UNI

TV

GLOBALI
SSUES
Multi
nationalCor
porati
ons – Env
ironmentalEthi
cs – ComputerEt
hics – Weapons
Development–EngineersasManager s–Consul t
ingEngi
neer
s–EngineersasExper t
Witnessesand Advisor
s–Mor alLeadership –CodeofConduct– Corporat
eSoci al
Responsibil
it
y

Mul
ti
nat
ional
Cor
por
ati
ons

Organi sati
ons who hav e est abli
shed busi ness i n mor et han one count ry
,are called
multinat i
onal cor por ati
on.The headquar ters ar ei nt he home count ry and t he
businessi sextendedi nmanyhostcount ri
es.TheWest ernor ganizat
ionsdoi ngbusiness
i
nt hel ess-economi call
ydev el
oped( dev el
oping,andov erpopulated)count r
iesgaint he
advant ageofi nexpensivelabor ,avail
abili
tyofnat uralresour ces,conducive-t
axatmospher e,
andv irginmar ketfort hepr oduct s.Att hesamet i
me,t hedev elopi
ngcount ri
es areal so
benefited byf resh job oppor tuniti
es,j obs wi t
h hi gherr emunerati
on and chal l
enges,
tr
ansf eroft echnology ,andsev eralsoci albenef it
sbyt heweal t
hdev el
oped.Butt hi
s
happensi nvari
ablywi thsomesoci alandcul turaldisturbance.Lossofj obsforthehome
country ,andl ossorexpl oi tati
onofnat uralresour ces,pol i
ti
calinstabil
it
yf orthe host
countriesar esomeoft het hreat sofgl obali
zation.

Technol
ogyTr
ans
fer
Itis a process ofmov ing technol
ogyt o a new setti
ng and impl ementi
ng itt here.
Technology includes hardware (machines and i nst
all
ations) and t he techniques
(t
echnical
,organizati
onal,andmanager i
alskil
l
sandpr ocedures).Itm. aymean
mov i
ngt het echnologyappl i
cat
ionsfrom laborat
orytot he f i
eld/fact
oryorfrom one
countr
yt oanother.Thistransf
eriseff
ectedbygov er
nment s,organizati
ons,universit
ies,
andMNCs.
MNCsandMor ali
ty
The economi c and env ir
onment alcondi ti
ons oft he home and hostcount r
ies may
vary.Butt he mul ti
nationali nsti
tut i
onshav et o adoptappr opr i
atemeasur esnott o
dist
urbordislocatet hesoci alandl ivingcondi t
ionsandcul t
uresoft hehomecount ries.A
fewprinci
plesar eenl istedher e:
1.MNCshoul drespectt hebasi chumanr ightsoft hepeopl eoft hehostcount ries.
2.Theact iv
itiesoft heMNCshoul dgiveeconomi candtransf ertechnicalbenefi
ts, and
i
mpl ementwel f
aremeasur esoft hewor ker softhehostcount r
ies.
3.Thebusi nesspr acticesoft hemul ti
nationalorganisationsshoul dimpr oveand
promot emor allyjustifiedinst i
tutionsint hehostcount ri
es.
4.Themul tinationalsmustr espectt helawsandpol i
ticalsetup,besi descul tures
andpr omot et hecul turesoft hehostcount ries.
5.The mul tinati
onalor ganisat i
ons shoul d pr ovi
de a f airr emuner ation tot he
empl oyeesoft hehostcount ries.Ifther emuner at
ioni shi ghast hatofhome
count r
y,thi smaycr eat etensi onsandi fitistoolowi twi lll
eadt oexpl oi
tati
on.
6.Mul tinati
onali nsti
tutions shoul d prov i
de necessar y safet yfort he wor kers
whent heyar eengagedi nhazar dousact ivit
iesand‘ informedconsent ’shoul d
beobt ai
ned f rom t hem.Adequat ecompensat i
onshoul dbepai dt ot hem f or
theaddi ti
onalr i
sksunder taken.
CaseSt
udy
:BhopalGasTr
agedy
TheUni onCar bidehad51%andt heI ndi ansubsi diaryUCI ndi aLt d.had49%ofst ock.I n
1983,t here wer e 14 pl ant si nI ndi a manuf act uring chemi cal s,pest i
ci des,and ot her
hazar douspr oduct s.TheBhopalpl anthadal icenset omakeMet hy li socy anat e-based
pest i
cides.I nNov ember1984,t heyhaddeci dedt oclosedownt hepl ant .Forqui tesome
yearsbef oret hepr oduct i
onr at ewasgoi ngdown.
Int hehi stor yofchemi calpl ant sdi sast ers,t hreeot herwake- upcal l
swer er epor t ed.
Fli
xbor oughacci denti n1974i nU. K.whencer tai nmodi ficationscar riedouti nt hepl ant
l
edt ot hel eakageandexpl osi onofcy clohexane,whi chki ll
ed28peopl e.ThePi perAl pha
offshor eoi lpl atfor m di sast eri n 1988, nearScot land, kil
led167peopl eandr esul t
edi n$2
bil
li
onl osses.Thet hirdoccur redi nToul ouse,Fr ancei n2001, killi
ng29peopl e, andi njur i
ng
thousands.Awar ehousehol ding300t onnesofammoni um ni tr atef er til
izerexpl odedand
damaged10000bui l
dings, incl udi ngschool s, auni versity,andahospi tal.Butwehav enot
l
ear ntfrom t hepast .
Thecumul at iveef fect soft hef ollowi ngf actorscausedt het ragedyi nBhopalon
December3, 1984.
1.Mai ntenancewasnegl ect edandt het rainedmai ntenanceper sonnel wer er educed
aseconomymeasur e.Need f orqui ck di agnosi s aggr av at es t he si tuat ion
bycausi ngconsi der abl epsy chol ogi calst r
essont hepl antper sonnel .
2.Tr aining act iviti
es f ort he super v i
sor yper sonnelwer e st opped.Thi sl ed t o
inadequat et r
ai ningoft heper sonnelt ohandl eemer genci es.
3.Per iodi calSaf etyI nspect i
on t eamsf rom U. S.whi ch v i
sited pr ev iousl ywer e
also st opped.Fr om t he i nitialU. S.St andar ds,t he saf etypr ocedur es wer e
reducedt ol ow l evelI ndi anst andar ds.Thepr ocedur eshadbeendet erior at i
ng
att hesesi t
esf orweeksormont hs, pr iort otheacci dent .Ther ewascl earl ackof
managementsy stemsandpr ocedur est oensur esaf et y.
4.Vi talspar esf orequi pment sandmachi nerieswer enotav ailabl e
5.Absenceofcapi talr epl acementl edt ot hest agnanteconomyoft hepl ant .
6.Thehi ght urnov eroft heexper ienced engi neer sand t echni ci ans,who wer e
demor alizedbyt hel ackofdev elopment .
7.Lackofex periencedper sonnelt ooper ateandcont rolt hev itali nst allations.
8.Theyhav enotconduct edat hor oughpr ocesshaz ardsanal y sist hatwoul dhav e
ex posedt heser i
oushaz ardswhi chr esul t
edi ndi sast erl ater .
9.Noemer gencypl anwasputi npr act i
ce, duri
ngt heshutdownandmai ntenance.
10.Abov eal l, t
hecommi tmentoft op- lev elmanagementt osaf et ywasl acki ng.They
hav ebeenpay ingonl yl ipser v icet osaf etyofpeopl eoft hehostcount ry.
Technol ogi cal ly, t
het ragedywascausedbyaser iesofev ent slist ed:
1.Thesaf et ymanualofUni onCar bidepr escribedt hatt heMI Ct ankswer et obe
fil
ledonl yupt o60%oft hecapaci ty .Butt het ankswer er epor t
edt ohav ebeen
fil
ledupt o75%.
2.Thesaf et ypol icypr escr ibedt hatanempt ytankshoul dbeav ailableasast and-
by ei ncaseofemer gency .Butt heemer gencyt ankwasal sof ill
edwi tht oi ts
fullcapaci ty.These f act s conf irmed t hatt he MNC had notf ollowed and
impl ement edappr opr iat esaf et yst andar dsoft hehomecount r
yi nt hehost
count ry.Cant hisbecal l
edasanexampl eof‘ mi sappr opr i
at et echnol ogy ’
?
3.Thest or aget anksshoul dber ef ri
ger atedt omaket hechemi call essr eact ive.
Buther et her efr i
ger at ionsy stem wasshutdownasaneconomymeasur e.Thi s
raisedt het emper atur eoft hegasst or ed.
4.Thepl antwasshutdownf ormai nt enancet womont hsear lier .Thewor kerwho
cleanedt hepi pesandf i
lter sconnect edt othet anksandcl osedt hev alves,was
 nott r
ainedproper
ly.Hedidnotinsertthesaf
etydiskstoprev
entanypossible
l
eakageoft hegas.Thisledt
ot hebuildupoftemper at
ureandpressurei
nt he
storagetanks.
5.Whent hegasst ar
tedleaki
ngout ,theoperator
st ri
edtouset hev entgas-
scrubberthatwasdesignedt oreducet heexhausti
nggas.Butthatscrubber
wasal soshutdown.

6.Therewasaf laretowert hatwasdesi gnedt obur n-

offthegasescapingf r
om
thescrubber.Thatwasnotal soi nworki
ngcondition.
7.Thewor ker
sf i
nallytriedt ospr aywaterupt o100f eettoquencht hegas
(whichiswat ersol uble) .Butt hegaswasescapi ngfrom thechi
mneyof120-
feethi
gh.
8.The wor kers wer e nott r
ained on safet
y dril
l
s oremer gency dr
il
ls orany
evacuationplans.
Thegasescapedi nt otheai randspr eadover40sq.km.About600peopl edied
andleft7000injuredandt heheal thofabout2mi ll
ionpeopl ewasaf f
ectedadv er
sely
.
Even aft
er 22 y ear
s,i nf
luence of t he Cent r
alGov ernment and t he courts,the
compensati
onhadnotr eachedal ltheaf f
ectedpeopl
e.

