MARAWI CITY REHABILITATION: IT’S EFFECT ON THE ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT OF MARAWI CITY, LANAO DEL SUR

A Term Paper

Presented to
Dr. Urooj S. Malik
Faculty of Graduate Studies
Mindanao State University – Main Campus
Marawi City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Course
PA 331 (Seminar on the Administration of Economic Development)
A.Y. 1st semester 2020-2021

NORHAYNAH S. CABILI

July 2020
INTRODUCTION

Islamic City of Marawi is the capital of the province of Lanao del Sur in the

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). According to the 2015 census,

Lanao del Sur’s population was 1, 045, 429 people, of which the Islamic City of Marawi

accounted for 201, 785 people. With 71.9% of the population below the poverty line,

Lanao del Sur is the poorest province in the country. The region’s economic performance

has been poor, with ARMM’s economic growth rate averaging 2.0% annually between

2011 and 2017 compared with the average annual growth rate of 6.2% for the national

economy. Extreme poverty combined with the lack of basic services and poor governance

has exacerbated long-standing conflicts in the region, including the Bangsamoro struggle

for self-determination led by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Moro National

Liberation Front, and the ideological struggle of the Communist Party of the Philippines,

New People’s Army, and the National Democratic Front.

The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), has the highest number

of people displaced by armed conflict, crime and violence in the Philippines. On 23 May

2017, Marawi was occupied by combined terrorist forces of the Maute group, the Abu

Sayyaf group, and foreign jihadists. The ensuing armed conflict between the responding

government security forces and the Maute group continued for five (5) months, with

heavy artillery used on both sides and air bombing by the government forces. On 17

October 2017, the government announced the end of the siege and declared the city

liberated from terrorist forces, although martial law remains in place in Mindanao. For

ten (10) months after the siege ended, intermittent clashes between armed groups and the

government security forces continued around the province.

 Because of the said the awful sufferings of the Marawi people from the war were

significantly bring to a much-needed massive rehabilitation, reconstruction, and

modernization works which will be leaded by the national and local government. The

Government of the Philippines led the provision of relief assistance with support also

coming from local, national and international humanitarian agencies. The Philippines

Humanitarian Country Team and its partners guided by the Government’s Task Force

Bangon Marawi provided a coordinated response to the priority humanitarian, protection

and early recovery needs of vulnerable people severely affected by the conflict. While

most people have now returned home, upwards of 73, 000 may remain in temporary

settlements around Marawi City for some years, according to Government estimates.

Maintaining the necessary momentum of humanitarian assistance to people who remain

displaced by the conflict, and their host communities, is the primary purpose of the

strategy outlined in this document, as well as looking to complement the Government-led

recovery and rehabilitation programme. In 2019, the Humanitarian Country Team will

prioritize assistance to those still displaced in transitional shelters and camps and to

support sustainable early recovery under the overall guidance and leadership of

Government at the national, provincial and city levels.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Accordingly, the Islamic City of Marawi is the capital of the province of Lanao

del Sur, one of five provinces of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)

in the Philippines. With a population of around 201, 785 (PSA, 2015), it is the largest

urban center in the ARMM. It is a center of commercial activities and institutional

services that attract many to find work and settle in the City.
 Thus, this research paper attempted to discuss the problems encountered in the

Rehabilitation of Marawi City Ground Zero. Generally, this research paper was not only

focus in determining problems encountered in the Rehabilitation of Marawi City Ground

Zero, but most significantly, to provide insights on the Status and Proposed Plans for the

Rehabilitation of Marawi City Ground Zero and Approaches used by the Government for

the said Rehabilitation of Marawi City Ground Zero.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE REHABILITATION OF MARAWI CITY

GROUND ZERO

Since President Duterte declared Marawi liberated on October 17, 2017, the

government rhetoric has been that the people would be able to return to their homes. The

reality is that it is unlikely to happen in the near future, if it will happen at all. For

Marawi’s internally displaced persons (IDP), it has been a struggle complying with the

requirements, mostly in the form of documents, that government has asked of them in

exchange for relief and aid, for livelihood assistance, and for a chance to visit the land

where their homes or shops once stood. In an ordinary place, these requirements would

be standard procedure as a disaster response. But Marawi and the Meranaw who are the

majority here are different, their identities inseparable from a long history of resistance

against raiders of their land. 

