pulveriz ed an d lai d loose to adm it both air an d m ois

ture These exp erim ents gradually l ed up to ou r p res
.
en t high grad e plows of hard en ed st eel a n d what is
known as chill ed steel .
B es ides t h e hardn ess th er e a r e d iEer en t S hap es d e

sign ed for d iEer en t soils so that a plow to work well on
on e farm m ay n eed to b e quit e di ff er en t from a p low to
do t h e best work in an other n eighborhood Th e fur row . .

S li c e slidi n g over a p erfect moldboard l eav es t h e s ur
face Of t h e upturn ed groun d as even as t h e bottom of
t h e furrow B y usin g a m odern plow careful ly sel ected
.
to fit t h e soil gravel san dy ston y or m uck soils or sil t

, , , ,
loams that con tai n silica lim e iron a n d alumin um ox

, ,
id e ca n b e worked with t h e right plow to do t h e b est

work possible if we use t h e n ecessary care an d judg
men t in makin g th e selec t ion .
On e Ob j ect of g o od plowin g is to retain m oistur e

in t h e s oil un til t h e growin g cro p can m ake good us e
Of it .
Th e eas e with whi ch soils absorb retai n or los e mois ,
ture depen ds m ostly on their text ure humus con ten t

, , ,
physical con dition an d surface slop e or ar tificial drain

,
age . I t is to t h e ex ten t that cul tivation can modify

th ese factors that more soil water can b e made available
to t h e growin g crop There ar e loose op en soi l s
.
,
through which water p ercolates as through a si eve an d ,
there a r e tight gum bo soils which swell when t h e s ur

,
f ac e is moisten ed an d b ecom e practically waterproof .
S an dy soils take in water m ore readily than heavi er

soils h en c e l es s precaution is n ec ess ary to preven t
,
r u n OE-
.
A m o n g th e
thousan ds of plows of man y diEer en t
makes th ere a r e pl en ty Of g ood o n es Th e first con .
sideration in m akin g a selection is a reliabl e home

deal er who h as a good busi n ess reputation a n d a thor
ough kn owledge of local soil fr om a m echan ical stan d
poin t Th e n ext con sider atio n is th e service t h e plow
.
Wil l give in proportion to t h e price .
DI S K H ARR OW
c ive th e seed n o oth er im
F or prep arin g lan d to re e
plemen t will equal a double d isk Thes e implemen ts .

WORK I N G TH E IL
SO 53
ar e made in various s izes an d w eights of fram e F or .
heavy lan d where it is n ecessa ry to weight t h e disk

,
down an extra h eavy fram e is n ecessary It woul d

,
.
probably b e advisable to get t h e extra stron g fram e for

an y kin d of lan d b ecaus e ev en in light san d th er e a r e
,
t im es wh en a dis k may b e used to advan ta ge to kill

q uackgra s s or to ch ew up s od b efore plowi n g I n such .
cases it is customar y to load on a couple of sacks of

s an d in addition to t h e weig ht of t h e driver Wh en a .
dis k is carryi n g 3 00 or 400 poun ds b esides its own

weight t h e rackin g s train s which pull from diff er en t
di rections have a ten den cy to warp or twist a light
f ram e out of shap e To keep a disk cul tivator in good
.
workin g order it is n ecessary to go over it thor oughly

b efore doin g heavy work B olts must be kept tight all .
,
b races ex ami n ed occasion ally an d th e h eav y n uts at ,
th e en d s Of t h e di sk shaft s watched They sometimes .
l oosen an d give tr ouble Th e greatest d ifiicul t y in r u n

.
n in g a di s k harrow or cul tivator is to keep t h e boxi n gs
in good trim Wood en boxes ar e provided with t h e

.
impl em en t I t is a good plan to in sist on havin g a full

.
s et of ei ght extra boxes These wooden boxes may be

.
made on th e far m but it sometim es is d ifiicul t to g et

,
t h e right kin d of wood They shoul d be made of hard

.
m aple bored accordin g to siz e Of shaft an d boil ed in

, ,
a good quality of lin seed Oil Iron boxin gs have n ever.
been s atisfactory on a d isk implemen t Wood en on es .
make en ough troubl e but wood h as proved b etter than

,
iron On most disk cultivators ther e ar e Oil chan n els

.
leadin g t o t h e boxi n gs These chan n els ar e large

.
en ough to carry h eav y Oil Th e light er grades of cyl in

.
d er Oil work th e best I t is d iEicul t to cork these Oil

.
chann els tight en ough keep th e san d out Oil an d .
san d do n ot work we together in a bearin g Th e .

man u factur ers Of th ese im pl emen ts coul d impr ove th e
o ili n g d evic e by shorteni n g t h e chan n el an d buildin g a
b ett er hous in g for t h e Oil en tran ce It is quite a job t o .
t ake a di sk apart to put in n ew bo x in gs but like all , ,
oth er r epair work t h e disk should b e taken i n to th e

,
s hop thoroughly cl ean ed repaired pain ted an d Oil ed

, , ,
in t h e win ter tim e .
S om e double disk cultivators have ton gues an d som e

a r e mad e without Wh eth er t h e far m er wan ts a ton g ue
.
or n ot dep en ds a good d eal on t h e lan d Th e on ly a d .
v an tage is that a ton gu e will hold t h e disk from crowd
i n g on to t h e horses when it is r un n in g light alon g t h e

farm lan es or t h e sides of t h e fields with t h e di sks s et
stra ight H ors es have been rui n ed by havin g t h e
.
S harp disks r un agai n st th em wh en goin g down hill .
S uch accid en ts always ar e avoidabl e if a m an reali z es

t h e dan ger : Un fortun ately f arm impl em en ts a r e Often
,
us ed by m en wh o do v er y littl e thin ki n g A sprin g .
disk scrap er got twisted on a r oot an d was thr own

ov er t h e top of on e of t h e disks so it scr a p ed agai n st t h e
back of t h e disk an d con tin ued to m ake a harsh scrap ,
in g n ois e un til t h e p ropri eto r w en t to see what was

wron g Th e m an dr ivin g t h e disk sa i d h e thought
.
som ethi n g m ust b e t h e m att er wi th t h e cultivator but ,
h e cou ldn t t ell for t h e life of h im wh a t it w as

’
Wh en .
farm ers a r e up again st such d iEicul t ies it is safer to

buy a disk with a ton g ue .
H a r r ow Ca r t —.A sm a ll two wh eel cart with a sp r in g

-
seat over sh a dowed with a big um br ella is som etim es

called a dude sulky M an y sen sitive farmers tru dge
.
al on g in t h e soft groun d an d dust b ehin d th eir b ar r ows

a fr a id of s uch Ol d fogy r idicul e Th e har dest a n d m ost
.
tir es om e a n d di sagr eeabl e job at seedi n g tim e is fol

lowin g a h a r row on foot R idin g a har r ow cart in t h e
.
W ORK I N G TH E IL
SO 55
field is con servin g en ergy that may b e appli ed to b et

i
’
t er p ur pos es after t h e day s work n t h e field is fin
is h ed .
A kn ife edg e weed er m akes t h e b est dust m ulch pul

-
v er izer for o r ch a r d wor k or wh en preparin g a s eed
b ed for grain Th ese im plemen ts ar e sold un d er dif

.
f er en t n am es It requires a stretch of i m agin ation to

.
“ ”
attach th e word har row to th ese kn ife edg e weed -
er s . There is a cen tral bar which is usually a h a rdwood

plan k Th e kni ves ar e bolted to t h e un derside Of t h e
.
p la n k an d slop ed backwa r d a n d outwa r d fr om t h e
cen ter to th e right an d left so that th e kn ife edges ,

-
s t a n d at an an gl e of about 45 to t h e li n e of dr aught °
.
This an gl e is just about su fiicien t to l et tough w eeds

'
slip OE th e edges in stead Of draggin g alon g If t h e .
kn ives ar e sharp th ey will cut ten d er w eeds but t h e

, ,
tough on es mus t b e di sposed of to p reven t chokin g .
Th e pr op er u s e of t h e kn ife edge w eed er p r even ts -
weeds from growi n g but in farm p r actice som etim es , ,
r ai n y w eath er pr even ts t h e us e of such a tool un til t h e
weeds a r e w ell establish ed As a m oistur e r et a i n er .

,
these kn ife edge weed ers a r e sup er ior to al m ost an y

-
other i m plemen t They ar e m ade in widths of fr om

.
eight to tw en ty feet Th e wid e on es a r e join ted in th e

.
middle to fit un even groun d

'
CLOD CR US H ER
Th efarm lan d drag float or clod cr usher is useful , ,
un der certain con dition s On low S pots that do n ot dr ain

prop erly S uch lan d m ust b e plowed when th e m ain
.
portion of t h e field is in p r op er con dition an d th e r e ,
sult Often is th a t th e low spots a r e so wet that t h e

groun d packs in to l um ps that an ordin ary h arrow will
n ot b r eak to pi eces S uch lum p s r oll out b etween t h e
.
harrow teeth an d rem ain on t op of t h e groun d to in t er

fere with culti v ation Th e clod crus her then rides
.
over t h e lumps an d grin ds th em in to powd er Un f or .
t un atel y clod crush ers Often a r e dep en d ed on to r em

,
ed y faulty work on ordin ary lan d that should rec eiv e
b etter treatmen t M an y times t h e clod crus her is a

.
p oor r em edy for poor tillag e on n at ur ally good lan d

t h at l acks humus .
F re 1 40 .
—La n d Fl oa t Cl od c r u s h er s and la nd fl oa t s belon g
be Th eor eti ca lly t h ey a r e a l l out la ws b ut s om e
.
to t e s am e t ri .
r a ct i ca l fa r m er s h a r b o r o e or m or e o f t h em W et l a n d con t a i n
,
n .
,
s i d er a b l e cl a y s om e ti mes for m s i n t o l um p s wh i ch s h oul d b e

e
g
g c ,
cr u s l l e
As ordin arily m ade th e lan d flo at or cl od crush er,
cons ists of from fiv e to eight plan ks two in ches thick ,
a n d t en or twelv e i n ch es wid e spiked togeth er in saw ,
t ooth position t h e edg es Of th e plan ks b ei n g lap p ed

,
over each oth er like clap boards in hous e sidin g Th e .
plan ks a r e held in place with spikes driven through

in to t h e cross pieces .
FAR M RO LLE R
F arm roll ers used to fir m th e soil S om etim es
ar e .
a seed b ed is worked up so thor oughly that t h e g roun d

-
is made too loose so th e soil is too open an d p or ous .
S eeds to germin at e require that t h e soil grai n s shall fit

up closely again st th em Good soil is i m p r egn ated .
with soil m oistur e or fil m moistur e as it is Often call ed

, ,
because t h e m oistur e forms in a fil m ar oun d each littl e

W ORK I N G TH E SO IL 1 57
s oil grain I n prop er ly p r ep ar ed soil this fil m m oisture

.
com es in con tact with th e freshly sown seed If t h e t em .
p e r a t u r e is right t h e s eed sw ells a n d g erm in ation
s t arts
. Th e swellin g of t h e seed brin gs it in con tact
1 41 —I r on La n d
. Ro ller M a de of B oi ler Pl a t e .
Fig ur e 1 42 .
—Wo od en La n d Ro ller .
with more fil m moisture attached to oth er grain s of soil

so t h e rootlet grows an d p ushes out in to t h e soil in
search of moisture on its own accoun t A roller is val .
u ab l e to press t h e par ticl es of soil together to brin g t h e
freshl y sown s eeds in di rect con tact with as man y p ar

t icl es of soil as possibl e R oll in g lan d is a p ecul iar
.
Op er ation t h e valu e of which is n ot always un d erstood

. .
Th e origin al idea was to b en efit th e s oil by breaki n g t h e
lum ps It may b e of som e b en efit on certain soils for
.
this purpos e, but t h e lan d S hould always b e harrowed

after rolli n g to for m a dust mul ch to preven t th e ev a p
or ation Of moisture L an d that has been rolled an d l eft
.
overn ight shows damp t h e n ext m orn in g whi ch is suf ,
ficien t proof that m oistur e is com in g to t h e surface an d

is b ei n g diss ipated i n to t h e atm ospher e I n t h e s o .
c alled hum id section s of th e coun try t h e great problem

is to r etain m oisture An y far m im pl em en t that has a
.
ten den cy to dissipate soil m oisture is a dam a ge to t h e

far m er P robably n in e tim es out of t en a far m roller
.
is a damage to th e crop it is in ten ded to b en efit b ecaus e

Of t h e man n er in which it is us ed It is th e abuse n ot
.
,
t h e prop er us e of a roll er that in jures t h e crop

, .
COR N -
PLAN TE R
Cor plan ters ar e d es ign ed to plan t t wo rows at
n-
On c e . Th e width Of r ows m ay b e adj usted fr om about

3 2 to 44 i n ches apar t .Wh en seed cor n is car eful ly
-
graded to siz e th e droppin g m echan ism will feed out

t h e grains of corn regul ar ly with very f ew skips Th is .
is on e reason wh y most far m ers plan t corn in drills .
There ar e other cultural reason s which do n ot p r op

er ly b elon g to this m ech an ical ar t icl e H ill dr opp in g
.
is con s iderably more com p licated a n d d ifii cul t Af ter .
t h e feedi n g m echan ism has b een adjus ted to t h e siz e

Of seed kern els to b e pl an t so it will drop four ker
n els in a hill th en t h e tr ip chai n is tri ed out to s ee i f
it is ri ght at every j oin t D ropp in g in hills is a very

.
c ar eful m echan ical pr oposition A n i n ch or t wo out

.
of lin e eith er way mean s a loss of cor n in cultivatin g .
I n s ettin g th e stakes to go a n d com e by a car eful ,
m ea sur em en t of t h e field is n ec essary in or der to g et

W ORK I N G TH E SO IL 59
th e stake lin es on both sides of th e field parall el I f .
t h e rin g stakes ar e driven accur ately on t h e lin e then ,
t h e first hi l l of corn must come at t h e sam e d istan c e

from t h e li n e in each r ow L ikewise in star tin g b ack
.
from th e far side of t h e field t h e first h ill shoul d m ea s

ur e ex a ctly t h e same distan c e fr om t h e sta ke li n e as t h e
first hill s on t h e opposite side of t h e field This is
.
easily man aged by coun tin g th e n umb er Of trips b e
tween t h e stake lin e an d t h e first row of corn hills I f .
t h e two l in es of stakes on t h e opposite s ides of th e field

ar e exactly p arall el it is n ot n ec essary to move eith er
lin e in order to g et t h e proper distan ce to start drop

pin g but it must b e adj us ted by m easurem en t other
, ,
wis e th e corn hi lls will b e dodged If t h e corn h ills ar e

.
to space three feet apart then th e fir st r ow of hills

s houl d co m e n in e or t welve feet from th e stake lin e .
S takes may b e meas ur ed an d s et a certain n umb er of

i n ches from t h e lin e to make t h e distan ce com e right .
T hi s caref ul adjus tm en t brin gs t h e hi lls in lin e in th e

rows .
Wh en th e fiel d is level or gen tl y slopin g t here is n o

difi cul ty in m akin g straight rows so far as check r ow
in g is con cer n ed When t h e field is hilly an other p r ob
.
l em crops u p It is alm ost imp ossible to r u n corn rows

.
alon g th e s ide Of a hill an d keep th em straight Th e .
plan ter h as a t en den cy to slide down h il l A lso t h e dis

.
tan ce across a field is great er where t h e rows pas s over

a hi ll TO keep t h e rows str a i ght un der such con dition s
.
allowan ce must b e made for t h e str etch over t h e b il l

as w ell as for t h e side thrust of t h e plan t er Wh er e a
.
chain marker is us ed it han gs down hill an d a fur th er

al lowan ce must b e made for that A good driver w il l
.
skip an in ch or so above t h e m ark so that t h e rows will

b e plan ted fairl y straight This m ean s a good deal m ore
.
in ch eck rowin g than when t h e corn is plan ted in drills .
Th e g reatest obj ection to hill p lan tin g is t h e crowdi n g

of four cor n plan ts in to a space that S houl d b e occup i ed
by on e plan t .
A gr eat m an y exper im en ts have b een tried to seat

t er t h e s eeds in t h e hill so far without d efin ite results
, ,
exc ep t wh en con s id erabl e addition a l exp en s e is in
curred H owever a con e sus p en d ed b elow t h e en d of

.
,
t h e drop pin g tube usually wi l l scatter t h e s eeds so

that n o t wo seeds will touch ea ch oth er Th ey may n ot .
d r op an d scatter four or fiv e i n ches apart but these ,
littl e con es will h elp a good d eal They m us t b e a c .
cu r at el y adjus ted so t h e poin t of t h e co n e will c en te r
in t h e m iddl e of t h e vertical delivery tub e an d th ere ,
must b e plen ty of room all ar oun d th e con e so t h e

’
corn s eed ker n els won t stick Th e br aces that hold
.
t h e con es in place for t h e sa me r eas on mus t be turn ed

ed ge up a n d su p port ed in such a way as to l eav e
pl en ty of cl earan ce Th e idea is that f our ker n els of

.
corn drop tog ether Th ey str ike t h e con e an d a r e scat

.
t er ed in di ff eren t d irection s They n at ur ally fly to

.
t h e outsid es of t h e drill m ar k which s catt ers them as

wide ap ar t as t h e width of th e shoe that open s t h e dr ill .
Th e advan tage of scatt erin g seed g rai n s in t h e b il l h as

b een shown by accur ate exper im en ts con ducted at di f
f er en t ti m es by agricultur al colleges .
GRAI N DRI L L
To kn ow exactly how m uch s eed th e grain drill is
us in g it is n ecessary to kn ow h ow man y acres a r e con
t ain ed in t h e field M ost drills have an attachmen t
.
th at is supp osed to meas ur e how man y acr es an d fr a c

t ion s of acres th e dr ill cov er s F armers kn ow how
.
much grain each sack con tain s so they c an es tim a te as

,
W OR K I N G TH E SO IL 161
th ey g o alon g provided t h e drill regis ter is correct It

, .
is better to provide a check on t h e drill in di cator H ave .
t h e field measured th en d r ive stakes alon g on e side

“
, ,
in di catin g on e acre fiv e ac r es an d t en acr es

, When .
t h e on e acre st ake is r eached t h e op erator can estimate

-
v ery closely wheth er t h e drill is us i n g m or e or l ess
s eed than t h e i n dicator re gis ters Wh en t h e fiv e acre .

