BUILDING

SERVICE-I
Water supply and sanitation wit their
implementation in Architecture
 Sanitation

Water Health

Hygiene

Human health is influenced by many factors like nutritional, biological, chemical or

psychological. It is quite true that environment has a direct impact on those living in it and many di
seases are the outcome of man’s maladjustment to his
environment.
 Industrial

Agriculture

Household

Use of Water
Water Demand
The amount of water requested by users to meet their needs.

Types of Water Demands:

1.Domestic Water Demand
2.Industrial Water Demand
3.Institutional and Commercial Water Demand
4.Demand For Public Uses
5.Fire Demand
6.Water is required to compensate losses in waste and thefts

Quantity of water depends: Rate of demand

Population or no of persons

Per capita demand of water

The total consumption of water for a water supply system in a
year divided by the population and the number of days in the yea
r is called per capita demand.
Factors Effecting On Water Demand
▪ Climatic Conditions
▪ Cost of water
▪ Distribution pressure
▪ Habits of population
▪ Industries
▪ Policy of metering
▪ Quality of water Potable water
▪ Sewage
▪ Size of city
▪ System of supply
Potable water, also known as drinking water, comes from surface and
ground sources and is treated to levels that that meet state and feder
al standards for consumption.
Per capita demand of water in Indian
towns for various uses are:-

•Domestic use = 135 liters/capita/day

•Public use = 25 liters/capita/day

•Industrial use = 40 liters/capita/day

•Fire demand = 15 liters/capita/day

•Losses, wastages and thefts = 55 liters/capita/day

 Domestic Water Demand
The total water consumption for domestic
is 50-60% of total water consumption.
The I.S code lays down a limit of water cons
umption between 135 to 225 litre per capi
ta per day
Industrial Water Demand
The per capita consumption for the indust
ries is 25 to 70 litres.
The railway station use 25 to 50 lpcd as pe
r the station.
Airport authority use 70 lpcd
Public and Civil Water Demand Recreational Water Demand
The per capita consumption for public and ci
vic use can be taken as 10 lpcd. This water is
used for road washing, public parks, sanitati
on etc.
Fire Demand
The per capita consumption for public and
civic use can be taken as 10 lpcd. This water
is used for road washing, public parks, sanita
tion etc.
Compensate Losses Water Demand
Generally allowance of 15% of the total quantity of
water is made to compensate for losses, thefts and
wastage of water.
 Water Distribution In The Earth

71% of earth is occupied by water and 29% is occupied by land.

 Sources of Fresh water

1. Surface water

2. Frozen water

3. Ground water

4. Rain water
 Surface Water
Sources of water that are available at the ground
surface is called surface water.
Surface water includes rivers, lakes, wetlands,
streams, ponds, impounded reservoir . Surface
water is naturally replenished by precipitation and
naturally lost through discharge to the oceans and
evaporation.
Frozen Water
Several schemes have been proposed to make use
of icebergs as a water source, however to date this
has only been done for novelty purposes. The Himal
ayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World"
, contain some of the most extensive and rough high
altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area
of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles
Ground Water Rain Water
Ground water/Sub-surface water
•Infiltration Gallery
•Infiltration well
•Springs

Functionality of Infiltration well or gallery

•Infiltration gallery is mainly used for the water supply system.

•It is used to take out the subsurface water in case of surface water is not available and water supply is needed to fulfill the requirement
.

•Infiltration gallery is used to collect water from aquifers below the water table which is an easily available water resource through this
by collecting them to the well for irrigation and other uses.

•Infiltration gallery is used when direct surface water is contaminated or not suitable to use.

•It is used where surface runoff is more and specially used in the dried area where surface water resources are not available to the wate
r supply system.
 Infiltration Gallery
An infiltration gallery is the source of water at the subsurface level used as a water
supply system. Horizontal drain that is situated below the water table so that it can
collect ground water. It collects subsurface sources of water.

This horizontal drain is rather made up of open or perforated pipe. The infiltration
gallery alone can not reach the whole supply-demand.

The perforated pipelines are connected to the tunnel through which the water gets coll
ected inside the tunnel. This tunnel is known as the infiltration gallery.