ENVI
RONMENTAL ETHI
CS
Env i
ronment alet hics i sthe studyof( a)mor alissues concer ni
ng the env ir
onment ,
and( b)mor alper spect i
ves,bel
iefs,oratt
itudesconcer ni
ngt hosei ssues.
Engineersi nt he pastar e known f ort heirnegl i
gence ofenv ironment ,int heir
activi
ties.Ithasbecome i mpor t
antnow t hatengi neer s desi gn eco-fr
iendlyt ool s,
machi nes,sust ainabl epr oducts, processes,andpr oj ects.Thesear eessent i
alnow t o
(a) ensur e pr ot ection ( safet
y) of env ironment ( b) pr ev ent the degr adation of
env i
ronment,and( c)sl ow downt heexpl oitati
onoft henat uralr esources,so t hatt he
futuregenerat i
oncansur viv
e.
TheAmer icanSoci etyofCi vilEngineer s( ASCE)codeofet hi
cs,hasspeci ficall
y
requiresthat“ engi neer sshallholdparamountt hesaf et y,heal
th, andwel far
eoft hepubl i
c
and shal lstrivet o compl ywi tht he pr i
nci ples ofsust ai
nabl e developmenti nt he
performanceofpr of essionalduti
es”Thet erm sustai nabl edevel opmentemphasi zeson
theinv estment ,or i
ent ati
onoft echnology,dev elopmentandf unctioni
ngofor ganizations
to meett he pr esentneeds ofpeopl e and att he same t ime ensur i
ng t hef uture
gener ati
onst omeett hei
rneeds.
Compaq Comput erCor porati
on (now mer ged wi t
h HP)was t he leader,who
exhibitedt hei rcommi tmentt oenv i
ronmental heal t
h, t
hroughi mpl ement ati
onoft heconcept
of‘Desi gnf orenv i
ronment ’ont heirproduct s,uni fi
edst andar dsal lovert hewor ldunits,
andgi v ingpr iori
tyt ov endor switha r ecor dofenv ir
onment alconcer n.
Engi neer s as exper imenters hav e cer tain dut ies towar ds env i
ronment alethics,
namel y:
1. Env ir
onment alimpactassessment :Onemaj orbutsur eanduni ntendedeffectof
technol ogy i swast ageandt her esul ti
ngpol luti
onofl and,wat er,airandev en
space.St udyhow t heindustryandt echnol ogyaf f
ect st heenvironment.
2. Est abl
ishst andar ds:Studyandt of ixt het olerableandact ualpol l
uti
onlevels.
3. Count ermeasur es:St udywhatt he pr ot ective orel i
mi nat
ing measur es are
av ail
ablef or immedi ateimplement ation
4. Env ir
onment al awar eness: St udy on how t o educat e t he peopl e on
env ir
onment alpractices,issues,andpossi bler emedi es.
Di
sast
ers

1.Pl
ast
icWast
eDi
sposal
Inourcount ry,sever
alcroresofplasti
cbot t
lesareusedascont ainersforwat erandoi l
,
andpl asticbagsar eusedt opackdi fferentmat eri
alsr angingf rom v egetablestogol d
ornament s.Hardlyanyoft hesear erecycled.Theyend up i n gut ters,roadsides,and
agricul
turalfiel
ds.Inallthesedest i
nations,theycr eatedhav oc.Thewor sest i
l
listhe
burningofpl asti
cmat eri
alsinstreet
sandcamphoral ongwi thpl asti
ccov erintemples,
sincet heyreleasetoxicfumesandt hreatenser iousl
yt heai rqual i
ty.Citi
esand l ocal
admi ni
strati
onhav etoactont hi
s,col
lectandar rangef orr ecycli
ngt hroughi ndustr
ies.

2.e-
Wast
eDi
sposal
The par ts ofcomput ers and el ect ronic dev i
ces whi ch hav e ser v ed i t
s usef ull ife
presentamaj orenv i
r onment alissuef oral lthedev elopingcount riesi ncludi ngI ndi a.Thi s
scrapcont ainshi ghlyt oxicel ement ssuchasl ead, cadmi um, andmer cur y.
Event her adioact ivewast ewi lllose89%ofi tst oxicit yafter200y ear s, bywhi cht i
me
i
twi l
lbenomor et oxi cthansomenat uralmi neralsi nt hegr ound.I twi l
ll ose99%ofi ts
remai ningt ox i
ci t
yov er t henext30, 000y ears. Thet oxicchemi cal agent ssuchasmer cury,
arseni c,andcadmi um r etaint oxicityundi mi nishedf orev er .
Butt hesescr apsar ei l
legal l
yi mpor tedbyunscr upul ousagenci est osal vagesome
commer cially-v aluabl ei nput s.I nst ead of spendi ng and managi ng on t he scr ap,
unet hicalor gani zationssel lt hem t ocount ri
essuchasI ndia.Thi si sst rictlyinv iolati
on
oft heBaselConv ent ionoft heUni tedNat i
onsEnv i
ronmentPr ogr am,whi chhasbanned
13
themov ementofhazar douswast e.Ar ecentr epor toft heBr iti
shEnv ironmentAgency ,
hasr evealedt hatt hedi scar dedcomput ers,t elevisionset s,refri
ger ators,mobi l
ephones,
andel ectri
cal equi pment shav ebeendi spat chedt oI ndi aandPaki stani nl ar gequant i
ty,for
ulti
mat edi sposali nenv ir
onment ally-unaccept ableway sandatgr eatr iskt ot heheal thof
thel abour .Ev en i nt heWest ,theel ect ronicj unkhasbeen posi ng pr obl ems.St rong
regulat i
oni ncl uding( a)pr essur eoni ndust r
iest osetupdi sassembl ingf aci l
ities,(b)banon
disposali nl andf il
lsi tes,( c)l egislation f orr ecy cli
ngr equi rement sf ort hesej unkand( d)
policyi ncent ivesf oreco- friendlydesi gnar eessent ialf orourcount ry.TheEur opeanUni on
throught heWast eEl ect ricalandEl ect r
oni cEqui pment( WEEE)di rect i
vehascur bedt hee-
wast edumpi ngbymembercount r
iesandr equi remanuf act urerst oi mpl ementmet hodst o
recov erandr ecy clet hecomponent s.
I
ndianGov ernmentex pr essedi tsconcer nt hroughat echni calgui deonenv ironment al
managementf orI TI ndust ryinDecember ,2004.I tisy ett or atif
yt hebanonmov ementof
hazar douswast eaccor dingt ot heBaselConv ention.Af orei
gnnewsagencyex poseda
few y ear sback,t heex i
stenceofat hrivi
ng e- wast edi sposalhubi nasubur bofNew
Delhi,oper at ingi nappal li
ngl ydanger ouscondi t
ions.Ourcount ryneedsr egul ationst o
definewast e, measur est ost opi ll
egali mpor ts, andi nstitut i
onalst ruct urest ohandl esaf e
disposalofdomest ici ndust ri
alscr ap.
3.I
ndust
ri
alWast
eDi
sposal
Therehasbeenal otofcompl ai
ntsthrought hemedia,on( a)agai
nstt heSterl
it
eCopper
Smel t
ing Plant in Thut hukkudi( 1997)agai nstits poll
ution,and ( b) when I ndian
compani es impor ted the di scarded Fr ench Warshi
p Cl emenceau f ordisposal,t he
poisonous asbest os compounds wer e expected t
o pollutet he atmosphere besi des
exposingt hel abort oagr eatr i
sk,dur i
ngt hedisposal.Thegov er
nmentdi dnotact
i
mmedi atel
y.For t
unatelyf orI ndi
ans,t heFrenchGov ernmenti nt
ervenedandwi thdr ew
theship,andt heser i
oust hreatwasav ert
ed!
4.Depl
eti
onofOzoneLayer
Theoz onel
ayerprot
ectstheent
ir
eplanetf
rom t
heil
l-
effect
sofultr
avi
oletradi
ationandi s
vi
talforalll i
vi
ngor gani
smsi nthi
swor l
d.Butitiseatenawaybyt heChloro-fl
uro-
carbons(CFC)suchas f reonemanati
ng fr
om the r
efri
gerat
ors,ai
rcondi t
ioners,and
aerosolcanspray.Thishascausedal soski
n
cancertosun-bathersintheWest erncountr
ies.Furt
herNO andNO2gaseswer ealso
found toreactwi t
ht heozone.Apar tfr
om engineers,theorgani
zat
ions,l
awsoft he
countryand localadminist
rati
on and marketmechani sms arerequir
ed totake up
concert
edeffort
stopr ot
ecttheenvir
onment.
5.Gl
obalWar
ming
Overt hepast30y ears,theEar t
hhaswar medby0. 6°C.Ov erthel ast100y ears,i
thas
warmedby0. 8°C.I tisl i
kelytopushupt emperatur o
eby3 C by2100,accor di
ngt o
NASA’ sstudi
es.TheU. S.admi nist
rat
ionhasacceptedthereali
tyofgl obalcli
mat echange,
whichhasbeenassoci atedwithst r
ongerhurr
icanes,sever
edr oughts,intenseheatwav es
andt hemelti
ngofpol arice.Greenhousegases,notabl
ycarbondi oxideemi t
tedbymot or
vehicl
esandcoal-f
iredpowerpl ants,t
rapheatli
ketheglasswal lsofagr eenhouse,cause
theEar t
htowarm up.Delegatesfrom thesi
xcountri
es

Australi
a, China,India,Japan,Sout hKor eaandUSmeti nCali
forni
ainApr il2006for
thefirstwor kingsessi onoft heAsia-Paci fi
cPar t
nershi
ponCl eanDev elopmentand
Cli
mat e.Thesesi xcount ri
esaccountf orabouthal foft hewor l
d’semi ssi
onsof
cli
mat e-heati
ng gr eenhousegases.Onl yoneoft hesix,Japan,i scommi tt
ed to
reducinggr eenhousegasemi ssi
onsbyatl east5.2percentbel ow 1990l evelsby
2012undert heKy otoAgr eement .
About190nat i
onsmeti nGer manyi nthemi ddl
eofMay2006andt ri
edt obridge
vastpol icygapsbet weent heUni t
edSt atesandi tsmainal l
i
esov erhow t ocombat
cli
mat echangeami dgr owingev i
dence thatt he worldiswar ming thatcoul d wreak
havocbyst okingmor edr oughts,heatwav es,fl
oods,mor epower f
ulstormsandr ai
se
globalseal evelsbyal mostamet erby2100.
6.Aci
dRai
n
Largeemissi
onsofsulphuroxi
desandnit
rousoxi
desarebeingreleasedintotheairfr
om
thethermalpowerst at
ionsusing t
hefossi
lfuel
s,and severalprocessing i
ndustr
ies.
Thesegasesform compoundswi t
hwateri
ntheairandpr
ecipit
atesasr ainorsnowont o
theeart
h.Theacidrai
ni nsomepar t
softheworl
dhascausedsuf fi
cientdamaget othe
fer
til
i
tyofthelandandtothehumanbeings.