-
s t ake is reach ed a n oth er proof is a vailabl e an d so on ,
across t h e field Next in impor ta n ce to t h e prop er

.
workin g of t h e drill is s tra ight rows Th e onl y way t o .
a void gaps is t o drive straight Th e on ly way to drive .
s traight is to s ight over t h e wh eel tha t follows t h e las t
drill mark F armer s sometim es like to ride on t h e

.
grain drill which places t h e wheel s ightin g p r oposition

,
out of th e question A h a rrow cart may b e hitched b e

.
hin d t h e wheel Of t h e gr ain drill but it gives a side ,
dr aft . Th e on ly way to have straight rows an d thor

ough work is to walk behin d t h e en d of t he drill T h is .
is t h e prop er way to us e a drill an yway b ec aus e a tooth , ,
may clog up an y min ute Un less t h e operator is walk

.
in g b ehi n d t h e drill h e is n ot in pos ition to s ee quickl y

whether every tooth is workin g prop er ly or n ot It is .
hard work to foll ow a drill a ll day lon g but it pays at ,
harv est ti me It costs just as m uch to raise a crop Of

.
gr ain that on ly covers par t of th e groun d an d it seems ,
too bad to m iss t h e high est p ossible p ercen tage to s ave

a littl e har d wor k at p lan ti n g tim e .
P
S EC IAL CR O P M ACH I N E R Y
S p ecial cr ops quire sp ecial im plem en ts
re A fter .
t h ey a r e p rovided t h e equi p m en t m ust b e kept busy

,
in order to m ake it pay If a farm er produces fiv e

.
acres of potatoes h e n eeds a potato cutter a plan ter a , ,
ridin g cul tivator a sprayer that works un d er high

,
pressur e a digger an d a sorter Th e sam e outfit wil l
,
.
an swer for for ty acr es which woul d r educe th e p er

,
a cr e cost co n sider ably No farm er can aff ord to gr ow

.
fiv e acr es of pot a to es wi thout t h e n ec essary m achin ery ,
b ecause han d labor is out of th e question for work of

that ki n d .
On th e right ki n d of soil an d withi n reach of t h e

,
right mar ket potatoes ar e mon ey m akers B u t they

,
-
.
m ust b e g r own every year b ecause t h e pr ice of pota

toes fiu ct u at es more than an y oth er farm cr op Un der .
t h e ri g ht con ditions potatoes grown for fiv e years

with p r op er care an d good m a n agem en t ar e sure t o
m ake m on ey On e year out of fiv e wi l l break even two
.
,
y ear s will make a littl e mon ey an d t h e other two y ear S I

will m ake b ig mon ey At th e en d of fiv e year s with
.
,
good b usin es s m an agem en t t h e potato m achin er y will

,
b e all paid for an d there will b e a substan tial profit

,
.
W HE E L H OE
In gr owin g on ion s an d oth er tru ck cr op s wher e th e ,
rows a r e too clos e tog eth er f or hor se cul tivation t h e ,
wh eel h oe is valuabl e I n fact it is alm ost in dis p en

.
,
sabl e wh en such cr ops ar e grown exten sively Th e b est .
wheel hoes h ave a n umb er of atta chm en ts Wh en t h e .
seed b ed h a s b een c ar efully p r ep ar ed an d t h e soil is

-
,
fin e a n d loos e t h e wh eel h oe m ay b e us ed as soon as

,
t h e youn g pl an ts show above gr oun d M en who ar e .
accustom ed to op er a tin g a wh eel h oe b ecom e exp ert .
T h ey can wor k alm ost as close to th e growin g plan ts

with a n im pl em en t of this ki n d as th ey can with an or
d in a r y h a n d h oe Th e wh eel h oe or han d cultivator
.
, ,
wo r ks th e groun d on both sides of th e r ow at on c e ,
a n d it does it quickly so th a t v ery littl e han d w eedi n g

,
is n ec ess a r y .
CH AP T E R V I
HAN D L I N G T H E H AY CR O P
RE VOLVI N G H AYR AKE
A bout t h e first con trivan ce for raki n g hay by horse
p ow er co n s ist ed of a stick e i g ht or t en f eet lo n g with
doubl e en d teeth runn in g through it an d poin tin g in
-
,
two direction s Th ese rakes wer e improved fr om time

.
F ig ur e 1 4 3 .
—G rass Hook f or k g
w or i n a r oun d b or d er s wh er e the
l a wn m ower l y
,
-
i s t oo c um s .
to time un til th ey r eached p er fection for thi s ki n d of

,
'
tool They h av e sin c e b een sup er seded by sprin g

.
tooth ho r se ra kes except for c er tain purposes F or

,
.
pullin g field p eas ah d som e ki n ds of b ean s t h e old

, ,
s tyl e revolvin g hors e rake is st ill in us e .
Improv ed revolvin g hors e r akes have a cen ter t im

b er of h a rdwood about 4x6 in ches in diameter Th e .
corn er s a r e roun d ed to facilitat e slidin g ov er th e

groun d A rake twelve feet lon g will have about ei g h
.
t een doubl e en d t eeth Th e teeth p roj ect about t wo

-
.
an d on e half feet each way fr om t h e c en t er ti mb er

-
.
163
E ach t ooth is rou d d up sl ed run n er fashion at ea ch
n e ,
-
,
en d so it will poin t forward an d slide alon g over an d

close to t h e groun d without catchi n g fast Th er e is .
an iron pull rod or lo n g hook attach ed to each en d o f

, ,
t h e c en t er bar by mean s of a bolt that s crews in to t h e

c en ter of t h e en d of t h e wooden cen ter shaft th u s ,
formin g a g udg eon p in so t h e shaft can revolv e Tw o .
h an dl es ar e fasten ed by ban d iron straps to roun d ed
Fi gur e 1 44 —
ev olvi n g H a y r a k e
R T h e cen t er p i ece i s 4 x 6 x 1 2 " " '
l on g
.
l on g t ee t h a e d oubl s q ua r e a n d 4
.
" "
Th e r n d er s 1 95
e e 6
'
wh i ch a ll ow s 24 of r a k t o t h l a of t h e c t er t i m b er E ver y
.
,
"
e o c e r en .
s ti ck i n th r a k e i s ca r e fu lly s e l e t d
e I t i s d r a wn by on e h or s e
c e . .
If t h e e t er t eet h s ti ck i n t t h e g ou d ei t h r t h e h or s e m u s t s t op
c n o r n e
i n s t a n t ly o r t h e r a k e m u s t flop o v o r t h er e w il l b e a r e pa i r j ob
er
T h i s i n ven t i n h a s ne ver bee n i m pr oved upon f r p ull in g Cana d a
, , .
o o
p ea s .
recesses or gi rdl es cut ar oun d th e c en ter bar Th ese .
girdl es ar e just f ar en ough ap ar t for a m an to w alk

b etween an d to operate t h e han dl es Wooden or iron .
,
l ugs reach down from t h e han dl es with pins proj ect

,
in g from th eir sid es to en gage t h e rak e t eeth Two .
p in s proj ect fro m t h e l eft lug a n d th r ee fr o m t h e r ight .
S om etim es n otches ar e m ade in t h e lugs in stea d of

pin s Notch es a r e b etter ; they may b e roun ded up to
.
preven t catchin g wh en t h e rake revolves As t h e rake .
s lid es alon g t h e d r iv er holds t h e r ake teeth in th e

,
p rop er positio n by m e an s of t h e han dl es W h en s ufi .
c i en t load h as b een gathered h e en g ages t h e upper

H AN D L I N G TH E H AY CR OP 165
n otch in t h e right han d lug rel eas es th e l eft an d raises,
t h e other s uff ici en t to poin t t h e teeth in to t h e groun d .
Th e pul l of t h e horse tur n s t h e r ake over an d t h e m an

gras ps th e teeth agai n with t h e han dl e lugs as before .
Un l ess t h e driv er is careful t h e teeth m ay stick in th e

g rou n d an d tur n ov e r b e for e h e is ready for it It r e .
q u i r es a littl e exp eri en c e to u se suc h a r ake t o ad v an
F i g urp 1 45 —B u ck R a k e W h e h a y i s s t a cked in t h e fi l d a f u r
n e o
h or s b u ck r a k e i s t h e q u i ck es t w a
.
b i g t h h y t o t h e ta k
.
e t o r n e a s c .
T h e b u ck r a k e h w n i s 1 6 feet wi e a n d t h e 2 x4 t ee t h a
s o ~ 11 fe t re e
l o g Two h or s es a r e h i t h ed t o ea h e d a d t w d r i ve s s t a n d on
n . c c n n o r
t h e nds
e f t h e b u ck r a k t o per a t e i t
o e Th e lo d i p u h d un d er. oa s s e
th e h or s e t r k t h e h r s es a r e s wu g out w ar d an d t h e bu c k r a k e i s
o o n
d r a gged b a k w a r d
,
c .
tag e No b etter or cheaper way has ever b een i n ven ted

.
for harv esti n g Can ada p ea s Th e onl y obj ection s ar e .
that it sh ells some of t h e rip er pods an d it gath er s u p a .
c ertain am oun t of earth with t h e vin es whi ch m akes

dus ty threshin g .
hay ted der is an E n glish in ven tion whi ch

Th e -
,
has been adopted by far m ers in r ain y section s of

th e Uni ted S tates It is a n en er getic kicker that s eat
.
t ers t h e hay swaths a n d drops th e hay loosely t o

d r y between show ers H ay m a y b e m ade qui ckly
.
by s tar tin g t h e tedder an hour behin d t h e mowin g

machin e .
It is quite possibl e to cut timothy hay in th e morn

in g an d put it in t h e m ow in t h e aftern oon by shaki n g ,
i t up thor ou ghly on c e or twice with t h e hay tedder -

.
Wh en clover is m ixed with t h e timothy it is n ecess a ry ,
t o l ea ve it in t h e field un til t h e n ext day but th e tim e ,
b etween cuttin g an d mowin g is shorten ed mat erially

b y t h e u s e of t h e tedder .
Grass cut for hay may b e kicked apart in t h e field

early durin g t h e wiltin g proc ess with out shatterin g t h e
l eaves . If l eft too lon g th en t h e hay tedder is a d a m
,
-
a g e b ecaus e it ki cks t h e l eaves loos e from t h e st ems a n d
t h e most v aluabl e feedin g mat er i a l is was ted B ut .
it is a g o od im pl em en t if r ightly used I n catchy .
weather it oft en m eans t h e di ff eren ce b etween b r i ght ,
valua ble hay a n d black mus ty stu ff that is har dl y fit

, ,
to feed .
H ay t edd er s a r e ex p en sive
-
Wh er e t wo farm ers
.
n ei ghbor tog eth er t h e exp en s e may b e shar ed b ecaus e ,
t h e tedd er do es its wor k in two or three hours ti m e

’
.
Car ef ul farmers do n ot cut down much gr ass at on e

t im e Th e t edd er scatters t wo mowi n g swath s at on c e
. .
I n fact th e mowin g mach in e h ay t edder an d h or s er ake

,
-
shoul d all fit togeth er for t eam work so th ey will fol

low each oth er with out skip s or un n ecessary laps Th e .
d ivi di n g boar d of t h e mowin g mach in e mar ks a p ath

-
for on e of t h e h orses to foll ow an d it is difi cul t t o keep

h im out of it B u t two h or s es pulli n g a h ay t ed d er wil l
.
-
s tr a dd l e t h e o en str i b t w t h sw th w h t h
p p e een e a s en e
t ed d er is twi ce t h e w idth of t h e cut .
HA N D LI N G TH E HAY CROP 167
H AY S KI D S
H ay slips , or hay skids , used on t h e old smooth ar e
fields in t h e eastern stat es

They ar e usually made of .
seven eighths in ch boards dr es s ed preferably on on e

- -
side on ly They ar e us ed smooth side to th e groun d t o

.
Fig ur e “ (L—H a y S k i d Th is h a y s k id is 8 fee t wid e a n d 1 6 feet

l umber p ut t og et h e wi t h 2 ca r i a ge bo lts
.
l on g
"
I t i s ma d e o f 7 r r
leu t y o f t h em e r o u n d b l t h ea d s a e c ou n t r s u n k i n t o t h e
.
o r e
t t om of t h e s k i d a n d t h e n u t s a r e d r a w n d ow n t i gh t on th e cl ea t s
.
I t m a kes a l ow d own ea s y p i t c h i n g h a y h a u l in g d evi ce

-
,
-
,
-
.
Fi gu 1 47 — H a y S i n
re l k
I t t a es n o on e r t o h ois t 5 00 o u n d s l g p
p l g g F
.
o f h a y t h a n 1 00 oun d s 1 t h e r i g is a r e a n d s t r on eno u h ou r .
fee t w i d e byt en ee t in f l g
en t h i s a o u t r i h t f o r h a n l in h ay b g
q ui c kly . B ut t h e t o ggl
e mu s t r ea ch t o t h e en d s o f th e r a c i u s ed k
on a wa gon .
slip alon g easily R ough sid e is u p to better hold t h e

.
h a y fr om slip p i n g Th e lon g run n er boar ds ar e h eld

.
tog eth er by cross pi eces m ade of in ch boards twelve

in ch es wid e an d well n ail ed at each i n ters ection with
n ails w ell cli n ch ed S mall carriage bolts ar e b etter .
than n ails but t h e heads shoul d b e coun ter sunk in to th e

bottom with t h e poin ts u p They shoul d b e used with .
1 68 FARM ME CHAN I CS
out wash ers an d th e en ds of th e bolts cut close to t h e
sun ken n uts Th e fron t en d of t h e skid is roun ded up
.
slightly , sled r un n er fas hion as much as t h e boards ,
will bear to avoid di ggin g in to t h e sod to d estroy eith er

,
t h e gras s r oots or crown s of t h e plan ts H ay usually is .
Fi gur e 1 48 .
—( l ) F T in ed D er r i ck For k 2 ) P ea Gua r d
ou r - . .
ex t e ns i on gua r d t l i ft ea vi nes h ig h en ou gh f or t h e s i ckl e i s t h e

o -
c l ea n es t wa y t o h a r v es Ca n a d a pea s T h e o l d fa s h i oned wa y of
-
u l li n g pea s wi t h a d u ll sc y t h e h a s g o n e i n to o b li vi on
.
B ut t h e
pca vy bea r i n g va r i eties s ti l l per s i s t in cr a wl in g o n t h e gr ou n d I f
.
t h e v in es a r e l i ft ed a n d c u t clea n t h ey ca n b e r a k e d i t o w i n d ow s
n r
with a s pr i n g t oot h h a y r a k e ( 3 ) H a y s t a c k Kni fe . Th i s s t yle o f
h a y c ut t i g k n i fe i s u sed a lm os t u n i ver s a lly o s t a ck s a n d i n h a y
.
-
n n
m ows . Th er e i s l es s u s e f or h a y kn i ves s in ce fa r m er s a d op t ed power
-
h a yfor k s t o l i ft h a y out o f a m ow a s well a s t o p u t i t i n .
f orked by h an d f rom th e win dr ows on to t h e skids .
S om e tim es hay sli n g s a r e pla ced on t h e s kids a n d t h e
h ay is fork ed on to t h e s l in gs car efully i n lay ers la p p e d

over each other in such a way as to hoist on to t h e stack
without spillin g out at t h e sides F our hun dred to
.
e i ght hu n dr ed pou n d s mak es a go o d load for o n e of

H AN D L I N G TH E H AY CROP 1 69
t h ese skids ,accordin g to horse power an d un evenn ess

of t h e groun d Th ey save labor as compared to wag
.
,
on s b eca us e t h ere is n o pitchi ng up

,
All hois tin g is .
g
F i ur e 1 49 — bl
D ou e H a r p oon H a y f o r k T
h i s i s a l a r g e s i ze f or k
.
wi t h ext r a on l g lg F or h a n d i n l g l g ha y th a t h a n8 s t g et h er
gg
ng e s on
ll l
.
w e t h i s f or k i s a r ea t s ucces s I t m a y b e h a n d ed a s q ui ly as
ll f k vy l
.
a s m a er or and t car r i es a h ea oa d .
sup posed to be don e by ho rse power with th e aid of a

hay derrick .
WE S TE R N H AY DE RRI C KS
Two d err icks for st acki n g h a y , that ar e us ed ext en
s iv el y i n t h e a lfalfa districts of Idaho , ar e shown in
t h e illustration , F i g ure 1 51 Th e d er r ick to t h e left is

.
made with a squar e bas e of tim b er s which sup por ts an
up right m as t an d a horizon tal boom Th e tim b er base .
is sixteen feet squar e made of fiv e sticks of tim b er

, ,
each pi ec e b ei n g 8 x8 in ch es squar e by 1 6 feet in l en gth

‘
Two of t h e tim b er s r est flat on t h e gr oun d an d a r e

roun ded up at t h e en ds to fa cilitate movin g t h e der r ick
a cross t h e stubbl e groun d or along t h e road to t h e n ext
F i gur e l 5 o — Si x Ti d G a ppl e H a y fo k I t i s ba l a n ced t o h a n g

-
ne r r .
d a w i n g w h n em p t y I t s in k s i n t t h e h a y ea s il y
.
a s s h ow n i n t h e r e . o
a d d u m p s q ui kly w h e
n c t h e c l u t ch i
n el a e d
s r e s .
h ayfiel d .Th ese sl ei g h runn er timb er s a r e n otch ed on

t h e upp er sid e n ear ea ch en d an d at t h e middl e to r e
ceiv e t h e three c r oss ti m b er s Th e cr oss tim b er s also
.
a r e n otch ed or r ec ess ed a bout a h a lf i n ch d eep to m ak e
a sor t of doubl e m or tise Th e tim b er s a r e boun d to

.
g e th er a t t h e i n t er s ectio n s by i r o n U clam ps that pass -
ar oun d both ti mb er s an d fasten th r ough a flat ir on

pl a te on top of t h e upp er tim b er s Th ese flat pl a t es or .
bar s h ave hol es n ea r t h e en ds a n d t h e thr eaded en ds of

t h e U iron s p a ss through these hol es an d t h e n uts ar e
-
H AN D L I N G TH E HAY c s or 1 71
screwed down tight Th e sl eigh ru nn er tim bers a r e r e

.
cessed diag on ally across t h e bottom t o fit t he roun d

U iron s which a r e l et in to t h e botto ms of th e t im b ers
-
jus t enough to preven t scrapin g th e earth wh en th e
F
i g ur e 1 5 1 .
—I
d a h o H a y D er r i c s k yl
T wo s t e s o f h a y d er r i c s a r e k
k lf lf I g l f
.
us ed t o s ta c a a a h ay i n dah o T h e d r a win t o t h e e t s h ows

b v
.
t h e o n e m os t i n us e eca u s e i t i s ea s i er m a d e a n d ea s i er t o m o e .
k
T h e d er r i c t o t h e r i h t u s u a lly l g
i s m a d e a r er a n d mo r e o wer u p f l
gy
.
W bl
i r e ca e i s en cr a i u s ed w i t h b
o t h d er r i c s k b p
e ca us e r o e w ea r s
ou t q
ui c kly . l p f
h ey a r e s im i a r i n o er a ti on b u t d i f e r e n t i n co n s t r u e
t io n b f q
T h e a s e o f ea ch i s 1 6 ee t s ua r e a n d t h e h i h en d s of t h eg
b f A gl yf k p bl
.
oo m s r ea ch u p n e a r l 40 eet s in
. e ha or r o e , or w i r e ca e,
i s u s e d ; it i s a ou t 6b eetf l g
on T h e r ea ch i s s u fli c i en t to d r o p t h e
.
k f
h a y i n t h e ce n t e r o f a s t a c 24 eet wi d e .
d rick is b i g moved These iron U clamp fasten er s

er e n .
-
a r e much stron ger a n d b etter than bolts th r ough t h e
tim b ers .
Th ere a r e ti mb er brac es fitted acr os s th e cor n er s

which ar e bolt ed through th e outside tim bers to brace
th e fram e again st a diamon d ten d en c y wh en m ovin g
t h e derrick Ther e is con siderabl e str ain when passin g
.
ov er un even groun d It is b etter to make t h e frame s o

.
F i g u e 1 52 —H a y Ca r r i er Ca r r ia ge P ower ful ca r r ie r s a r e a t
r . r
ew b a n T h e t r a c k i s d ou bl a d t h wh e l s r un o
.
of t h e n r e n e e n o th
t r a ck s t o s t a n d a i d e pu ll a n d t o s t a r t q u i c kly a n d r un s t ea d i ly
.
s
w h e t h e cl u t ch i
n e l ea ed
s r s .
solid that it can n ot g et out of square The m ast is a .
stick of timb er 8 in ches square an d 20 or 2 4 feet lo n g .
This mast is s ec ur ely fas ten ed solid to t h e cen ter of

H AN D L I N G TH E H AY CR O P 73
th e frame by havin g t h e bottom en d mortised in to t h e

c en ter cross timb er at t h e middl e an d it is braced s ol id
”
an d held p erp en dicul ar to t h e fr am ewor k by 4 x4
'
wood en brac es at th e corn ers Th ese brac es ar e n otched .
at t h e top en ds to fit t h e corn ers of th e mas t an d

a r e b ev el ed at t h e bottom en ds to fit flat on top of
t h e timb ers They ar e held in p la ce by bolts an d by

.
strap ir on or ba n d iron b ands Thes e ban ds ar e drill ed .
with holes an d ar e spiked through in to t h e timb ers
1 53 f kH
1 ) H a y or i t ch wh ime t r ee a e d o u es t h e
A bl
gl llp y
re .
of t h e f k T yk p v
h e n ot i n t h e r o e g i es d ou l e ower t o s t a r t
gl
s e or
R f G ppl
.
t g oa d .
(2 ) a t er ra e , f or a t ta ch i n an ext r a u e g
to any p ll y
p a r t o f th e b f
a r n r oo .
with four i n ch or fiv e i n ch wire n ail s H ol es ar e dr ill ed

- -
.
throug h t h e ban d ir on th e right size an d at t h e prop er

places for t h e n ails Th e mast is made roun d at t h e
.
top an d is fitted wi th a heav y welded iron r in g or ban d

to preven t splittin g Th e boom is usually about 3 0
.
feet lon g F ar mer s prefer a roun d pol e when they can

.
g et it .It is attach ed to th e top of t h e m ast by an ir 0n

stirru p mad e by a blacksmith This stir r up is made .
to fit loos ely half way aroun d th e boom on e thir d of th e -
way up fr om t h e b ig en d which makes t h e small en d

