SLK 2

Learning Area and Grade Level : Earth and Life Science-Grade 11/12
Quarter Number : Quarter I – Week 8

Module Number :
SLK Developer : Fatima Marie P. Evangelista
Luray II Barangay High School
Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation: Marine and Coastal

Processes and Their Effects
Learning Competency
Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and

saltwater intrusion (S11/12ES-Ih-38)
“The EARTH is what we all have in common.”
- Wendell Berry
Message to the Facilitator
Parents/guardians play a central role to a learner’s education. Now more than

ever, this is the best time for parents/guardians to maximize their bonding activities with
the learners by making them a learning experience as well.
For effective facilitation of home-based learning, parents/guardians must monitor

the completeness and timeliness in submitting the said learning tool, checking for
learner’s understanding, and affirming on-task behavior (as opposed to lots of time
spent playing online games, browsing social networking sites, etc.).
This learning kit contains all the activities that the learner should undertake in
order to learn the lesson being discussed. It is best that in every activity, you should
guide him/her especially with things that are difficult for the learner to do alone.
As soon as the learner has successfully completed the tasks with performances
that measured up to the standards, you may assist him/her in submitting the SLK to
teacher. If something becomes too difficult or they do not seem to understand, you or
your learner should contact the teacher and request additional assistance.
Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Tel. No.: (032) 322-7770; Fax. No.: (032) 467-8629;
Email Address: toledo.city@deped.gov.ph
To the Learners:
This Self-Learning Kit (SLK) performs the role of an efficient teacher. This SLK
gives the opportunity to develop a good work ethics. Self-learning activities will provide
you the opportunity to learn and look for effective solutions on your own. When learning,
you get to learn other important skills such as time management, self-assessment, and
setting your own goals. These are important skills that you can apply anywhere. In fact,
people who are good at self-learning have an increased ability to develop other skills as
they often have to employ a certain set of skills in order to learn. Please follow the
instructions and if there are instructions that are not easy for you to understand or
follow, ask the help from any member of your family whom you think can help you.
Study the module carefully, do every task you are told to do and then submit the
module back to your teacher after you are done.
Enjoy! You can do this!
Introduction
Earth is the only known planet bathing in life-giving and life-sustaining liquid
called water. In fact oceans cover more than 70% of our planet. The role of water in the
origin of life cannot be underscored. Life on Earth first evolved in the ocean when
terrestrial conditions were still inhospitable for it to evolve. Our oceans are not only early
incubator of life, but are also climate regulators. Regional and global climates are
mediated by the conditions of our oceans.
Ocean waves and tides are mighty forces that shape many coastal landforms.
They are responsible for carving amazing stone formations and unique landforms in
different parts of the world. Their combined actions trigger many marine and coastal
processes. However, ocean waves and tides are also destructive. Coastal erosions
threaten the survival of more than three billion people worldwide (Creel, 2003).
One of the most pressing environmental issues with huge global implications is
the rising sea level attributed to global warming. Rising sea level is one major indicator
of climate change. The Philippines is one of the countries severely affected by sea level
rise. It is important that we know what the hazards are in order to plan and prepare.
In the previous lesson, you have already identified areas in the country that are
at risk of hydrometeorological hazards. Likewise, understanding how the various marine
and coastal processes shape landforms is also important to moderate the effects of
destructive human activities and make intelligent decisions in pursuit of progress.

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This module also discusses topics which will introduce you to the following
concepts:
Marine and Coastal Processes
Coastal Erosion
Coastal Landforms
What I Need to Know
At the end of this SLK, you are expected to:
Identify the coastal processes that influence the coastal

landforms and associated hazards
Examine how the coastal processes determine the

present coastal hazards whether coastal erosion, submersion or
saltwater intrusion and the like
Show care for the environment and utilize resources

judiciously and economically
What I Know
Pre-Assessment- Activating Your Prior Knowledge
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct
and write FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
________1. Saltwater intrusion is a direct effect of sea level rise.