COMPUTERETHI
CS
Comput erethicsisdef inedas( a)studyandanal ysi
sofnat ur
eandsoci
ali
mpactofcomput er
technology,
(b)formul at
ionandj ust i
f i
cati
onofpol ici
es,foret hi
caluseofcomput er
s.Thissubj ect
has become r elevant t o t he pr ofessionals such as designers of comput er s,
programmer s, system anal ysts, sy st
em manager s, and oper
ator
s. The use of
comput ers hav er aised a hostofmor alconcer ns such as fr
ee speech,pr i
vacy ,
i
nt el
l
ectualpr oper
tyr ight ,andphy sicalaswel lasment alhar
m.Thereappearst obeno
concept ualframewor kav ail
ableonet hics,to studyand underst
and and resolv
et he
problemsi ncomput ert echnology .
Ty
pesofI
ssues
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofpr
obl
emsar
efoundi
ncomput
eret
hics.
1.Comput
erast
heI
nst
rumentofUnet
hicalAct
s
(
a) Theusageofcomputerr
eplacest
hejobposi t
ions.Thishasbeenov ercometoa
l
arge ext
entby readj
usti
ng work assignments,and t rai
ning everyone on
computerappl
i
cat
ionssuchaswor dprocessi
ng, edi
ti
ng,andgr aphi
cs.
 (
b) Breakingpri
vacy
.Inf
ormati
onordataofthei
ndi
vidual
saccessedorer
asedorthe
owner shi
pchanged.
(
c)Def raudabankoracl i
ent
,byaccessi
ngandwit
hdrawingmoneyfrom ot
her
’sbank
account .
2.Comput
erast
heObj
ectofUnet
hicalAct
Thedataareaccessedanddel et edorchanged.
(a) Hacking:The sof twar ei s st ol
en ori nf
ormat i
on i s accessed from ot her
comput ers.Thi smaycausef inanciallosst othebusi nessorv i
olat
ionofpr i
vacy
ri
ghtsoft hei ndivi
dual sorbusi ness.I n case ofdef ense i
nformation bei ng
hacked, thi
smayendangert hesecur ityofthenat i
on.
(b) Spreadingvi r
us:Thr oughmai lorot herwise,othercomput ersareaccessedand
the fil
es ar e er ased orcont ents changed al together.‘Tr
ojan hor ses’ar e
implantedt odistortt hemessagesandf il
esbey ondr ecover
y.Thisagaincauses
fi
nanciallossorment altorturet othei ndivi
duals.Somehacker sfeelt hatthey
havej ustif
iedt heirrightoff reei nformat i
onort heydoi tfor fun.Howev er
,
theseact sarecer tainlyunet hical
.
c) Heal
( thhazar d:Thecomput ersposet hreatdur i
ngt heiruseaswel lasdur ing
disposal.Thesear edi scussedi n#5. 3.2and #5. 2.1, r
especti
vely,i
ndet ail
.
3.Pr
obl
emsRel
atedt
otheAut
onomousNat
ureofComput
er
a) Secur
( ityr i
sk:Recent l
yt heToky oSt ockEx changef acedamaj orembar rassment .A
seemi nglycasual mi st akebyaj uniort r
aderofal argesecur ityhousel edt ohuge
l
ossesi ncludingt hatofr eput ati
on.Theor dert hrought heex change’st rading
syst em wast osell oneshar ef or600, 000Yen.I nsteadt het raderkey edi nasal e
orderf or600, 000shar esatt her ateofoneYeneach.Nat urallytheshar eson
offeratt her i
diculousl yl owpr icewer elappedup.Andonl yaf ewbuy ersagr eed
tor ev erset hedeal !Thel osst ot hesecur i
ti
esf ir
m wassai dtobehuge,r unning
i
nto sev eralhundr ed t housands.Mor eimpor t
antt o note,such an obv ious
mist akecoul dnotbecor rectedbysomeoft headv ancedt echnol ogyav ailable.
Foradv ancedcount riesl ikeJapanwho hav ei mbi bed thel at estt echnol ogy,
12
thi
swoul dbeanew ki ndofl ear ni
ng exper i
ence.
b) Lossofhumanl
( i
ves:Ri skandl ossofhumanl i
vesl ostbycomput er,int he
oper at i
onalcont r
olofmi li
taryweapons.Ther ei sadanger ousi nst abil
ityin
automat eddef ensesy st em.Anunexpect eder rori nt hesof twar eorhar dwar e
oraconf li
ctdur i
ngi nt erfacingbet weent het wo,mayt ri
ggeraser iousat tack
and cause i rr
epar able human l ossbef oret he er rori straced.The Chi nese
embassywasbombedbyU. S.mi li
taryinIraqaf ew y earsback,butenqui ri
es
reveal ed t hatt he bui lding was shown i n a pr ev i
ous map as t he bui l
ding
wher einsur gentsst ay ed.
(
c)I nf lexiblemanuf act ur i
ngsy st ems,t heaut onomouscomput eri sbenef i
cialin
obtai ningcont inuousmoni tori
ngandaut omat i
ccont rol.
Comput
erCr
ime
Theet
hicalf
eat
uresi
nvol
vedi
ncomput
ercr
imear
e:
1.Physi
calSecur
it
y
Thecomput ersaretobeprot
ect
edagainstt
hef
t,f
ir
e,andphy
sicaldamage.Thi
scanbe
achi
evedbypr operi
nsur
anceontheasset
s.
2.Logi
calsecuri
ty
The aspect sr elated ar
e( a) t
he pr i
vacy of the indiv
iduals or or
ganizati
ons,(b)
confi
dential
it
y,( c) int
egr
ity,toensurethatthemodi f
icat
ionofdat aorprogr
am ar edone
onlybytheaut horizedpersons,
(d)unint
errupt
edser vi
ce.Thi si
sachi evedbyi nstal
l
ingappr opri
ateuni
nterrupt
edpower
supplyor
back-up provi
sions,and ( e)pr otect
ion againsthacking thatcauses dislocati
on or
distorti
on.Licensedant i
-vi
ruspackagesandf ir
ewal lsareusedbyal lcomput erusersto
ensur et hi
spr ot
ection.Passwordsanddat aencr ypti
onhav ebeeni ncorporat
edi nthe
comput ersoft
war eassecur i
tymeasures.Butt hesehav ealsobeenat tackedandby e-
passed.Butt hisproblem i
snotbeensol vedcompl etely
.
Maj orweaknessesi nt hisdir
ecti
onar e:(a)t hediff
icul
tyintracingt heev i
dence
i
nv olvedand( b)absenceofst r
ingentpunishmentagai nstt hecri
me.Theor i
ginofa
threatt otheCent ralGov ernmentpostedf r
om anobscur ebr owsi
ngcent er,remained
unsolv edforquiteal ongtime.Manyt imes,suchcr imeshav ebeentraced,buttherear e
nocl earcyberlawst opunishanddet erthecri
minals.
Pr
ivacyandAnony
mit
y
The datatr
ansmissi
on and accessi
bil
ityhaveimproved t
remendousl
ybyusing the
computer
s,buttheri
ghttopriv
acyhasbeent hr
eat
enedtoagr eatext
ent
.Someissues
concer
nedwit
hthepri
vacyar
el i
stedhereunder
:
1.Recor
dsofEvi
dence
Servi
ce recor
ds orcr i
mi nalrecords and the detai
ls ofpeople can be st
ored and
accessedtoprovet heinnocenceorgui l
ty.Recor
dsonpsy chi
atr
ict
reatmentbymedi cal
pract
it
ionersorhospi t
al,orr ecor
dsofmember ship oforgani
zat
ionsmaysomet i
me
embarrassthepersonsinl at
eryears.