,
of th e boom proj ect 20 feet out fr om t h e upp er en d

of th e mast Th e iron stirrup is made h eavy an d
.
stron g It has a r oun d iron g udg eon
. in di a m eter
that reach es down in to t h e top of th e m ast about 1 8
in ch es Th e shoulder of t h e sti r ru p is supported by a
.
.
s quar e flat i r on plate which r ests on an d covers t h e

,
top of th e m ast an d has t h e corn er s tur n ed down It is .
made lar ge to shed water an d p r otect t h e top of t h e

mas t This plat e h a s a hol e on e a n d a half in ch es in
.
d iameter in th e cen ter through which th e stirru p
F ig ur e 1 54
l f
e t
.
—H ay Ro
p v
re en t s
pe P ulleys Th e h ous i g of t h e pu ll ey
the r p e f r om
o
.
r n
n
u n i n g of"t h e h ea v es
s .
to th e
gudgeon passes as it en ter s t h e top of t h e mas t A far m .
chain or logg in g chain is fas ten ed to t h e lar g e en d of

, ,
t h e boom by p assi n g t h e chai n a r oun d t h e boom a n d

en g ag in g t h e r oun d hook Th e gr ab hook en d of t h e
.
chain is passed ar oun d t h e t im b er b el ow a n d is hooked

back to give it t h e right len gth which doubl es th e par t ,
of t h e ch a i n withi n r each of t h e m an in charg e This .
doubl e en d of th e chain is l en gth en ed or shor ten ed to

elevat e t h e out er en d of t h e boom to fit t h e stack Th e .
sm all outer en d of th e boom is thus raised as t h e stack

g o es up .
HAN D LI N G TH E HAY C ROP 1 75
An ordin ary horse fork an d tackl e is used to hoist th e

hay Three sin gl e pul l eys ar e attach ed on e to t h e
.
,
outer en d of t h e boom on e n ear t h e t op of t h e mast , ,
a n d t h e oth er at t h e bottom of t h e m ast so that t h e rop e
p a ss es easily an d fr eely thr oug h th e three pull eys an d

a t t h e sam e tim e p er m its t h e boom to swin g aroun d as
t h e fork go es up fr om t h e wagon rack over t h e stack .
This swi n gin g m ovem en t is r egulated by tiltin g th e

derrick towards t h e stack so that t h e boom swi n gs over
F i gu r e l 55 .
—G am b el
r Wh i me t r ee f or us e g
i n h ois t in b a y t o p r e
l y l v g
,
en t en t a n em en t s . I t is h a nd w h en cu ti a t i n a r oun d
gui t t
a so
t r ees . gl
th e stack by its own weight or by t h e weight of t h e hay
on t h e hors e for k Usually a wire truss is rigged over
.
t h e boom to stiff en it Th e wi r e is attach ed to t h e boom

.
at both en ds an d t h e middl e of th e wire is sprun g up to

rest on a b r idge pl a ced over t h e stir ru p .
F ar m er s like this sim pl e for m of h a y d er r ick b ecaus e

it is ch eaply made an d it m ay b e easily m ov ed b ec ause
it is n ot h eavy It is autom a tic a n d it is about as chea p
.
as an y good derr ick an d it is t h e m ost satisfactor y f or

ordin ar y use Th e base is l ar g e en ough to m ake it solid
.
an d steady wh en in us e B efor e movi n g t h e poin t of.
t h e boom is lowered to a l evel position so that t h e d er

rick is top heav y Ther e is little dan ger of up set
n ot -
.
tin g up on or din ary farm lan ds Al so th e width of 1 6 .
feet will pas s alon g coun try roads without meeti n g

serious obs tacles H ay slin gs usually a r e made t oo
.
n arrow an d too sh ort Th e ord in ary littl e hay sling is

.
pron e t o tip sideways an d spill t h e hay It is r es p on .
sible for a great deal of profan ity Th e hay derrick .
shown to th e ri ght is s omewhat diff eren t in con stru e

t ion, but is quite sim ilar in action Th e b as e is t h e .
F i gu r e 1 56 — .Ca b l e H a y S t a c k er T h e wi r e ca bl e i s s u pp or t ed b y
t h e t w o b i p od s a n d i s nd b s n u bb i g s t a k s
.
cu r d a t
se a ch
e e e Two
n e .
s i gl e ca bl e c ll r s a r
n -
o a l m ped t t h e ca b e t o pr eve t t h b i pod s
e c a o n e
fr om s l i ppi n g i a t t h e t op Two d ou ble ca ble cl am ps h old t h e
n -
a bl es t o for m s t a k e l oo p s
.
en d s o f t h e c .
same but t h e m ast turn s on a gudgeon step p ed in to a n

iron s ocket m ortised in to t h e cen ter tim b er .
Th e wire hoistin g cabl e is th r ea d ed d iif er en tl y as ,
shown in t h e dr awin g This styl e of der r ick is mad e

.
larger som eti m es th e p eak reaches u p 40 above t h e

,
’
base Th e extra large on es ar e awkwar d to m ove but

.
th ey build fin e big stacks .
AL IF OR N IA H AY R ICKE R
C
I n th e West hay is often put up in lon g r icks in

stead of stacks On e of m y jobs in Ca lifor n ia was to
.
put up acres of wild hay in t h e S a cram en to V al

HA N D LI N G TH E H AY CR O P 1 77
l ey I made four r icker s an d eight buck r akes similar

.
to th e on es sh own in t h e illustr ation s" E ach r icker was

Oper ated by a crew of eig ht m en F our m en dr ove two .
bu ck r akes There wer e two on t h e r ick on e at t h e

.
,
F re 1 57 .
—C a l i for n i a
H a y R i c er , f or ku tt i n p g
ei t h er w i d h a y l
or a f lf
a a qui c
kly k
in r ic s I t i s u s ed i n c on n ect i on w i t h h o m e
b k k T k k g k
.
ma d e uc r a es h i s r i c er wor s a a i n s t t h e en d of t h e r i c
b y b p
.
a nd is a ck ed a wa e a ch t im e t o s t a r t a n e w en ch T h e u r ig h t
lg p l b l
.
i s m a d e of i h t o es o r 2 x43 r a c ed a s s h ow n I t s h ou d b e 2 8 o r
ot t om , whi e g uy w i r es s t ea d y
.
f g
3 0 eet h i h I . k l
r on s t a es h o d t h e b l
th e t op .
for k an d on e to drive t h e hoisti n g r ig Ten m owi n g .
m achin es d i d most of t h e cuttin g but I hired eight m o r e

machin es towards th e l as t as th e latest gr as s was g et
,
tin g too ripe Th e cr op meas ured mor e than

.
ton s an d it was all put in r icks sta cks a n d barn s with ,
out a drop of r ain on it I shoul d add that ra in s el.

d om fallsin t h e lower S acr a m en to V all ey dur i n g t h e
hayi n g seas on in t h e m on th s of M ay a n d J un e This
.
r efers to wild hay , which is m ad e up of bur r clov er ,
wild oats an d volun teer whea t an d barley .
A lfalfa is cut from fiv e to s even ti m es in t h e hot in

t er ior valleys so that if a fa r mer is ras h en ough to
,
plan t alfalfa un der ir r ig ation his hayin g th ereafter

wil l reach from one r ainy seas on to th e n ext .
CH A P T E R V I I
F A R M CON VE YA N CE S
S T
O E
N -
BOAT
On e of t h e most us eful of th e leas t orn a an d on e
men tal con veyan ces on a farm is th e ston e boat It is -
.
a low dow n han dy rig f or m ovin g heavy commodit i es

-
in summer as well as in win ter No other sleigh or .
wag on will equal a ston e boat f or carryin g plows or -
Fl re 1 58 — —
B
S t on e oa t S t um p logs a r e s ele t ed f or th e pl a n k s
c .
pl k l u r ve of t h l a r ge r t s T h
. .
T h e en d of t h e a n s i s th e n a tur a c e oo . e
g
s a wi n i s d on e by b
a n d s a w cu t t i n g f m tw d i ti
ro o r ec on s .
har r ows from on e field to an other It is han dy to tote .
b a g s of seed to s upp ly t h e gr ain dr ill to h a u l a bar r el ,
of water feed f or t h e hog s and a gr eat m an y other

, ,
chores .
When t h e coun tr y was n ew sawm ills m ade a busin es s ,
of sawi n g ston e boa t plan k T r ees f or ston e bo a t sta ves

-
.
-
wer e cut close to t h e g r oun d a n d t h e n atur a l cr ooks of

t h e roots w er e used f or t h e n oses of sl eigh run n er s an d
f or ston e bo a ts B ut cast i r on n oses a r e n ow m a n u f a c
-
.
-
t u r ed with r ec ess es to r ec eiv e t h e en ds of strai ght o r di

n ary hardwood plan ks Th ese cast iron en ds a r e
.
-
1 79
180 FA R M MEC HAN I CS
J
r oun ded up in fron t to ma ke t h e n eces sary n ose c r ook .
Th e fr on t pl a n k cr oss pi ece is bolted well towar ds t h e

fron t en ds of t h e run n er p lan ks Usually ther e a r e t wo .
other hardwood plan k cross p ieces on e n ear t h e r ea r ,
en d an d t h e oth er about on e thi r d of t h e way back fr o m

-
t h e fr on t P lacin g t h e cross pi ec es in this way g ives

.
room b etween to stan d a bar r el .
Th e cr os s pi eces ar e bolted th r ough fr om th e bottom

u p R oun d h eaded bolts a r e used an d they ar e coun t er
.
-
Fi gur e 1 59 —Wh eelba r ow Th i s fa ct or m a d wh elba r w i

. r -
e e r o s the
on ly pa t t er n w o t h b ot h i ng w i t h h ap
.
r er It 8 nd a n w c e a s er s th e
pu pos e bet t r t h a n t h h vi m ov a bl e i d wi n g
.
r e e e s wi t h
ea er on re s e s .
sun k to com e flush with th e bottom of t h e slidi n g

plan ks .Th e n uts a r e coun ter sun k in to t h e c r oss
p i eces by bo r in g hol es about on e quar ter in ch d eep -
.
Th e hol es a r e a little lar ger than t h e co r n erwi s e

diam eter of th e n uts No washers a r e us ed a n d
.
,
t h e n uts a r e screwed down tight i n to t h e pl a n k .
Th e en ds of t h e bolts ar e cut off even a n d fil ed

sm ooth Th e n uts ar e placed sharp cor n er side down
.
a n d ar e l eft n ea r ly flush on t op or even with th e s u r
face of t h e cr oss p i eces I n usin g a ston e boat n obody

.
-
,
wan ts a proj ection to catch an y par t of th e load .
R egular double tr ee cl evises a r e attach ed to t h e

-
cor n er s of t h e old fas hion ed ston e bo a t a n d t h e sid e

- -
FAR M V YAN CE S
CON E 1 81
ch a in s a r e br ought togeth er to a rin g a n d ar e just about

lon g en ough to form an equilateral trian gle with t h e
fr on t en d of t h e ston e boat Cast ir on fr on ts usually
-
.
-
hav e a proj ection in t h e cen ter f or t h e cl evis hitch .
O"E N ON A N E W EN GL AN D FAR M
On e of th emos t in terestin g exp er ien ces on a N ew

E n g lan d farm is to g et acquain ted with t h e man n er in
which oxen ar e pres sed in to farm service On e r eas on
'
wh y oxen hav e n ever gon e out of f as hion in N ew E n g

l an d is t h e fact t hat the y ar e pati en t en ough t o pl ow
s ton y groun d without smash in g t h e plow .
A great deal of N ew E n glan d farm lan d has b een r e

clai med by removin g a portion of t h e surface ston e .
I n t h e processes of freezin g an d thawi n g an d cul tiva

t io n
,
s t o n es from u n d ern e ath keep w or k in g u p to t h e
surfac e s o that it requires con siderabl e skil l to do t h e
n ecess ary plowin g an d cul tivatin g Oxen ease t h e.
plowpoin t over or aroun d a rock so it can im mediately

dip in again t o t h e full depth of th e fur r ow A g ood .
yoke of catt l e well tr ain ed ar e gen tl e as wel l as stron g

an d pow er f ul .
Oxen ar e cheap er than hor ses to begi n with an d

th ey ar e valuable for beef when they a r e n ot n eeded
an y lon ger as work an im als Th e H olst ei n breed seems
.
to have t h e preferen ce f or oxen with N ew E n glan d

far mer s Th e n ec ess ary h arness for a pair of cattl e
.
coil s is t s of an ox yoke with a rin gbolt through t h e cen
t er of t h e y oke midway b etween t h e two oxen

, A .
heavy iron rin g about fiv e in ches in di ameter made of ,
roun d iron han g s from t h e rin g bol t There ar e two

, .
.
oxbows to hold t h e yoke in pl ace on th e n ecks of th e

cattl e A loggin g chain with a roun d hook on on e en d
.
an d a grab hook on t h e other en d com pletes t h e yokin g
outfit .
Th e roun d hook of t h e chain is hi tched in to t h e rin g

in t h e plow cl evis Th e chain is passed throug h t h e
.
l arge iron rin g in t h e oxbow an d is doubled back t o g et

th e ri ght l en gt h . Th e gr ab hook is so con stru cted that
it fits over on e lin k of t h e chain fiat wis e so that t h e n ext
lin k s tan di n g cr osswise p r even ts it fr om slip pin g .
Th e me chan ism of a logg in g chain is extr em ely s im

p l e,
positiv e in actio n an d esp ecially well adap ted t o
t h e us e for which it is in ten ded Th e b est mechan ical

.
i n ven tion s often p as s without n otice because of their

s implicity . F armer s have used log gin g chain s for g en
er a t ion s with hooks made on th is pl an without r eal iz
in g that th ey w er e p r ofitin g by a hi g h g r ade i n ven tion

that embodies s up er ior mer it .
I n yokin g oxen t o a wag on t h e hitch is equally sim

p l e
. Th e en d of t h e wago n to n gu e is plac ed in t h e rin g
in t h e ox yoke t h e roun d hook en g ag es with a dr a w
,
bolt un der th e hammer str ap bar Th e sm all g r ab hook .
is p assed t hrough t h e larg e yoke rin g an d is brought

back an d en g aged with a chai n lin k at th e prop er dis
tan ce t o str etch t h e chain taut .
Th e p r oc ess of yokin g oxen an d hitchi n g th em to a

wagon is on e of th e most in teresti n g p er for m an ces on
a far m . Th e off ox wor ks on t h e off side or far side ,
from th e driv er H e usually is t h e l ar g er of t h e two

.
a n d t h e more in telligen t .Th e n ea r ( p r on oun ced

n i g h ) ox is n ear est to t h e d r iv er wh o walks to t h e l eft
- - -
.
Old p lows turn ed t h e furrow to t h e rig ht so th e dr iver

could walk on har d gr oun d I n this way t h e awkwar d
.
n ess a n d i gn or a n c e of t h e n ear ox is played a gain st th e
docility a n d sup er ior in telligen c e of t h e off ox I n .
yokin g t h e two together t h e yoke is fir st placed on t he

FA R M CON VE YAN CE S 83
ne ck of th e off ox an d t h e n ear ox is in vited to come

un der This exp r ession is s o apt that a grea t man y
.
y ears ago it b ecam e a clas si c in t h e han ds of able writ

e r s to sugg est submission or slavery t erm ed comi n g
un der t h e yoke . Com in g un der t h e yoke however , ,
for t h e N ew E n glan d ox in th ese days of abun dan t

,
feedin g is n o hardship Th e oxen ar e lar ge an d power

,
.
f ul a n d t h e work they have to do is just about s u fiicien t

to g ive th em t h e n eeded exercise to en joy th eir al falfa
hay a n d feed of oats or corn .
A
TR VOY
On e of t h e first im p lem en ts us ed by farm settlers in

th e timb er ed section s of t h e Un ited S tates a n d Can ada ,
was a thr ee cor n ered sled made fr om t h e for k of a tree

-
.
This rough sled in th e F ren ch sp eakin g s ettlem en ts

, ,
“ ”
was call ed a tr avoy Whether it was of I n dian or
.
F ren ch in ven tion is n ot kn own ; probably both In dian s

an d F r en ch s ettl er s used t r a voy s for movin g logs in th e
woods befor e A m m ican history was much writt en Th e .
l egs or runn ers of a travoy ar e about fiv e feet lon g .
There is a bunk which exten d s crossways fr om on e r un

n er to t h e other about half or t wo thir d s of t h e way
,
-
back from t h e tur n ed u p nose T hi s bun k is fasten ed

-
.
t o t h e run n er s by m ean s of wooden pi n s an d U

shap ed bows fitted in to grooves cut aroun d t h e upp er
h alf of t h e bunk n ear t h e en ds J ust back of t h e
.
tur n ed up n ose is an oth er cr oss piece in th e shap e of a

stout wooden p in or iron bolt that is p assed th r ough an
auger hol e exten din g through both legs from side to
side of th e travoy Th e un derside of t h e c r otch is
.
hollowed out in fr on t of t h e bolt to m ake r oom to pas s

t h e loggin g chain thr oug h so it comes out in fron t u n
d er t h e turn ed up n ose .
fron t of t h e tr avoy is tur n ed up sl ed r tmn er
Th e ,
fas hion by hewi ng th e wood wi th an axe t o give it t h e

,
prop er sh ap e Tr avoys ar e us ed t o haul l ogs from a

.
thi ck wo ods to t h e skid ways Th e man ner of usin g a .
travoy is in ter est in g I t is h auled by a y oke of ca t tle

.
or a team of horses to t h e pl ace wh er e th e log li es in t h e

woods The roun d hook en d of th e loggin g ch ain is
.
thrown over t he butt en d of t h e l og an d pulled b ack

un der t h e l og th en ar oun d th e bun k just i nsid e of t h e
Fi gur e —T a v y A g s l ed ma d e fr om t h e f or k of
gg
1 60 . r o . l og b a
-
in a
ee.
run n er an d hooked fas t upon its el f The tr avoy is then .
lean ed over again st t h e log th e gr ab hook en d of t h e ,
chain is brought over th e l og an d over t h e trav oy an d

straighten ed out at rig ht an gles to t h e log Th e cattle .
a r e hitch ed t o t h e en d of t h e log gi n g chain an d sta rted .
This ki n d of a hitch rolls t h e log over on top of t h e

bun k on th e travoy Th e cattle ar e then un hitched
. .
Th e g rab hook en d of t h e ch ain thus releas ed is p assed

down an d aroun d un der t h e oth er en d of t h e bun k from
b ehi n d Th e chain is th en p assed ov er t h e bolt ne ar
.
t h e n os e of t h e tra voy a nd pull ed down throu gh th e

op en i n g an d out in fron t from u n der t h e n ose Th e .
FAR M C ON V E YAN CE S 185
sm al l g rab hook of th e loggin g chain is th en pass ed

through t h e clevis in t h e doubletree if hors es ar e
, ,
us ed or t h e rin g in t h e yoke if cattl e a r e us ed a n d

, ,
hi tched back to t h e p r op er l en gt h A little exp er ien ce .
is n ec essary to regul ate t h e l en gth of t h e chain to giv e

t h e pr op er pul l Th e chai n should b e shor t en oug h so
.
th e pul l lif ts a littl e It is gen er a lly con ceded by

.
woods m en that a shor t hitch moves a log eas ier than a

lon g hitch H owever th ere is a m edium Th er e ar e
.
,
.
lim itations which exp er ien ce onl y can deter m in e A .
travoy is useful in den se woods wh er e th er e is a good

deal of un der gr owth or wh ere th er e a r e places so
r ough that bobsl eighs can n ot b e us ed to advan tage .
LI N CH PIN FAR M W AGON S

I om
n s e p arts of t h e coun tr y t h e wh eels of han dy
wagon s about th e farm ar e held on axle journ als by
Fi g ur e 1 6 1 —C r os s R ea h Wa gon Th is wa gon i s coupl ed f or a

. c .
t r a i le r
, b ut i t wor k s j us t a s well w h en u se d wi t h a t on gu a nd e
h or s es a s a h a n d y fa r m wa go Th e b un k s a r e m a d e
n. i d and r
pa r a llel by me of
an s d ou ble ea ch
a Th e e a r e t wo ki n g ol t s t o
r . r
p er m i t b t h a xl s t o t u
o e E i th
r n. n d i s fr n ter e o .
m a s of li chpi s
e n n old fas hion ed m ann er Th ere
n in th e -
.
ar e iron hub ban ds on both en ds of t h e hubs which pro