For Task Force Bangon Malawi (TFBM), the agency on top of the Marawi

rehabilitation, this is all part of a plan for the country’s only Islamic city to start over and

finally enforce laws. “We would like to make things right,” TFBM chair Eduardo Del

Rosario said, referring to the reality that the Meranaw exist outside national laws, among

them land, water, tax and registration laws, as a consequence of which they lack
documents to prove ownership and sometimes even identity. Dr. Jowel Canuday, Ph.D.,

(left) chair of the Ateneo de Manila University’s Department of Sociology and

Anthropology and board member of Mindanews, talks to residents of Bito Buadi Itowa

shelter during a visit to Marawi in March 2019.

Government is planning to rehabilitate Most Affected Area (MAA) and to turn it

into a modern urban center. Part of the rehabilitation program is making the IDPs

undergo profiling and biometric registration, and for the entire MAA to be surveyed and

tagged, the better to identify who owns what property. “Once they go back, they have the

right titles, and we have established the right ownership,” Del Rosario said. But residents

at the Sagonsongan shelter site just want to go home, even if home is now a mere

memory. Some of them were still seething at the long delays when they spoke to a

research team from the Ateneo de Manila University last March. Some 15, 000 MAA

residents have filed claims for damages totaling more than P90 billion in affidavits

submitted to the Lanao del Sur and Marawi Chapter of the Integrated Bar of the

Philippines. In March 2019, the IBP transmitted the documents to the House Sub-

Committee on Marawi Rehabilitation which was deliberating on a Marawi rehabilitation

bill. With the election of new members of Congress this year, a new Marawi Siege

Victims Compensation Act is being drafted, so as far as official compensation goes,

MAA residents will have to wait for the legislative mill to roll. 

“The land issue in Marawi is complex,” the assessment noted. “Existing laws

may not suffice (and in fact even serve to escalate issues) and extra-legal options and

alternative dispute (traditional) resolution mechanisms need to be explored. Such creative

solutions must consider the need to correct historical injustices brought about by land
dispossession during the colonial period.” When the American colonial government

ordered the titling of land, not all Muslims were fully informed of the legal significance

of the process, and so not all complied. As a result, Meranaw residents interviewed for

this report said, many of them have no proof of land ownership except for pieces of paper

written in the hand of their forebears, passed from generation to generation. 

Marawi’s total land area is around 8, 700 hectares, of which 6, 600 have been

classified military reservation since the early 1900s when the Americans built their first

camp in Lanao. Over the years, at least seven different land proclamations have covered

Marawi. A portion of the military reservation would later be reclassified and set aside to

build what would become the Mindanao State University campus.  Muslim leaders

foresaw that land in Marawi would be a post-conflict issue. In September 2017, before

the liberation of Marawi, the late Ghazzali Jaafar, vice chairman of the Moro Islamic

Liberation Front, had appealed to President Duterte to correct the historical injustice by

giving back to the Meranaw the land the Americans took from them. 

As important as the land question and the rebuilding of homes is the need for

social healing. The post-conflict needs assessment noted the trauma the Meranaw felt

from the destruction of Marawi, considered the heart and soul of the Lanao provinces,

and the spiritual and business center of Muslim Mindanao. Central to any post-conflict

action, the report said, would be the need to address and overcome “the pain, grief, hurt,

and anger over the destruction of Marawi City, the displacement of the population, the

loss of cherished properties, the prospects of land dispossession, the uncertainty of access

to basic needs, and of their future in general.”  Even the Joint Task Force Marawi through

the Philippine Army made a similar assessment. “The Marawi crisis affected the
displaced civilians physically, psychologically, emotionally, and socially. The people of

Marawi City suffered a great loss – death and injury; damage to personal property,

cultural and religious structures; loss of livelihood and income; and a disruption of

business and education. They were also confronted by the appalling living conditions in

evacuation centers. We could not and should not have been indifferent to the plight of

these displaced persons,” wrote the Philippine Army in an article titled “Soft Power

Approach” published by the Joint Task Force Marawi in its website “Marawi and

Beyond.”