2.Hacki
ng
Ther earecomput erenthusiastswhowi ll
full
yorf orf un,pl
antv i
rusor“Troj
anhor ses”
thatmayf i
llt he disc space,f alsifyi nformation,er ase f i
les,and even harm t he
hardwar e.Theybr eakdownt hef unctioningofcomput ersandcanbet reat
edasv iol
ation
ofpr opertyr i
ghts.Somehacker sopi net hatthei nformat i
onshoul dbefreel
yav ail
able
forev erybody.I tisprudentt hatt her ightt oindividual privacyi nli
miti
ngtheaccess
tot heinf or
mat ionononesel f,shouldnotbev iolated.Furtheranyunaut hor
izeduseof
personali nformation( whichi sapr oper t
y),ist obeconsi der edast hef
t.Besidest he
i
ndiv i
dualpr ivacy,thenat ionalsecur i
ty,and f r
eedom wi thint heeconomyar eto be
respected.Thepr opri
etaryinformat i
onanddat aoft heor ganizati
onsaretobepr otected
sot hattheycanpur suet hegoalswi thouthi ndrance.
3.LegalResponse
Int heIndianscene,t heRi ghttoI nformat
ionAct2005 14 providest her i
ghttot he
cit
izenstosecur e accesst oi
nformatonundert
i hecont
rolofpubl
icauthorit
ies,i
ncl
uding
the departments oft he centr
algov ernment,stat
egov er
nments,gov ernmentbodi es,
public sectorcompani es and publ i
c sectorbanks,t o promotet r
anspar ency and
accountabil
ityofpubli
caut hor
it
ies.
Ri ghttoinf
ormation:UndertheAct ,section2(j),therighttoinf
ormati
onincl
udest he
ri
ght t o
(1)Inspectworks,document s,records,(2)takenot es,extr
actsorcerti
fi
edcopiesof
document sorrecords,(
3)takecer t
ifi
edsampl esofmat er
ial
,and(4)obt
aininf
ormation
i
nt he f
orm ofpr int
outs, disket
tes,floppi
es,tapes,v i
deocassett
esori nanyot her
electr
onicmode.

WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT
Militaryacti
vit
iesincludingtheworldwarshavestimul
atedt hegr owthoftechnology.The
growt h ofI nt
er netampl yi l
l
ustr
atesthi
sf act.The developmentofwar far
e and the
i
nv olvementofengi neersbr
ingoutmanyethicali
ssuesconcer nedwithengineers,suchas
thei ssueofi ntegr i
tyinexperimentsaswel lasexpenditurei ndef enseresearchand
dev elopment,issueofper sonalcommitmentandconsci ence,andt heissuesofsoci al
j
ust iceandsoci alhealth.
Engi
neersinv olv
ei nweaponsdevel
opmentbecauseoft hefoll
owingreasons:
 1.I tgivesonej obwi thhi ghsalary .
2.Onet akespr ideandhonori npar t
ici
patingintheactiv
itiestowar dst hedef enseof
thenat ion( pat r
ioti
cf ervor).
3.Onebel ievest hehef i
ghtsawaront err
orism andtherebycont r
ibutet opeaceand
stabil
ityoft hecount ry.Ironicall
y,thewar shav enev erwonpeace,onl ypeace
canwi npeace!
4.Byr esear chanddev elopment ,theengi neerisreducingorel i
mi natingther i
sk
from enemyweapons, andsav ingone’scount ryfr
om di sast er
.
5.Bybui lding-up ar senal sand show off orce,a count rycan f orcet her ogue
count ry,t owar ds r egulati
on.Engi neers can parti
cipate ef fectivelyin arms
controlnegot iationsf orsur render orpeace,e. g.
,bombi ngofNagasakiand
Hiroshimal edt osur renderbyt heJapanesei n1945.
Manyengi neer shadt ofightandconv i
ncetheirpersonalconsci ence.Thescenesuch
asthatofaVi et namesev ill
agegi rlrunningwi l
dwi thburnsont hebodyandhor rorinthe
faceandcur sei nhermi ndhasmov edsomeengi neersawayf rom thei rjobs.

ENGI
NEERSASMANAGERS
Char
act
eri
sti
cs
Thechar
acteri
sti
csofengineersasmanager sar e:
1.Pr omote an et hical cli
mat e, through f r
ami ng or ganizat
ion poli
ci
es,
responsibi
l
iti
esandbyper sonalatt
itudesandobl i
gations.
2.Resol vi
ng confli
cts,by ev ol
vi
ng pr iori
ty,dev
eloping mut ualunderst
andi
ng,
generat
ingvari
ousalter
nativ
esol ut
ionst oprobl
ems.

3.Socialresponsibi
li
tytost akeholders,customer sandempl oyer s.Theyactt o
developwealthaswel lasthewelfareofthesoci ety.Ethi
cistsprojecttheviewthat
themanager ’
sresponsibi
li
tyisonl ytoincr
easet heprofi
toft heor ganizat
ion,and
onlytheengineershav ether esponsibi
li
tyt o pr otectthe saf ety ,heal
th,and
welfare of the publi
c.But manager s havet he ethical r esponsibil
it
yt o
producesafeandgoodpr oducts( orusefulserv i
ce),whileshowi ngrespectfor
the human bei ngs who include the empl oyees,cust omer s and t he public.
Hence,t heobjecti
vefort hemanager sandengi neersist opr oducev al
uable
productsthatar ealsoprofi
table.
Managi
ngConf
li
cts
Insol
v i
ngconf licts,forceshoul dnotber esorted.Inf act,theconf l
ictsit
uati
onsshoul d
betol
erated,under stood, andresolv edbypar tici
pat i
onbyal ltheconcerned.Theconf l
ictsin
caseofprojectmanager sar i
sei nt hef oll
owingmanner s:
(
a) Conf l
icts based on schedul es:Thi s happens because ofv ari
ous levels of
execut i
on, pri
orityandlimi tati
onsofeachl evel.
(
b) Conf l
ictsar i
singoutoff ixingthepr i
oritytodifferentprojectsordepar t
ment s.
Thisist obear ri
vedatf r
om t heendr equi r
ement sandi tmaychangef rom time
totime.
(c)Conf l
ictbasedont heav ailabil
it
yofper sonnel.
(
d) Conf l
ictov ert echnical,economi c,andt i
mef actorssuchascost ,time,and
performancel ev el.
(e)Conf l
i
ctar isi
ngi nadmi nistrati
onsuchasaut hor i
ty,r
esponsibil
it
y,accountabil
it
y,
andlogi sti
csr equired.
(f) Conf l
ictsofper sonal i
ty,humanpsy chologyandegopr oblems.
(
g) Conf l
ictov erexpendi t
ur eandi t
sdev i
ations.
 Mostoft
heconf
li
ctscanber
esol
vedbyf
oll
owi
ngt
hepr
inci
plesl
i
stedher
e:
1.Peopl
e
Separatepeoplef r
om theprobl
em.I
timpl
iesthattheviewsofallconcernedshoul
dbe
obtai
ned.Thequest ionssuchaswhat
,why,andwhent heerrorwascommi t
tedismore
i
mpor tantthant oknow who commi
tt
edit.Thisimpersonalapproachwi l
lleadtonot
onl
year lysolut
ionbutalsoother
swil
lbeprev
entedfrom committ
ingerr
ors.
2.I
nter
est
s
Focusmustbeonl yoni nter
esti.e.
,theethi
calat
ti
tudesormoti
vesandnotont he
posi
tions (
i.
e.,stated v
iews).A suppliermayrequi
re commi
ssi
on l
argert
han usual
prev
aili
ngrat
ef oranagri
cult
uralpr
oduct.
Butt hepastanal
ysi
smayt ellusthatthemat er
iali
snotculti
vatedregul
arl
yandthe
monsoon poses someadditionalr
isktowardsthesupply.Mutualint
erestsmustbe
respect
edtoamaximum l
evel.Whati
sr i
ghti
smor eimpor
tantt
hanwhoi sright!
3.Opt
ions
Generat
evari
ousopti
onsassolut
ionstotheprobl
em.Thishel
psamanagertot
rythenext
bestsol
uti
onshoul
dthefi
rstonefail
s.Deci
siononalt
ernat
esolut
ionscanbet
akenmor e
easi
lyandwit
houtl
ossofti
me.
4.Eval
uat
ion
Theev aluationoft heresult
sshouldbebasedonsomespeci f
iedobj
ect
ivessuchas
eff
ici
ency ,quali
ty,andcustomersat
isf
act
ion.Mor
eimpor
tanti
sthatt
hemeans,notonl
y
thegoals, shoul
dbeet hi
cal.