-
j cet several in ch es b eyon d t h e wood This is th e best .
p r otection ag ai n st san d to pr even t it from workin g in to

th e wh eel boxi n g that has ever been in ven ted S an d .
from t h e felloes scatter s down on to these iron ban ds
an d rolls off to t h e gr oun d Th er e is a hole throug h .
ea ch ban d on th e outer en d s of t h e hubs to pass t h e
li n chpin thr ough so th at b efor e takin g ofi a wheel to

oil th e journ al it m ust fir st b e tur n ed so t h e hole comes
directly over th e li n chpi n To p r y out t h e lin ch p in t h e .
drawbolt is used Old fas hion ed d r awbol ts were made

.
-
Fi gur e 1 6 2 —Wa gon B r a k e Th e h oun d s a r e t i l t d u p t o s h ow t h e e

br a ke bea m a d t h e m a n er of a t t a h in g i t T h e b a ke l ev r i s
. .
n n c r e
fa s t en ed t o t h e f r wa r d i d e of t h e e r b l s t e a d t u n u p a lon g
.
o s r a o r n r s
s id
e of t h
e bol t r t a k Th e b a ke d r ea h es f m t h e u ppe r d
s e s e r ro c ro en
t h e l ever e lbo w t o t h e foo t r a t ch et a t t h e f on t e d of t h e wa gon
.
{fox
i r n
.
Fig ur e 163 - ~
. Bo ls t er S p r in g .
with a chisel shap ed en d ta p ered from b oth s ides to a

thickn ess of about an eighth of a n in ch This thi n .
wedg e en d of t h e dr awbolt is plac ed un der t h e en d of

t h e lin chp in Th e lower side of t h e hub ban d for m s a
.
-
fulc r um to pry t h e pin up thr ough t h e hole in t h e u p

p er sid e of t h e s a n d b an d p r oj ectio n-
Th e li n ch p i n h a s .
a h ook on t h e out er si d e of t h e up p er en d so t h e l ev er
is tr an sfer r ed to t h e top of t h e s an d ban d wh en an oth er -
pry lifts t h e p in cl ea r out of th e hol e in t h e en d of t h e

axle so t h e wheel may b e removed an d g rease appli ed
FA RM C ON V E YAN C E S 187
to th e axl e Th e drawbolt on a lin chpin wag on usu

.
a lly has a h ead mad e in t h e form of t h e jaws of a
wren ch Th e wren ch is t h e right siz e to fit t h e n uts on

.
Fig ur e 1 6 4 — Wa g on S ea t Fi gur e 1 6 5 —H ll w M a ll e o o ~
a bl e I on B o l t er S t a k e t o h ol d
.
S pr in g Th e m et a l bl oc k fit s
.
r s
ver t h e t op f t h e bol s t er h i gh t a k e wh en
.
o o a woo d en
er s
s t a ke
. y
n ec e s s a r .
th e wa g o n b r a ce ir on s so that th e dr awbolt an swers

thr ee p ur pos es .
S AN D B A N D S
-
M an y parts of farm m achin ery qui r e p r oj ectin g re
san d ban ds to p r otect t h e jour n als fr om san d a n d dust

-
.
M ost farms hav e some san dy fields or r idges S om e .
fa r ms ar e all san d or san dy loam E ven dust fr om clay .
is i n jur ious to m achi n ery Th ere is mor e or l es s grit

.
in t h e fin est clay Th e m ost import an t par ts of far m

.
m achin ery ar e supposed to b e p r otected by oil cup s -
c on t ai n i n g cotton waste to s t r in t h e oil togeth er with

s ,
c over s in t h e shap e of m etal caps These a r e n ec essar y .
pr otection s an d t h ey help but th ey a r e n ot adequate

,
for all con dition s It is n ot easy t o keep s an d out of

.
h ea r in gs on machi n er y that shakes a g ood deal .
Wooden plugs gather san d a n d dust Wh en a p lug is .
p ull e d t h e sa n d d r ops i n to t h e oil hol e F a r m m a .
chin er y that is pr op er ly design ed p rotects itself fr om

san d an d dust I n buyin g a machin e this par ticular
.
fea tur e should app eal to t h e far m er s m or e than it

188 FAR M ME C HAN I C S
does Leather ca ps a r e a n uisa n ce They a r e a s ort
. .
of patchwork to fini s h t h e job that t h e m an ufa cturer

commen ces A m a n who is p rovi den t en oug h to sup
.
ply hims elf with g ood workin g tools an d is s ufi cien tl y

’
Fi g ur e 166 .
—8 a n d Ca ps . N ot o ne ma n ufa ct u r er i n
h un d r e d a
kn o a h ow t o k p sa n d o u t of a n a x e l b
ea r i n g ll
S t i i t i s on e of t h e
l f
ee
k ly p l
.
si es t t r i c s i n m e ch a n i c s T h e on
. r ot ecti o n a n a x e n eed s i s
l on l
e r r u es t h a t rea c h ou t t h r ee or f
o ur i n ch e s by
e o nd t h e h u b a t
b ot en d s . Ol d -
f
a s h i oned L p f g
in ch i n a r m wa o n s we r e u il t on t h i s b
p pl
r i n ci e l
T h e h ub s h e d n ar r ow r in gs in s tead of s ei ns . b u t t h e k y
y
.
w or e f or ea r s .
a f to take car e of t hem us ual ly is partic ular abou t

c r e ul ,
t h e app earan ce as wel l as th e useful n es s of hi s tools ,
machi n ery an d imp lem en ts .
B OB S LE I GH S
On N orthern farms bobs leighs ar e as importan t in

t h e win ter tim e as a far m w ag o n in sum m er There a r e .
d iE er en t ways of puttin g bobsleighs together a ccord

in g to t h e us erequi red of them When us in g hea vy .
bobsleighs for r oad wor k farmers favor t h e bolster ,
r each to con n ect t h e fron t an d rea r sl ei g hs With thi s .
attachm en t t h e hor ses m ay b e tur ned ar oun d ag ains t

t h e rear sled Th e fr on t bols ter fit s in to a r eces sed
.
FA R M C ON V E YAN CE S 1 89
p lat e bo lted to t h e b en ch plan k of th e fron t sleigh .
This plate is a com bin ation of wearin g plate an d circle

an d mus t b e kept oiled to t u rn eas ily un der a h eavy
load It n ot on ly facilitates tur n in g but it preven ts

.
,
t h e bolster fr om catchin g on t h e raves or on t h e u p

turn ed n ose of t h e fr on t bob when turn in g short .
Th e h eavy hardwood plan k r each that conn ects t h e

two bolster s is put t hroug h a mortise thr ough t h e fr on t
bolster an d is fas ten ed rigidly by an extra large kin g
bolt Th e reach plays back an d forth rather loosely
.
thr ough a sim ilar mortise in th e other bolster on t h e

rear sleigh Th e rear houn d s con n ect with t h e reach
.
by mean s of a lin k an d p in T hi s li n k pus hes up

.
through mortise hol es in t h e rea ch an d is fas ten ed with

a wooden p in or key on top of t h e rea ch S ometim es .
t h e houn d s a r e taken away an d t h e r each is fast en ed

with pin s b efore and behin d t h e rear bolster This .
rea ch hitch is n ot recomm en ded except for lig ht r oad

work Thes e two ways of attachi n g t h e rear sled n eces
.
sitate diff er en t ways of fasten in g t h e rear bolster to

t h e sled When t h e r ear bolster is required to do th e
.
pul lin g it is atta ched to t h e sled by double eyebolts

,
which p ermit th e n ecessary rockin g motion an d allows

t h e n os e of t h e r ear sl ed to bob up an d down freely .
This is a n advan tage when a lon g box b ed is used b e ,
caus e t h e bolster is m ade to fit th e box closely an d is n ot

con tin uall y oscillati n g a n d wearin g E y e bolts pro .
-
vide for this n atural m ovem en t of th e sl ed Light .
pleasur e bobs a r e attach ed to t h e box with eyebolts

without bolster stakes Th e light p as sen ger ridi n g seat
.
b ox is boun d to g ether with i r on braces an d side ir ons

so it do es n ot n eed bolsters to hold t h e sides together .
B obsleighs for u s e in t h e woods a r e hitched tog ether

quite di ff eren tly Th e old fas hi on ed r each with a staple
.
-
in t h e rear b en ch of t h e first sled an d a cl ev is i n t h e en d
of t h e reach is t h e old fashion ed r ig for roug h roads in
-
t h e woods S uch sleighs a r e fitted with bun ks in stead

.
of bolsters B un ks ar e us uall y cut fr om g ood har d

.
wood trees , hewed out with an axe an d bored f or roun d
F igug
“r e 1 6 7 —B ob s l ei gh s g T h r K i n d s o f C ou p l i
S h ow i n Th e
h or t r ea h ga n
ee n
p u pl e d o l d fa s h i o n e d
. .
,
u pe r s l eig h s a e r co n th o e -
s x c e
p
ce t t h a t t h e r ea ch i s ot m r t i s ed i n t o t h e r o ll e r
n o I t i s ga i n ed i n
a q ua r t er o f a n i
.
h a n d fa t en ed by a n i r
nc s s t a p w i t h a pla t
on r a d e n
nu t s on t h e u n d r s i d e e T h e b b s in t h
. o cen t r s h w t h e bo l s t e r
e e o
re a ch pr i n ci i l y u s ed f or r oa d w or k T h e b t t om a i r a r e cou pled
i g a r ou d t e a (p t u m ps i n t h e
o
by c r os s ch a s f
.
,
n h or t tu s or rn n n re s n s
wood s .
stakes Log bun ks f or easy loadin g do n ot proj ect

. .
beyon d t h e r av es With this kin d of a r ig a far m er can

.
,
fasten two logg in g chain s to t h e r each car r y t h e gr ab ,
hook en ds out a n d un der a n d aroun d t h e log an d back

ag ain over t h e sleighs an d th en hitch th e horses to t h e
,
two chain s an d r oll th e log u p over a coupl e of skids

an d on to t h e bun ks wi thout doi n g an y dam a ge to t h e
FAR M CON VE YAN CE S 191
bobsleighs B obsleighs hitched togeth er with an old

.
fashion ed reach an d p r ovided with wide heavy ra ves

will cli m b over log s pitch down in to root holes an d
, ,
weave th eir way in a n d out am on g tr ees b etter than a n y

other sled con t r ivan c e a n d th ey turn shor t en ough for
,
such roads Th e shor tes t tur n in g r ig how ever is th e

.
, ,
c r oss chain r each shown in F igur e 1 67 .
M AKI N G A FAR M A T
C R
A two wheel ed c a r t large en oug h to carry a barr el of

-
cider is a gr eat con ven i en ce on a farm Th e fron t .
wheels of a bug gy ar e ab ou t th e right siz e a n d us ually

‘
a r e str on g en oug h for c a rt pu r pos es A on e in ch iron

.
-
axle will b e stiff en ough if it is rei n forced at th e square

b en ds Th e axl e is b en t down n ear th e hubs a t r i g ht
.
an g les an d car r i ed ac r os s to support th e floor of t h e

car t box about on e foot fr om t h e groun d Th e distan c e .
fr om th e gr oun d s hould b e just s ufi cien t so th at wh en

t h e cart is tip p ed back t h e hi n d en d will rest on t h e
gr oun d with t h e bottom boar ds at a n easy sl an t to r oll
a bar r el or m ilk can in to t h e bottom of th e box Un der .
t h e back en d of t h e car t platfor m is a good stout b a r of

har dwood fr am ed in to t h e sidep i eces Al l of t h e wood
.
work about t h e c ar t is well br aced with ir on Th e floor .
of t h e car t is b etter wh en m a de of n ar row m atch ed

hardwood floor in g about seven eighths of a n i n ch thick
-
fasten ed with bolts It should b e well suppor ted by

.
c r oss pi ec es un d er n eath I n fact t h e p r in ci p a l par t of

.
t h e box is t h e un d er n eath par t of t h e fr am e .
S idep i eces of th e box ar e wide a n d a r e bolted to t h e

ver tical par ts of t h e axl e an d b r a ced in diff er en t d ir ec
tion s to keep t h e fr am e solid squar e an d fir m Th e
,
.
sides of th e box ar e p er manen tly fast en ed but both

t a ilboard an d fron t board ar e held in place by cleats
an d r ods removable so that lon g scan tl in g or
an d ar e
lumber m a y be c a rried on t h e cart bottom Th e en d s .
of t h e box m ay b e quickly put in place again wh en i t

is n ecessary to us e them .
To hold a cart box togeth er four rods ar e n eces sar y , ,
two acr oss t h e fr on t a n d two behin d Th ey ar e mad e .
li ke tailboar d r ods in wagon bo x es Th er e is alway s .
s om e ki n d of ton gu e or han dl e b a r in fr o n t of t h e far m
cart con v en i en tly a r r an ged for either pul lin g or p ush
Fi gu e 1 6 8 — Fa r m Ca r t T h e a xl e n eed t b e h ea v ie t h a n
r . no r
T h e h i d a xl e f a l i g h t b u ggy w r k s t h e be t I t i be t d w a d
.
n o o s s n o n n
pl i ed a d weld d u d e t h e b x T h e ca r t s h u ld b e m a d e a r r ow
.
s c n e n r o o n
r ev e t ove l a d i g T h e b o x s h ou l d b e l w e
.
t o n r o n ug h t t the o no o r es
gr ou d a t an a g le of b ut 3 5 f o ea s y loa d in g
.
°
ba c d oenth n e n n a o r .
in g If a b r eas t b ar is used it han dles b etter when sup

.
por ted by t wo cur ved pr oj ectin g shafts or p ieces of

b en t wood p r efer ably th e ben t u p exten ded en ds of t h e
,
b ed p ieces Th e han dle bar should b e about thr ee feet

.
fr om t h e gr oun d .
COL T B RE A K I N G S UL K Y
-
A p air of shafts that look a good d eal too lon g , an

axl e, t wo wheels a n d a wh iffiet r ee ar e t h e p r in cipal
p a r t s of a colt b r eaki n g sul ky Th
-
e shafts a r e so lon g .
that a colt ca n kick his b est without r eachin g a n yt hing

b ehin d Th e p r in ci p al dan ger is that h e may come
.
down with on e hin d l eg over th e shaft It is a question .
with hor sem en wh ether it is b etter to first start a colt

FARM C ON VE YA N CE S 93
alon gside of an old steady horse B ut it is g en er ally

, .
con ceded that in n o c as e should a colt b e m ade fast in

such a way that h e could kick himself loose D ifi er en t .
far m ers hav e diff er en t ideas in r egar d to tr ain in g colts ,
but th ese b r ea ki n g car ts with extr a lon g shafts ar e ver y

much used in som e p arts of th e coun tr y Th e shaft s .
a r e h eavy enough so that t h e colts m ay b e ti ed down to
m ake kicki n g im possible A rop e or h eavy strap reach .
Fi re 1 69 —Col t B r ea k in g
-
Su lky
g g g g f b f
.
a l ig t wa o , t wo
n s t r o n s t r a i h t -
r a i n ed s h a t s a o u t 4 ee t t oo
l on g a w h i fll e t r ee a n d a s r i n
‘
p g
s ea t a r e t h e p p
r in c i a i l
a r t s of a c o t
b r ea ki n g lky
su f
T h e s h a t s an d s ea t a r e t h o r ou h
. g y ll b l we o t ed a n d
c l i p ad t o t h e a x e a n d l b g
r a ced a a i n s t a l l v
s s i b l e m a n eu er s of t h e
co t l g l
T h e t r a c es a r e m a d e s o on t h a t t e co t ca n n o t r ea ch a n y
g k k p v f k k g by p
.
t h in to i c , a n d h e is r e e n t ed r om i c in a str a r ea ch in g
f f v
r om o n e s h a t u p o e r h i s h i ps a n d d ow n t o t h e ot h e r s h a t f . In
l p ll
t h i s r i g t h e co t i s com e ed t o g o a h ea d b ec a us e h e ca n n ot t u r n
a r ou n d l l l g
T h e a x e s h ou d b e on e r t h a n s t a n d a r d t o p v r e en t up
l g p
.
s e tt i n g w h en t h e co t t u r n s a co r n er a t h i h s eed .
in g fr om on e shaft to th e other ov er t h e colt s hip s will ’
keep its hin d feet p retty close to th e gr oun d An y rig .
u s ed in con n ection with a colt sho ul d b e str on g en ough

to withstan d an y strain that th e col t m ay decide to put
upon it If th e colt breaks somethin g or breaks loose
.
,
it takes him a lon g time to for get th e scare F ar m boys .
m ake th es e b r eakin g carts by usin g wh eels an d hin d

a xl es of a wo r n out buggy This is well en ough if th e
-
.
wh eels ar e str on g an d shafts thoroughly bolted an d

b raced It is easy to make a mistake with a colt To
. .
preven t a cciden ts it is m uch b etter to have t h e harn ess

an d wagon am ply str on g .
CH AP TE R VI I I
M I S CE LL AN E OU S F AR M CON VE N I E N CE S
FARM OFF I CE
farmin g r equi r es an ofi ce B us in ess call er s
B us in ess .
feel sen sitive ab bu t talkin g farm or live stock aff air s -
F ig ur e 71—P p
.0 er s ecv V
t i e i ew of T w -
y Cor n Cr i b Th e s id e of
o S t or
b l g y leva tin g ma ch i er y
.
t h e ui d i n i s cu t a wa t o s h ow t h e e n .
b efor e sever al m em b ers of th e fam ily B u t they ar e .
quite at ease wh en alon e with th e far m er in his omoe .
A fa r m office m ay b e small but it should con tain a

1 94
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FARM C ON V E N I E N CE S 195
d esk or ta bl e t wo or thr ee chair s book shelves f or

, ,
books drawers for governm en t bul letin s a n d a cabin et

,
t o hold glasswar e an d chemicals f or m a kin g soil tests
Fi gur e 1 71.
—Fl oor P an s of T wo- S t or y Cor n Cr i b
l Th e
. r st fi
fl oor s h ows t h e d r i ewa wi t h cor n cr i s a t t h e s i d es a n d th e
v y b
s econ d fl oor pl a n s h ows t h e r a in gi n s o e r t h e cen t er d r i ewa y ,
b v v
l p y
wi t h oca t i o n of t h e d own s ou t s , sta i r wa , et c .
an d a good magn ifyin g gl as s f or exam in in g seeds b e

for e plan tin g A good gl as s is also valuable in tr acin g
.
th e destructive work of man y ki n ds of in sect p ests .

omoe is th e p r op er place for m akin g germ i n a

Th e
tion tests of various far m seeds S even ty d egr ees of .
heat is n ecessary f or th e best resul t s in seed testin g .
F or this reason as w ell as for comfort whil e wor kin g

, ,
t h e heati n g probl em should r eceive its share of atten
60
'
2 3 2 Linea "
Fee t of Wa l l 2 | 4 9fo in.
as s Fee t Of a ll .
Fi gur e 1 72 —E con om y of R ou n d Ba r n Th e d ia gr am s s h ow t h a t
. .
t h e p op u l a 3 6 x8 0 cow s ta bl e a n d t h e com m n e s t s i e o f r oun d

' '
r o z
ba r n h a ve bout t h e s a me ca p ci t y E a ch ba r wi ll s ta ble t o
a a . n
c ow s b u t t h e r oun d ba n h a r oom f r a s i l o i n t h e ce t er
r s o B ot n
ba n s h a ve feed over h ea d i t h e s h a pe o f h a y an d s t r a w b ut t h e
, .
r n
r un d feed r oom sa v es s t e ps
,
o .
F i gu r e 173 —C
. on c ret e Fa r m S ca le B a s e and P it .
tion . M an y t imes it
h appen s th at a far mer has a
so
f ew min utes just b efore m ealtime that h e co ul d devote
to ofii ce wor k if th e r oom b e war m en ough .
Nea tly p r in ted letter h eads an d en velopes ar e im -
p o r tan t T h e
. sh eets of pap er should b e ei g h t a n d a
'
half by eleven in ches in size pure white an d of good ,
quality Th e prin tin g sh ould b e plain black an d of

.
M I S CE LL AN E OUS FAR M CON VE N I E N CE S 1 97
RIDGE bOARD SHOULD E"

