Bali

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For other uses, see Bali (disambiguation).

Bali

Province of Bali

Other transcription(s)

 • Balinese ᬩᬮ
ᬶ

Flag

Seal

Nickname(s):

Pulau Dewata  (Indonesian)

"Island of gods"

Motto(s):

ᬩᬮ
ᬶᬤ᭄ᬯ
ᬶᬧᬚᬬ  (Balinese)

Bali Dwipa Jaya

"Glorious Bali Island"

   Bali in    Indonesia

show
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates:  8°20′06″S 115°05′17″ECoordinates:  8°20′06″S 

115°05′17″E

 Indonesia
Country

Established 14 August 1958[1]

Capital Denpasar

and largest city

Government

 • Body Bali Provincial Government

 • Governor I Wayan Koster

 • Vice Governor T. O. A. Ardana Sukawati

 Area
2
 • Total 5,780 km  (2,230 sq mi)

Highest elevation 3,031 m (9,944 ft)

 (Mount Agung)

Population

 (2020 census)[2]

 • Total 4,317,404
2
 • Density 750/km  (1,900/sq mi)

Demographics

 • Ethnic groups[3] 88% Balinese

7% Javanese

1% East Indonesians

1% Aga

1% Madurese

3% others

 • Religion[4] 86.91% Hinduism

10.05% Islam

2.35% Christianity

0.68% Buddhism

0.01% others

 • Languages[5] Indonesian (official)

Balinese (native)

English

Time zone UTC+08 (WITA)

 0.753 (High)
HDI

HDI rank 5th in Indonesia (2019)

$17.86 billion[6]
GRP Nominal
$58.39 billion[6]
GDP PPP (2019)

GDP rank 13th in Indonesia (2019)

Nominal per capita US$ 4,119 (2019)[6]

PPP per capita US$ 13,539 (2019)[6]

Per capita rank 9th in Indonesia (2019)

Website baliprov.go.id

This article contains Balinese alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Balinese

characters.

Bali (/ˈbɑːli/; Balinese: ᬩᬮᬶ) is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of

the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province
includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands,
notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan. The provincial
capital, Denpasar,[7] is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and
the second-largest, after Makassar, in Eastern Indonesia. The upland town
of Ubud in Greater Denpasar is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province
is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since
the 1980s.[8] Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy.[9]
 Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, with 86.9% of the
population adhering to Balinese Hinduism.[3] It is renowned for its highly
developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting,
leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival
is held every year in Bali. Other international events held in Bali include
the Miss World 2013 and 2018 Annual Meetings of the International Monetary
Fund and the World Bank Group. In March 2017, TripAdvisor named Bali as
the world's top destination in its Traveller's Choice award, which it also earned
in January 2021.[10][11]
Bali is part of the Coral Triangle, the area with the highest biodiversity of
marine species, especially fish and turtles.[12] In this area alone, over 500 reef-
building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven
times as many as in the entire Caribbean.[13] Bali is the home of the Subak
irrigation system, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[14] It is also home to a
unified confederation of kingdoms composed of 10 traditional royal Balinese
houses, each house ruling a specific geographic area. The confederation is
the successor of the Bali Kingdom. The royal houses are not recognised by
the government of Indonesia; however, they originated before Dutch
colonisation.[15]

Contents

 1History

 1.1Ancient
 1.2Portuguese contacts
 1.3Dutch East Indies
 1.4Independence from the Dutch
 1.5Contemporary

 2Geography
 3Climate
 4Ecology
 5Environment
 6Administrative divisions
 7Economy

 7.1Agriculture
 7.2Tourism

 8Transportation
 9Demographics

 9.1Ethnic origins
 9.2Caste system
 9.3Religion
 9.4Language

 10Culture
 10.1Architecture
 10.2Dances
  10.3Festivals
 10.4Tradition
 10.5Beauty pageant
 11Sports
 12Heritage sites
 13See also
 14References
 15Bibliography
 16Further reading
 17External links

History[edit]
Main article: History of Bali
Ancient[edit]

Subak irrigation system

Bali was inhabited around 2000 BCE by Austronesian people who migrated

originally from the island of Taiwan to Southeast Asia
and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia.[16][17] Culturally and linguistically,
the Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago,
Malaysia, the Philippines and Oceania.[17] Stone tools dating from this time
have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west. [18][19]
In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa
Shidanta, Vaishnava, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect
revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.[20]
Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri
Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a
distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Shaivism were practised
simultaneously. Mpu Sindok's great-
granddaughter, Mahendradatta (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali
king Udayana Warmadewa (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving
birth to Airlangga around 1001. This marriage also brought
more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana
appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from
1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and
1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204. [21]: 129, 144, 168, 180 
Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and
particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The
name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions,
including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in
914 AD and mentioning Walidwipa. It was during this time that the people
developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field
cultivation. Some religious and cultural traditions still practised today can be
traced to this period.
The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded a
Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of Hayam Wuruk is mentioned in the
charters of 1384–86. Mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next
century when the Majapahit Empire fell in 1520.[21]: 234, 240  Bali's government then
became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms which led to a Balinese
national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The
nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until
1906 when the Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic
control and took it over.[22]
Portuguese contacts[edit]
The first known European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in
1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco
Serrão sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-
annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century usually
travelled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in
1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition. [23] In 1585, a
ship foundered off the Bukit Peninsula and left a few Portuguese in the
service of Dewa Agung.[24]
Dutch East Indies[edit]
See also: Dutch East Indies

Puputan monument

In 1597, the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali, and

the Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. The Dutch
government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during
the second half of the 19th century. Dutch political and economic control over
Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast when the Dutch pitted
various competing Balinese realms against each other. [25] In the late 1890s,
struggles between Balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by
the Dutch to increase their control.
In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, travelled to
Bali from Singapore, landing at Buleleng on the north coast of the island.
Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his Wallace
Line theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait
between Bali and Lombok. It is a boundary between species. In his travel
memoir The Malay Archipelago, Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali,
which has a strong mention of the unique Balinese irrigation methods:
I was astonished and delighted; as my visit to Java was
some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and
well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly
undulating plain extends from the seacoast about ten or
twelve miles (16 or 19 kilometres) inland, where it is
bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills.
Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps
of coconut palms, tamarind and other fruit trees, are
dotted about in every direction; while between them
extend luxurious rice grounds, watered by an elaborate
system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best-
cultivated parts of Europe.[26]
The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in
1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their
followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual
suicide (puputan) to avoid the humiliation of surrender.[25] Despite Dutch
demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather
than surrender.[27] In the Dutch intervention in Bali, a similar mass suicide
occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung. Afterwards, the Dutch
governours exercised administrative control over the island, but local control
over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came
later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as
Java and Maluku.
In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson,
artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and musicologist Colin
McPhee all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples
created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace
with themselves and nature". Western tourists began to visit the island. [28] The
sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic
1932 documentary Virgins of Bali about a day in the lives of two teenage
Balinese girls whom the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first
scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies". [29] Under the looser
version of the Hays code that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised"
(i.e. white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e. all non-
white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of Virgins of
Bali.[30] The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women
was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a
popular spot for tourists.[31]
Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target
in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields
on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains, the Imperial Japanese
Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather.
The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops.
There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of
about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the
command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February
1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur). The
island was quickly captured.[32]
During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, I Gusti Ngurah
Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of Japanese
occupation forces made them more resented than the Dutch colonial rulers. [33]
Independence from the Dutch[edit]
In 1945, Bali was liberated by the British 5th infantry Division under the
command of Major-General Robert Mansergh who took the Japanese
surrender. Once the Japanese forces had been repatriated the island was
handed over to the Dutch the following year.
In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of
the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to the Republic of
Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was
included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the
Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.
[34] The first governor of Bali, Anak Agung Bagus Suteja, was appointed by