CONSULTI
NG ENGI
NEERS
Theconsulti
ngengi neer
swor kinpr i
vat
e.Thereisnosalaryfr
om theemploy er
s.Butthey
chargefeesfrom thesponsorandt heyhavemor ef r
eedom todecideont heirproj
ects.
Sti
lltheyhav e no absolut
ef reedom,becauset heyneedt oearnf ortheirli
v i
ng.The
consult
ingengineer
shav eet
hicalresponsi
bil
i
tiesdi
ffer
entfrom t
hesalari
edengi neer
s,as
fol
lows:
1.Adver
ti
sing
Theconsul ti
ngengi neersaredi r
ectlyresponsibleforadv ert
isi
ngt heirser vi
ces,evenif
they empl oy other consul tant st o assist them.But i n many or ganisati
ons,t hi
s
responsibil
ityiswi t
ht headv ertisi
ngexecut ivesandtheper sonneldepartment .
Theyar eallowedt oadv ert
isebutt oav oi
ddecept iveones.Decept i
veadv ert
isi
ng
suchast hef oll
owingar eprohibit
ed:
(a) Bywhi t
el i
es.
(b) Hal f-tr
uth,e. g.,apr oducthasact ual
lybeent estedaspr ototype,buti twas
claimedt ohav ebeenal r
eadyi ntr
oducedi nthemar ket.Anar chitectshowst he
phot ographoft hecompl et
edbui l
dingwi t
hf l
ower i
ngt r
eesar oundbutact uall
y
thef oundat i
onoft hebui l
dinghasbeencompl etedandt hereisnor ealgarden.
(c)Exagger atedcl aims.Theconsul t
antmi ghthav epl ayedasmal lr ol
ei nawel l
-
knownpr oject.Buttheycoul dclai
mt ohav eplayedamaj orr ol
e.
 (
d) Maki
ngfalsesuggesti
ons.Thereduct
ionincostmighthav
ebeenachi
eved
al
ongwit
ht her
educti
oninstr
ength,
butthest
rengt
hdet
ail
sar
ehi
dden.
(
e)Throughvaguewordi
ngsorslogans.
2.Compet
it
iveBi
ddi
ng
Itmeansof fer
ing apr i
ce,and getsomet hing i
nr et
urnfortheservi
ceof fer
ed.The
organi
zat
ionshav eapoolofengi neers.Theex pert
isecanbeshar edandt hebidding
i
smademor er eal
ist
ic.Butthei ndi
vidualconsul
tantshavetodev
elopcreati
vedesigns
andbuil
dthei
rreputati
onsteadi
lyandcar ef
ull
y,overaperiodofti
me.Theclient
swi l
lhave
tochoosebetweent hereputedorganizati
onsandpr oven
qual
i
f i
cat
ionsofthecompanyandtheexper
ti
seoftheconsul
tant
s.Al
thoughcompet
ent
,
theyoungerconsul
tant
sar
ethussl
i
ghtl
yatadisadv
antage.
3.Cont
ingencyFee
Thisisthefeeorcommi ssionpai dtot heconsult
ant,whenonei ssuccessf uli
nsav i
ngthe
expensesforthecli
ent.Asenseofhonest yandf ai
rnessisrequir
edi nfixi
ngt hisfee.The
NSPECodeI I
I6(a)sayst hattheengi neersshal
lnotproposeoracceptacommi ssionon
acont i
ngentbasi
swher etheirj
udgmentmaybecompr omised.
Thefeemaybeei therasanagr eedamountoraf i
xedper centageoft hesav i
ngs
reali
zed.Butinthecontingencyf ee-agreements,thejudgmentoft heconsul tantmaybe
biased.Theconsult
antmaybet empt edt ospeci
fyinferi
ormat er
ialsordesi gnmet hods
tocutt heconstr
ucti
oncost .Thisfeemaymot i
vatetheconsul t
antst oef f
ectsav ingin
thecost stothecli
ents,throughr easonabl ymoralandtechnologicalmeans.
4.Saf
etyandCl
i
ent
’sNeeds
Thegr eat
erf r
eedom fortheconsul t
ingengi neersindeci si
onmaki ngonsaf et
yaspects,
anddiffi
cult
iesconcerni
ngtrut
hf ul
nessaret hemat t
er st
obegi venattent
ion.Forexample,
i
ndesi gn-
onlyproject
s,t
heconsul ti
ngengineer smaydesi gnsomet hi
ngandhav enorolein
theconstructi
on.Sometimes,diffi
cul
tiesmaycr op-up duri
ng construct
ion duet o non-
avai
labil
it
yofsui tabl
emat eri
als,someshor tcutsi n constructi
on,andlackofnecessary
andadequat esupervi
si
onandinspect i
on.Proper l
y-t
rainedsupervi
sionisneeded,butmay
nothappen,unl essitisprovi
ded.

Af ew on-siteinspectionsbyt heconsul ti
ngengi neerswi l
lex posethedef
ici
encyin
executi
onandsav et hewor kers,thepubl ic,andt heenv i
ronmentt hatmaybeexposedt o
ri
skuponcompl etionoft heproject.
The NSPE codes on t he adv erti
sementby consul tant
s pr ovi
de some speci
fi
c
regul
ati
ons.Thef oll
owingar etheact i
vit
iesprohibit
edi nadv ert
isementbyconsult
ant:
1.Theuseofst atementcont aini
ngmi srepr
esent ati
onoromi ssi
onofanecessary
fact
.
2.St at
ementi ntendedorl ikelytocr eat
eanunj ust i
fi
edex pectati
on.
3.St at
ementcont ai
ningpr edicti
onoff uture(pr
obabl e)success.
4.St at
ementi ntended orl i
kelyt o attractclients,by t he use ofsl
ogans or
sensationallanguagef or mat.

ENGI
NEERSASEXPERTWI
TNESS
Frequentlyengineersar erequi redt
oactasconsul tantsandpr ovideexpertopini
onand
vi
ewsi nmanyl egalcasesoft hepastev ents.Theyarer equi
redtoexplainthecausesof
accidents,mal f
uncti
onsandot hertechnologi
calbehav i
orofst ructur
es,machi nes,and
i
nstrument s,e.g.,personali njurywhile usingani nstrument,defect
ivepr oduct
,traf
fi
c
accident,structur
eorbui l
dingcol l
apse,anddamaget ot heproperty
,aresomeoft he
caseswher etesti
moniesar eneeded.Thef ocusisont hepast.
Thef uncti
onsofey e-
wi tnessandexper t-
witnessar ediff
erentaspr esentedinthe
Table5.1.
 Tabl
e5.
1Ey
e-wi
tnessandex
per
t-
wit
ness

Eye-
wit
ness Exper
t-
wit
ness

1.Eye-
witness gi
ves ev
idence on onl
y 1.Gi
vesexper
tvi
ew onthef
act
sint
hei
r
whathasbeenseenorhear dact
uall
y ar
eaofthei
rexper
ti
se
(percei
vedfact
s) 2.Int
erpr
etst
he facts,int er
m oft
he
causeandeff
ectrelat
ionshi
p
3.Comment s on the view of t he
opposit
esi de
4.Reports on t he pr ofessional
standards, especial
ly on t he
precaut
ions when t he product is
madeort heserv
icei
sprovi
ded

Theengi
neer
s,whoactasexper
t-
wit
nesses,ar
eli
kel
ytoabuset
hei
rposi
ti
onsi
n
t
hef
oll
owingmanner
s:
1.Hi
redGuns
Mostlylawyershir
eengineerst oser
vetheinterestoft hei
rcl
ient
s.Lawy er
sareper mit
ted
andrequiredtoprojectt
hecasei nawayf avorabletotheircl
i
ents.Buttheengineershave
obl
igati
ons t othoroughly examine t
he ev ents and demonst rat
et heirprofessi
onal
i
ntegri
tytot est
if
yonl yt
het rut
hinthecourt.Theydonotser vethecli
entsofthelawyer s
di
rectl
y.Thehi r
edgunsf orwardwhitel
iesanddi storti
ons,asdemandedbyt hel awyers.
Theyev enwi t
hholdtheinformati
onorshadet hef act
,tofavorthei
rcli
ents.
2.MoneyBi
as
Consul
tant
smaybei nf
luencedorpr
ejudi
cedf
ormoni
tor
yconsi
der
ati
ons,gai
nreput
ati
on
andmakeaf or
tune.
3.EgoBi
as
Theassumptiont
hattheownsideisi
nnocentandtheothersi
deisgui
l
ty,
isresponsi
blefor
thi
sbehavi
or.Aninor
dinat
edesir
etoserveone’scl
ientandgetnameandfamei sanother
reasonf
orthisbi
as.

4.Sympat
hyBi
as
Sy mpathyfort
hev i
cti
m ont heopposit
esidemayupsetthetesti
mony .Theint
egri
tyoft
he
consult
ant swi
llkeept hesebi asesawayfrom t
hejust
ice.Thecour tal
somustobt ai
n
thebalancedv i
ew ofbot hsides,byexaminingt
heexpertwitnessesoflawyersonboth
sides,t
or emoveapr obablebias.
ENGI
NEERS AS ADVI
SORS I
N PLANNI
NG AND POLI
CY MAKI
NG
Adv
isor
s
Theengi neersar erequiredtogi v
et hei
rv i
ew ont hef ut
uresuchasi nplanni
ng,poli
cy-
maki ng,whi ch
i
nv ol
v est het echnology.Forexampl e,shouldI ndiaexpandnucl earpoweropt i
onsor
suppor ttradit
ionalenergysourcessuchasf ossilfuelsoralt
ernati
veformsl i
kesol
arand
windener gy?I nther ecentpast,t
histopichascr eatedlotoff ir
eworks,inthenati
onal
medi a.
Variousissuesandr equi
rementsforengineerswhoactasadv i
sorsare:
1.Obj ecti
vit
y
Theengi neersshoul dst udythecostandbenef it
sofal lpossibl
ealternat
ivemeansin
objectivemanner ,withinthespecif
iedcondit
ionsandassumpt i
ons.
2.St
udyAl
lAspect
s
Theyhav
etost
udyt
heeconomi
cvi
abi
l
ity(
eff
ect
iveness)
,techni
calf
easi
bil
i
ty(
eff
ici
ency
),
operat
ionalf
easi
bil
i
ty(ski
l
ls)andsocialaccept
abi
l
ity
,whi
chi
ncl
udeenv
ironment
aland
ethi
calaspect
s,befor
efor
mulati
ngthepoli
cy.
3.Val
ues
Engineershav etopossesthequal i
ti
es,suchas( a)honesty,(b)competence(ski
l
lsand
experti
se) ,
(c)dili
gence( caref
ulandalert
)( d)loyal
tyinservi
ngt heinterest
soft hecli
entsand
maintaining confi
dent
ial
i
ty,and (e)publictr
ust,and respectf orthecommon good,
rat
hert hanservingonl
ythe int
erestsofthecl
ient
sorthepol i
ti
calint
erest
s.
4.Techni
calCompl
exi
ty
The ar bit
rary,unreali
st i
c,and cont roversi
alassumpt i
ons made dur i
ng t he fut
ure
planningthatar eoverlookedornotv eri
fi
ed,wi l
lleadt omor alcompl exi
ty.Thestudyon
futureisfullofuncertainti
es thant heinvesti
gati
onsont hepastev ents.Ont hestudyof
ener gyopti
ons, f
orexampl e,assumpt i
onsonpopul ati
oni ncrease,li
fest yl
e,urbanizat
ion,
availabi
li
tyofl ocalfossilresources,proj
ectedcost sofgener at
ingal t
ernati
veformsof
ener gy,world poli
ti
calscenar io,wor l
d mi li
tar
yt ensions and pr essures from wor l
d
organizati
onssuchasWor l
dTr adeOrganisation(W. T.O.)andEur opeanUni on( EU)may
i
ncr easethecompl exit
yi njudgmentonf uture.
5.Nat
ionalSecur
it
y
Theproposedopti
onsshouldbeaimedt
ost r
engthentheeconomyandsecur i
tyofthe
nati
on, besi
des saf
eguardi
ng t
he nat
ural r
esources and the env
ironment f
rom
expl
oit
ati
onanddegradat
ion.
Fortheadvisor
sonpol i
cymaki
ngorpl
anni
ng,
ashar
edunderst
andi
ngonbal
anci
ngt
he
confl
icti
ngresponsibi
l
iti
es,bot
htothecli
ent
sandtothepubli
c,canbeeff
ect
edbythe
fol
lowingrol
esormodel s:
1.Hi
redGun
Thepri
meobl igat
ionisshownt othecl
ient
s.Thedataandfact
sfavor
abletothecl
i
entsar
e
hi
ghli
ghted,andunfavorableaspectsarehiddenortr
eatedasinsi
gnif
icant
.Theminimal
l
evelofi
nt er
estisshownf orpubl
icwelfar
e.
2.Val
ue-
neut
ralAnal
yst
s
Thi
sassumesani mpart
ialengineer
.Theyexhibi
tconsci
ent
iousdeci
si
ons,i
mpar
ti
ali
ty
i
.e.
,wi
thoutbi
as,
fearorf
avor,andabsenceofadvocacy
.

