The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Embedded Systems (ELEN-0122)

Submitted By: (Group No#03)

Haroon Atieeque (Roll No#06)
Mohsin Ali (Roll No#16)
Salman Bukhari (Roll No#39)

Submitted To:
Dr. Muhammad Ali Qureshi

Department of Cyber Security and Digital Forensics

Project Report: Fire Alarm System

Contents
1. Specification
2. Requirements
3. Architecture
4. Components
5. System Integration
6. Conclusion
Embedded System Design Report: Fire and Smoke Detector System
Specification:
The fire and smoke detector system is an embedded system that is designed to detect the presence
of fire and smoke and produce an audible alarm to alert the occupants of a building. The system
consists of a thermistor, a potentiometer, a transistor, a buzzer, and other necessary components.
The output of the system is the buzzer, which turns on whenever the thermistor detects heat and
temperature of fire.

Requirements:
The fire and smoke detector system should meet the following requirements:
 Detect the presence of fire and smoke accurately
 Produce an audible alarm to alert the occupants of a building
 Be easy to install and use
 Be cost-effective and reliable
 Be powered by a 6-volt DC power supply or battery
 Be able to operate in a wide range of temperatures

Architecture:
The fire and smoke detector system consists of the following components:
 Thermistor: A high-resistance thermistor is used to detect the temperature of fire and
smoke.
 Potentiometer: A potentiometer is used to create a potential divider network with the
thermistor, which helps to drive the transistor.
 Transistor: A transistor is used for switching purposes. The BC548 transistor is connected
with the buzzer and resistor.
 Buzzer: A 6-volt buzzer is used to produce an audible alarm to alert the occupants of a
building.
 Other components: The system also includes a 1kΩ resistor, a 10µF/16-volt capacitor, a
1N4001 diode, and other necessary components.

Components:
The following components are required to build the fire and smoke detector system:
 1kΩ resistor
 10KΩ potentiometer
 6-volt DC power supply or battery
  10µF/16-volt capacitor
 1N4001 diode
 6-volt buzzer
 High-resistance thermistor (NTC)
 BC548 transistor

System Integration:
The fire and smoke detector system is integrated in the following manner:
 The thermistor and potentiometer create a potential divider network, which is used to
drive the transistor.
 When the temperature of fire and smoke is detected by the thermistor, its resistance
decreases.
 The voltage drop across the potentiometer is measured, and when it reaches a certain
threshold, the transistor turns on.
 When the transistor turns on, the buzzer is connected to the power supply, and an audible
alarm is produced.
 By varying the potentiometer, the threshold value for temperature measurement can be
adjusted.

Conclusion:
The fire and smoke detector system is a cost-effective and reliable solution to detect the presence
of fire and smoke in a building. The system is easy to install and use, and it can operate in a wide
range of temperatures. The system meets all the specified requirements and can provide an accurate
and timely alert to the occupants of a building in case of fire or smoke.

Source Code:
#include <reg51.h>
#define THERMISTOR_PIN P0 // Thermistor is connected to port 0
#define BUZZER_PIN P1_0 // Buzzer is connected to port 1, pin 0
#define LED_PIN P1_1 // LED is connected to port 1, pin 1

void delay(int ms) {

int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < ms; i++)
 for (j = 0; j < 1000; j++);
}
int read_temperature() {
int reading;
THERMISTOR_PIN = 0xFF; // Set the thermistor pin to output
THERMISTOR_PIN = 0x00; // Set the thermistor pin to input
reading = THERMISTOR_PIN; // Read the analog input from the thermistor
return reading;
}
void main() {
int temperature;

BUZZER_PIN = 0; // Set the buzzer pin to output

LED_PIN = 0; // Set the LED pin to output

while (1) {
temperature = read_temperature();
if (temperature > 30) { // Set the threshold temperature
BUZZER_PIN = 1; // Sound the buzzer
LED_PIN = 1; // Turn on the LED
delay(500); // Wait for 500ms
BUZZER_PIN = 0; // Stop the buzzer
LED_PIN = 0; // Turn off the LED
delay(500); // Wait for 500ms
}
}
}