Daniel Ortega Sanchez 1991947

Erick Manuel Cavazos Pérez 1843553

Lino Jesús Juárez Alejandro 2078054
AF2. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon
HOMEWORK 3 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica
CARTAS
Ingeniería en Aeronáutica
AERONAUTICAS
Instrumentación Aérea y Laboratorio 001
Ing. Israel de Santiago Talavera
24/02/2023
 AERONAUTICAL
CHARTS

Representation of a portion of
earth (relief, buildings, etc.).
Specifically designed to aid the
pilot/s and satisfy various
requirements during aerial
navigation.
AERONAUTIC AL CHARTS
FLIGHT PHASES

➢ The taxiing path between the parking

station up until the take-off point
➢ Take-off and ascent to the ATS route
structure
➢ In route at the ATS route structure
➢ Descent towards the landing approach
➢ Landing approach and frustrated
approach
➢ Landing and taxiing towards the aircraft´s
parking spot
 MAGNETIC
Point on the surface of the earth where all
the lines of the planet's magnetic field point
vertically downwards. The location is in
constant change, at the beginning of the
20th century it was located on Canadian
soil. Now resided at 86.50°N and 164.04°E;
close to the true north.
NORTH
TRUE
Also known as “Geographical north” is the
northern axis point of rotation of the earth.
Ninety degrees to the northern
hemisphere form the line of the equator,
point where all the longitudinal lines
(meridians) converge. This is the orientation
that every aeronautical chart must aim and
be aligned with.
 Is the direction of a line determined by the
horizontal angle between the line representing
east to west and either magnetic north or south.
The bearing angle is measured from North or
BEARING South to East or West and cannot be more than
90 degrees.
All the bearings, which are separated into
quadrants, point toward the east-west axis.
 AZIMUTH

Is a line's direction defined by a horizontal angle that

tends to separate from the north and proceed clockwise.
With an opening angle ranging from 0° to 360°. Azimuths,
like bearings, are divided into quadrants for aesthetic
purposes only.
 ROSE OF THE
WINDS

A sign that has been employed

throughout the history of navigation
to direct sailors toward the four
cardinal points is also known as
"Wind rose" or "Nautic rose”.
The star with thirty-two points
markings or courses, indicating the
geographical "true" north, was used
to show the directions from which
the winds were flowing.
 PLANNING CHARTS

Before beginning a flight, there are three main types of planning charts that the
pilot might use. These charts inform the pilot of maneuvers and obstacles that
they need consider.

• Pre-flight planning charts (visualize obstacles or follow landing directions)

• In-flight charts (found aerial routes nearly to departure or destination airport)
• Ground operation charts (aids to secure movement on airports)
 AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

• Used to ensure safe air operations and give authoritative, up-to-date, and
complete navigational information.
• It is crucial that these charts be accessible whenever they are required.
• The supplied data must be coordinated, streamlined, and manageable.
• Used to know the facts about air traffic control and navigation or for flight
planning.
• To prevent incorrect interpretation of the navigational information, there is a
global standards.
• The flow of air traffic is depicted in the chart in a safe and effective manner.
 AERONAUTICAL CHARTS

• There are now 21 ICAO series of aeronautical charts,

each serving a unique function.
• The many types of charts, their corresponding coverage
formats, and the necessary symbology are listed in the
International Civil Aviation Conference's Annex 4.
 PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING CHARTS

TYPE A TYPE B
• A broader version of the Type A
• Includes the runway and the surfaces of
Aerodrome Obstacle Chart, this chart
approach and take-off, with plain and
shows water bodies, towns, busy roads
profile views. Locates the obstacles that
and mountain ranges in the area.
surpass the height limits.
 TOPOGRAPHIC AND AERODROME
OBSTACLE CHARTS

• This obstacle chart replaces the Type A & B

Aerodrome Obstacle Chart by including
topographical information and terrain
features. This document, which is frequently
electronic, uses symbols to indicate each
barrier, surface type, and other attribute.
 PRECISION APPROACH TERRAIN
CHART IC AO

• Provides details on the topography in the specified section

of the final approach.
• The vertical scale is 1500, while the horizontal scale is
12,500.
• A topography profile from within 900 meters of the
runway's threshold must be provided.
 • Gives the crew vital
information to help with
navigation while traversing ATS
routes, whether it's at low or
high altitude.
ENROUTE NAVIGATOR CHART • Locations of the VOR/DME
(OBLIGATORY) stations, common routes,
notification points, their
separation from one another,
turning points, waiting areas,
frequency change places are
displayed.
 AREA CHART

Designed to facilitate the following

phases of IFR flights:
• Transition from the Take-off
phase to the Enroute phase
• Transition from the Enroute
phase to the Aerodrome
Approach.
• Flights over or through ATS
routes that have complicated
structural features.
The name of the represented
airspace is used to identify the
chart.
 STANDARD
OUTPUT- IFR
(SID)

Gives the crew the knowledge

they need to use the chosen
normalized leaving path. Assisting
the phase that deals with the
change from Take-off to Enroute.
 STANDARD
ARRIVAL- IFR
(STAR)