. TEND DACK INTO
F ig ur e ru — Tol Vi ew of th e H y Tr ack
a R oof E xt en si on , s h owi n8
i
-
e
t h e id g eb oa r d an d
'
s uppor t in g j a ck-r af t er s
.
55
Fi gur e 1 7 5 —S id e vi ew s h owi n g p l an f or buil din g a H a yfor k H ood
t o p r oj ect fr m p ea k of a s t o r a ge ba r n T h e j a ck r a ft er s for m a
.
-
o .
br a ce t o s u p por t t h e en d of th e h a y t r a ck beam
- .
r oun d m edium sized letters that may b e eas il y
-
re a d .
F an cy letter in g an d flour is h es ar e out of place on bus i

n ess st ation ery .
F i g ur e 1 7 6 — S l a ug h t er H
ous e l
T h e h ous e s h ou d b e t we e eet
. lv f
l g p v g k
.
wi d e I t m a y b e an y en t h t o r o id e s t o r a e , b u t 1 2 x1 2 ma es a
g b f k g fl l f l f
.
o od ee s i n ni n oo r T h e w i n d a s s s h a t s h ou d b e t e n eet
q
.
b v fl
a o e th e oo r , w h i ch r e u i r es t w e lv f
e- oo t s t ud d i n Th e wh ee is l
g f
ei h t ee t i n d i am et er a n d t h e wi n d i n g
d r u m i s a ou t t en i n ch es
l ll l b l g
.
T h e a n im a i s ki ed on t h e i n c i n e o u t s id e of t h e u i d i n a n d i t l i es
l p g v lv g
im a a i n s t t h e r e o i n d oo r p b k
Th e d oor ca t ch i s s r un g a c a n d
.
ll k
t h e ca r ca s s r o s d ow n on t o t h e con cr et e s i n ni n g d oor .
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FARM C ON V E N I E N CE S 99
H alfton e illustr a tion of far m an imals or buildi n gs

a r e better used on separate advertisin g sh eets that may
b e folded in with t h e l etters when wan ted .
Fig ur e 1 7 7 —R ule of S ix E i gh t a d Ten D ia gr a m s h wi n g h ow

.
, n . o
t o s t a k e t h e fou d a t io of a fa r m b u i l d i g s o t h e e xca v t i o ca n b e
n n n a n
ma d e clear out t o t h e cor n er s wi th out u d er m i i n g t h e s ta kes
n n .
Fig ure 1 7 8 —B oof Tr us s bui l t

. g
s t r on en ou h g to p
s up or t th e r oof at a
f ar m ga r ag e w i th out cen t er p os t s .
00 FAR M ME C H A N I CS
Typewriters common that a han d written l et

a r e so -
t er is s eldom seen amon g busin ess cor respon den c e A

”
bus y farmer is n ot likely to acquir e much sp eed with a

t y p ewrit er , s on or daught er may On e gr ea t .
F ig ure 1 79 .
—D es ig n of R oof Tm s a l nt en d ed t o S pa n a Fa r m Ga r ag e,
18 0 —R f Pi t
oo ch es. p
M ow ca a ci t y of t h e d iE er ent roof
v v l fi
.
pi t ch es i s g i en a bo e t h e p a t es in g ur es .
M I S CE L LA N E OU S FAR M C ON VE N I E N CE S 2 01
advan t age is th e makin g of carbon copies E very l et .
t er received is then fil ed in a l etter case in alphab etical

order an d a ca rbon copy of each an swer is pi nn ed to it
f or futur e referen ce .
Th e cost of f ur n i shi n g a farm ofii ce will dep en d upon

th e in cl in ation s of t h e man A ch eap kitchen table
.
F ig ur e I S L — l
D oub e Co r n Cr i b T wo cr i bs m a y b e r oofed t h i s
ply f cr i b s s e pa a t ely A s t or er oom i s
.
w a y a s ch e a a s t o r oo t h e t wo r
p v v b g p r ve t s t h e c r i bs fr om s a ggi n g
.
r o i d ed o er h ea d a n d t h e r a c in e n .
may be us ed in stead of an exp en sive mahogan y desk .
A n ew typ ewr it er costs fr om fifty to n in ety dollar s but ,
a rebuilt machin e that will do good wor k may b e oh

’
t ain ed for tw en ty .
A us eful magn ifyi n g glass with l egs may b e bought

for a dollar or two Or con sider able mon ey may b e in
.
vested in a high powered microscop e

'
-
.
SP IN D I CATOR
Th e sp eed r equir em en ts of machin es ar e given by
th e man ufactur ers It is up to th e far m er to determin e
.
2 02 FAR M ME C H A N I CS
th e size of pull eys an d th e s p eed of in termediate shaf ts
b etw een his en gin e an d th e machi n e to b e dr iven A .
sp eed in dicator is hel d agains t t h e en d of a sh a ft a t

th e cen ter Th e in di cator p in then revolves with t h e
.
Fi gur e 1 8 2 —S peed Tim er s T wo s t l es Th e poi nt is h el d a ga i n s t

yb e n um ber o f r evolut i n s pe r
. . .
th e cen t er of th e s h a ft t b e t es t ed
o . o
m i n u t e i s sh ow n i n fi gu es o t h e fa ce of t h e d i a l
r n T h e i n d i ca t o r .
i s t i med t o t h e s econ d h a nd of a w a t ch .
sh aft an d th e n um ber of r evolution s p er min ute a r e

coun ted by timing t h e poin ter on th e dial with t h e s ec
on d h an d of a watch .
F ig ur e 1 8 3 —B ui l di
B r a c ket M a d e f 2x4 p iece s pu t t oget h er
n o
a t r i gh t a gl es wi t h d a gon a l b r a ce T h e u pp or t i n g l eg fit s b e
. .
n s. s
t wee t h e fou r di a gon a l b a ces
n r .
S OI L TOOLS
moistur e often is th e limitin g factor in crop
S oil
raisin g S oil moistur e may b e meas ur ed by an alysis
. .
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FAR M CON VE N I E N CE S 2 03
F ig ur e 1 8 4 —
.Di a r am s h owi n g
h ow t o cu t a an on a pl k ba n d
f
s a w t o or m a cu r v f
r a t er Th e t wo i eces of t h e
. p an are pl k s pi k ed
g l
t o et h er a s s h own i n t h e ower d r a w in g T
h i s m a es a cur e d k v ra ft er
l
.
wi th out was t e of ma t er ia .
Fig ur e 185 —B r eed i g

. n Cr a t e f or H og s . Th e i ll us t r a t ion s h ow s th e
man ner of con s t r u ct i on .
step is to obtain samples at difier en t depth s
Th e fir st .
This is don e a ccur ately an d quickly with a good s o i l

auger Other paraphern ali a is required to make a
.
F ig ur e 1 86 —S oil Aug
er
. S ci en t i fi c t a m i ng d ema n d s th a t s o il s
.
s h a ll b e t es t ed f or m oi s t u r e h a n dl ed a ng er i s u s ed t o b r i n g
.
s a m pl es o f soi l t o t h e s u r fa ce s a m ples a r e we h ed t h e w a t e r ,
e va r a t ed a d t h e s oi l r eweig h ed t o d et er min e
n h e a m oun t o f
mogt u r e
ti
.
Fi re 1 8 7 os t —P H ol e Di g er s Two pa tt er n s of t h e s ame kin d

g
. .
of d g et a r e s h own . Th e l
r a t h a s ir on h an d es , t h e low er has
woo d en h a n d es l .
F i ur e 1 8 8 —H W ee d
oe se r s T
an d h h a n g o f .a h oe e ff ec t s i ts a
k pp b k g gl
.
w or g nT h e u er h o e s h o w s a o u t t h e ea s i e s t w o i n a n r e
bet wee t h e bla d e a n d t h e h a n d l T h e d iff e r en ce bet wee a h oe a n d
.
n e n
k
.
a wee e d i s h
t atr t h e h oe i s i t e n d ed t o s tnr i e i n t t h e o un o d to
loo en t h e s oil wh i le t h e bl a d e of th e weed er i s i t en d e t o wor k
s n
pa r a ll l wi t h t he s ur f a ce of t h e s oi l t o cut y ou n g weed s
e .
I
M S CE LLA N E OU S FAR M CON V E N I E N CE S 205
ca e ul
r f an alysis of t h e s ample but a farmer of exp er i ,
en ce will mak e a mud ball an d form a very good esti
mate of t h e amoun t of water in it .
F ig ur e 1 8 9 —Mp
. n ur e Hook an d Pota t o D ig g er s .
Fi gu r e 1 90 —p
.S ud C er ta i n
. e et a vg
es a r e bl g
r o w n f o r cr o a nd p
f or s eed . g
T h e r een pl p
a n t s a r e t h i n n ed wi t h a s u d f or s a e , ea i n g l l v
p
t h e bes t t o r i en f o r s eed l
I t i s a so u sed t o di g t ou h weed s , es e
. g p
v g
ci a l l y t h ose h a i n t a p r oot s .
Fig ur e 191 . Cor n Cut ti n g K i fe

n . (2) As pa r a gu s Kn if e .
FE N CE -
M AK I N G TOOLS
S l id in g F i el d Ga te — E ach far m field should have

.
a gate n ot n ecess ar ily exp en sive but it should b e

, ,
reaso n ably con ven i en t F arm field gates should b e

.
2 06 FARM MEC H AN I CS
F i g ur e 1 9 2 Pl L
um b-B ob a n d Pl um b- in e Th e li n e i s .
b f f p l v lf
.
ou t a o u t 6 ee t r o m t h e s oo a n d gi en a h a h i t ch I t ma
g v p l ll b l fip
.
b e h u n o e r t h e wi r e a n d t h e s oo wi a a n ce t h e b o b (2 ) i od .
lg f bp f l g b l
.
T h e e s of a e n ce i od a r e c ut 6 ee t on Th e o t i s p ut
By
.
g f
t h r ou h 6 i n c h es r o m t h e t op e n d s pl t h e a id o f t h e . u mmet t h e
p g pl b v
u p e r w i r e i s s t r un b b um f
o er t h e ar w i r e i n t h e u r r ow a n d
-
4 6
'
b v g
"
a o e l
r a dep p
T h e o we r a r t s of t h e o s t s a r e s et a g a i ns t t h e
b b pp f p v
.
ar -
wi r e a n d t h e u er a ce s o f t h e o s t s a t t h e t op a r e s e t e e n
T p
w i t h t h e u p r w ir e ly pl
h is p l
l a n n ot o n
. a ces t h e os t s in i n e,
b b
ot h a t t h e op a n d l g
ot t om , b u t i t r eg u a t es t h e h ei h t .
% r ou~n s ru 1 .
S PI KE FO R TWI STI N G B RA C E W I RE S
SCOOP FO R REMO VI N G STO N ES .
4 1-0
"
—J
n AG O N sr s n .
C ROW Q A Q "
F ig u re 193 —Fen ce T ol s Th e u pper t oo l i s a oun d t eel p i n

o r s to
y b p i s f w k in g t o e o u t
. .
t w i s t h ea v r a ce wir Th e
esc s oo or or s n s of
l c owb i f r wor k i n g a r ou n d t h e s t on es
.
e s t- h ol s Th e st ee r ar s o to
gem
.
oe s o n t .
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FAR M CON V E N I E N CE S 2 07
m ade sixteen feet lon g which will allow for a clear ,
op en in g about fourteen feet wide Th e ch ea p est way .
to make a g ood fa r m g ate is to use a 1 0 in ch boa rd f or -
t h e bottom 8 in ch f er t h e board n ext to t h e bottom a n d

,
-
three 6 in ch boar ds above that Th e sp ace b etween

-
.
t h e bottom board an d n ex t board is two i n ch es T h is .
n ar row sp ace preven ts hogs from lift in g t h e gate with
their n oses Th e sp aces widen toward t h e top so that

.
,
t h e gate when fin ished is fiv e feet hi g h If colts r un t h e .
fields then a b ar is n eeded alon g th e t op of t h e gate .
S ix cross pieces 1 in ch by 6 in ches ar e us ed t o hold
Fi gu r e 194 —Fen ce P li er s Th i s i s a h ea vy fe n ce t oo l ma de to pul l

fen ce ples pli ce
. .
s ta and to s t r et c h , cu t a nd s wi r e .
t h e gate together These cross p ieces ar e bolted through

.
at each in ter section A lso a sl a n ti n g b r ace is us ed on

.
t h e fron t half of t h e g at e to keep it fr om r acki n g an d

this brace is put on with bolts Two posts ar e set at .
each en d of t h e g a te Th e fron t p osts hold t h e fr on t

. .
en d of t h e gate b etween them an d t h e r ear posts t h e ,
same Ther e is a cr oss piece which reaches fr om on e

.
of t h e rear p osts to t h e other to slide th e g ate a n d

hold it off t h e gr oun d A sim ilar cross piece holds t h e
.
fr on t en d of th e g a te up fr om t h e gr oun d S om etim es .
a swivel roll er is att a ch ed to t h e rear cr oss pi ece to r oll

t h e g ate if it is to b e used a g ood deal A plain simp l e .
,
slidin g g ate is all that is n ecessar y for field s som e dis

t an ce fr om t h e barn .
2 08 F AR M A
M E CH N I CS
COR N S H OCK H ORS E

A con ven ien t cor n shockin g hor se is made with a
p ol e cut fr om a straight tree Th e pole is about s ix .
in ches thr ough at t h e butt an d tap ers to a small en d .
A bout twen ty feet is a good l en g th Th er e ar e two l egs .
”
which hold t h e larg e en d of t h e pole up about 40 from
t h e groun d Th ese legs ar e well spread apart at t h e
.
bottom Two feet back from t h e l egs is a hori zon tal

.
hol e about on e an d on e quarter in ch es in d l am et er to

-
hold t h e cross bar This cross b ar may be an ol d broom

.
F igur e 1 9 5 —C or n H or s e Wh en r n i s cu t by h co a nd ler e
ti is no
bett er s h ocki g d ev i ce t h n t h e l d s t yl e l
. .
n a n ho
o e -
co r rs . I t is a m os t as
h a n d y wh en s et ti n g u p t h e r n s h e ve f m th o
co a s ro e c rn b
i n d er .
h an dl e . pole an d t h e crossb a r m ar k t h e four div i

Th e
sions of a corn shock Corn is cut an d stood u p in each
.
cor n er usually n i n e hill s in a corn er givin g thirty six

, ,
-
hi l ls to a shock Corn plan ted in rows is coun ted up to

.
m ake about t h e same am oun t of corn to th e shock Of .
course a heavy or li g ht crop m ust determin e t h e n um
b er of rows or hills Wh en en ough cor n is cut for a

.
shock it is tied with two b a n ds th e cros sbar is pulled ,
out an d t h e corn h orse is drag ged alon g to t h e n ext

s tan d .
HU S KI N G P I N -
H an d h uskers f or dividin g t h e corn husks at t h e tips

of t h e ears ar e m ade of wood , bon e or steel Wooden .
hus kin g p in s a r e m ade of iron wood , eucalyp tus , secon d

-
growth hickor y, or s ome other tough hardwood Th e .

M I S CE LLA N E OU S FAR M CON VE N I E N CE S 2 09
Fig ur e 196 .
—B r i ck T r owel .
Fi gu r e 1 9 7 —Pl a s t er i n g T r owel .
{ s la s
p w h en "
F ig ure 1 98 .
-
Con cr et e H og Wa l l ow , s h owi n
g d r a in
Fig ure 1 99 —C on cr et e Cen t er A ll eyf or H og ous eH Th e u er

. pp
ll us t r a t i p pl
.
i on re r es e n t s t h e wood en t em a t e u s ed t o f o r m t h e cen t er
of t h e h og h ous e fioor .
Fi gur e 200 —S a n it a r y P ig P en O e of t h e m os t sa t i s fa ct o y f a r -
n r
r wi g h u te p s qu
.
" ”
o n i o s tr u t d
s es f s t
co n 6 c e e d 6 o con c r e os s ar an
s q ua e m r h h g fen ci n g
es d s t aw
o T h e p s t a e set t an ma ke f a r o s r o r
r wi g p c s 8 w i d e n d 1 6 d ee p f om fr t t o b a ck Wov n w i r e
.
' '
o n n a r on e
t e t h ed a d fa t en ed t o bo t h s i d es o f t h pos t a t t h e id es d
.
is s r c n s e s s an
ba k of c h pe ea c S tr a w i t ufi ed in be t w e
n t h e tw o w i r e n t
s s en e s,
t h u s m a k g pa t i t i h i gh Fe e w i e
.
t h i ck a d 42
” "
in f st aw 6 r on s o r n nc r
v r t h e t p d s t a w p il ed on d ee p enou h t o h ed
.
i s s t r et ch ed o e o an r s
i
r a n. T h e f n t of t h e en s fa e t h e s u t h
ro n d a e cl os ed y w de c o a r oo n
ga t es I n t h s p i g t e pigs a r e t u ed out on pa s t u e t h e s t r a w
e r n rn r
f i s h a u l ed t t h e fi el d s f m u e d t h e s t a w pa r ti t io
.
,
r oo o or an r an r ns
b ur n ed ou t Th e u s h i s i t o t h e kel et p n a l l s um me
,
s n ne n s on e s r so
l l m i s ch i v ou s b a c t i a e k i l l ed a d t h e h o l i ce a e bu r n d
.
t h at
ma y be g
a e er a r n -
r e
o r st ved T h e ext f ll c
ar te fl n a id i
a the p
on c r e oo r s n en s ,
the p w a d c ve ed w it h a
.
titi
ar s e t u fie d wi t h s t
on r s th e t w ra n o r no r s ra
r ofo I l d r cl i m a t e I w u l d
n a co ev t h w h l e t op w i t h a t w o co er e o s ra
ro f o S ffi nt u en t i l a t i o
ci e w ul d w r k t h r u h t h
v t a w pa t i t i
n o o o e s r r on s
I n v er y co l d w ea t h er a d a t h i n l a y er of s t a w
.
a d th
n f n t ga te
e ro . r
t t h e ga t e
o .
F igu 2 01 —Co c et e W a ll M ol d W d m l d f
re n r h a pi g a
— oo en o s or s n
t e wa l l m y b e m d e a If ll
. .
co n c r e s h w tah e w a i t b ea l o w 2 s o n s o
'
le — t h m l d w i ll t a y i pl a wi t h u t bol ti g o r wi in th ”e
.
or ss e o s n ce o n r
t ge t h e T h e f or m i s m a d e l evel b y fi r s t lev eli n g t h e
"
s id es o r . x6
s t ing
r t h t s u ppo r t t h e f m
er s a or .
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FAR M CON VE N I E N CE S 211
p in is about four in ches lo eighths of an i n ch ng, fiv e -
thick an d it is shap ed like a l ead p en cil with a rath er -
lon g poin t A recess ed girdle is cut aroun d t h e barrel

.
of t h e p in an d a l eath er fin ger ri n g fit s in to a n d ar oun d

this gir dl e Gen erally t h e leather ri n g fits t h e lar g er
.
Fig ur e 202 —H us ki ng Pi n l fi l oo ped

h
.
-
. Th e ea t h er n g er r i ng i s into th e
r ece s s i n t h e w ood en p i n .
Fig u r e 203 .
-
Ha r n es s P u n ch . Th e h o ll ow pu n ch p oi n t s a r e of
d iff er en t s i ze s .
i re 2 04 —B el t P u n ch
T wo or t h r ee s i zes s h ou d b e k e t i n t h e l
l B l l l ll l l
. .
t oo ox e t h o e s s h ou d b e s m a t o h o d t h e a ce t i g t Th e .
g bl p g l l g H l
.
s m oo t h r u n n i n of e t s d e en d s a oo d d ea on t h e a ci n o es .
un h b g
e t er a a i n s t t h e en d o f a h i c or k y l k
b oc o r ot h er fin e r a i n ed g
ga gw s
r oo
fin g er to hold t h e p in in t h e r ight position while p er

mittin g it to turn to wear t h e poin t all ar oun d alike .
B on e huskin g pin s ar e gen erally flat with a hol e

-
thr ough th e c en ter to hold t h e l eath er fin ger r in g S teel .
huski n g p in s a r e sh a p ed di ff er ently an d have teeth to

-
c a tch an d tear t h e husks ap ar t .

PAI N T BR U S HE S
P ain t brushes m ay b e left in t h e pai n t f or a year
without apparen t in jury Th e pain t should b e deep .
en ough to n ear ly bury t h e bristles P our a little boiled .
lin seed oil over t h e t op to for m a ski n to keep t h e ai r

out It is cheap er to buy a n ew brush than to clean t h e
.
p ain t out of on e that h as b een used .
Lashing Running Knot

F ig ur e 205 K
-4 n ot s . Th e s im pl e l
pr in ci p es of k
n ot t in g y as
fa r m s p
.
p r a cti ced on ar e h e r e r e r es en t ed .
Fig ur e 2 06 —S h ee p h a n k t wo h a lf h i t ch es
. s in a ro t o ta ke up
a k Th e op e m a y b e fold ed u pon i t self a s ma ny
sl r y
c . r es as n eces
.
F ig ur e 207 —M li ar ne S i ke
p U sed f or s pl i cin g r opes , y g
t in r os e
kn ot s
. .
, et c.
FR UIT P I CK IN G
A pples han dl ed as careful ly as eggs by men
ar e
who un der stan d t h e business of gettin g high p r ices .