President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province. [35]

Contemporary[edit]

2002 Bali bombings memorial

The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc,
and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of
Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the
1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the
traditional caste system, and those rejecting this system. Politically, the
opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist
Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-
feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programmes. [25] An
attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led by General Suharto.
The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-
communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most
estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia,
with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's
population.[25][28][36] With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra,
upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members. [36]
As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre
Sukarno out of the presidency. His "New Order" government re-established
relations with Western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived
in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic
increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange
earned for the country.[25]
A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202
people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely reduced
tourism, producing much economic hardship on the island.
On 27 November 2017, Mount Agung erupted five times, causing an
evacuation of thousands, disrupting air travel and environmental
damage. Further eruptions also occurred between 2018 and 2019.[37]

Geography[edit]
See also: List of bodies of water in Bali and List of mountains in Bali

Aerial photograph of Bali

Detailed map of Bali

The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2.0 mi) east of Java, and is approximately 8
degrees south of the equator. Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait.
East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and spans
approximately 112 km (70 mi) north to south; administratively it covers
5,780 km  (2,230 sq mi), or 5,577 km  (2,153 sq mi) without Nusa
2 2

Penida District,[38] which comprises three small islands off the southeast coast

of Bali. Its population density was roughly 747 people/km  (1,930
2

people/sq mi) in 2020.

Mount Agung is the highest point of Bali.

Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet)
in elevation and active volcanoes such as Mount Batur. The highest is Mount
Agung (3,031 m, 9,944 ft), known as the "mother mountain", which is an
active volcano rated as one of the world's most likely sites for a massive
eruption within the next 100 years.[39] In late 2017 Mount Agung started
erupting and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the
island's airport.[40] Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount
Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its
exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that
supports the highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a
broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown.
The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the
main coffee-producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables, and
cattle. The longest river, Ayung River, flows approximately 75 km (47 mi)
(see List of rivers of Bali).
The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have
white sand while those in the north and west have black sand. Bali has no
major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small sampan boats.
Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed
for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, they are not yet
used for significant tourism.

The cliff of Nusa Penida with Kelingking beach in the foreground

The largest city is the provincial capital, Denpasar, near the southern coast.
Its population is around 725,000 (2020). Bali's second-largest city is the old
colonial capital, Singaraja, which is located on the north coast and is home to
around 150,000 people in 2020.[41][2] Other important cities include the beach
resort, Kuta, which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and Ubud,
situated at the north of Denpasar, is the island's cultural centre. [42]
Three small islands lie to the immediate south-east and all are
administratively part of the Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida, Nusa
Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. These islands are separated from Bali by
the Badung Strait.
To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks
the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and
the distinctly different fauna of Australasia. The transition is known as
the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who first proposed a
transition zone between these two major biomes. When sea levels dropped
during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and
to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the
Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and the Lesser Sunda
archipelago isolated.

Climate[edit]
Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly even climate all
year round. Average year-round temperature stands at around 30 °C (86 °F)
with a humidity level of about 85%.[43]
Daytime temperatures at low elevations vary between 20 to 33 °C (68 to
91 °F), but the temperatures decrease significantly with increasing elevation.
The west monsoon is in place from approximately October to April, and this
can bring significant rain, particularly from December to March. During the
rainy season, there are comparatively fewer tourists seen in Bali. During the
Easter and Christmas holidays, the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of
the monsoon period, humidity is relatively low and any rain is unlikely in
lowland areas.

Ecology[edit]

Bali myna is found only on Bali and is critically endangered.

Bali lies just to the west of the Wallace Line,[44] and thus has a fauna that is
Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in
common with Java than with Lombok.[45] An exception is the yellow-crested
cockatoo, a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280
species of birds, including the critically endangered Bali myna, which
is endemic. Others include barn swallow, black-naped oriole, black racket-
tailed treepie, crested serpent-eagle, crested treeswift, dollarbird, Java
sparrow, lesser adjutant, long-tailed shrike, milky stork, Pacific swallow, red-
rumped swallow, sacred kingfisher, sea eagle, woodswallow, savanna
nightjar, stork-billed kingfisher, yellow-vented bulbul and great egret.
Until the early 20th century, Bali was possibly home to several large
mammals: leopard and the endemic Bali tiger. The banteng still occurs in its
domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighbouring Java, and
the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a tiger on Bali dates from
1937 when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the
1940s or 1950s.[46] Pleistocene and Holocene megafaunas
include banteng and giant tapir (based on speculations that they might have
reached up to the Wallace Line),[47] elephants,[48] and rhinoceros.[49]
 Monkeys in Uluwatu