The slope of the Infiltration gallery should be kept in such a way that the water inside
the gallery flows towards a well which is known as a sump well.

The water from the sump well is pumped out and stored in a storage reservoir. These
galleries are useful when water is available in sufficient quantity just below the ground
level. The quality of water is good and it doesn’t require any treatment and the
quantity of water from this source is suitable for small water supply schemes.
 Infiltration Well
Infiltration wells are shallow wells constructed under the beds or rivers (deposits of sand
and porous material at least 3 m deep in river beds).

The water flows under gravity from these wells to the inspection well and then towards
jack-well from where it is pumped.

These are generally covered at top and Kept open at bottom

The various infiltration wells are connected by porous pipes to a sump well called jack we
ll. The water reacting the jack well from different infiltration wells is lifted, treated and dis
tributed to the consumers.

These are constructed of brick masonry with open joints.

The water percolates through these joints and gets collected
in the wells.

The top of the wells is covered with RCC slab having

manhole for inspection.
 When underground water reappears at the ground surface by percolation or by underground
pressure, then it is known as spring. Generally, their quality largely depends on the
geologic formation as well as their locality.

The gravity spring comes into existence

when the water table rises along the hill
slope and the water finds a path (a pervi
ous zone) on the slope through which it
rushes out by gravity.

An Artesian spring is formed w

hen two impervious strata
enclose an aquifer and the aqu
ifer will be under pressure.

Water rises to find an outlet in

When subsoil water forms storage due to the pres the weaker portions
ence of an impervious layer in the form of a valley, (fissures, cracks, holes, etc) of
then the surface spring comes into existence. the impervious strata and
rushes out Unser pressure
 Water Quality
It refers to the suitability of water for different uses according to its physical, chemical, biological
properties.
It is especially important to understand and measure water quality as it directly impacts human
consumption and health, industrial and domestic use, and the natural environment.

Physical Properties Chemical Properties Biological Properties

Determined by the senses of sight,
smell, taste, and touch. These physi
cal parameters include temperatur
e, color, taste and odor, turbidity, a
nd content of dissolved solids.
These chemical parameters can It measurements that reflect the
measure pH, hardness, amount number of bacteria, algae, viruses,
of dissolved oxygen, biochemical and protozoa that are present in
oxygen demand (BOD), chemical water.
oxygen demand (COD), and level
s of chloride, chlorine residual,
sulphate, nitrogen, fluoride, iron
and manganese, copper and zinc,
toxic organic and inorganic subst
ances, as well as radioactive
substances.
QUANTITY OF WATER FOR DIFFERENT USES
 What Are the Factors and Indicators That Affect Water Quality
•Atmospheric pollution: Environmental air pollution with gasses such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides mix with water
particles in the air to produce polluted rain, sometimes referred to as acid rain. Acid rain then pollutes water systems.

•Runoff: Runoff refers to the flow of excess water across the surface of the land and into waterways. As the water flows, it can pick up agricultu
ral and industrial pollutants such as litter, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizers, and other toxic substances which then contaminate water.

•Erosion and Sedimentation: Soil erosion increases the amount of sediment which enters the water. This can contribute to the degradation of
water quality because toxic chemicals or naturally occurring but unhealthy elements can become attached or adsorbed to sediment particles a
nd then be transported to bodies of water.

•Turbidity: Turbidity refers to the cloudiness of water and is a measure of the ability of light to pass through it. Turbidity is caused by different
suspended materials in water such as organic material, clay, silt, and other particulate matter. High turbidity is aesthetically unappealing and in
creases the cost of water treatment.

•Color: Color reflects the concentration of vegetation and inorganic matter in water.

•Taste and Odor:They are determined by the presence of natural, domestic, or agricultural matter in water. Total Solids (TS): In water two types
of solids are present, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). Solids represent the amount of minerals (good or bad) and
contamination present in water. When harmful solids are present, it affects the quality of water by affecting turbidity, temperature, color, taste,
odor, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen content.