I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FAR M C ON V E N I E N CE S 21 3
P ickin g boxes for apples have bother ed orchard m en

m ore than an y other part of t h e busin ess It is so .
d ifi cu l t to g et help to han dle apples without bruisin g

that m an y in ven tion s hav e b een tr i ed to l ess en t h e d am
a ge I n wester n N ew Yor k a tray with vertical en ds
.
an d slan ti n g sides h as b een adopted by gr ap e growers
as t h e m ost co n v en i en t tray for grap es Ap pl e growers .
ar e a doptin g th e same t r ay It is m ade of three .
Fi g ur e 2 08 —F Pi cki n g Tr a y
r ui t - I t i s u s ed f or i c in k g p
g r a es
p
.
fr ui t s Th e Ca l i for n i a i n v
.
a nd ot h e r box h a s er t i ce s i d es a n d i s
z p a n d b ot t om
.
s a me t h er wi s e t h e con s t r ucti o n is
hg
t si e to .
s l ua r .
e ig hth s in ch lumb er cut 30 in ches lon g for t h e s ides

-
,
u si n g two st r ips f or ea ch sid e Th e bottom is 3 0 in ch es .
lon g an d three eighth s of an in ch thick m ade in on e

-
,
pi ece Th e en ds ar e seven eighth s of an in ch thick cut

.
-
to a bevel so t h e top edge of t h e en d piece is fou rteen

in ches lon g an d t h e bottom edge is t en i n ch es lon g Th e .
depth of t h e en d pi ec e is eight i n ches H an d cl eat s .
a r e n ail ed on t h e outsid es of t h e en d pi ec es so as to pro
j cet on e half in ch above t h e top These cl eats n ot onl y

-
.
s erv e to lift a n d carry t h e tr ays but wh en th ey a r e ,
loaded on a wagon t h e bottoms fit in b etween t h e cl eats

to hold them fr om slip p in g en dways I n p ilin g these .
21 4 FAR M M EC HAN I CS
pickin g boxes em pty on e en d is slipped outward over
,
t h e cl eat un til t h e other en d drops down This p ermits .
half n estin g when t h e boxes ar e pil ed up for storage or

when lo a ded on wagon s to m ove to t h e or chard .
Fi gu r e 2 09 —Fr ui t Th in n i g N ippe
. n Th rs r ee s tyles of a ppl e s t em
-
Th ey e l o u s ed f pi c ki n g g a p e s a d
.
cu t t er s a e sh w
r o n. ar a s or r n
ot h e fr u i t
r s.
A pples p i ck ed
ar ei n to t he tray s from t h e tr ees T h e .
tr a ys a r e loaded on to wagon s or ston e boats an d -
haul ed to t h e packi n g sh ed wher e t h e app les ar e rolled

,
out gen tly ov er t h e slopin g sides of t h e crates on to t h e

cushion ed bottom of t h e so r ti n g tabl e O r ch a rd m en .
M S CEI LLAN E OU S FAR M CON VE N I E N CE S 21 5
shoul d have cr ates en ough to keep t h e picker s busy

without emptyin g un til they ar e hauled to t h e p ackin g
shed Th e us e of such tr ays or crates save han dlin g
.
t h e ap pl es over several times Th e less appl es ar e .
han dl ed th e fewer bruises ar e m ade .
F ig ur e 2 1 0
.
—A pple Pi cki n g La dd er Wh en a ppl es a r e pi ked a n d
c
l a ced in bus h el t y s l a d d er w h ee l s w i t h s h e lves i s co v en i e t
.
ra a on n n
or h o l di n g t h t a ys
e r .
I n Californ ia similar tr ays ar e used but they have ,
straight sides an d ar e called lug boxes E astern fruit .
men prefer t h e slop in g sides b ecaus e they m ay b e

empti ed eas il y quickly an d gen tly
, .
FR UIT P I CKIN G LAD DE RS

Comm ercial or char ds ar e p r un ed to keep t h e b ear
in g fr uit S pur s as ne r a th e gr oun d as p ossible so that ,
ladders used at picki n g time ar e n ot so lon g as t h ey
used to b e .
Th e illustration shows on e of t h e m ost con v en i en t .
pickin g l adders It is a double ladder with shelves to .
hold picki n g trays support ed by two wheels an d two

legs Th e wheel s which ar e used to support on e side
‘
Fi gur e 21 1 —S t epl a d d e a n d Ap l e Pi cki n g B a g Th is la dd er h a s

. r -
o n l y t h r ee feet b u t t h e bot t om 0 t h e l a d d er is m a d e w i d e t
.
, p e o r
ven t u p et t i n g Th is b g i s us eful wh en pi cki n g s ca t t e i n g a ppl es
s a r
b r a ch e Pi cki n g ba g s ca r eles s ly u s ed r e t h e
.
on t h e ut e r u ppe
o r o r n s. a
ca us of m a n y b r ui s ed a ppl es
e .
Fi gu e 2 1 2 —T e P r u er
r T h e be s t m a d e p r u ner s a e t h e
re n s r
pe t T h i l g h a d led p un e i s m a d e f fin e t l s t eel fr om
.
ch ea s s on n r r o oo
t h e ut t i n g p l ea r t o t h e ut r en d f t h e wood n h n d l es A
.
c ts ar c o e s o e a
p i ti ve t p p ev t t h e h a n d les f om c m i g t oget h e S m l l
.
os s o r en s r o n r . a
o e h
n -
d p u i g
an ip e r a e m a d e f r cl ea n
n n n u t ti g
rs T h e bl a d es
r o c n .
o f b ot h p u e h u l wo k t owa r d s t h e t r ee t r u k s t h b oo k wi ll
r n rs s o r n o e
m a s h t h e b a k n t h d i s ca d ed p or t i o
r o f t h e lim b
e r n o .
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FAR M I
CON VE N E N C E S 21 7
of th e frame ar e usu ally old buggy wheels A hi n d .
axle together with t h e wheels works about right Th e .
ladder frame is about eight feet high with ladder step s

goin g up fr om each side These steps al so for m t h e .
s upport for t h e sh elv es P ickin g trays or boxes ar e

.
placed on th e shelves so th e latter will hold eight or

,
t en b us hel s of ap p l es an d may b e wheel ed directly to

,
th e packin g shed if t h e distan ce is n ot t oo great .
S tep ladders from six to t en feet lon g ar e m ore con

-
v en ien t to g et up i n to t h e middl e of th e tr ee than al
m ost an y other kin d of l adder Commercial appl e .
Fi gur e —S h ea r s . Th e fi rs t pa i r is u s ed f or s h eep s h ea r in g .
Th e s e co n d i s i n t en d e d f o r c ut t i n g gr a s s a r ou n d t h e ed ges of w a lk s
an d fl ower b ed s .
trees have op en tops to adm it sun shin e F or this r ea .
son str aight ladd er s ar e n ot m uch us ed

, It is n eces .
s ary to have ladders b u ilt so th ey will support them
selv es S om etim es on ly on e l eg is used in fron t of a

.
step l a dder a n d som etimes l a dder s a r e wid e at t h e bot

-
tom an d tap er to a poi n t at t h e top Th e kin d of lad .
d er to u s e dep en ds up on t h e size of t h e trees an d t h e

m an n er in which they hav e b een pr un ed Usually it .
is b etter to hav e several kin ds of ladders of diff eren t

sizes an d l en gths P ickers th en have n o occasion to
,
.
wait for each other .
FE ED N I G R ACKS
S p ecial racks for th e feedin g of alfalfa hay to hogs
ar eb uilt with slatted sid es hin ged at t h e t op so th ey
will swin g in when th e hogs crowd th eir n oses through
218 FAR M MEC HAN ICS
to g et th e hay This m ovem en t drops th e hay down
.
with in reach A lfalfa hay is especially valuable as a

.
win ter feed for breedin g stock S ows m ay b e win tered .
Fi gur e 2 1 4 —H or s e F eed i n g B a ck Th is i s a b a r n ya r d h y feed er

. . a
f or h s es n d c l t
or a Th e d i g na l b oa r d i g b
o s ces ea ch co n e
a o pos t n ra r r
l a r ge ope i g t t h e s i d e H
.
a d l av
n e es n n s a s shy t s m ll h a y s . or se a a
h ol es Th e t p b a r d a d t h
o o t o p r a i l a r e 2 x4 s f r s t r e n g t h
s n e Th e o .
b ot t om i s fl oo ed t sa v e t h e ch a ir
.
r o .
Fi 21 5
ur e C or n er —
os t D e t a i of Por s e eed i n l
B a ck H 2 x6 F g . A
g k g p
.
"
i s s p k ed i n t o t h e e d e of a 2 x4 , m a i n a co r n e r os t 6 a cr o ss .
b
T h e s id e oa r d i n g v
i s cu t e en w it h t h e cor n e r o f t h e os t a n d t h e p
p
o en c or n e r i s fi ll
ed wi t h a t w o i n ch u a r t e r r o u n d a s s h own
-
q -
.
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FA R M CON V E N I E N CE S 21 9
on alf alfa with on e ea r of cor n a day a n d com e out in

t h e sprin g in fit con dition to suckl e a fin e litter of p igs .
A lfalfa is a str on g protein feed It furn ishes t h e .
Fi gur e 2 1 6 Au t m a t i c H og Feed er T h e l i t t le bu il d i gg i s 8 x1 2
-
o n
' '
o n t h e gr ou d d i t i s 1 0 h i gh t t h e pl t s u h d g
.
n an
'
Th e
o a e i cr s e ra n
i s h ovel ed i n f om beh i d a n d i t fe d d ow h o pp e fa h i n a s f t
.
s r n e s n r s o as
a s t h e h o g s ea t i t Th e fl oo i s m a d e o f m a t h ed l u m be r
r I t s h ou l dc
fl oor
. .
s t a n d on a dry c on cr et e .
Figur e 21 7 —S h eep Feed i n g B a ck Th e ha y bot t o m g r a in

gh i d s l pe t g t h a n gl e b g
.
t r ou8 s es o t 45 o e Th
er a
°
s. e oa r d i n i s ma d e
t i gh t t
o h ld
o h ir a n d g i n fr om w s t i n g
c a ra a .
muscl formin g substan ces n ec essar y f or t h e youn g

e-
litter by c a usin g a cop ious flow of m ilk On e ea r of .
corn a d ay is s ufii cien t to keep th e sow in good con di

220 FAR M MECHAN I CS
tion w
ithoutlayin g on too m uch fat When sh outs .
a r e f ed in t h e wi n t er f or fa tten i n g alfalfa hay h el p s ,
them to grow I n con n ection with gr ain it in creases

.
t h e w eig ht r api dl y without addi n g a gr eat d eal of ex

p en se to t h e r ation Alfalfa in ever y in stan ce is in
.
ten ded as a r oug hage as a n ap p etizer a n d as a p r otein

,
feed F at m ust b e added by t h e us e of cor n kafii r cor n

.
, ,
Fi gur e 21 8 — k B
Rac a s e a n d S i d es lvT h e 2 x4 3 a r e h a ed a t t h e
.
g g gl T f pl
.
en d s a n d p u t t o et h er a t r i h t a n h es e r a m es a r e a ce d 3
’
es
p v fl g Lg b l
.
a a r t a n d c o e r ed w i t h m a t ch ed oor i n i ht r a ce s s h ou d b e
f f
.
n a il e d a cr os s t h es e r a m es a f ew i n ch es u p r om t h e r ou n d . Th e
1 x4p k i c et s a r e pla ced 7 p ”
l
a a r t i n t h e c ea r s o t h e s cep ca n g et
g f
t h ei r h ea d s t h r ou h t o eed T p k f
h es e
. b l
i c e t ed r a m es a r e o t ed t o
b f If
t h e a s e a n d r a m ed a r o u n d t h e t o p k . th e r ac i s m or e t h a n 9
'
g l p T lv f
l o n t h er e s h o u d b e a cen t er t i e or a r t i t i o n we e ee t i s a g oo d
.
l g k
en t h t o m a e t h e r a c sk .
Can a da p eas b a r l ey or other g r ai n s A lfalfa h ay is

,
.
in ten ded to take t h e p lace of summer pas tur e in win t er

m ore than as a fa tten in g r a tion .
S PLIT -
A
LOG R O D D RAG
Th eonl y l ow cost ro a d gr a der of value is t h e sp lit
l og road dr ag It should b e exactly what t h e n am e im
.
pli es I t should b e m ade from a light l og about eight

.
in ches in diam eter s plit thr ough t h e m iddl e with a saw .
P l en ty of r oa d d r ag s a r e m ade of tim b er s i n stea d of

s plit logs but t h e real pri n ciple is lost b ecaus e su ch
,
I
drags a r e too heavy an d clumsy Th ey cann ot b e .
quickly adjusted to t h e varyi n g road con dition s m et

with whil e in us e .
Fi gu r e 2 1 9 — H g T ough I n a w i t r h g h ou t h e feed t u gh
o r n e o se ro
A m t t ough i s b t
.
i s pl ced n ex t t o t h e a ll y r pa s a ge wa y
.
a e o s . ce en r es
A d op ga t e i h i g d ov t h t ough s o i t n b e s w u g i w h i l
.
r s n e er e r ca n n e
p ut t in f ed i n t h t ugh Th e s m g t e i s open d up l ev l t
e e ro . a e a e e o
a d mi t og s t o t h e p en .
Th e illustr a tion shows th e right way of makin g a

roa d dr ag a n d th e m an n er in which it is d rawn alon g
,
at an an gle to t h e roa dway so as to m ove t h e earth

fr om t h e sid es towards t h e cen ter but illus tr ations ar e ,
Fi gu r e 22 0 —R ei for ced H og T ugh Th e s ecti on of h o t r ou h

n ro .
t o t h e l eft i s r ein for ced w i t h ch i ck en w i r e T e

r od s —
n e i ch m es
, o - n
tro u gh t o t h e r i gh t i s r ei n fo r ced wi t h s ev en 34 th r ee i n t h e
bot t om a n d t wo i n ea ch s i d e .
Fi gur e 22 1 —D bl e Poul t y F ee d n g Tr oug h wi th Pa r t i ti on

é i
. ou r i n th e
en t er .
F ig ur e 222 .
—
P ou t rl y Feed er wi t h M eta l or Cr ock er y R ecep ta cle .
I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FAR M CON VE N I E N CE S 223
l s for showin g h ow to op erate them to do good

use es
wor k Th e eccen tr iciti es of a split log r oad dr ag m ay
.
-
b e learn ed in on e less on by r idin g it over a m il e or two

of coun try r oad shortly after th e frost has l eft th e
g ro un d in t h e sp r i n g of t h e y ear It will b e n otic
. ed
that t h e fron t half of t h e road dr ag presen ts t h e flat
side of t h e split log to t h e work of shavin g oif th e l um p s
while th e other half l og level s an d s mooths an d pud
g
F i ur e 2 2 3 —
. S li t -L og R oa d D r a g . f g
T h e r on t ed e i s s h o d wi t h
a s t ee l l a te t o g
o t h e cu t t i n a n d t h e r ou n d s i d e of t h e r ea r l og
l
g r i n d s t e oos en ed e a r t h fin e a n d p g
r es s es i t i n t o t h e w a on t r a c s k
l
an d wa t e r h o e s .
dles th e loos en ed moist ear th by means of t h e roun d ed

side P uddlin g makes earth waterpr oof Th e fr on t
. .
,
or cuttin g edge is fa ced with steel

,
Th e ridges an d .
humps a r e cut an d shoved straight ah ead or to on e

side to fill holes an d ruts This is don e by t h e dr iver
.
,
who shi fts hi s weight fr om on e en d to th e oth er an d ,
fr om fron t to back of his stan din g platform to dis

tr ibute t h e ear th to th e b est advan tage Th e roun ded .
side of t h e rear hal f log pr esses t h e soft earth in to place

an d l eaves t h e sur face smooth .
Un fortun ately t h e habit of us in g n ar row ti r ed wag

,
on s on coun try roads h as b ecome almost un iv ersal in

22 4 FARM M E CH A N I CS
th e Un ited S tates To add to thei r destru ctive prop en
.
siti es all wagon s in some parts of t h e coun try have t h e

,
sam e width of tr ead so that each wh eel follows in path s

made by other wh eels un til they cut r uts of con sider
,
able dep th Th ese littl e n ar r ow ditch es hold water s o

.
that it cann ot r u n oif i n to th e dr ain s at t h e sides of t h e

roadw ay Wh en a rut gets started each passin g wheel
.
,
squeez es out t h e m uddy wat er or if th e wh eel be r e ,
v olvi n g at a sp eed fa ster than a walk it th r ows t h e
water an d t h e water car r i es part of th e r oadway with

,
it so that small ruts ar e made large an d deep ru ts
Fi gu re 22 4 —H ea vy B r ea kin g P l ow ,u s ed f or r oa d w or k and ot h er
g j b
.
t ou h o s .
ar e made deep er I n some limited section s road rul es

.
d em an d that wagon s shall have wide tir es an d have

shorter fron t axl es so that with t h e wide ti r es an d t h e
,
un even treads t h e wh eels act as roller s in stead of rut

makers It is d ifi cul t to i n tr oduce such r equi r emen ts
.
in to every far m section I n th e mean time t h e evils of

.
n arrow tir es may b e ov er com e to a c ertain ext en t by
t h e p er sist en t a n d p r op er u s e of th e split log r oad dr ag .
These dr ags ar e most eif ect u al in t h e sp r in gtim e wh en

t h e fr ost is com i n g out of t h e gr oun d D ur i n g th e .
muddy season t h e roads g et wor ked up i n to r uts an d

mir e holes which if taken in tim e may b e filled by
, , ,
run n i n g l en gt hwis e of t h e road with t h e dr ag wh en th e

eart h is still soft W hen th e groun d shows dry on t op
.
M I SCE LLAN E OUS F AR M CON VE N I E N CE S 225
an d is still soft an d wet un dern eath is t h e tim e t h e

drags do th e b est work by scrapin g t h e drier hum mocks
in to th e low places where t h e earth settles hard as it
dries .
A well roun ded smooth road does n ot g et muddy in

,
t h e summer time S um m er rai n s usually come with a

.
dash Con siderable water falls in a shor t time an d

.
,
t h e very act of fallin g with forc e fir st lays th e dust ,
th en packs th e surface Th e smooth packed surface

.
acts like a roof an d almost b efore t h e rain stops fallin g

,
all surface water is drain ed off to t h e sides so th at an

in ch down un der t h e surface th e roadb ed is as hard as
it was b efore th e rain That is t h e reason why split log
.
road drags us ed p ersisten tly in t h e sprin g an d occa

s ion all y later in t h e seas on will pr eserv e good roads all
sum m er I t is very much better to follow each summer

.
rai n with t h e road drag but it is n ot so n eces sary as

,
immediate atten tion at t h e p r oper time in sprin g B e .
sides farm ers ar e so bus y durin g t h e sum mer mon ths

,
that th ey fin d it d ifiicul t to sp en d t h e tim e I n s ome

‘
.
s ection s of t h e middle West on e m an is hir ed to do t h e

draggin g at so much p er tr ip over th e road H e makes .
his cal culation s accor din gly an d is prepared to do th e

dr aggin g at all s eas on s when n eeded This plan usu .
all y wor ks out th e best because on e m an then makes it

his busin ess an d h e gets paid for t h e amoun t of wor k
p er formed This m an should live at t h e f ar en d of t h e
.
r oad divi sion so that h e can smooth hi s own pathway
leadin g to town .
T
S EE L G
R OAD DRA
M an ufacturer s maki n g r oad dr ags of steel with

ar e
temp ered blades adjustable to an y an gl e by simply

movin g t h e lever un til t h e dog en gages in t h e prop er
22 6 FAR M M EC HAN I CS
n otch S om e of these machin es ar e made with bl ad es

.
rever sible so that th e other side can be used f or cut

,
tin g wh en th e first edge is worn F or s ummer us e t h e .
steel drag wor ks very well but it lacks t h e smoothi n g ,
action of a w ell balan ced log drag .
B ag trucks for han dl in g bags of g rain s eeds an d

should b e h eavy B ag tru ck wheels shoul d b e eight
.
in ches in di am eter with a t hr ee in ch face Th e s teel -

.
Fi e 225 —Ba rn T r uck s Th e pla tf or m t r u k i s ma d e t o m o ve

c
ppl es a t h er fr u i t T h e b a g t r u c k i s w ell p r p or t i o n ed
. .
boxe a nd o o
s t r on g b u t n ot fu ll i r on ed
.
and ,
is .
b ar hoe t hat lifts an d carries th e b ag shoul d b e

or s
twen ty two i n ch es in len gth That mean s that t h e b o t
- .
tom of t h e tr uck in fr on t is twen ty two in ches wid e -

.
Th e wh eels r i m b ehin d thi s bar so t h e hubs do n ot p r o

j cet to catch agai n st st an din g b ags or doo r fr ames Th e .
l en gth of truck han dles from th e steel lift bar t o t h e

top en d of t h e han d crook is four feet s ix in ches I n , .
I
M S CE LLA N E OU S FAR M CON VE N I E N CE S 227
buyin g bag trucks it is better to get th e h eavy solid

kin d that will n ot upset Th e light on es ar e a great
.
n uis an c e wh en runn in g th em over un even floors Th e .
Fig ur e 22 6 —F
. ar m Ga t e Pos t with Copper M a i l B ox .
wheels ar e too n arrow an d too close togeth er an d t h e

trucks tip over un der slight provoc ation P latform .
tr u cks for use in movin g b oxes of appl es or crates of

2 28 FAR M M E CH AN I CS
potatoes or bags of seed in t h e seed house or warehouse
also shoul d b e heavy Th e most approved platform
.
truck th e kin d that market m en us e is made with a

, ,
fr am e four feet in l en gth by two feet in width Th e .
frame is made of good solid hardwood put together
Fi gur e 22 7 —C on cr et e Pos t Suppor tin g a Wa t er p r oof Cl ot h es Lin e

Ree l B ox
.
with mortise an d ten on Th e cross pi eces or s til es

.
a r e th r ee quar t ers of an i n ch low er than t h e sid e pi ec es

-
or r ails which space is fil led with hardwood floori n g

,
boar ds firml y bolted to th e cr oss pi eces s o th ey com e up

flus h with t h e side timb ers Th e top of t h e platform
.
s hould b e sixteen in ch es up fr om t h e floor Th ere ar e .