Squirrels are quite commonly encountered, less often is the Asian palm civet,

which is also kept in coffee farms to produce kopi luwak. Bats are well
represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is
the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals
and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples,
for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of monkey occur. The crab-eating
macaque, known locally as "kera", is quite common around human
settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by
humans, particularly in any of the three "monkey forest" temples, such as the
popular one in the Ubud area. They are also quite often kept as pets by
locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands
such as Bali, is far rarer and more elusive and is the Javan langur, locally
known as "lutung". They occur in a few places apart from the West Bali
National Park. They are born an orange colour, though they would have
already changed to a more blackish colouration by their first year. [citation needed] In
Java, however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its
juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange
monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rarer mammals include
the leopard cat, Sunda pangolin and black giant squirrel.
Snakes include the king cobra and reticulated python. The water monitor can
grow to at least 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length and 50 kg (110 lb)[50] and can move
quickly.
The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots
such as Tulamben, Amed, Menjangan or neighbouring Nusa Penida, host a
wide range of marine life, for instance hawksbill turtle, giant sunfish, giant
manta ray, giant moray eel, bumphead parrotfish, hammerhead shark, reef
shark, barracuda, and sea snakes. Dolphins are commonly encountered on
the north coast near Singaraja and Lovina.[51]
A team of scientists surveyed from 29 April 2011 to 11 May 2011 at 33 sea
sites around Bali. They discovered 952 species of reef fish of which 8 were
new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, Nusa
Dua, Tulamben and Candidasa, and 393 coral species, including two new
ones at Padangbai and between Padangbai and Amed.[52] The average
coverage level of healthy coral was 36% (better than in Raja
Ampat and Halmahera by 29% or in Fakfak and Kaimana by 25%) with the
highest coverage found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang
in Candidasa, Karangasem regency.[53]
Among the larger trees the most common
are: banyan trees, jackfruit, coconuts, bamboo species, acacia trees and also
endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be
seen: hibiscus, frangipani, bougainvillea, poinsettia, oleander, jasmine, water
lily, lotus, roses, begonias, orchids and hydrangeas exist. On higher grounds
that receive more moisture, for instance, around Kintamani, certain species
of fern trees, mushrooms and even pine trees thrive well. Rice comes in many
varieties. Other plants with agricultural value
include: salak, mangosteen, corn, Kintamani orange, coffee and water
spinach.[54][citation needed]

Environment[edit]

Uluwatu

Over-exploitation by the tourist industry has led to 200 out of 400 rivers on the
island drying up. Research suggests that the southern part of Bali would face
a water shortage.[55] To ease the shortage, the central government plans to
build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar.
The 300 litres capacity of water per second will be channelled to Denpasar,
Badung and Gianyar in 2013.[56]
A 2010 Environment Ministry report on its environmental quality index gave
Bali a score of 99.65, which was the highest score of Indonesia's 33
provinces. The score considers the level of total suspended solids, dissolved
oxygen, and chemical oxygen demand in water.[57]
Erosion at Lebih Beach has seen seven metres (23 feet) of land lost every
year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than
10,000 people, but they have now moved to Masceti Beach.[58]
In 2017, a year when Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, government
officials declared a “garbage emergency” in response to the covering of 3.6
mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste brought in by the tide, amid concerns
that the pollution could dissuade visitors from returning. [59] Indonesia is one of
the world's worst plastic polluters, with some estimates suggesting the country
is the source of around 10 per cent of the world's plastic waste.

Administrative divisions[edit]
Main article: List of districts of Bali
The province is divided into eight regencies (kabupaten) and one city (kota).
These are, with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census [60] and the
2020 census.[2]
Area Population Population Population
HDI[61]
Name Capital in 2000 2010 2020
2019 estimate
km2 Census Census Census
Denpasar City Denpasar 127.78 532,440 788,589 725,314 0.830 (Very High)
Badung Regency Mangupura 418.62 345,863 543,332 548,191 0.802 (Very High)
 Area Population Population Population
HDI[61]
Name Capital in 2000 2010 2020
2019 estimate
km2 Census Census Census
Bangli Regency Bangli 490.71 193,776 215,353 258,721 0.689 (Medium)
Buleleng Regency Singaraja 1,364.73 558,181 624,125 791,813 0.715 (High)
Gianyar Regency Gianyar 368.00 393,155 469,777 515,344 0.760 (High)
Jembrana Regency Negara 841.80 231,806 261,638 317,064 0.712 (High)
Karangasem
Amlapura 839.54 360,486 396,487 492,402 0.676 (Medium)
Regency
Klungkung Regency Semarapura 315.00 155,262 170,543 206,925 0.703 (High)
Tabanan Regency Tabanan 1,013.88 376,030 420,913 461,630 0.748 (High)

Totals 5,780.06 3,146,999 3,890,757 4,317,404 0.794 (High)

Economy[edit]
In the 1970s, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of
both output and employment.[62] Tourism is now the largest single industry in
terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia's wealthiest regions.
In 2003, around 80% of Bali's economy was tourism related. [9] By end of June
2011, the rate of non-performing loans of all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower
than the average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan rates
(about 5%).[63] The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of
the Islamists' terrorist bombings in 2002 and 2005. The tourism industry has
since recovered from these events.
Agriculture[edit]

Wood carving

Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the
island's biggest employer.[64] Fishing also provides a significant number of
jobs. Bali is also famous for its artisans who produce a vast array of
handicrafts, including batik and ikat cloth and clothing, wooden carvings,
stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically
adopt a single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture.
The Arabica coffee production region is the highland region
of Kintamani near Mount Batur. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using
the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency.
Typical flavours include lemon and other citrus notes. [65] Many coffee farmers
in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian,
which is based on the Hindu philosophy of "Tri Hita Karana". According to this
philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God, other
people, and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the
production of fair trade and organic coffee production. Arabica coffee from
Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a geographical
indication.[66]
Tourism[edit]
Number of tourists by nationality
No. Country Tourists

1  Australia 1,225,425

2  China 1,185,764

3  India 371,850

4  United Kingdom 283,539

5  United States 273,317

6  Japan 257,897

7  South Korea 213,324

8  France 206,814

9  Germany 194,773

10  Malaysia 184,477
As of 2019[67][68]

Kuta Beach is a popular tourist spot.

Several tourist spot in Bali island, from top left to right: Sunset over Amed beach with Mount Agung in the background, Garuda Wisnu

Kencana monument, Tanah Lot temple, view from top of Besakih Temple, scuba diving around Pemuteran, The Rock Bar at Jimbaran Bay, and