3.Val
ue-
gui
ded Advocat
es
Theconsulti
ngengineer
sremainhonest(fr
ankinstati
ngallt
herel
evantfact
sandt
rut
hfuli
n
i
nterpr
etat
ion ofthe facts)and autonomous (independent
)inj udgementand show
paramountimportancetot hepubl
ic(asdiff
erentfr
om thehir
edguns) .

MORALLEADERSHI
P
Engineerspr ov i
demanyt ypesofl eader
shipi nthedev el
opmentandi mpl ementationof
technology ,asmanager s,entr
epreneurs,consul t
ants,academi csand of f
ici
alsoft he
government .Mor alleadershi
pi s notmer elythe domi nance by a gr oup.I tmeans
adoptingr easonabl emeanst omot i
vatethegr oupst oachievemor all
ydesi rabl
egoal s.
Thisleader shi
ppr esentstheengineerswithmanychal l
engestot heirmor alpr i
nci
ples.
Mor alleadershipisessential
lyrequir
edf ortheengi neers,forther easonsl istedas
f
ollows:
1.I tisleadingagroupofpeopl etowar dstheachievementofgl obalandobj ectives.
Thegoal saswel lasthemeansar etobemor al.Forexampl e,Hitl
erandSt ali
n
wer eleaders,
butonlyinani nstr
ument alsenseandcer tainl
ynotonmor alsense.
 2.Thel eader shi pshal ldirectandmot iv
at et hegr oupt omov et hroughmor al
ly
desi rabl eway s.
3.Theyl eadbyt hi
nkingaheadi ntime, andmor al lycr eat i
vetowar dsnewappl ications,
extensi on and put ti
ng v alues i nto pr act ice.‘ Mor ally cr eative’means t he
i
dent i
f ication oft he mosti mpor tantv alues as appl i
cabl et ot he si tuation,
bringi ngcl aritywithint hegr oupst hroughpr opercommuni cat i
on,andput ti
ng
thosev aluesi ntopr acti
ce.
4.Theysust ainpr of
essi onali nterest,amongsoci aldi versityandcr oss- discipli
nar y
compl exity.Theycont ributet ot hepr ofessi onalsoci et i
es,t heirpr ofessi ons,
andt ot hei rcommuni t
ies.Themor all
eader shipi nengi neeringi smani fested
i
nl eader ship withi nt he pr ofessionalsoci et ies.Thepr ofessionalsoci eties
prov ideaf orum f orcommuni cation,andcanv assi ngf orchangewi t
hinandby
groups.
5. Vol unt arism:Anot heri mpor tantav enuef orpr ovidingmor all eader shipwi thin
communi t
ies,by t he engi neer si st o pr omot e ser vices wi thoutf ee orat
reduced f ees( pr
o bono)t ot heneedygr oups.Thepr ofessionalsoci etiescan
alsopr omot esuchact iviti
esamongt heengi neer s.Thi st y peofv olunt arism ( or
philant hr opy )hasbeeni npr acti
cei nthef i
el dsofmedi cine,lawandeducat i
on.
Butmanyoft heengi neersar enotsel f-
empl oy edasi nthecaseofphy sicians
and l awyers.The busi ness insti
tut
ions ar e encouraged to contri
butea
percentage oft heirservicesasf r
eeoratconcessi onalr at
esf orchari
tabl
e
purposes.
6. Communi t
yservice:Thisisanotherpl
atformfortheengineerstoexhi
bitt
heirmoral
l
eader shi
p.The engi neers can helpi n gui
ding,organising,and sti
mulati
ng
the communi tyt owar ds mor al
ly-and env ir
onmentall
y-desi
rabl
e goals.The
corporateorgani
z at
ionshav ecomef orwar dtoadoptv i
ll
agesandexecut emany
socialwelfareschemes, t
owar dsthi
sobj ect
ive.

CODESOFETHI
CS
Nat
ionalSoci
etyofPr
ofessi
onalEngi
neer
s

Pr
eambl
e

Engineeri
ngisani mpor tantandl earnedpr ofessi
on.Asmember soft hisprofession,
engi
neer s ar
e expected to ex hibi
tt he higherst andards ofhonest y and integri
ty.
Engineeri
nghasadi rectandv i
tali
mpactont hequalityoflif
eforallpeopl e.Accordi
ngly,
theser v
icesprovi
dedbyengi neersr equirehonest y,imparti
ali
ty,fai
rness,and equi t
y,
and mustbededi cated tot hepr otection oft hen publichealt
h,safety ,and welfare.
Engineer must perform under a st andard of pr ofessi
onalbehav ior thatr equir
es
adherencetothehighestprinciplesofet hicalconduct.