I
M S CE LLAN E OU S FAR M CON VE N I E N C E S 229
two stan d a r ds in fr on t which car r y a wooden cr ossbar

ov er th e fr on t en d of t h e truck This cr ossbar is used
.
f or a h an dle to pus h or p ull th e tr uck Th e h eight of .
th e han dl e b ar fr om t h e floor is thr ee feet R ear wh eels

-
.
a r e fiv e i n ch es in diam eter a n d wo r k
on a swivel so th ey tu r n i n an y d ir ec
tion like a castor Th e two fr on t

.
wheel s ca r r y th e main weight They .
a r e tw elve i n ch es in dia m eter with a
th r ee in ch face Th e wh eel s ar e bor ed

-
.
to fit a on e in ch steel axle a n d have

-
wide boxi n gs bolted to t h e main tim

bers of t h e tr uck fr ame L ike t h e .
two wh eel bag truck t h e wheels of

-
,
t h e platfor m t r uck ar e un der t h e

fr am e so they d o n ot p r oj ect out in
th e way which is a gr ea t a dvan ta ge
,
wh en t h e tru ck is bein g used in a

crowded place .
H OM E CAN N I N G O T U FIT
Ther e a r e small cann i n g outfits F 3 r 2 2
m 1 3 ; ?
a“
91
:
I
man ufactur ed an d s old for farm us e c e is pa ged b y a
D u e f
e r .
s a
th at wor k on the f actory p r in ciplc c un t e w ei gh t I t o r .
“ g ui d ed b y a m pe
F or cann i n g vegetables t h e heatin g is be l t w h i ch r u n s on
,
gfi ézit g
d ‘ f
don e un der p r es sure because a gr eat ggtz o
deal of h eat is n ecess a r y to destr oy

t h e bacter ia that spoil vegetabl es in t h e can s S team .
un der p r ess ur e is a good deal hotter than boili n g water .
Th er e is con sider abl e wor k in usin g a can n in g outfit ,
but it gets t h e c an n in g out of th e way quickly E xtr a .
help m ay b e em ployed f or a f ew days to do th e cann i n g

on t h e s a m e pri n cipl e that far mer s employ ex tr a hel p
at thr eshin g ti m e an d do it all up at on ce Of course .

,
fruits an d vegetables keep comin g alon g at diE er en t

tim es in th e summ er but t h e fall fruit cann in g may
,
be don e at two or three sittin gs arran ged a week or t wo
F ig ure 229 —Cl

. ot h es Li n e T igh t en er . Th i s d evi ce i s made of No 9.
wi r e ben t as s h own in th e il l u s t a t i on
r .
Fi gu e 2 3 0 —Goa t S t a ll
r Mi l goa t s
ch ar e m i lk ed on a
pla t f m Feed i s pl ed i n t h e m a ge pe g
.
or . ac n r Th e o ni n in t h e si d e
f t h e m a n ge i t o h ol d t h em y
.
o t n ch i o
r s a s a n s t ea d .
apart a n d en ough fruit p a cked away in t h e cellar t o

last a big family a whol e year Can n in g m achin ery is .
sim pl e an d in exp en sive These outfits may b e bought .
from $10 up P r obably a $20 or $25 cann er would

.
I
b e large en ough for a large family or a dozen dif ,
f er en t fami li es if it coul d be r un on a co op erative -
plan .
Fi gur e 2 3 1 H or s e Cl i p er s H a n d cl i ppper s a r e s h ow t o t h e
- n
l eft Th e fl exi ble s h a ft c pper t o t h e r i h t m a y b e t u ed by h a d
.
rn n
f o r cl i ppi n g a f w h o r ses o r s h ea i g a ew s h eep b ut f o r e l bu s i
.
e r n , r a
n e s s i t s h oul d b e d r i v en by a n el ec t i c m o t or
r .
E LE CTR I C TOW E L
Th e towel is san itary as w ell as an econ omical
a ir ,
method of dr yin g t h e han ds A foot pedal closes a quick

.
232 FARM MEC H AN I C S
actin g switch th ereby puttin g in to oper ation a blower

,
that forces air through an electr ic heatin g devise s o

ar r an ged as to distribute t h e warm ed a ir to all parts
of th e han ds at t h e same time Th e supply of hot a ir .
con tin ues as lon g as t h e foot p edal is dep r ess ed Th e .
han ds ar e thor oughly dr ied in thirty secon ds .
S TALLS F OR M IL CH GOA TS
M ilch g o a ts fas ten ed with stan chion s like

a r e n ot
cows Th e fr on t of t h e man ger is boarded tight with

.
t h e exception of a roun d hol e about t wo feet high a n d

a slit I n t h e boar ds reachin g from t h e r oun d op en in g t o
Fi gur e 23 2 —H o C a t ch i n g H ook . l
Th e wood en h a n d e fit s l oos ely
k ged t h e
mv
i n t o t h e i r on As t h e h og s h i n d l eg i s en g a
’
soc e . s o on a s
wood en h a n d l e is r e o ed a n d th e p l
r o e h e d t a ut .
with in a f ew in ches of th e floor Th e roun d hole is .
made large en ough so that th e goat puts h er h ead

throug h to r each t h e feed an d t h e slit is n ar row en oug h
,
so s h e cann ot back up to pull t h e feed out in to t h e stall .
T hi s is a device to save fodder .
S TAB LE HE LPS
Over head tr acks have m a de feed carri ers pos sible .
L itter or feed carr i ers an d m an ure car r i ers r u n on t h e

s a m e ki n d of a tr ack t h e on ly di ff eren c e is in siz e a n d
,
shape of t h e car an d t h e man n er in which t h e con ten ts

ar e un loaded M an ure carriers an d litter carri ers have
.
a con tin uous track that run s alon g over t h e m an ur e

g u tters a n d over h ead l en gt hwis e of t h e feed all eys .
Ther e ar e a n umber of diff er en t kin ds of car r i er s man

M I S CE LLANE OU S FAR M CON VE N E N CE S I 2 33
u f act ur ed , all
of which seem to do good service Th e .
obj ect is to save labor in doin g th e n ecess a ry work

about dairy stables To get th e gr eatest possible profit
.
from cows it is abs olutely n ecessary that th e s table

,
Fi g ure 28 8 .
—B ul l N os e-Ch a i n . Cr os s bu ll s ma y b e t ur n ed
out t o
a s t ur e wi th g
s om e d e r ee of s a et b s n ap in f ya ch a i n p g
i e th i s lk
pn t o t h e n ose- r i n g l gj
T h e ch a i n s h ou d e u s t on en ou h t o s wi ng l g g
g Al
.
a n d wr a p
a r ou n d th e u
’
s b ll f l
r on t e g s w h e n h e i s r un n in so t h e .
len g t h i s i n t en d ed t o d r a g th e r i n wh er e h e w i g ste on i t wi t h ll p
T g p
,
h i s f r on t f eet . h er e i s s ome da n er of ul l in g th e n os e r in g out .
F i gu r e 234 —M a n ur e Ca r r i er s Th er e a r e t wo k i n d s of m a n ur e
g l e i s t h e e le v a t o r
. .
ca r r i e r sin e n er a us e . Th e r in c i pa l d iff e e r nc
a t t a ch m en t f o r h oi s t i n g wh en t e s p r ea d er s t a d s t oo h ig h f or t h e
n
us u a ll vl
e e d um p .
should b e kept clean an d s an itary al so that t h e cows ,
sh a ll b e pr op er ly f ed sev eral tim es a day D iff er en t .
ki n ds of feed a r e given at t h e diff er en t feedin g p eriods .
It is impossibl e to have all th e d iif er en t kin ds of food

sto r ed in s uificien t quan tities withi n easy reach of th e
cows H en ce t h e n ec essity of i n stallin g some m ech ani
.
,
23 4 FARM M E C HAN I C S
cal arran gemen t to fetch an d c arr y Th e on ly floor .
car r i er in us e in dairy st abl es is a tr uck f or sil ag e .
Not in ever y s table is this t h e case S ometim es a fee d

.
carri er is r un dir ectly t o t h e s il o It .
dep en ds a good deal on t h e floo r what

kin d of a ca rrier is best f or silage .
Th e ad van ta ge of a n over h ead track

is that it is always free from li tter
. .
Wher e floor trucks ar e used it is ,
n ecema r y t o keep t h e floo r ba r e of
obst ru ct ion Thi s is n ot cons ider ed

.
a di s ad van tage bec ause th e floor

sh oul d be kept clean an yway .
H O SE U PL U M B I N G
When ws mr is pum ped by a n en
g in e a n d s t or ed for u s e i n a ta n k t o
be deliv ered un der pres s ure in t h e

hous e th en t h e addi ti on al cost of h ot
,
an d cold water a n d t h e n ec essary sin k
an d bath r oom fixtures is compara
t iv el y sm al l . M od er n plumbin g fix
tur es fit so p er fectly a n d go together
so easily that t h e cost of in stall in g
F igu e 2 3 5 —Cow house plum bin g in th e coun tr y h a s
r .
S t a n chi on W oo d en
been m ater ially reduced while t h e
.
c o w s t a ch i on s
n ,
may be m a d e a s
com f or ta b l e f or t h e da n g e rs fr o m n oxious gas e s hav e b ee n
cows t h e i r on
en tirely elimin ated Op en ven t ilator
as
.
o n es .
pip es ca r r y t h e poison ous gas es u p

through th e roof of t h e house t o float har ml essly away
in t h e atmos ph ere S eptic tan ks take car e of t h e sew
.
er a g e bett er than t h e s ewer systems in some town s .
P lumbin g fixtures m ay be ch ea p or exp en sive accord ,
in g to t h e wish es an d pocketbo ok of th e own er Th e

.
I
ch eaper gra des a r e jus t as us eful but ther e a r e exp en ,
sive outfits that ar e ver y m uch mor e or n amen tal .
FAR M SE P TI C TAN K
S upplyin g wat er der p r ess ur e in th e farmhouse
un
deman ds a s eptic tan k to g et rid of th e waste A septic .
tan k is a sci en tific r eceptacle to take th e poison out of
F ig u r e 236 —F
. me
ra H ol d i n g R ecor d S h eet s i n a D a ir y S t a bl e
.
F ig ur e 23 7 —.Loa d in g S h u t e f or H ogs Th i s l oa d i n g s h ute

. i s ma d e
por t a b le a n d m ay b e m o ved li ke a wh elba r r ow
e .
s ewerage It is a simple aff air con sistin g of two un der

.
gr oun d com par tm en ts made water tight with a sewer

,
-
,
pi p e to l ead th e waste water fr om th e hous e i n to th e

fir st compar tm en t a n d a drai n to car r y t h e den atured
s ewerage away fr om t h e secon d com partm en t Th e .
first compar tm en t is op en to t h e atm osph er e through a ,
ven tilator but t h e secon d com partm en t is made as

,
236 FARM MEC H A N I CS
a ly air tight as possibl e Th e sci en tific workin g of a
ne r -
.
s eptic t an k d ep en ds upon t h e destr uctive wor k of t wo
ki n ds of m icroscopic life kn own as aerobic an d an erobi c

for ms of bacter ia S ewer age in t h e fir st tan k is worked
.
over by aerobic bacter ia t h e ki n d that r equir e a sm al l

,
a moun t of oxygen in order to live an d carry on th eir
Figu r e 23 8 — B r a s s Va lves T wo k i n d of gl obe va lves a r e us ed i n

. s
fa m w a t e w k s Th e s t r a igh t v l ve s h own t o t h e l eft a n d t h
.
r r or a e
r i gh t a gl e v a lve t o t h e r i gh t E i t h er on e m a y b e fi tt ed wi t h a l n g
.
n o
k t o r ea h a bove gr oun d wh e pi pes a e l a i d d ee p t p r eve t
.
sh an c n r o n
f eezi g
r n .
wor k Th e secon d com partm en t is in habited by an aer o

.
bic bacter i a or forms of m icr oscopic life that wor k

,
p r actically without a ir Th e pri n cipl es of con s t r u c

.
tion requi r e that a septic tan k shall b e lar ge en ough to

con tai n two days supply of s ew er ag e in each com part
’
men t ; thus r equir in g four days f or t h e sewerag e to

,
en t er a n d l eave t h e tan k .
E sti m ati n g 7 5 g allon s daily of sew er age f or each in

h abit an t of t h e hous e an d four p erson s to a fam ily t h e ,
s eptic tan k should b e lar ge en ou g h to h old 600 g allon s ,

I
M S CE LLA N E OU S FARM C ON V E N I E N CE S 23 7
three hun dred gallon s in each compartmen t which ,
would require a tan k about four feet in width an d s ix

feet in len gth an d four feet in depth These figures .
embrac e m ore cubic feet of tan k than n ecessary to m eet
th e for egoin g r equiremen ts It is a good plan to leav e

.
a margin of safety .
It is us ual to lay a v itrified sewer four i n ch es in ,
di amete r from b elow t h e bottom of t h e cellar to t h e

,
F ig ur e 23 9 —S epti c Ta n k
. , a d ou ble a n ti s ept i c pr oces s f or pu r i fy i n g
s e we r a g e.
septic tan k givin g it a fall of on e eighth in ch in t en

,
-
feet Th e sewer en ters th e tan k at t h e top of t h e stan d

.
in g liquid an d d eliver s t h e fresh sewer ag e from t h e

hous e thr ough an elbow an d a l eg of pip e that reach es
to within about six in ches of t h e bottom of t h e t a n k .
Th e r ea son for this is to admit fr esh sewerage without

distu rbin g t h e scum on t h e surface of th e liquid in th e
tan k Th e scum is a protection for th e bacter ia It
. .
helps th em to ca rry on their work of destruction Th e .
sam e p r in cip le applies to t h e sec on d com p a r tmen t .
Th e liquid fr om t h e first com part m en t is car r i ed ov er

in to t h e s econ d compartm en t by m ean s of a b en t p ip e
2 38 FA R M MEC HAN I CS
in t h e form of a siphon whi ch fills up graduall y an d
em pti es automatically wh en t h e liquid in t h e fir st com
p ar t m en t ris es to a c ert a i n l evel Th e di schargi n g .
siphon l eg should b e t h e shortest Th e liqui d from t h e .
s econ d compartmen t is disch ar g ed in to t h e drain in t h e

s ame m an n er . Ther e ar e special valves m ade for t h e
fin al di scharge but th ey ar e n ot n ec essary Th e bot
,
.
t om of t h e tan k is dug deep en ough to hold sewerag e

f rom t wo to four feet in depth Th e top surface of t h e .
l i qui d in t h e tank is held down to a level of at l east six

in ch es b elow t h e bottom of t h e cellar S o th ere is n o .
p o m ibl e ch an c e of t h e hous e s ew e r fi llin g a n d backi n g

u p towards t h e hous e Us uall y th e vitr ified sewer pip e
.
is four in ch es in diameter t h e septic tan k si pho n s for

,
a s mall tan k a r e th r ee i n ch es in diam et er an d t h e fin al
dis charge pip e is thr ee in ch es in diam eter with a r apid ,
fall for th e first t en feet aft er l eavin g th e tan k .
S eptic tan ks should b e mad e of con cr ete wat er ,
p r o of ed on t h e in sid e to pr ev en t t h e pos s ibili ty of s eep

ag e . S eptic tan k top s a r e ma de of rein forced con crete
with man hol e Op en i n gs Also th e man hol e cover s ar e
.
made of rein for ced con cr ete eith er b evel ed to fit t h e

,
op en i n gs or made con siderably lar ger than t h e op en

in g so that they sit down flat on t h e top sur fac e of t h e
,
t ank .Thes e covers ar e always d eep en oug h down in

t h e g roun d so that wh en cover ed over t h e ea rt h holds
t hem in plac e .
I n layin g vitr ified sewer it is absolutely n ecessary to

cal k ea ch join t with okum or l ead or oku m rein forc ed ,
wi th cemen t I t is almost impos sible to make a join t

.
tight with cemen t alon e althou gh it can be don e by an

,
ex pert E ach len gth of t h e s ewer pip e shoul d b e given

.
a u n iform g rad e Th e vitrified sewer is trap p ed out

.
s id e of th e buildin g with a n ordi n ary S t r ap ven tilated -

,
M S CE I LLA N E OU S FARM CON V E N I E N CE S 23 9
which leaves th e sewer op en to th e atmosph ere an d pr e

ven ts th e possibility of back pressure that mi ght drive
-
t h e poison ous gas es from t h e d ecomposin g s ew erage

thr ough th e sewer back in to t h e house I n this way t h e .
,
s eptic tan k is m ad e en tirely separate from t h e house

p lumbi n g e xc
,
e p t th a t t h e two syst ems ar e c on n ect ed a t
this outside tr a p .
I t is sometim es r ecommen ded that t h e waste water

from th e secon d com partm en t shall b e distributed
thr oug h a ser i es of d r ain s m a de with three in ch or -
four in ch d r ain til e an d th a t t h e outlet of this s et of

-
drain s shall em p ty in to or con n ect with a regul a r ly

organ iz ed field dr a in ag e system Gen erally sp eakin g .
,
t h e fin al disch a rge of liquid from a septic tan k th a t is

prop erly con structed is in off ens ive an d harml ess H ow .
ever it is b etter to us e every possibl e precaution to p r e

,
s erve th e h ealth of th e fa mily an d it is b etter to dis

,
pose of th e fin al waste in such a way as to preven t an y

farm an imal fr om dr in kin g it .
Wh il e m an holes ar e built in to septic tan ks for th e

purpose of exa mi n a tion in practice they ar e seldom
,
requir ed If t h e tan ks ar e prop erly bui lt an d rightly

.
proportion ed to th e sew er ag e requi r em en ts th ey will

take car e of t h e waste w ater from t h e house year after
yea r without atten tion S houl d an y acciden ts occur
.
,
they ar e mor e likely to b e c a used by a leakag e in th e

vitrified sewer th an fr om an y oth er caus e M an u f a c .
t ur er s of plum bi n g supp li es fur n ish th e siphon s to

geth er with in struction s f or pl a ci n g th em p r op er ly in
t h e con crete walls . S ome firm s sup ply adver tisi n g
mat ter from which to work out t h e actual size an d p r o
p ortio n s of t h e di ff er en t co m p a rt m en ts a n d all co nn ec
tion s Th e makin g of a sep tic ta n k is sim p l e wh en th e
.
pri n ciple is on ce un der stood .