various traditional Balinese people activities

Ogoh-ogoh procession on the eve of Nyepi

In 1963 the Bali Beach Hotel in Sanur was built by Sukarno and boosted

tourism in Bali. Before the Bali Beach Hotel construction, there were only
three significant tourist-class hotels on the island.[69] Construction of hotels and
restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism further increased in Bali
after the Ngurah Rai International Airport opened in 1970. The Buleleng
regency government encouraged the tourism sector as one of the mainstays
for economic progress and social welfare.
The tourism industry is primarily focused in the south, while also significant in
the other parts of the island. The prominent tourist locations are the town
of Kuta (with its beach), and its outer suburbs of Legian and Seminyak (which
were once independent townships), the east coast town of Sanur (once the
only tourist hub), Ubud towards the centre of the island, to the south of
the Ngurah Rai International Airport, Jimbaran and the newer developments
of Nusa Dua and Pecatu.
The United States government lifted its travel warnings in 2008. The
Australian government issued an advisory on Friday, 4 May 2012, with the
overall level of this advisory lowered to 'Exercise a high degree of caution'.
The Swedish government issued a new warning on Sunday, 10 June 2012
because of one tourist who died from methanol poisoning. [70] Australia last
issued an advisory on Monday, 5 January 2015 due to new terrorist threats. [71]
An offshoot of tourism is the growing real estate industry. Bali's real estate
has been rapidly developing in the main tourist areas of Kuta, Legian,
Seminyak, and Oberoi. Most recently, high-end 5-star projects are under
development on the Bukit peninsula, on the island's south side. Expensive
villas are being developed along the cliff sides of south Bali, with commanding
panoramic ocean views. Foreign and domestic, many Jakarta individuals and
companies are fairly active, and investment into other areas of the island also
continues to grow. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, have
remained stable.
In the last half of 2008, Indonesia's currency had dropped approximately 30%
against the US dollar, providing many overseas visitors with improved value
for their currencies.
Bali's tourism economy survived the Islamists terrorist bombings of 2002 and
2005, and the tourism industry has slowly recovered and surpassed its pre-
terrorist bombing levels; the long-term trend has been a steady increase in
visitor arrivals. In 2010, Bali received 2.57  million foreign tourists, which
surpassed the target of 2.0–2.3  million tourists. The average occupancy of
starred hotels achieved 65%, so the island still should be able to
accommodate tourists for some years without any addition of new
rooms/hotels,[72] although at the peak season some of them are fully booked.
Bali received the Best Island award from Travel and Leisure in 2010.[73] Bali
won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas),
diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and
the friendliness of the local people. The Balinese culture and its religion are
also considered the main factor of the award. One of the most prestigious
events that symbolize a strong relationship between a god and its followers
is Kecak dance. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the
World's Best Islands, ranking second after Santorini, Greece.[74]
In 2006, Elizabeth Gilbert's memoir Eat, Pray, Love was published, and in
August 2010 it was adapted into the film Eat Pray Love. It took place at Ubud
and Padang-Padang Beach in Bali. Both the book and the film fuelled a boom
in tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist centre that was the
focus of Gilbert's quest for balance and love through traditional spirituality and
healing.[75]
In January 2016, after musician David Bowie died, it was revealed that in
his will, Bowie asked for his ashes to be scattered in Bali, conforming
to Buddhist rituals. He had visited and performed in several Southeast
Asian cities early in his career, including Bangkok and Singapore.[76]
Since 2011, China has displaced Japan as the second-largest supplier of
tourists to Bali, while Australia still tops the list while India has also emerged
as a greater supply of tourists. Chinese tourists increased by 17% from last
year due to the impact of ACFTA and new direct flights to Bali.[77] In January
2012, Chinese tourists increased by 222.18% compared to January 2011,
while Japanese tourists declined by 23.54% year on year. [78]
Bali authorities reported the island had 2.88 million foreign tourists and
5 million domestic tourists in 2012, marginally surpassing the expectations of
2.8 million foreign tourists.[79]
Based on a Bank Indonesia survey in May 2013, 34.39 per cent of tourists are
upper-middle class, spending between $1,286 to $5,592, and are dominated
by Australia, India, France, China, Germany and the UK. Some Chinese
tourists have increased their levels of spending from previous years. 30.26
per cent of tourists are middle class, spending between $662 to $1,285. [80] In
2017 it was expected that Chinese tourists would
outnumber Australian tourists.
In January 2020, 10,000 Chinese tourists cancelled trips to Bali due to
the COVID-19 pandemic.[81] Because of the COVID-19 pandemic travel
restrictions, Bali welcomed 1.07 million international travelers in 2020, most of
them between January and March, which is -87% compared to 2019. In the
first half of 2021, they welcomed 43 international travelers. [82]
In 2022, Indonesia Minister of Health, Budi Sadikin, have stated that tourism
industry in Bali will also be complemented by medical industry. [83]

Transportation[edit]

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport

The Ngurah Rai International Airport is located near Jimbaran, on

the isthmus at the southernmost part of the island. Lt. Col. Wisnu Airfield is in
northwest Bali.
A coastal road circles the island, and three major two-lane arteries cross the
central mountains at passes reaching 1,750 m in height (at Penelokan). The
Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar.
Bali has no railway lines. There is a car ferry between Gilimanuk on the west
coast of Bali to Ketapang on Java.
In December 2010 the Government of Indonesia invited investors to build a
new Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at Karangasem, Bali with a projected worth
of $30 million.[84] On 17 July 2011 the first cruise ship (Sun Princess) anchored
about 400 metres (1,300 feet) away from the wharf of Tanah Ampo harbour.
The current pier is only 154 metres (505 feet) but will eventually be extended
to 300 to 350 metres (980–1,150 feet) to accommodate international cruise
ships. The harbour is safer than the existing facility at Benoa and has a scenic
backdrop of east Bali mountains and green rice fields. [85] The tender for
improvement was subject to delays, and as of July 2013 the situation was
unclear with cruise line operators complaining and even refusing to use the
existing facility at Tanah Ampo.[86]

Trans Sarbagita bus

A memorandum of understanding was signed by two ministers, Bali's

governor and Indonesian Train Company to build 565 kilometres (351 miles)
of railway along the coast around the island. As of July 2015, no details of
these proposed railways have been released. [87][88] In 2019 it was reported
in Gapura Bali that Wayan Koster, governor of Bali, "is keen to improve Bali's
transportation infrastructure and is considering plans to build an electric rail
network across the island".[89]
On 16 March 2011 (Tanjung) Benoa port received the "Best Port Welcome
2010" award from London's "Dream World Cruise Destination" magazine.
[90] Government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as export-import port to

boost Bali's trade and industry sector.[91] In 2013, The Tourism and Creative
Economy Ministry advised that 306 cruise liners were scheduled to visit
Indonesia, an increase of 43 per cent compared to the previous year. [92]
In May 2011, an integrated Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) was
implemented to reduce traffic jams at four crossing points: Ngurah Rai statue,
Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an
integrated system connecting all traffic lights, CCTVs and other traffic signals
with a monitoring office at the police headquarters. It has successfully been
implemented in other ASEAN countries and will be implemented at other
crossings in Bali.[93][94]

Bali Mandara Toll Road

On 21 December 2011 construction started on the Nusa Dua-Benoa-Ngurah

Rai International Airport toll road, which will also provide a special lane for
motorcycles. This has been done by seven state-owned enterprises led by PT
Jasa Marga with 60% of the shares. PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will construct the
9.91-kilometre-long (6.16-mile) toll road (totally 12.7 kilometres (7.89 miles)
with access road). The construction is estimated to cost Rp.2.49 trillion
($273.9 million). The project goes through 2 kilometres (1 mile) of mangrove
forest and through 2.3 kilometres (1.4 miles) of beach, both within 5.4
hectares (13 acres) area. The elevated toll road is built over the mangrove
forest on 18,000 concrete pillars that occupied two hectares of mangrove
forest. This was compensated by the planting of 300,000 mangrove trees
along the road. On 21 December 2011 the Dewa Ruci 450-metre (1,480-foot)
underpass has also started on the busy Dewa Ruci junction near Bali Kuta
Galeria with an estimated cost of Rp136 billion ($14.9 million) from the state
budget.[95][96][97] On 23 September 2013, the Bali Mandara Toll Road was
opened, with the Dewa Ruci Junction (Simpang Siur) underpass being
opened previously.[98]
To solve chronic traffic problems, the province will also build a toll road
connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a toll road connecting Kuta, Denpasar,
and Tohpati, and a flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport. [99]