The task of psychosocial healing fell on the groups like the International

Committee of the Red Cross because government failed to allocate funds for this need in

its budget. “Social healing was not included because in the initial stage in the drafting

MOA we didn’t really know what we were facing,” Del Rosario said. TFBM ran into

problems with the Commission on Audit for allocating funds for social healing in the

form of trips to Mecca for select IDPs that were not part of the budget allocation. The

post-conflict needs assessment had emphasized the importance of social healing.

“Rebuilding will require not just physical reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure, but

the repair of damaged relationships and weakened social cohesion, as well as

psychosocial healing processes.”

PROPOSED PLANS AND APPROACHES USED BY THE GOVERNMENT FOR

THE REHABILITATION OF MARAWI CITY GROUND ZERO

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) worked closely with the Taskforce Bangon

Marawi (TFBM), the Office of Civil Defense, the National Economic and Development

Authority (NEDA), and development partners (DPs) to produce the post-conflict damage
and needs assessment (PCNA), which was completed in December 2017. An inter-

agency task force for the recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation of Malawi City was

created otherwise known as Task Force Bangon Marawi (TFBM). After five months of

intensified fighting between Armed forces of the Philippines and Isis-Inspired Maute

Group, causing 78, 466 families 0r 359, 680 people were displaced, Malawi City has

been effectively liberated on October 17, 2017, signaling the start of the full-blown

reconstruction period. On October 27, 2017, recognizing the composition of Task Force

Marawi in order to reflect the government’s priority to rebuild and develop the settlement

areas affected by armed conflict.

The Task Force Bangon Marawi (TFBM) sends Post Conflict Needs Assessment

(PCNA) Teams composed of various national and local government agencies in twenty-

four (24) barangays in Marawi City, to conduct Damage and Losses Assessment (DALA)

between August to December 2017. After all the assessments made by PCNA, there is

also a need to evaluate the framework, plans, and programs created by Task Force

Bangon Marawi (TFBM) to expedite the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the City of

Marawi. The Task Force Bangon Marawi (TFBM) is to inform the public of the various

steps, necessary measures and development taken by the said inter-agency in the

recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation process, with the end goal of providing an

environment conducive to the revival of business and livelihood activities, and restoration

of peace and order in the area.

Furthermore, the Government estimates that it will take 3 to 5 years to reconstruct

this part of the city, comprising 24 Barangays. Displaced women, children, elderly and

other vulnerable people will continue to require sustained humanitarian assistance

including protection in their current locations until they can return home or achieve a

secure and sustainable future. In the coming months,the Government plans to relocate the

occupants of the remaining evacuation centres to transitory sites in Marawi city with

limitedbasic services. While plans to rebuild road and bridge infrastructure, rehabilitate

institutions and economic infrastructure gains momentum, the provision of food, shelter,

health, water and sanitation, education and protection services to meet the immediate

needs of the displaced remains limited. The Department of Social Welfare and

Development estimates 230, 250 people have so far returned to the 72 Barangays in

Marawi City that were partially damaged by the conflict. This community also looks to

the restoration of their businesses and livelihoods to meet their basic needs, including

education and health requirements for their children. Rehabilitation of schools, water

systems, health infrastructure and income-earning remains a challenge. The most

vulnerable segment of the community –children under five, women, girls, and boys–

require to be targeted with programmes and projects to assist them in recovery.

Employment of youth in the productive sector, including agriculture, fisheries, and

income generating business, as well as in peace-building and counter-extremism

programmes is essential.

The Humanitarian Country Team works closely with the Government of the

Philippines at the national and Mindanao level to support the priority humanitarian needs

of people displaced and affected by the Marawi conflict. It is also coordinating with

Regional, Provincial and Local Government agencies to identify opportunities to assist in

early recovery efforts. As of October 2018, the food security and agriculture sector had

identified a 69 percent food gap impacting the displaced people. Only 6 of the 15
Barangay health stations are functional and lack visiting doctors. Reproductive health and

addressing gender based violence and management remains a challenge. Inadequate clean

water supply and sanitation particularly the desludging of latrines and hygiene promotion

need to be maintained for the displaced people and returnees. Both transitional shelter

and relocation sites require to be maintained, particularly those that are tented. A

protection assessment in August 2018, found that about 18, 000 displaced people do not

have identification card or birth registration documents, including Philippines Health

Cards. Displaced people are also not receiving adequate information on their status or

when they can return home. Regular and meaningful consultation with displaced

communities and provision of information remains an important component of the return

and recovery process.