Gives the crew information that

enables them to use the chosen
normalized approach path.
Furthermore, assisting the phase
that deals with the Enroute to
Approach transition.
 APPROACH BY

INSTRUMENT VISUAL
 G RO U N D O P E R AT I O N C H A RT S
A E RO D RO M E / H E L I P O RT C H A RT
( O B L I G ATO RY )

Reveals information that makes ground navigation for the

crew easier. Especially from its parking space to the runway
(getting ready for takeoff) and back (after Landing form the
final approach). Giving vital details about the
heliport/functioning aerodrome's as well.
PA R K I N G C H A RT S A N D
A I R C R A F T S AT TAC K

A E RO D RO M E C H A RT S F O R
M A N E U V E R S O N T H E G RO U N D
 VISUAL AIR NAVIGATION, POSITION PLOTTING AND PLANNING
WORLD AERONAUTICAL CHART (SCALE 1:1,000,000)
(OBLIGATORY)

This chart offers information to meet the need for visual area navigation. Large
cities or locations with a lot of people should be identified by the shape of
buildings rather than their geographic boundaries.
 AE RONAUT I C AL
CH ART ( SC AL E 1 : 5 0 0 ,000)
( OP T I ONAL )

This chart offers data to meet the

requirements of visual area
navigation for low-speed flights
that cover short- to medium-
distances at low- to medium-
altitudes.
Aeronautical Navigation Chart (small
circle)
Position Chart
Helps to maintain a continuous record
of the positions of the aircraft during
flight, employing various methods of
determination in order to maintain the
desired trajectory
 AE RONAUT I C AL
NAV I G ATI ON CH ART
( SMAL L CI R CL E)
 POSITION CHART

Helps in keeping a continuous record of the

aircraft's locations while it is in flight, using a
variety of determination techniques to keep
the intended trajectory.
MANEUVERS TAKEN
BY FLIGHT VB2193

The flight that was chosen is from

VivaAerobus, being flight VB2193
 PHASE 1.-BEFORE TAKEOFF

• The route begins in Monterrey International Airport on Terminal A, on slot 10, the slot heading to 210.
 HEADING TO THE RUNWAY

• The plane will use the 11-29 runway

by going the following route from slot
10.
• The VOR station for
Monterrey International has a
frequency of 114.70 MTY. The plane
is linked to this frequency during
takeoff.
1:1,000,000 CHART OF MIA
 PHASE 2. TAKEOFF

• Taking off from the 11-29 runway, it takes the FD29 route
with a heading 118, travelling 19 nm, afterwards it moves to
the MY401 route heading 105 and signalling the change.
• During the flight from FD29, the aircraft begins its climb to
39000ft.
 CLIMBING TO
39000FT

• In the MY401 route the aircraft

travels for 124 nm, during this
period the aircraft continues it
ascend to 39000 ft.
 PHASE 3. EN-
ROUTE

• After flying the 124 nm and reaching

39000ft, the aircraft then turns off
the VOR frequency and switches to
GPS for location verification, during
this change the position is verified
and noted. Afterwards the aircraft
takes the UT11 route heading 107,
for 425 nm with cruising speed of
475 knots.
 PHASE 4.DESCENT INTO
APPROACH

• Upon travelling the 425 nm, the aircraft then takes the next
route UL208 heading 118 for 207 nm, descending from 39000
ft to 9000ft, and turning the VOR and switching to the
VOR/DME frequency of the Cancun International Airport of
113.6 CUN, and verifying their position.
 PHASE 5.
APPROACH

• Upon reaching 9000ft, the

aircraft slows down its descent
until it reaches 3000 ft, and is
within around 20 nm, the
aircraft communicates their
approach and plans to land on
the 12L/30R runway.
CANCUN AIRPORT
APPROACH
 FRUSTRATED
APPROACH

In case of frustrated approach we

must do the next steps:

We are ubicated in VOR R-124, then

we turn to the left to enter in VOR
R-41 and we climb up to 3000 ft to
enter in the holding pattern D13/17
 PHASE 6.
LANDING

• Upon landing, the aircraft will

follow the runway, and through
the marked paths of H and F,
approaching Terminal 3, will
park in slot 11.
 VOR/DME FREQUENCIES

Airport Frequency VOR/DME Identifier Airport

Coordinates Coordinates
MTY 114.7 MHz 25.772900, MTY -- - -.-- 25 46 21.99 N
-100.103996 100 06 13.76 W
CUN 113.6 MHz 21.025101, CUN -.-. ..- -. 21 01 30.59 N
-86.858704 086 51 31.38 W
 REFERENCES

• https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/vb2193#2f459a13
• https://es.flightaware.com/live/flight/VIV2193/history/20230225/0010Z/MMMY/MMUN/route\
• https://skyvector.com/
• http://www.vatmex.com/charts/MMMY.pdf
• https://www.fltplan.com/airport.cgi?MMUN
• https://xplanereviews.com/index.php?/forums/topic/1594-scenery-review-canc%C3%BAn-
international-airport-by-fsimstudios/
• http://ww1.jeppesen.com/documents/aviation/notices-alerts/hubwatch/MMUN/mmun.pdf
• https://femppa.mx/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/250_-cancun-cozumel.jpg