Demographics[edit]
 Balinese family after performing puja in a temple

Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1971 2,120,322 —
1980 2,469,930 +16.5%
1990 2,777,811 +12.5%
1995 2,895,649 +4.2%
2000 3,146,999 +8.7%
2005 3,378,092 +7.3%
2010 3,890,757 +15.2%
2015 4,148,588 +6.6%
2020 4,317,404 +4.1%
sources:[100]

The population of Bali was 3,890,757 as of the 2010 census, and 4,317,404 at
the 2020 census. There are an estimated 30,000 expatriates living in Bali.[101]
Ethnic origins[edit]
A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al.[102] found that 12% of Balinese Y-
chromosomes are of likely Indian origin, while 84% are of
likely Austronesian origin, and 2% of likely Melanesian origin.
Caste system[edit]
Main article: Balinese caste system
Pre-modern Bali had four castes, as Jeff Lewis and Belinda Lewis state, but
with a "very strong tradition of communal decision-making and
interdependence".[103] The four castes have been classified as Sudra (Shudra),
Wesia (Vaishyas), Satria (Kshatriyas) and Brahmana (Brahmin).[104]
The 19th-century scholars such as Crawfurd and Friederich suggested that
the Balinese caste system had Indian origins, but Helen Creese states that
scholars such as Brumund who had visited and stayed on the island of Bali
suggested that his field observations conflicted with the "received
understandings concerning its Indian origins".[105] In Bali, the Shudra (locally
spelt Soedra) have typically been the temple priests, though depending on the
demographics, a temple priest may also be from the other three castes. [106] In
most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods
on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite meweda (Vedas), and
set the course of Balinese temple festivals.[106]
Religion[edit]

Religion in Bali (2018)

  Hinduism (86.91%)

  Islam (10.05%)

  Christianity (2.35%)

  Buddhism (0.68%)

  Other (0.01%)
About 86.91% of Bali's population adheres to Balinese Hinduism, formed as a
combination of existing local beliefs and Hindu influences from mainland
Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions
include Islam (10.05%), Christianity (2.35%), and Buddhism (0.68%) as for
2018.[4]

The Mother Temple of Besakih, one of Bali's most significant Hindu temples.

The general beliefs and practices of Agama Hindu Dharma mix ancient

traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit
only monotheist belief under the national ideology of Pancasila.[107]
[108] Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had a pantheon of deities and that

tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted

freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray.
[108] However, officially, the Indonesian government considers and advertises

Indonesian Hinduism as a monotheistic religion with certain officially

recognised beliefs that comply with its national ideology. [107][108][109] Indonesian
school textbooks describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus
offering three daily mandatory prayers, and Hinduism as having certain
common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam. [108][110] Scholars[108][111]
[112] contest whether these Indonesian government recognised and assigned

beliefs to reflect the traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia

before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule.
Balinese Hinduism has roots in Indian Hinduism and Buddhism, which arrived
through Java.[113] Hindu influences reached the Indonesian Archipelago as
early as the first century.[114] Historical evidence is unclear about the diffusion
process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-
era, traced to 78 AD. Stories from the Mahabharata Epic have been traced in
Indonesian islands to the 1st century; however, the versions mirror those
found in the southeast Indian peninsular region (now Tamil Nadu and
southern Karnataka Andhra Pradesh).[114]
 Pura Ulun Danu Bratan

The Bali tradition adopted the pre-existing animistic traditions of the

indigenous people. This influence strengthened the belief that the gods and
goddesses are present in all things. Every element of nature, therefore,
possesses its power, which reflects the power of the gods. A rock, tree,
dagger, or woven cloth is a potential home for spirits whose energy can be
directed for good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and
ritual. Ritualising states of self-control are a notable feature of religious
expression among the people, who for this reason have become famous for
their graceful and decorous behaviour. [115]
Apart from the majority of Balinese Hindus, there also
exist Chinese immigrants whose traditions have melded with that of the locals.
As a result, these Sino-Balinese embrace their original religion, which is a
mixture of Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, and Confucianism, and find a way
to harmonise it with the local traditions. Hence, it is not uncommon to find
local Sino-Balinese during the local temple's odalan. Moreover, Balinese
Hindu priests are invited to perform rites alongside a Chinese priest in the
event of the death of a Sino-Balinese. Nevertheless, the Sino-Balinese claim
to embrace Buddhism for administrative purposes, such as their Identity
Cards.[116] The Roman Catholic community has a diocese, the Diocese of
Denpasar that encompasses the province of Bali and West Nusa
Tenggara and has its cathedral located in Denpasar.


Penataran Lempuyang Temple, Gunung Lempuyang, Bali


 
 


Ibnu Batutah Mosque, Kuta


 


Saint Joseph's Church, Denpasar


 


Ling Sii Miao Buddhist Temple, Denpasar


Language[edit]
Main article: Balinese language
1:30

Balinese language
Balinese and Indonesian are the most widely spoken languages in Bali, and
the vast majority of Balinese people are bilingual or trilingual. The most
common spoken language around the tourist areas is Indonesian, as many
people in the tourist sector are not solely Balinese, but migrants
from Java, Lombok, Sumatra, and other parts of Indonesia. The Balinese
language is heavily stratified due to the Balinese caste system.
[117] Kawi and Sanskrit are also commonly used by some Hindu priests in Bali,

as Hindu literature was mostly written in Sanskrit.

English and Chinese are the next most common languages (and the primary
foreign languages) of many Balinese, owing to the requirements of
the tourism industry, as well as the English-speaking community and huge
Chinese-Indonesian population. Other foreign languages, such
as Japanese, Korean, French, Russian or German are often used in
multilingual signs for foreign tourists.