With more than 73, 000 people remaining displaced and unlikely to return home

soon, the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) will continue to address the priority

residual humanitarian needs of a targeted population of those who remain the most

vulnerable and marginalized by the conflict, including those in various states of

displacement and their host communities through 2019. It will strengthen coordination

mechanisms and integrate programming with that of national and sub-national

government and the programmes of other stakeholders to improve accountability and

access to information and services. This approach will facilitate the sustainability of the

programmes, once integrated with counterpart institutions. The HCT will enable

partnerships with government, private sector and other stakeholders to support early

recovery and peacebuilding among the targeted group. Sustainable recovery, protection,

gender and adoption of culturally sensitive approaches will be cross-cutting themes for all
clusters. To better facilitate the response, the clusters of the Mindanao humanitarian team

will be further aligned with the sector coordination structure under the Government’s

Task Force Bangon Marawi, which are: food security, agriculture and livelihoods;

protection, including gender- based violence and child protection; shelter and camp

coordination and management; and health including: reproductive health, mental health

and psycho-social services; water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH); and nutrition.

The estimate of Government that the rebuilding and rehabilitation of the 24

Barangays most affected by the conflict will not be completed until 2021 brings to the

fore the imperative for a longer- term and more strategic approach to assisting those who

remainin a state of dislocation and displacement. Given the resource and capacity

limitations of humanitarian actors, strong partnership and continued joint planning with

Government agencies will help enable sustainability of the planned interventions and

ensure resource complementation, rather than substitution. With more actors joining the

rehabilitation space in Marawi, UN and NGO partners on the ground are encouraged to

explore linking seamlessly the humanitarian response to the overall recovery, and

peacebuilding efforts of different stakeholders, with the end view that such efforts will

lead to sustainable solutions, encourage social cohesion and build more resilient

communities.

While some 230, 000 people have already returned in Marawi City, more than 73,

000 remain displaced. With the proposed closure of the remaining 21 evacuation centers,

displaced people in these locations will again face uncertainties and the challenges of

resettling in new proposed locations. The registration and profiling of displaced people

has commenced but until its completion, the tracking of their needs and identification of
gaps in assistance remains a challenge. Protection issues on exclusion have been raised,

potentially emanating or associated with registration, which will have a bearing on access

to humanitarian support and basic services. Access to right, timely and relevant

information, and effectiveness of grievance and feedback mechanisms has also been

concern. The food gap remains high at 69 percent as of September 2018, and the safe and

reliable supply of water remains insufficient in evacuation centers and transitory sites.

Vulnerability runs high in Lanao del Sur, being the poorest provincein the country.

Displaced people and host communities alike are challenged to adapt to the demands

brought forth by the economic and social disruption arising from the conflict.

Malnutrition is expected to increase as displacement continues, aggravated bypoor access

to water, loss of property and livelihoods. Even before the conflict, 5 out 10 children in

Lanao del Sur were categorized as malnourished. Continued support for displaced people

and dislocated communities throughout Lanao del Sur is therefore essential. But the

situation inside Marawi City needs priority and continuous support, both to meet basic

humanitarian needs and address protection concerns. Raising awareness of the dangers of

unexploded ordnance needs to continue, particularly for people planning to return to the

‘most affected areas”. Gaps in needed assistance continue to be reported in key sectors of

protection, food security, agriculture and livelihood, WASH, health, nutrition and

education. Additional financial and material resources are needed in these sectors to

ensure that people who remain displaced do not become critically vulnerable. For 2019,

US$43.6 million is required to provide continuity of humanitarian and early recovery

assistance to people who remain displaced, host families and for the returnee

communities needing food security and agriculture, shelter, WaSH, health, education,
protection and early recovery and livelihood support.

Furthermore, the Emergency Assistance for Reconstruction and Recovery of

Marawi (ERRM) is structured to provide the Government of the Philippines with

immediate and flexible financing to implement programs, projects, and activities (PPA)

included in the Bangon Marawi Comprehensive Rehabilitation and Recovery Program

(BMCRRP). The ERRM comprises four outputs: (i) a quick-disbursing component to

finance eligible expenditures of PPA in the BMCRRP, (ii) reestablishing connectivity in

Marawi and its vicinity by rebuilding better public infrastructure, (iii) restoring water

utilities and health infrastructure, and (iv) improving social services for and livelihoods

of the affected people.