•pH: pH measures how acidic or basic water is. Excessively high or low (<4 or >11) pH is detrimental for the use of water as it alters the taste,
increases the solubility of heavy metals in water making them more toxic.

•Bio-indicators: Biological parameters of water quality analyze the presence or absence of various bacteria, algae, viruses, and protozoa.
 What Are the Factors and Indicators That Affect Water Quality
•Hardness: Hardness is a property of mineralized water, and it measures the concentrations of certain dissolved minerals, particularly calcium
and magnesium. Hard water can cause mineral buildup in hot water pipes and cause difficulty in producing lather with soap. Very hard water
(>500 mg/L of CaCO3) can even have laxative properties.

•Dissolved oxygen (DO): Dissolved oxygen is an indirect measure of water pollution in streams, rivers, and lakes. The lower the concentration
of dissolved oxygen, the worse the water quality. Water with very little or no oxygen tastes bad to most users.

•Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): Biochemical oxygen demand indirectly measures the degree of microbial contamination, and is primarily
used as a measurement of the power of sewage water. As microorganisms metabolize organic substances for food, they consume dissolved oxy
gen (DO) in water. As such, BOD is an indirect indicator of organic material in water.

•Chemical oxygen demand (COD): Chemical oxygen demand measures the oxygen necessary to oxidize all biodegradable and non-biodegradab
le substances in the water.

•Toxic inorganic substances: Toxic inorganic substances measure the concentrations of metallic and nonmetallic compounds such as arsenic, sil
ver, mercury, lead, cadmium, nitrates, and cyanide. The parameters regarding toxic inorganic substances are essential for assessing the quality
of water, as their presence, sometimes even in trace amounts, poses a danger to public health.

•Toxic organic substances: Toxic organic substances refer to compounds such as insecticides, pesticides, solvents, detergents, and disinfectants
that degrade water quality and pose a danger to human health.

•Radioactive substances: Radioactive substances decay to emit beta, alpha, and gamma radiation, which has numerous detrimental effects on
human health. Radiation primarily affects hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, reproductive, and nervous systems; and is highly carcinogenic. Water
quality parameters therefore commonly monitor the concentrations of alpha particles, beta particles, radium, and uranium.
Indian Standards for Drinking
Water Specification
IS 10500:1012
 Water Borne Diseases
Poor sanitation leads to discharge of sew
age directly into the environment.
Source: Water Aid (2013)
Waterborne illness is caused by drinking water contamin
ated by different pollutants such as bacteria, pathogens,
allergies or more chemical substances.
Diseases
Diarrhoea (multiple liquid bowl movements per day; this loss of fluid
can lead to death)
Cholera (infection in the small intestine leading to diarrhoea and vo
miting and thus to dehydration)
Typhoid (fever, headache, pain and diarrhoea)
And several other parasitic infections (e.g. schistosomiasis, guin
ea worm, ...)
Most significant is the persistence and wide distribution of diarrhea t
hroughout the developing world – an effect of inadequate water sup
ply and sanitation.

Deprive from Education
•Strong negative impact on nutrition,
health and learning capacities especi
ally of children
• Hurts prospects for future earnings
and makes continuing poverty more l
ikely
•Absence of 443million students thro
ugh the world due to water-borne di
seases
Effect of Water Borne Disease
Breaking of Economic Development
•Large-scale death and poor health also act as a
brake on economic development
• Unsafe water and inadequate sanitation especia
lly impacts the poor (About 2/3 of people withou
t access to a protected water source live on less t
han US$2 a day )
• Adequate water supplies and sanitation are ofte
Braking of Social Infrastructure
n key step out of poverty
▪ Healthy people are more productive,
which brings economic benefits to t
hem and to the wider community.
▪ Poor sanitation effect the EWS peopl
e which lead them to less life span
▪ Adequate water and good sanitation
also keep society more productive a
Severe sickness and Death nd keep social balance.
•severe consequences e.g. cognitive impairment,
massive dysentery, anemia and death of around
9400 people every year
• In Sub-Saharan Africa, schistosomiasis kills more
than 200,000 people every year
• Acute diarrhea, as occurs in cholera, if left untre
ated can cause death within a day or less