Culture[edit]
See also: Balinese architecture, Balinese art, Balinese cuisine, Balinese
dance, and Music of Bali

Balinese cuisine

Rejang, a sacred Balinese dance to greet the gods that come down to the earth on ceremony day
 Kecak dance

Cremation ceremony in Nusa Penida

Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as painting,
sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. Balinese cuisine is
also distinctive. Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as gamelan, is
highly developed and varied. Balinese performing arts often portray stories
from Hindu epics such as the Ramayana but with heavy Balinese influence.
Famous Balinese dances include pendet, legong, baris, topeng, barong, gong
keybar, and kecak (the monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the most diverse
and innovative performing arts cultures in the world, with paid performances
at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies, and public shows. [118]
Architecture[edit]
Kaja and kelod are the Balinese equivalents of North and South, which refer
to one's orientation between the island's largest mountain Gunung Agung
(kaja), and the sea (kelod). In addition to spatial
orientation, kaja and kelod have the connotation of good and evil; gods and
ancestors are believed to live on the mountain whereas demons live in the
sea. Buildings such as temples and residential homes are spatially oriented
by having the most sacred spaces closest to the mountain and the unclean
places nearest to the sea.[119][120]
Most temples have an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard which are
arranged with the inner courtyard furthest kaja. These spaces serve as
performance venues since most Balinese rituals are accompanied by any
combination of music, dance, and drama. The performances that take place in
the inner courtyard are classified as wali, the most sacred rituals which are
offerings exclusively for the gods, while the outer courtyard is
where bebali ceremonies are held, which are intended for gods and people.
Lastly, performances meant solely for the entertainment of humans take place
outside the temple's walls and are called bali-balihan. This three-tiered system
of classification was standardised in 1971 by a committee of Balinese officials
and artists to better protect the sanctity of the oldest and most sacred
Balinese rituals from being performed for a paying audience. [121]
Dances[edit]
Tourism, Bali's chief industry, has provided the island with a foreign audience
that is eager to pay for entertainment, thus creating new performance
opportunities and more demand for performers. The impact of tourism is
controversial since before it became integrated into the economy, the
Balinese performing arts did not exist as a capitalist venture, and were not
performed for entertainment outside of their respective ritual context. Since
the 1930s sacred rituals such as the barong dance have been performed both
in their original contexts, as well as exclusively for paying tourists. This has
led to new versions of many of these performances that have developed
according to the preferences of foreign audiences; some villages have
a barong mask specifically for non-ritual performances and an older mask that
is only used for sacred performances.[122]
Festivals[edit]
Throughout the year, there are many festivals celebrated locally or island-
wide according to the traditional calendars.[123] The Hindu New Year, Nyepi, is
celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at
home and tourists are encouraged (or required) to remain in their hotels. On
the day before New Year, large and colourful sculptures of Ogoh-
ogoh monsters are paraded and burned in the evening to drive away evil
spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the
Balinese pawukon calendrical system.
Celebrations are held for many occasions such as a tooth-filing (coming-of-
age ritual), cremation or odalan (temple festival). One of the most important
concepts that Balinese ceremonies have in common is that of désa kala patra,
which refers to how ritual performances must be appropriate in both the
specific and general social context.[119] Many ceremonial art forms such
as wayang kulit and topeng are highly improvisatory, providing flexibility for
the performer to adapt the performance to the current situation. [124] Many
celebrations call for a loud, boisterous atmosphere with much activity, and the
resulting aesthetic, ramé, is distinctively Balinese. Often two or
more gamelan ensembles will be performing well within earshot, and
sometimes compete with each other to be heard. Likewise, the audience
members talk amongst themselves, get up and walk around, or even cheer on
the performance, which adds to the many layers of activity and the liveliness
typical of ramé.[125]
Tradition[edit]
Balinese society continues to revolve around each family's ancestral village,
to which the cycle of life and religion is closely tied. [126] Coercive aspects of
traditional society, such as customary law sanctions imposed by traditional
authorities such as village councils (including "kasepekang", or shunning)
have risen in importance as a consequence of the democratisation and
decentralisation of Indonesia since 1998.[126]
Other than Balinese sacred rituals and festivals, the government presents Bali
Arts Festival to showcase Bali's performing arts and various artworks
produced by the local talents that they have. It is held once a year, from the
second week of June until the end of July. Southeast Asia's biggest annual
festival of words and ideas Ubud Writers and Readers Festival is held
at Ubud in October, which is participated by the world's most celebrated
writers, artists, thinkers, and performers.[127]
Beauty pageant[edit]
Bali was the host of Miss World 2013 (63rd edition of the Miss World
pageant). It was the first time Indonesia hosted an international beauty
pageant.

Sports[edit]

Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium, the home of Bali United F.C.

Bali is a major world surfing destination with popular breaks dotted across the

southern coastline and around the offshore island of Nusa Lembongan.[128]
As part of the Coral Triangle, Bali, including Nusa Penida, offers a wide range
of dive sites with varying types of reefs, and tropical aquatic life.
Bali was the host of 2008 Asian Beach Games.[129] It was the second time
Indonesia hosted an Asia-level multi-sport event, after Jakarta held the 1962
Asian Games.
In football, Bali is home to Bali United football club, which plays in Liga 1. The
team was relocated from Samarinda, East Kalimantan to Gianyar, Bali.
Harbiansyah Hanafiah, the main commissioner of Bali United explained that
he changed the name and moved the home base because there was no
representative from Bali in the highest football tier in Indonesia. [130] Another
reason was due to local fans in Samarinda preferring to support Pusamania
Borneo F.C. rather than Persisam.

Heritage sites[edit]
 In June 2012, Subak, the irrigation system for paddy fields in Jatiluwih, central
Bali was enlisted as a Natural UNESCO World Heritage Site.[131]

See also[edit]
 Indonesia portal

 Culture of Indonesia
 Tourism in Indonesia
 Hinduism in Indonesia

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20. ^ "The birthplace of Balinese Hinduism". The Jakarta Post. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
21. ^ Jump up to:    Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
a b

22. ^ Barski, p.46

23. ^ Cortesão, Jaime (1975). Esparsos, Volume III. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral. p. 288. "...passing the island of 'Balle', on
whose heights the nau Sabaia, of Francisco Serrão, was lost" – from Antonio de Abreu, and in João de Barros and Antonio Galvão's
chronicles. Google Books

24. ^ Hanna, Willard A. (2004) Bali Chronicles. Periplus, Singapore, ISBN 0-7946-0272-X, p. 32

25. ^ Jump up to:          Vickers, Adrian (1995), From Oey, Eric, ed. (1995). Bali. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 26–35. ISBN 9625930280.
a b c d e

26. ^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). The Malay Archipelago. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7946-0563-6.

27. ^ Haer, p. 38.
28. ^ Jump up to:    Friend, Theodore. Indonesian Destinies, Harvard University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-674-01137-6, p. 111.
a b

29. ^ Doherty, Thomas Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934, New York: Columbia University
Press, 1999 page 134.

30. ^ Doherty, Thomas Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934, New York: Columbia University
Press, 1999 page 133.