Likewise, the groundbreaking ceremony marking the start of the rehabilitation of

Marawi City's most devastated area was finally held, after 4 months of delay. The

groundbreaking takes place more than a year after President Rodrigo Duterte declared the

liberation of the city from terrorists on October 17, 2017. The ceremony means they can

now expect construction work inside the Most Affected Area (MAA), the 250-hectare

part of Marawi that sustained the most damage during the 5-month siege by terrorists.

“This will mark the start of the rapid development inside the Most Affected Area. The

reconstruction of Marawi City as promised by PRRD starts today,” said Housing and

Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) Secretary-General Falconi Millar

during the ceremony.

The rehabilitation will be done in phases. TFBM has divided the areas for

reconstruction in “sectors.” Philippine firm FINMAT International Resources,

Incorporated (FIRI) was tapped by the government to do the first phase of debris clearing
in “sector 1.” Their contract for this job is worth P75 million, Del Rosario earlier told

media. The task force wants complete debris management and the construction of some

facilities before allowing the return of people to houses inside the MAA. The

groundbreaking means the government can now begin work on the first 5 components of

the 22 - component rehabilitation plan. The first 5 components are: Debris management;

Road infrastructure and underground facilities (telecommunication, electrical wiring will

be underground); Road widening; Acquisition of road right of way; And master

development plan with feasibility study.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATION

The armed conflict in Marawi and other parts of Lanao del Sur caused substantial

damage and loss to public and private assets and disrupted businesses and other sources

of employment. As of July 2018, an estimated 73% of the families displaced during the

five-month armed conflict in Marawi City have already voluntarily returned to 72 of 96

barangays affected by the hostilities, which the government have cleared and declared

accessible. While displaced, most returned families have depleted their resources and are

struggling to restore their essential livelihood. The entire area, once flourishing trade

region, has lost its previous dynamism. While the local economy is still moving the first

steps towards recovery, social cohesion is further weakened as a result of the

displacement and return dynamics. Through the intervention of the Government and other

agencies, local markets have already started to operate, and commerce has already

emerged in the area. However, there is still a need to accelerate and support the socio-

economic activities. Substantial assistance is needed for the IDPs to have a ready access
to appropriate financial resources to start, improve or recover their businesses and

livelihood activities.

With the aim of complementing the ongoing efforts towards the sustainable

rehabilitation of Marawi City, there is a need to further strengthen the resilience of the

most vulnerable returnee communities through an integrated action including vocational

capacity building, family livelihoods restoration, rehabilitation of critical social

infrastructure, support to market-oriented social entrepreneurship and social cohesion

activities. Bearing in mind the socio-cultural richness and complementarity that

characterize communities in the affected areas, all project activities will be prioritized,

owned and driven by the communities themselves, through inclusive and participatory

decision-making mechanisms. The need to support for micro, small and medium

enterprise for women and men IDPs, as well as to contribute to the creation of alternative

economic opportunities that give people a stake in the local economy, through an

innovative method. Build a sustainable financial system that offers immediate assistance

and most importantly develop the capacity of the IDPs to manage their personal and

business finances effectively.

Furthermore, Marawi City accordingly must be assisted to rise up quickly and

properly and needs to further considered M’ranaws culture in the general rehabilitation.

Of the said city. Consequently, there are some ideas that were modified from the research

work of well-established scholars. Consequently, the reconstruction or rebuilding works

should be restorative, basic needs-oriented and culture friendly. To minimize problems in

the rebuilding works in the central district, such works should be non-disruptive or they

should be focused largely on restoration of destroyed buildings, structures and facilities.

The property ownership rights and cultural sensibilities of the residents must be

recognized and respected. Changes or modifications should be limited to urgently needed

road construction and widening, improvement of water system, power, drainage and

sewerage system, garbage management, and zoning policies and standards, and other

indispensable works. Rehabilitation and reconstruction initiatives should avoid trampling

on some sacred or important aspects of M’ranaw culture and Islamic identity. To

illustrate, the compounds of some houses or residential buildings in Marawi City

(including the central district containing the main battle area) have the graves of the

parents or clan leaders of affected owners. Similarly, the high level of religiosity of the

M’ranaws that entails easy access of family members to mosques, madaris and torils must

be preserved. It should be noted that practically all mosques in Marawi City hold the

mandatory five daily prayers (in jamma or group prayer). Revive community life in

Marawi City, basic local services and community facilities must be restored. Hence,

partially damaged buildings and infrastructures like public markets, mosques, schools,

madaris, torils (live-in Islamic learning centers), health centers, offices, police stations,

sports facilities, multipurpose halls, etc. should be repaired, renovated and reconstructed.