I Fundament alCanons
Engineersi
nt hef ulfi
l
lmentoft heirprofessionaldut iesshal l
1.hol dpar amountt hesafet
y,health,andwel fareoft hepubl ic.
2.per for
m ser vicesonl yi
nareasoft heircompet ence.
3.i ssuepubl i
cst atementsonlyinobj ectiveandt ruthfulmanner .
4.actf oreachempl oyerorcli
entasf ai
thfulagent sort r
ustees.
5.av oiddecept i
v eacts.
6.conductt hemsel veshonorably,responsi bly,ethicall
y,andl awful
l
ysoast o
enhancet hehonor ,r
eputati
on,andusef ulnessoft hepr ofession.
II RulesofPr actice
1.Engi neersshal lhol dparamountt hesaf ety,health,andwel fareoft hepubli
c.
(a) Ifengineer s’judgmenti sov err
uledunderci rcumst ancest hatendangerl
if
e
 orpr
oper
ty,
theyshal
lnot
if
ythei
rempl
oyerorcl
i
entandsuchot
heraut
hor
it
y
asmaybeappropr
iat
e.
(b) Engi neer sshal lappr ov eonl yt hoseengi neer ing document st hatar ei n
conf ormi tywi thappl icabl est andar ds.
(c)Engi neer s shal lnotr ev ealf act s,dat a,or i nf ormat ion wi t houtpr i
or
consentoft he cl ientorempl oy erexceptasaut hor i
zedorr equi redbyl aw
ort hiscode.
(d) Engi neer sshal lnotper mi tt heuseoft hei rnameorassoci at ei nbusi ness
vent ureswi thanyper sonorf i
rmt hatt heybel iev ear eengagedi nf r
audul ent
ordi shonestent er prise.
(e)Engi neer sshal lnotai dorabett heunl awf ulpr act i
ceofengi neer ingbya
personorf ir
m.
(
f) Engi neer shav ingknowl edgeofanyal legedv iolationoft hi sCodeshal l
repor tt hereont oappr opr iat epr of essi onalbodi esandwhenr elev ant ,al so
to publ i
c aut hor i
ties,and cooper ate wi tht he pr oper aut hor iti
es i n
furnishi ngsuchi nf ormat ionorassi st anceasmayber equi red.
2.Engi
neer sshal lper form ser vicesonl yi nt hear easoft heircompet ence.
(a) Engi neer sshal lunder takeassi gnment sonl ywhenqual i
fiedbyeducat ionor
exper iencei nthespeci fi
ct echni calf ieldsi nv ol ved.
(b) Engi neer s shal lnotaf fixt hei rsi gnat ur es t o anypl ans ordocument s
deal i
ngwi tht hesubj ectmat teri nwhi cht heyl ackcompet ence,nort oany
planordocumentnotpr epar edundert hei rdi rect ionandcont rol.
(c)Engi neer s may accept assi gnment s and assume r esponsi bi lit
yf or
coor dinat ion of an ent ire pr ojectand si gn and sealt he engi neer ing
document sfort heent irepr oject ,pr ov i
ded t hateacht echni calsegmenti s
signed and seal ed onl y by t he qual if i
ed engi neer s who pr epar ed t he
segment .
3.Engi
neer sshal lissuepubl icst at ement sonl yi nanobj ect iveandt rut hf ulmanner .
(a) Engi neer sshal lbeobj ect iveandt ruthf ul inpr of essi onal repor ts, statement s,or
testimony .Theyshal li ncludeal lrel ev antandper ti
nenti nfor mat ioni nsuch
repor ts,st atement s,ort est imony ,whi chshoul dbeart hedat ei ndi cat ing
wheni twascur rent .
(b) Engi neer smayexpr esspubl iclyt echni calopt ionst hatar ef oundedupon
knowl edgeoft hef act sandcompet encei nt hesubj ectmat ter .
(c)Engi neer sshal li ssuenost at ement s,cr iticisms,orar gument sont echni cal
mat ter st hatar ei nspi redorpai df orbyi nt er est edpar tiesonpr ef acedt heir
comment sbyexpl i
citlyi dent i
f yingt hei nter est edpar tiesonwhosebehal f
theyar e speaki ng and byr ev eal ing t he exi st ence ofanyi nt er estt he
engi neer smayhav eint hemat ter s.
4.Engi
neer sshal latf oreachempl oy erorcl i
entasf aithf ulagent sort rust ees
(a) Engi neer sshal ldi scl oseal lknownorpot ent ialconf li
ct sofi nt erestt hat
coul di nfl
uenceorappeart oi nf luencet hei rj udgmentort hequal ityoft heir
serv i
ces.
(b) Engi neer s shal lnotacceptcompensat ion,f inanci alorot her wi se,f rom
mor et hanonepar tyf orser v i
cesont hesamepr oject ,orf orser v i
ces
pertaini ng t ot he same pr oject ,unl ess t he ci r
cumst ances ar ef ull
y
disclosedandagr eedt obyal li nter est edpar ties.
(c)Engi neer s shal l not sol icit or accept f inanci al or ot her v aluabl e
consi der ation,di rect lyori ndi rect l
y ,f rom out si de agent s on connect ion
witht hewor kf orwhi cht heyar er esponsi bl e.
(
d) Engineersin publ
ic ser
vice as members,advi
ser
s,oremployees ofa
governmental or quasi
-governmentalbody or depart
ment shal
lnot
part
icipat
eindecisi
onswi threspecttoserv
icessol
ici
tedorprovi
dedby
 them ort heiror gani zat i
onsi npr ivateorpubl icengi neer i
ngpr actice.
(e)Engi neer sshal lnotsol icitoracceptacont r
actf rom agov er nment albody
onwhi chapr inci palorof fi
ceroft hei ror ganizat ionser vesasamember .
5.Engineer sshal lav oiddecept i
veact s
(a) Engi neer sshal lnotf alsifyt heirqual i
fi
cat i
onsorper mitmi sr epresent ation
of t heir or t hei r associ at e’s qual ifications. They shal l not
mi sr epresentorexagger at et hei rr esponsi bilit
yi n orf ort he subj ect
mat terofpr iorassi gnment s.Br ochur esorot herpr esent ationsi nci dentt o
the sol icitation ofempl oymentshal lnotmi srepr esentper ti
nentf act s
concer ningempl oyer s,empl oyees,associ ates,j oi ntvent ures,orpast
accompl ishment s.
(b) Engi neer s shal lnotof fer,gi v e,sol icit or r ecei ve,ei t
her di rect l
y or
indirect l
y ,anycont r i
but iont oinf l
uencet heawar dofacont r
actbypubl i
c
aut hor i
ty ,orwhi chmayber easonabl yconst ruedbyt hepubl icashav ingt he
effectofi ntentt oi nfluencet heawar ding ofacont ract .Theyshal lnotof fer
anygi ftorot herv al uabl econsi der ationi nor dert o secur ewor k.They
shal lnotpaya commi ssion,per centage,orbr oker agef eei n or dert o
secur ewor k,ex ceptt oabonaf ideempl oy eeorest ablishedcommer ci
alor
mar ketingagenci esr etainedbyt hem.
I
II Prof
essi onalObl i
gat ions
1.Engineer sshal lbegui dedi nal ltheirr elationbyt hehi ghestst andar dsofhonest y
andintegr ity.
(a) Engi neer sshal lacknowl edget hei rer r
or sandshal lnotdi stor toral t
ert he
fact s.
(b) Engi neer s shal ladv ice t heircl ient s orempl oy ers when t heybel ievea
proj ectwi llnotbesuccessf ul.
(c)Engi neer sshal lnotacceptout sideempl oy mentt ot hedet rimentoft hei r
regul arwor k or i nt erest .Bef or e accept ing any out side engi neer ing
empl oy mentt heywi llnot i
fytheirempl oy ers.
(d) Engi neer sshal lnotat temptt oat tractanengi neerf rom anot herempl oyer
byf alseormi sleadi ngpr etenses.
(e)Engi neer sshal lnotpr omot et heirowni nt erestatt heex penseoft hedi gni ty
andi ntegr ityoft hepr of ession.
2.Engineer sshal latal ltimesst riv
et oser v ethepubl icint erest.
(a) Engi neer sshal lseekoppor t
unitiest o par ticipat ei nci vicaf fairs,car eer
guidancef ory out hs,andwor kf ort headv ancementoft hesaf ety,heal th,
andwel l-bei ngoft hei rcommuni ty.
(b) Engi neer sshal lnotcompl ete,si gn,orsealpl ansand/ orspeci f
icat i
ons
thatar enoti nconf or mitywi t
happl i
cabl eengi neer ingst andar ds.I ft he
cli
entorempl oy eri nsistsonsuch unpr of essi onalconduct ,t hey shal l
not i
f yt he pr operaut horiti
es and wi thdr aw f rom f urtherser viceont he
proj ect.
(
a) Engi
neer
sshallendeav
ourtoextendpubl
i
cknowl
edgeandappr
eci
ati
onof
engi
neer
ingandit
sachiev
ements.

3.Engi
neer sshallavoidallconductorpract
icethatdecei
vest hepubl
i
c.
(a) Engineersshal lavoidtheuseofst atementscont ai
ningamat eri
almi
s-
representat
ionoff actoromitti
ngamat eri
alfact
.
(b) Consistentwi t
ht hef or
egoing,engi
neersmayadv ert
iseforrecr
uit
mentof
personnel.
 (c)Consi st entwi thf oregoi ng,engi neersmaypr epar ear t
iclesf ort hel ayor
techni calpr ess,butsuchar ticlesshal lnoti mpl ycr editt ot heaut horf or
wor kper for medbyot her .
4.Engineer sshal lnotdi sclose,wi thoutconsent ,conf i
dent i
alinformat i
onconcer ning
thebusi ness af fairsort echni calpr ocessesofanypr esentorf ormercl i
entor
empl oyer ,orpubl icbodyonwhi cht heyser v e.
(a) Engi neer sshal lnot,wi thoutt heconsentofal linterestedpar ti
es,pr omot e
orar range f ornew empl oy mentorpr acticei nconnect ionwi t
haspeci fic
projectf orwhi ch t he engi neerhas gai ned par ti
cularand speci alized
knowl edge.
(b) Engi neer s shal lnot ,wi thout t he consent of al lint er
est ed par ties,
participat ei n orr epr esenti n adv er saryi nteresti n connect ion wi tha
speci fi
cpr ojectorpr oceedi ngi nwhi cht heengi neerhasgai nedpar ticul ar
speci alizedknowl edgeonbehal fofaf ormercl ientorempl oyer.
5.Engineer s shal lnotbe i nfluenced i nt hei rpr ofessionaldut ies byconf li
ct ing
i
nterest s.
(a) Engi neer sshal lnotacceptf inancialorot herconsi derationi ncludi ngf ree
engineer i
ngdesi gns,f rom mat er i
alorequi pmentsuppl iersf orspeci fying
theirpr oduct .
(b) Engi neer s shal l not accept commi ssion or al l
owances,di rect ly or
i
ndi r
ect l
y,f rom cont r
act ors orot herpar ti
es deal i
ng wi th cl ient s or
empl oy er s of t he engi neer i n connect i
on wi t
h wor kf orwhi ch t he
engineeri sr esponsi bl e.
6.Engineer sshal lnotat temptt oobt ainempl oy mentoradv ancementorpr of essi onal
engagement s byunt ruthf ullycr iti
cizingot herengi neer s,orbyot heri mpr oper
met hods.
(a) Engi neer s shal lnotr equest ,pr opose,oraccepta commi ssi on on a
cont i
ngentbasi sunderci rcumst ancesi nwhi cht heirjudgementmaybe
compr omi sed.
(b) Engi neer si nsal ari
edposi ti
onsshal lacceptpar t
-t
imeengi neer ing wor k
onlyt ot heext entconsi stentwi th pol icies oft he empl oy erand i n
accor dancewi thet hicalconsi derat ion.
(c)Engi neer sshal lnot ,wi thoutconsent ,useequi pment ,supplies,l abor at ory ,
orof ficef acili
ti
esofanempl oyert ocar r
yonout sidepr ivatepr act ice.
7.Engineer s shal lnotat temptt oi njure,mal i
ci ously orf alsely,di rect ly or
i
ndirect l
y,t hepr ofessionalr eput ati
on,pr ospect s,pr acti
ce,orempl oy mentof
otherengi neer s.Engi neer swhobel i
ev eot hersar egui l
tyofunet hicalori llegal
practice shal l r esent such i nformat ion t o t he pr oper aut hor

i
tyf
oraction.
(
a) Engineersi n pri
vate practi
ce shal
lnotr evi
ew the wor
k ofanot her
engineerf ort
he samecl ient
,exceptwi
ththeknowl
edgeofsuchengineer
,
orunl ess the connecti
on ofsuch engineerwiththe work has been
ter
mi nated.
(
b) Engineersingov
er nment al
,i
ndustr
ial
,oreducati
onalempl
oymentareenti
tl
ed
toreview andevaluatetheworkofotherengineerswhensorequi
redbytheir
empl oymentduti
es.
(
c)Engi neersinsalesori ndust
ri
alempl oyareent i
tl
edtomakeengi neeri
ng
compar i
sonsorr epresentedproduct
swi thproduct
sofothersuppl
ier
s.
8.Engi
neer sshal lacceptper sonalr esponsi bil
ityf ort hei rpr ofessi onalact i
v i
ties,
prov
ided, howev er ,theengi neer smayseeki ndemni ficat i
onf orser vi
cesar i
sing
outoft heirpr act ice f orot hert hangr ossnegl igence,wher et heengi neer ’
s
i
nter
est scannotot her wisebepr ot ect ed.
(a) Engineers shal lconf or m t o st at er egist ration l aws i nt he pr actice of
engineering.
(b) Engineersshal lnotuseassoci ationwi t
hanon- engi neer,acor porati
on,or
partnershipasa‘ cloak’ forunet hicalact s.
9.Engi
neer sshal lgiv ecr editforengi neer ingwor kt ot hoset owhom cr edi
tisdue,
andwi l
lr ecogni zet hepr opr ietaryi nt erest sofot her s.
(a) Engineersshal l,whenev erpossi ble, namet heper sonorper sonswhomaybe
i
ndi v
idually r esponsi ble f or desi gns, i nv ent ions, wr iti
ngs, or ot her
accompl ishment s.
(b) Engineersusi ngdesi gnssuppl iedbyacl ientr ecogni zet hatt hedesi gns
remai nthepr oper tyoft hecl ientandmaynotbedupl i
catedbyt heengi neer
forothers, withoutt heexpr essper mi ssion.
(c)Engi neersbef or eunder takingwor kf orot her si nconnect ionwi thwhi cht he
engineer maymakei mpr ov ement s,pl ans,desi gns,i nvent ions,orot her
recordst hatmayj ust i
fycopy right sorpat ent s,shoul dent eri ntoaposi ti
ve
agreementr egar dingowner shi p.
(d) Engineers’desi gns,dat a,r ecor ds,andnot esr eferri
ngex clusivel
yt o an
empl oyer’s wor k ar et he empl oy er’s pr oper t y.The empl oyer shoul d
i
ndemni f
yt heengi neerf oruseoft hei nf or mat i
onf oranypur poseot her
thant heor i
gi nalpur pose.
(e)Engi neersshal lcont i
nuet hei rpr ofessi onaldev elopmentt hr oughoutt heir
careersandshoul dkeepcur r enti nt heirspeci altyf iel
dsbyengagi ngi n
professional pr act i
ce, par ticipat ing i n cont inuing educat ion cour se,
reading int he t echni call iter atur e,andat tendi ngpr ofessi onalmeet ings
andsemi nar s.
Cor
por
ateSoci
alResponsi
bil
i
ty