31. ^ Doherty, Thomas Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934, New York: Columbia University
Press, 1999 page 135.

32. ^ Klemen, L (1999–2000). "The Capture of Bali Island, February 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
33. ^ Haer, pp. 39–40.
34. ^ Andy Barski, Albert Beaucort; Bruce Carpenter, Barski (2007). Bali and Lombok. Dorling Kindersley, London. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7566-2878-9.
35. ^ Pringle, p. 167
36. ^ Jump up to:    Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-333-
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37. ^ "A volcanologist explains Bali eruption photos". BBC News. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
38. ^ "Kabupaten Klungkung, Data Agregat per Kecamatan" (PDF). Sp2010.bps.go.id. 2010.
39. ^ "Romantic Paradise Destination – The New Decade Volcano Program #6, Bali". 10 July 2015.
40. ^ "Mount Agung: Bali volcano alert raised to highest level". BBC News. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
41. ^ Stafford, Stephanie (22 July 2017). "Picture perfect beaches, romantic sunsets and delicious Asian food: Discover Bali". Express.co.uk.
Retrieved 14 September 2017.

42. ^ Sutcliffe, Theodora (9 April 2016). "Indonesia beginners' guide: Bali, Lombok, Java and Flores". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14
September 2017.

43. ^ "Climate of Bali". bali.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2003. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
44. ^ Tänzler, Rene; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A.; Suhardjono, Yayuk R.; Balke, Michael; Riedel, Alexander (7 May 2014). "Multiple transgressions
of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences. 281 (1782): 20132528. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2528. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3973253. PMID 24648218.

45. ^ Davison, Julian; Granquist, Bruce (1999). Balinese Flora & Fauna. Hongkong: Periplus; North Clarendon, VT. ISBN 9789625931975.
46. ^ Jackson, P.; Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera tigris ssp. balica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T41682A10510320. Retrieved 18
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47. ^ Chazine, J.-M. (2005). "Rock art, burials, and habitations: Caves in East Kalimantan" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 44 (1): 219–
230. doi:10.1353/asi.2005.0006. hdl:10125/17232. S2CID 53372873.

48. ^ Sevket Sen, 2017, A review of the Pleistocene dwarfed elephants from the Aegean islands, and their paleogeographic context, Fossil Imprint
73(1-2), pp.76-92 on ResearchGate

49. ^ Friedhelm Göltenboth, Walter Erdelen, 2006, GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY, Ecology of Insular Southeast Asia, pp.3-16 on ScienceDirect
50. ^ "Water Monitor (Varanus salvator)". World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
51. ^ "About Bali's Wildlife". Asia Holiday Retreats. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14
September 2017.

52. ^ "New fish, coral species found". The Jakarta Post. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
53. ^ Nurhayati, Desy (16 May 2011) Coral reefs' health 'improves'. The Jakarta Post.
54. ^ "Bali Ecology – Ecology in Bali". www.balitours.co.id. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
55. ^ "Bali must stop over-exploiting environment for tourism: Activists". 2 September 2011.
56. ^ "Govt to build water catchment at Petanu River". 17 September 2011.
57. ^ Simamora, Adianto P. (15 June 2011) Bali named RI's cleanest province. The Jakarta Post.
58. ^ "Once was a beach". The Jakarta Post. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
59. ^ Roughneen, Simon (6 March 2018). "British diver exposes sea of plastic rubbish off Bali coast". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the
original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2018.

60. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.

61. ^ Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2019
62. ^ Brown, Iem (17 June 2004). The Territories of Indonesia. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-135-35541-8.
63. ^ "Only 2.23 percent of loans in Bali are bad". The Jakarta Post. 25 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
64. ^ On the history of rice-growing related to museology and the rice terraces as part of Bali's cultural heritage see Marc-Antonio Barblan,
"D'Orient en Occident: Histoire de la riziculture et muséologie" in ICOFOM Study Series, Vol.35 (2006), pp.114–131. LRZ-Muenchen.de and
"Dans la lumière des terrasses: paysage culturel balinais, Subek Museum et patrimoine mondial (1er volet) "in Le Banian (Paris), juin 2009,
pp.80–101, Pasarmalam.free.fr

65. ^ "Diverse coffees of Indonesia". Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 8
August 2008.

66. ^ "Book of Requirements for Kopi Kintamani Bali", page 12, July 2007
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March 2020.

68. ^ "Chinese Tourism to Bali Skyrockets Despite Volcano Woes". Jing Travel. 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018.
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69. ^ Adrian Vickers: Bali. A Paradise Created, Periplus 1989, p. 252, ISBN 0-945971-28-1.

70. ^ "Make My Holiday Trips". thelocal.se. 30 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019.
71. ^ "Smart Traveller". Australian Government. 15 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015.
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73. ^ "The Best Search Links on the Net". amarigepanache.com. 16 October 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30
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74. ^ "Bali Named as One of the Five Best Islands in the World". The Beat Magazine (Jakarta). 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4
December 2011.

75. ^ "Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam". Asia Times. 18 August 2010. Archived
from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

76. ^ David Bowie rests in Bali, date:Jan 31, 2016

77. ^ "China now 2nd-largest source of isle tourists". The Jakarta Post. 6 January 2012.
78. ^ "Chinese tourist arrivals in Bali up 222%". Antara News. 3 March 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012.
79. ^ "Bali seeks cleanup amid high arrivals". Investvine.com. 24 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
80. ^ "Upper-middle class dominates Bali's foreign tourists". 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013.
81. ^ "10,000 Chinese tourists cancel trips to Bali over coronavirus fears: Travel group". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
82. ^ "From millions to dozens international travelers in Bali". 17 December 2021.
83. ^ Trimahanani, Emy (9 July 2022). "Kini, Bali Siap Kembangkan Industri Kesehatan Selain Pariwisata - Vibizmedia.com". Retrieved 9 July 2022.
84. ^ "Infrastructure Projects in Indonesia Thrown Open for Bids". Jakarta Globe. 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 September
2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

85. ^ "Tanah Ampo prepares to welcome first cruise ship". The Jakarta Post. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
86. ^ "Tender for Tanah Ampo set for next month". The Jakarta Post. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
87. ^ What? Train? Bali? goodnewsfromindonesia.org (5 January 2011).
88. ^ "My Bali Guide – Your Ultimate Connection With Bali".
89. ^ "All aboard! Is an electric rail network in Bali feasible?". Gapura Bali. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
90. ^ ""Best Port Welcome" Awarded to Bali's Benoa Port". KOMPAS.com. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
91. ^ "Government mulls plan to expand Benoa". The Jakarta Post. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
92. ^ Jakarta Post (25 January 2013) Cruise ship fever hits Bali Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
93. ^ Dhae, Arnold (12 May 2011). "Pemprov Bali Gunakan Teknologi Baru Atasi Kemacetan". Media Indonesia. Archived from the original on 21
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94. ^ "New traffic control system, buses hoped to ease congestion". The Jakarta Post. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
95. ^ "New toll road to ease congestion, increase tourists". The Jakarta Post. 5 September 2011.
96. ^ "Tol di Atas Laut Mulai Dikonstruksi". indopos.co.id. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
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98. ^ "President officially opens Bali toll road". 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013.
99. ^ "Toll road to cost island 2 hectares of mangrove". The Jakarta Post. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
100. ^ "Statistics Indonesia". Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.