Damaged buildings and facilities must be replaced with new ones either as transition

structures or permanent ones. Provide appropriate amounts of house repair and rebuilding

assistance to owners of private houses and buildings (residential or commercial) which

were partially or wholly damaged during the war. The amount is intended to help the

owners to start with the repair or reconstruction works as early as possible. The owners

should be the ones to undertake the said repair and reconstruction works, subject to

zoning policies and guidelines, engineering standards and other government regulations.
This suggestion will help much in hastening the repair and reconstruction works and the

consequent rebuilding of Marawi City. Encourage the adoption of creative approaches in

generating additional funds for the required rehabilitation works involving common-use

structures or facilities. These approaches may include the following: adopt-a-school

program, adopt-a-health center program, adopt-a-mosque program, adopt-a-madrasah

program, and adopt a toril program. For example, with the help of DFA (Department of

Foreign Affairs) officials or Muslim leaders, some philanthropists can be potential

sponsors/financers for the reconstruction of new big mosques, madrasah schools, or torils

to replace the destroyed ones. Similarly, Christian philanthropists or big businessmen can

be potential funders of new school buildings, hospitals, or health centers. This approach

is proposed as a tenable supplement to government-funded construction or reconstruction

of buildings or infrastructure. The idea of creating a new Marawi City (i.e., a physically

modern city) should be pursued to showcase the government’s commitment to the

development of the Bangsamoro and other disadvantaged regions in the country. Big

ticket modernization projects which are crucial to the long-term growth and development

of Marawi City and Lanao del Sur must be prioritized also in the post-siege rehabilitation

plan for Marawi City. This means that the proposed master plan for building a new and

better Marawi has two program clusters. The first cluster embraces the economic

rehabilitation of the affected residents and the rebuilding and reconstruction of the old

Marawi. The second cluster includes program components and development initiatives to

build a modern Marawi. The new Marawi dimensions of the plan shall consist of modern

enclaves which can be located in the existing shorelines of Marawi City (to be proposed

for reclamation) from Barangay Calocan to the old public market, Raya Madaya,
Pumping, Bangon, Bacolod Chico up to Poona Marantao. The other appropriate

expansion areas for the said modern enclaves may be the upper parts of Basak Malutlut

(between the Provincial Capitol and MSU Dairy Farm), and the area near the boundary

between Marawi City and the Municipality of Ramain-Ditsaan.

Thus, to summing up, based on the whole analysis emerging from the said

pointers, the involvement of the private sector and NGOs in local development work or

government has been identified in the literature as a form of Debureaucratization. As well

as the importance of culture. According to the Local Government Code of 1991,

Debureaucratization is recognized that the government, on its own, because of its limited

resources and capacities, is unable to perform the gigantic and demanding task of local

development. Hence, the private sector and NGOs are encouraged to do their part and,

where necessary, serve as alternative mechanisms for the delivery of basic services.

Consequently, Debureaucratization is also considered as one of the reasons that could

explain why the Rehabilitation of Marawi City Ground because Debureaucratization was

perceived to be unpracticed in the case of Marawi City Rehabilitation since some of the

proposed plans and approaches used by the government were contradictory to each other.

To identify an accurate and relevant problem that in need of an urgent solution in the case

of Marawi City, the Government must practice and be engaged in the term

Debureaucratization in order to avert the conflicting of ideas and proposed plans by the

different concern group officials and group agencies.

REFERENCES

Philippines Humanitarian Country Team. 2019 Marawi Humanitarian Response, Early

Recovery and Resources Overview for the Displacement Caused by Conflict in Marawi
City

https://www.mindanews.com/mindaviews/2017/11/our-marawi-building-a-better-and
stronger-marawi-city-from-the-ashes-of-war1-2/

https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/23/building-a-better-and-stronger-marawi-city-from-
the-ashes-of-war-2/