The21stcent
uryi
schar
act
eri
zedbyunpr
ecedent
edchal
l
engesandoppor
tuni
ti
es,
ar
isi
ng f
rom gl
obal
i
zat
ion, t
he desi
re f
or i
ncl
usi
ve dev
elopment and t
he
i
mper
ati
ves ofcl
i
mat
echange.I
ndi
anbusi
ness,whi
chi
stodayv
iewedgl
obal
l
y
asar
esponsi
ble componentoft
heascendancyofI
ndi
a,i
spoi
sednow t
otake
onal
eader
shi
prol
eint
he chal
l
engesofourt
imes.I
tisr
ecogni
zed t
hewor
ld
ov
ert
hati
ntegr
ati
ng soci
al,env
ironment
alandet
hicalr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
ntot
he
gov
ernanceofbusi
nessesensur
est
hei
rlongt
erm success,compet
it
ivenessand
sust
ainabi
l
ity
.Thi
s appr
oach al
so r
eaf
fi
rms t
he v
iew t
hatbusi
nesses ar
e an
i
ntegr
alpar
tofsoci
ety
,and hav
e a cr
it
icaland act
iver
olet
o pl
ay i
nthe
sust
enance and i
mpr
ovement of heal
thy ecosy
stems, i
n f
ost
eri
ng soci
al
i
ncl
usi
veness and equi
ty,and i
n uphol
ding t
he essent
ial
s ofet
hicalpr
act
ices
and good gov
ernance.Thi
s al
so makes busi
ness sense as compani
es wi
th
 ef
fect
ive CSR, hav
e i
ma
geofsoci
all
yresponsi
blecompani
es,
achi
evesust
ainabl
egr
owt
hint
hei
roper
ati
ons
i
nthel
ongr
unandt
hei
rpr
oduct
sandser
vicesar
epr
efer
redbyt
hecust
omer
s.

I
ndi
anent
repr
eneur
sandbusi
nessent
erpr
iseshav
eal
ongt
radi
ti
onofwor
king
wi
thi
nthev
aluest
hathav
edef
ined ournat
ion'
schar
act
erf
ormi
l
lenni
a.I
ndi
a'
s
anci
entwi
sdom,whi
chi
sst
il
lrel
evantt
oday
,inspi
respeopl
etowor
kfort
hel
arger
obj
ect
iveoft
he wel
l
-bei
ngofal
lst
akehol
der
s.Thesesoundandal
l
-encompassi
ng
v
aluesar
eev
enmor
erel
evanti
n cur
rentt
imes,as or
gani
zat
ions gr
appl
e wi
th
t
he chal
l
enges ofmoder
n-day ent
erpr
ise,t
heaspi
rat
ionsofst
akehol
der
sandof
ci
ti
zenseagert
obeact
ivepar
ti
ci
pant
sin
1
economi
cgr
owt
handdev
elopment.

Thei
deaofCSR f
ir
stcameupi
n1953wheni
tbecameanacademi
ctopi
cin
HRBowen‟
s„Soci
alResponsi
bil
i
tiesoft
heBusi
ness‟
.Si
ncet
hen,t
her
ehasbeen
cont
inuousdebat
eont
heconceptandi
tsi
mpl
ement
ati
on.Al
thought
hei
deahas
been ar
oundf
ormor
ethanhal
facent
ury
,ther
eisst
il
lnocl
earconsensusov
eri
ts
def
ini
ti
on.

Oneoft
hemostcont
empor
arydef
ini
ti
onsi
sfr
om t
heWor
ldBankGr
oup,st
ati
ng,
“
Cor
por
atesoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
sthecommi
tmentofbusi
nessest
o cont
ri
but
e
t
o sust
ainabl
eeconomi
cdev
elopmentbywor
kingwi
thempl
oyees,t
hei
rfami
l
ies,
t
hel
ocal

communi
tyandsoci
etyatl
arge,t
oimpr
ovet
hei
rli
vesi
nway
sthatar
egoodf
or
busi
ness
andf
ordev
elopment
.”
2

Fundament
alPr
inci
ple:Eachbusi
nessent
it
yshoul
dfor
mul
ateaCSR pol
i
cyt
o
gui
dei
ts st
rat
egi
c pl
anni
ng and pr
ovi
de a r
oadmap f
ori
ts CSR i
nit
iat
ives,
whi
ch shoul
d be an i
ntegr
alpar
tofov
eral
lbusi
ness pol
i
cyand al
i
gned wi
th
i
tsbusi
nessgoal
s.Thepol
i
cyshoul
dbef
ramedwi
tht
hepar
ti
ci
pat
ionofv
ari
ous
l
evel
execut
ivesandshoul
dbeappr
ovedbyt
heBoar
d.

Cor
eEl
ement
s:

TheCSRPol
i
cyshoul
dnor
mal
l
ycov
erf
oll
owi
ngcor
eel
ement
s:

Car
eforal
lSt
akehol
ders:
The companies shoul
drespect t
he i
nter
est
s of
,and be r
esponsi
ve
t
owar
ds al
l st
akehol
der
s, i
ncl
udi
ng shar
ehol
der
s, empl
oyees, cust
omer
s,
 suppl
i
ers,pr
ojectaf
fect
ed peopl
e,soci
etyatl
argeet
c.andcr
eat
eval
uef
oral
lof
t
hem.Theyshoul
ddev
elop mechani
sm t
o act
ivel
yengagewi
thal
lst
akehol
der
s,
i
nfor
mthem ofi
nher
entr
isksand mi
ti
gat
ethem wher
etheyoccur
.
Et
hicalf
unct
ioni
ng:
Thei
rgov er
nancesy
stemsshoul
d beunder
pinnedby Et
hics,Tr
anspar
ency
and

xAccount
abi
l
ity
.Theyshoul
d notengage i
n busi
ness
pr
act
icest
hatar
eabusi
ve,unf
air
,cor
ruptorant
i-
compet
it
ive.

Respectf
orWor
ker
s'Ri
ght
sandWel
far
e:
Compani
esshoul
dprov
ideaworkpl
aceenv
ironmentt
hati
ssaf
e,hy
gieni
cand
humane and whi
ch uphol
ds t
he di
gni
ty ofempl
oyees.They shoul
d pr
ovi
de al
l
empl
oyees wi
th accesst
otr
aini
ng and dev
elopmentofnecessar
yski
l
lsf
orcar
eer
adv
ancement
,on an equaland non-
discr
imi
nat
orybasi
s.Theyshoul
d uphol
dthe
f
reedom ofassoci
ati
on and t
he ef
fect
iver
ecogni
ti
on oft
he r
ightt
o col
l
ect
ive
bar
gai
ning ofl
abour
,hav
e an ef
fect
ive gr
iev
ance r
edr
essalsy
stem,shoul
d not
empl
oy chi
l
d orf
orced l
abourand pr
ovi
de and mai
ntai
nequal
i
tyofoppor
tuni
ti
es
wi
thoutanydi
scr
imi
nat
iononanygr
oundsi
nrecr
uit
mentanddur
ingempl
oyment
.
Respectf
orHumanRights:
Companies shoul
dr especthuman r
ight
sforal
land av
oid compl
i
cit
y wi
th
humanr
ight
sabusesbyt
hem orbyt
hir
dpar
ty.
Respectf
orEnvi
ronment:
Companies shoul
dt ake measur
es t
o check and pr
eventpol
l
uti
on;r
ecy
cle,
manage and r
educe wast
e,shoul
d manage nat
uralr
esour
ces i
n a sust
ainabl
e
mannerand ensur
e opt
imaluseofr
esour
cesl
i
kel
andandwat
er,shoul
dpr
oact
ivel
y
r
espond t
othe chal
l
enges of cl
i
mat
e change by adopt
ing cl
eaner pr
oduct
ion
met
hods,pr
omot
ingef
fi
ci
entuseofener
gyandenv
ironmentf
ri
endl
ytechnol
ogi
es.
Act
ivi
ti
esforSoci
alandI
nclusi
veDevel
opment:
Dependi
ng upon theircor
e competency and busi
ness i
nter
est
,compani
es
shoul
d under
takeact
ivi
ti
esf
oreconomi
candsoci
aldev
elopmentofcommuni
ti
esand
geogr
aphi
calar
eas,par
ti
cul
arl
yint
hev
ici
nit
yoft
hei
roper
ati
ons.