101. ^ Ballots in paradise. The Guardian. 30 October 2008.

102. ^ Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J S.; Redd, Alan J.; and Reznikova, Svetlana (2005) "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on
the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders," Human
Biology: Vol. 77: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol77/iss1/8

103. ^ Jeff Lewis; Belinda Lewis (2009). Bali's silent crisis: desire, tragedy, and transition. Lexington Books. pp. 56, 83–86. ISBN 978-
0-7391-3243-2.

104. ^ Geoffrey Robinson (1995). The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali. Cornell University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-8014-
8172-4.

105. ^ Helen M. Creese (2016). Bali in the Early Nineteenth Century. BRILL Academic. pp. 305 with footnotes. ISBN 978-90-04-
31583-9.

106. ^ Jump up to:a b Jane Belo (1953), Bali: Temple Festival, Monograph 22, American Ethnological Society, University of Washington
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107. ^ Jump up to:a b McDaniel, June (2010). "Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in
the Image of Islam". Nova Religio. 14 (1): 93–111. doi:10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93.

108. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Shinji Yamashita (2002), Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the Anthropology of Tourism, Berghahn, ISBN 978-
1571813275, pp. 57-65

109. ^ Michel Picard (2003), in Hinduism in Modern Indonesia (Editor: Martin Ramstedt), Routledge, ISBN 978-0700715336, pp. 56–
72

110. ^ June McDaniel (2013), A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as ‘People of the Book’, Journal of Hindu Studies,
Oxford University Press, Volume 6, Issue 1, doi:10.1093/jhs/hit030

111. ^ Anthony Forge (1980), Balinese Religion and Indonesian Identity, in Indonesia: The Making of a Culture (Editor: James Fox),
Australian National University, ISBN 978-0909596590
 112. ^ Putu Setia (1992), Cendekiawan Hindu Bicara, Denpasar: Yayasan Dharma Naradha, ISBN 978-9798357008, pp. 217–229

113. ^ Becker, J. (1981). "Hindu-Buddhist Time in Javanese Gamelan Music". The Study of Time IV. Springer. pp. 161–
172. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5947-3_13. ISBN 978-1-4612-5949-7.

114. ^ Jump up to:a b Jan Gonda, The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in Handbook of Oriental
Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, p. 1, at Google Books, pp. 1–54

115. ^ Slattum, J. (2003) Balinese Masks: Spirits of an Ancient Drama. Indonesia, Asia Pacific, Japan, North America, Latin America,
and Europe Periplus Editions (H) Ltd

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117. ^ I Wayan Arka (2005). "Speech Levels, Social Predicates and Pragmatic Structure in Balinese: A Lexical
Approach". Pragmatics. 15 (2–3): 169–203. doi:10.1075/prag.15.2-3.02ark.

118. ^ Emigh, John (1996). Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre. University of Pennsylvania
Press. ISBN 0-8122-1336-X. The author is a Western theatre professor who has become a performer in Balinese topeng theatre himself.

119. ^ Jump up to:a b Herbst, Edward (1997). Voices in Bali: Energes and Perceptions in Vocal Music and Dance Theater. Hanover:
University Press of New England. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-8195-6316-1.

120. ^ Gold, p. 19.

121. ^ Gold, pp. 18–26.

122. ^ Sanger, Annette (1988). "Blessing or Blight? The Effects of Touristic Dance-Drama on village Life in Singapadu, Bali". Come
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123. ^ Rough Guide to Bali & Lombok. Rough Guides. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4053-8135-2.

124. ^ Foley, Kathy; Sedana, I Nyoman; Sedana, I Nyoman (Autumn 2005). "Mask Dance from the Perspective of a Master Artist: I
Ketut Kodi on "Topeng"". Asian Theatre Journal. University of Hawai'i Press. 22 (2): 199–213
(208). doi:10.1353/atj.2005.0031. S2CID 162336494.

125. ^ Gold, p. 8.

126. ^ Jump up to:a b Belford, Aubrey (12 October 2010). "Customary Law Revival Neglects Some Balinese". The New York
Times. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2010.

127. ^ "What to expect at Southeast Asia's biggest festival of words and ideas". Asian Correspondent. Retrieved 26 October 2018.

128. ^ "About Bali + Lombok". magicseaweed.com. Retrieved 14 July 2015..

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Bibliography[edit]
 Haer, Debbie Guthrie; Morillot, Juliette & Toh, Irene (2001). Bali, a traveller's companion.
Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 978-981-4217-35-4.
 Gold, Lisa (2005). Music in Bali: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New
York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514149-0.
 Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
 Pringle, Robert (2004). Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of. Short History of
Asia Series. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-863-3.

Further reading[edit]
 Black, Robert (2012). Bali Fungus. Snake Scorpion Press. ISBN 978-1-4775-0824-4.
 Copeland, Jonathan (2010). Secrets of Bali: Fresh Light on the Morning of the World.
Orchid Press. ISBN 978-974-524-118-3.
 Cotterell, Arthur (2015). Bali: A cultural history, Signal Books ISBN 9781909930179
 Covarrubias, Miguel (1946). Island of Bali. ISBN 9625930604
 Klemen, L (1999–2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–
1942". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.
 McPhee, Colin (2003). A House in Bali. Tuttle Publishing; New edition, 2000 (first
published in 1946 by J. Day Co). ISBN 978-962-593-629-1.
 Shavit, David (2006). Bali and the Tourist Industry: A History, 1906–1942. McFarland &
Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-1572-4.
 Vickers, Adrian (1994). Travelling to Bali: Four Hundred Years of Journeys. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-967-65-3081-3.
  Vickers, Adrian (2012). Bali: A Paradise Created. Tuttle. ISBN 978-0-8048-4260-0.
 Whitten, Anthony J.; Roehayat Emon Soeriaatmadja; Suraya A. Afiff (1997). The Ecology
of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. ISBN 978-962-593-072-5.
 Wijaya, Made (2003). Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern
Forms. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-34192-6.

External links[edit]
Baliat Wikipedia's sister projects

 Media from Commons

 Travel guides from Wikivoyage

 Bali provincial government official website

 "Bali" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
  Geographic data related to Bali at OpenStreetMap