I NDE"
A cetylen e ga s
A ut om a ti c h og feed er
Axles wa g on
,
B a bbi t t in g boxi n gs
B a r n t r ucks .
B el t pun ch
wor k
B en ch an d v i sa
B en ch f or i r on wor k
f or wood wor ki n g
B i ts , ext en si on b or i n g
B it , t wi s t dr i ll, f or wood
-
b or in g
-
B lacksmi th h amm er s
sh 0p
B l ock a n d t a ckl e
B ob sl ei gh s
B oiler , s t ea m
B ols ter s pr in g
B olt cut ter

B ol t s , ca r r ia ge an d m a ch in e
hom e m a d e
-
p l ow a n d s i ckl e b a r
B oxi n gs , ba bbi t tin g
B r a ce, wa g on b ox -
B r a mble h ook
B r a s s v a lv es
B r eedi n g cr a te f or h og s
B r i ck tr owel
242 IN DE X
B uck r a ke
B ui l din g b r a cket
B ull n os e ch a in
-
Ca ble h a y s t a cker
Ca liper s
Cal iper r ul e
Ca n ni n g outfit
Ca r p en t er s ben ch
’
tr es t le
Cen t r i fu g a l pumps
Ch a in , log g i n g
Chi s els a n d g oug es
Ci r cu la r s a w, fil i n g
j oin t in g
set t in g
Cl ea r i n g la n d b y t r a ct or
Clevi ses , plow
Clod cr us h er
Clot h es li n e r eel b ox, con cr et e
Cl ot h es li n e t i g h t en er
Cold chi s el
-
Colt b r ea kin g s ul key

-
Com pa s s es
Con cr ete cen ter a lley f or h og h ous e
fa r m s ca le ba s e an d pit
h og wa ll ow
wal l m ol d
Con v en i en ces , m is cell a n eous fa r m
Con v eya n ces , fa r m
Cor n cr ib , d oubl e
t wo s t or y
-
Cor n cult i v a t or
s h ock h or se
Cott er p in t ool
Coul t er cla m p
Coun t er s in k
Cow s t a n ch i on
Cr Op m a chi n er y, s peci a l
Cr 0 p s , ki n d of , t o ir r i g a t e
Cr owb a r s
IN D E X 2 43
Cult i va t or , com bi nat i on

Cut t in g n ipper s
D er r i ck f or k
Di es a n d ta p s
D i g g er s , pot a t o
D is k h a r r ow
p l o w
D og ch ur n
D a fil in g
r w -
D r ill , g r ai n
p o w er p os t
D r i ll pr ess
-
elect r i c
D r i ven m a chin es
D um bwa i t er
E con om y of pl owi n g b y t r act or
E lect r i ci t y on t h e fa r m
E lect r i c l i gh ti n g
E lect r i c p ower pla n t
t owel
E l eva tor , g r a in
E m er y g r i n d er s
E n gi n e a n d t r uck, por t a ble
E n gin e, g a s oli n e
ker osen e
s t ea m
E v en er s f or th r ee a n d
‘
four h or s e t eam s
-
E xt en s i on b or i n g bi t s
F a r m con v en ien ces
veya n ces
con
omoe
im plem en t h ou s e
s h op a n d
s h op wor k
t r a ct or
wa t er wor ks
F eed cr us h er
F ee di n g r a ck s
F en ce m a kin g t ool s
-
F en ce pli er s
F i le h a n d l e
F il es a n d r a s ps
2 44 I N DE X
F or e plan e
-
F or g e
F or g es , or t a bl e
p
F or gin g I r on an d s t ee l
F r ui t pi cki n g .
la d der s
t r ay
F r ui t t h in n in g n i pper s
-
Ga m br el wh ifliet r ee
Ga r d en weed er
Ga s , a cet ylen e
Ga s olin e en gin e
In
Ga tepos t wi t h copper m a ilb ox

Ga ug e, d ouble m ar ki n g -
Gen er a t in g m ech a n i ca l power

Goa t s t a l l
Gr a in dr i ll .
l
e ev a t or
eleva t or , p or t a ble
Gr a s s h ook
Gr in d s t on e
Ha cksa w
Ha mmer s , bla cksm i t h
ma chi n i s t s
’
H an d sa w
H a r dy .
H a r n es s pun ch
H a r r ow ca r t . t
l
s ed
s pike -
t oot h
H a r ves t i n g b y t r act or
H ay ca r r i er ca r r i a g e
H ay cr ap, h an dlin g .
IN D E X 2 45
Hayfor d, double h a r poon

g a pple
r
hi tch
h ood
Ha yr a ke, v l
r e o vi n g
H a y te dder
-
H a y-tr a ck r oof ext en s i on

H oe , h ow t o sh a r pen .
H oes and weeder s l
t r ough , f
t e-i n or ced
wa ll ow, con cr et e
H ois t , ol des t fa r m
H oi s ts
Hom e r epair wor k,
Hor se cli pper s
H or se feedin g r a ck .
H or sepower
H ouse pl umb I n g
H usking pin -
Hydr a uli c r am
I r on , for gin g
I r ons f or n eckyoke and wh ifliet r ee
I r on r oll er
J oi n ter , ca r pen t er
’
s "
2 46 IN D E X
L evel , ca r pen ter s

’
ir on s t ock
Li n k, co ld s hut
-
pl ow
L oa d in g ch ut e f or h og s
M a chi n es , d r i ven
M a chin is t s h a mm er s
’
M a r lin s s pik e
M eas ur i n g m ech a nical wor k
M ech a n i ca l power , g en er a ti n g
M ech an i cs of pl owin g
M eltin g la d le
M onk ey wr en ch
-
M ule pum p
N a il h ammer s
Ofi ce, fa r m
Over h ea d s pr ay ir r i g a t i on
Pa in t br us h es
P ea g ua r d
Pi ckin g fr ui t
P i g pen , s ani t a r y
-
Pin cer s
Pipe cutter
Pipe fit t in g t ools
-
Pla s t er i n g t r owel
Pli er s
Plow h eavy b r eakin g
,
-
r i d in g
IN D E X 24 7
Plowin g b y t r act or
impor t a n ce of
m ech a n ics of
Plows , j oin ter
S co t ch
Plumb b ob a n d plumb -lin e
-
Plumbin g , h ous e
P od -b it
Por ta ble fa r m en gin e
P
Power con v eyor
Power , g en er a t in g m ech a ni ca l
Power t r a nsmis si on
Pul ver i zer s
Pump a ir pr es s ur e
,
cen t r i ug af l
m ule
j a ck
j a cks an d s peed j acks
s uct i on
Q uan t i ty of wa ter t o u se in ir r i g a t ion

B acks , feedin g
s h eep feedi n g
Ra fter gr apple
R a s ps an d files
R a t ch et br ace-
R efr i g er a ti on
R es er v oir f or s upplyin g wa ter t o fa r m bui ldi n g s
R ev ol vin g h ayr a ke
R i din g plow
R ips a w
R i vet set
2 48 IN D E X
pumps
S a w, h a ck
S ept i c
S et s cr
-
S h ave h or se
S h ea r s
S h eep fee d in g r a ck
S h eeps h an k
S hi p a u ger
S h oein g h orses
t ool b ox
S h Op, g ar age an d impl em en t sh ed
S h op t ools
S li d in g fiel d ga t e
S n ips , s h eet m et a l
S oil a ug er
t ools
j a cks
S plit l og
-
r oad dr a g
S ta ble h elp s
S ta ll f or m ilch g oat
S team b oiler a n d en gin e
S t eel , for gi n g
r oa d d r a g
s qua r e
t ools , m akin g
S t epla d der
S t ock f or di es
IN DE X 2 49
S wr en ch es
Ta pelin e
T a per r eamer
Ta ps an d dies
T on g s
T ool b ox f or fiel d use
T ool r a ck , blacks m i th
Tool s f or fen ce -m akin g
f or woodwor kin g
ppi -
e fitt in g
s oi l
T r a ct or econ om y
fa r m
T r a v oy
Tr ea dmill , bull
T
T
p la st er i n g
U b olt in cem en t
U ses of elect r icity on fa r m
sea t s p r i n g
W al kin g l
p wo
Wh eelb ar r ow
2 50 IN D E X
Wir e s pli ce
s pl i cer
s t r et ch er
W ooden cl amp
r oll er
Wood sa w fr ames
-
Wood wor ki n g ben ch

t ool s
Wr eckin g b ar o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o e ' e e e e o e e o e o o e o o o o o o o o
M E C H A N I C A L B OOK S
’
D R AK E S
E l e ct r i c a l B ooks
E l ectr ical Tab l es an d E n gin eer ing

‘
D a ta Lea .
E lectr ical Tab l es an d E n gin eer ing

D a ta
M otion P ictur e Op er a tion
M oti on P ictur e Op er a tion
A l ter n a tin g Cur r en t
Al ter n a tin g Cur r en t
W ir i n g D ia g r ams an d D es cr i p
tions ‘
Lea .
Wir in g D i a g r am s and D es cr ip
tion s
‘
Cl ot h
Ar m a tur e an d M a gn et Win din g .
‘
Lea .
Ar m a t ur e an d M ag n et Windi n g . .
‘
Cl oth
M oder n E l ectr i c I l l umin a tion . .
‘
Lea .
M od er n E l ectr ic I ll umi n a ti on .
‘
Cl oth
M oder n E l ect r i ca l Cons t r uction .
‘
Lea .
M oder n E l ectr ica l Con s tr uction . .

‘
Cl oth
E l ectr icia n s Op er a tin g
’
an d Tes t
in g M a n u a l
E l ectr icia n s Op er a tin g
’
an d Tes t
in g M a n u a l
D r a ke s E l ectr i ca l D iction ar y
’
.
D r ake s E l ectr ica l D iction a r y

’
.
E l ectr i c M otor s , D ir ect and A l ter

n a t in g
E l ect r i c M otor s , D ir ect an d A l ter

n a t in g
E l ectr ical M ea s ur em en t s an d Me
ter Tes tin g
N OT E
D R AK E S M E C H A N I C A L B OOK S
’
‘
T it l e
E l e c tr ic a l B oo ks —C o n ti n u e d
E l ectr i cal M eas ur em en ts and Me
t er Tes tin g
’
D r a ke s Tel ep h on e H a n db ook .
’
D r a ke s Tel ep h on e H a n db ook .
E l emen ta r y E lectr icity, Up to -
“
D ate Cl oth
E l ectr i city M a de S im p l e ‘
Cl oth
E as y E l ect r i cal E xp er im en t s ‘
Cl oth
Wir el es s Tel eg r a p h an d Tel ep h on e
H a n db ook
Tel eg r a p h y, S el f -
ta ug h t
Dyn am o E l ectr i c
-
M a ch in es
E l ectr o P l a tin g H a ndb ook
-
E l ectr o P la tin g H a n db ook

-
Cl oth
M oder n Am er i ca n Tel eph on y .
H a n dy V es t P ocket E l ectr i ca l Dic

-
H a n dy Ves t P ocket E l ectr i cal D ic

-
S tor a g e B a tter i es
—
E l ev a t or s H ydr a ulic an d E l ectr ic
H ow to B ecom e a S u ccess f u l M o
t or m a n
M otor ma n ’
s P r a ctica l Air B r ake
I n s tr uctor
E l ectr ic R a il way Tr oub l es
E l ectr ic P ower S t a ti on s
E lect r ica l R a ilr oa din g
N OTE .
—N ew B ok s a o nd Revi s ed E d i ti on s are m a r ked ‘
R s M E C H A N I C A L B Q OKS
’
A
D Ks
Au t omob i l e B ooks
B r ookes A utomob il e H an db ook
’
. .
‘
Lea .
Automob il e S ta r tin g a n d Lig h t

‘
Lea .
A ut om ob il e S ta r tin g an d Ligh t
“
in g Cl oth
F or d M otor Ca r a n d Tr uck an d
Tr a ctor A tt achm en ts
F or d M otor Ca r a n d Tr u ck an d
Tr a ctor A ttachmen ts ‘
Cloth
A utom ob ile Ca techis m an d R ep a ir
M anu al ‘
Lea .
P r a ctica l Gas a n d Oil E n gine

“
Ha n dbook Lea .
P r a ctica l Gas a n d Oil E n g in e

Ha n dbook ‘
Cl oth
F ar m B ooks
Far m B uil din gs , W ith P la n s a n d
D es cr ip tion s ‘
Cl oth
F ar m M ech anics ‘
Cl oth
Tr a ction Fa r mi n g a n d Tr a ction
E n g in eer in g ‘
Cl oth
Fa r m E n gi n es a n d H ow to R un
Th em Cl oth
S h op P r a cti ce B ooks
Twen tieth Centur y M a ch in e S hop
P r a ctice
P r a ctica l M ech a n ical Dr a win g .
S h eet M et a l W or ker s M a n ua l
’
Oxy A cetyl en e Wel din g a n d Cut

-
tin g
Oxy A cetylen e Wel din g a n d Cu t
-
tin g ‘
Cl oth
20th Cen tu r y Tools mit h a n d S teel
wor ker Cl oth
P atter n M a kin g a n d Fou n dr y
P r a ctice
M oder n Bl a cks mithi n g , Hor s e
s h oein g a n d Wa g on M a kin g Cloth .
T —N
NO E ew B k oo s and R vi
e s ed E d i t io n s are m a r ked '
Ca r pen t ry a n d B ui l d in g B ooks
M od er n Car p en tr y Two v olum es Cl oth
.
M od er n Ca r p en tr y V ol I . Cloth .
M od er n Car p en tr y V ol I I . Cloth .
Th e S teel S quar e Two volum es. Cl oth .
Th e S teel S qu ar e V ol I . Cl oth
. .
Th e S teel S qu a r e V ol I I . Cl oth
. .
A B C of th e S teel S quar e
. . . Cloth . . 50
Common S ens e S t air B ui ldin g a n d
H an dr ailin g Cl oth
M oder n E s tima tor an d Con tr ac
“
t or s Gui de Cl oth
’
Ligh t an d Heavy Timb er Fr amin g

M a d e E as y Cloth
B uil d er s Ar chi tect ur a l D r awin g
’
S el f ta u g ht
-
Cl oth
E as y S tep s to A r ch it ectur e Cl ot h
Fiv e Or der s of A r ch it ectur e Cloth
B uil der s a n d Con tr a ct or s Gui de Cloth
’ ’
“
P r a ct ica l B u n g a l ows a n d Cott a g es Cl oth
“
Low Cos t Am er ica n Hom es Cl oth
P r a ctica l Ca bin et M a ker a n d F u r
n it ur e D es ig n er Cloth
P r a ctica l W ood Ca r v in g Cl oth.
H om e Fu r n it ur e M a kin g Cloth
. . 60
Con cr et es , Cem en ts , M or t ar s , P la s
ter s an d S tu ccos Cl oth
P r a ctica l S teel Con s tr u ction Cloth . 75
20th Cen tu r y B r i ckl a yer a n d M a
Cloth
’
s on s A s s is t a n t
P r a ctica l B r ickl a yin g S elf ta ugh t Cloth -
.
P r a ctica l S ton em a s on r y Cl oth

P r a ctica l Up t o d at e P l u m b in g
- -
Cloth .
H ot W a ter H ea tin g , S tea m a n d

Gas Fit tin g Cl ot h
P r a ctica l H a n db ook f or M ill
wr ig h ts Cl oth
B oa t B u il din g f or A m a teur s Cloth
NO E T —N ew B ooks a nd R evi s ed E di t i on s a r e m a r k ed ‘
D R AK E S
’
M E C H A N I CA L B OOK S"
P a in t ing B ooks
“
Ar t of S ign P ain tin g Cl oth
S cen e P ain tin g and B ull eti n Ar t
A S h ow S h o Ca r ds
’
a
“
S tr on g ’
s B ook of D es ig ns Lea .
S igni st ’
s M oder n B ook of Al p h a
Cl oth
Am ateur Ar tis t Cloth
M oder n P ain ter ’

s Cycl op edia Cloth
R ed B ook S er ies of Tr a de S ch ool

M a n ua ls
1 . E xter i or P aint in g , Wood ,
I r on an d B r ick Cl oth
2 I n ter i or P a in tin g ,
. Wa ter an d
Oil Col or s
4 . Gr a in in g an d M a r b li n g
5 . Car r i a g e P a in tin g
6 . Th e Wood F in is h er
N ew H a r dwood F in is h in g Cloth
“
Au tom obil e P a in tin g Cloth
E s tim at es , Cos ts an d P r ofits

H ous e P ai n tin g an
d I n ter i or
“
D ecor atin g Cloth
N OT E .
—N ew B oo k s and v
R e i s ed E d i t i on s ar e m a r k ed ‘

FarmMechanics 10048519

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P R E FA CE

M ore mechani cal kn owledge is required farm on th e

m echan ically in clin ed h e is un der t h e n ecessity of em

ployi n g someon e who is .

S ome farms a r e supplied with a great m an y han dy

in thi s r es pect . S ome ar e n atural mechan i cs some ,

learn h ow to buy an d how to op erate t h e b est farm ma

S ome farmers wh o make t h e least p r eten sion s have

good m echan ics but they have an eye to t h e value of

labor savin g tools .

Th e obj ect of this book is to emphasize t h e impor

wor k an d thereby lift heavy loads from th e s houlders

tious human foods fr om ch eap farm by product s

Il lustr ation s ar e us ed to ex plain prin ciples rather

Th e old is con trast ed with th e n ew an d t h e m er its of

T H E F AR M S H OP W I TH TOOL S F OR WOR K I N G Woon AN n I R ON 9

GE N ER ATI N G M E CH AN I CAL POWE R To D RI VE M ODE R N F AR M

TH E F AR M S H OP WI TH TOOL S F OR WOR K I N G WOOD

Th e works hop an d shed to hold farm implemen ts

in gs F ar m implemen ts ar e exp en sive F arm machin

er y is ev en mor e s o Wh en such machin ery is all prop

er ly housed a n d kept in r epair t h e d epreciation is esti

mated a t t en p er cen t a year Wh en t h e machin es a r e

l eft to rust an d weath er in th e rain an d Wi n d t h e loss is

M or e machin ery is requi red on farms than formerly

farmer can aﬁor d a machin e If h e has s uﬁi cien t wor k

for it h e kn ows h e can n ot aﬁ or d to g et al on g Without

I n t h e ﬁrst place t h e im plemen t shed shoul d b e lar ge

a n d machin ery W ithout cr owdi n g a n d it shoul d b e w ell

built an d tight en ough to keep out t h e Win d an d sm all

Th e p ers p ective an d plan shown h er ewith is twen ty

Th e doorways provide headroom s uﬂicien t for t h e

d oor s a r e op en ed an d t h e cen ter post rem oved is n early

con ditio n or a t wo hor s e spri n g tooth r ake

On e en d of t h e buildin g lookin g towar d t h e hous e is

wide by twen ty four feet d eep f or a blacks m ith shop

an d g en eal repair w or k Th e n ext twen ty feet is t h e

ar ran g ed accordin g to t h e m echan ical in clination of

A real farm r epair shop is a rath er elaborate m e

with a hood to carry OE t h e sm oke an d gases fr om t h e

m ostly duri n g th e win t er mon th s wh en a ﬁr e in t h e

s on cann ot wor k to advan tag e with cold ﬁn ger s P ain t .

requir es m oderate heat to work to advan tage P ain t .

in g farm implemen ts is a very importan t part of rep a ir

A good shop arran gem en t is to hav e an iron work

wall is a g ood place f or a woodworkin g b en ch It is .

too m ussy to have th e blacksmi th work an d th e carp en

Fig ur e 4 —Fl oor Pla n of Fa r m I m pl emen t S h ed s h owin g t h e ,

S om etimes it is c sary to brin g in a pair of hor s es

for shoein g or to pull th e shoes OE F or this reason

a t ie r ail bolted to th e studdi n g on th e side of t h e shop

I n a hot climate a slidi n g door is prefer abl e b ecaus e

doo r s a r e b etter with a good sill an d threshold to shut

con tain s a small door big en ough to step th r ough but ,

n ot large en ough to ad m it m uch cold wh en it is b ei n g ,

op en ed an d shut Likewise a ceilin g is n eeded in a cold

c oun try whil e i n warm er s ec tion s a roof is sufﬁci en t

F arm shops like oth er farm buildin gs shoul d con

form to th e climate as well as con ven ien ce in doin g ,

t h e wor k A solid con cr ete ﬂoor is a great comfort

A n d it is easily kept clean .

Th e p er spective an d ﬂoor plan show t h e arran ge