________2. Coastal erosion is an example of a coastal process.
________3. Waves (oscillations of the water surface, without translation) are
called marine processes.
________4. Longshore drift is the main process of transportation.
________5. Currents are due to the combination of gravitational and centrifugal
forces which results in a twice daily rise and fall of sea-level.
________6. Deposition is likely to occur when waves enter an area of shallow
water.
________7. A rip current is a fast-moving current that carries water away from
shore in a concentrated stream.
________8. Abrasion is the process when waves bump rocks and pebbles
against each other leading to the eventual breaking of the

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materials.
________9. Constructive waves high energy waves that erode the coast. They
are common along steep sloping coasts
________10. When your friend is caught in a rip current, you dive into the water
to help him.
________11. Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm,
over and above the predicted astronomical tides.
________12. Sea stacks are very steep to vertical bedrock cliffs range from only
a few meters high to hundreds of meters above sea level.
________13. Coastal processes create various landforms.
________14. Uprooting plants that grow in sand dunes can help protect our
coastal environment
________15. Campfires near the sea shore is safe to do as a team building
activity.
Great job! You’re good at this!

Now what is your score?
- I got 100 % so I will move on to the next topic.
- I got a few mistakes, so I have to keep going and learn more.
Don’t worry, this SLK is designed to guide you every step of the way. This sure is fun!
What’s In
Before we proceed with our new lesson, let us try to check your memory bank
about hydrometeorologic processes and hazards. Complete the crossword puzzle on
the next page. Clues are given below the puzzle. Make sure to match the number inside
the puzzle boxes and the number beside each clue. Have fun!

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Tel. No.: (032) 322-7770; Fax. No.: (032) 467-8629;
How would you compare
yourself now with your old
photos? Do you like the change
What’s New you’re seeing? How about the
place we live in? Were there any
Activity 1: Pictures Don’t Lie! changes?
Directions: Study the pictures and write down the changes that have taken place in the
area. Specifically, anchor your observation on how the coastlines have changed. Write
your answer in the chart below.
Photo: https://www.independent.co.uk
BEFORE AFTER

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What Is It
That was quite a brain work, right? Now, based on your answers above, kindly
answer the following questions:
1. Has the shoreline changed so much? What are those changes?

2. What do you think might have caused those changes?
3. Are those changes good for the area? Explain.
4. Could have those changes been avoided? How?
Mini-Lesson
Well done! You outdid yourself today! Now let me add more information about
marine and coastal processes and hazards. Are you ready? Let’s make waves!
Let us define these terms:

 Coastal processes – occur where waves break on a shore, not only on
ocean/sea coasts but also on lakes/ponds.
 Coastal erosion – is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal
of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents,
tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms.
 Fetch – describes how long and how far the wind acted on the water.
 Swash – the rush of water up a beach after a wave breaks (powerful).
 Backwash – the returning water to the sea (less powerful).
Coastal processes are responsible for some of

the most amazing coastal landforms or coastal
formations in the country and around the world.
Examples of coastal formations that are formed
by coastal processes are sea cave, sea arch,
sea stack and beach. Beaches are formed by
deposition. Coastal processes aren’t so bad
after all!
Marine and Coastal Processes
 Deposition – is when material that is being transported is dropped by

constructive waves. It happens because waves have less energy. Deposition
happens when the swash is stronger than the backwash and is associated with

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constructive waves. Deposition is likely to occur when: (1) waves enter an area of
shallow water; (2) waves enter a sheltered area, e.g. a cove or bay; (3) there is
little wind; (4) there is a good supply of material.
 Transportation – is the movement of material in the sea and along the coast by
waves. Longshore drift is the main process of transportation but the material also
moves in four different ways:
- Traction - large material is rolled along the sea floor.
- Saltation - beach material is bounced along the sea floor.
- Suspension - beach material is suspended and carried by the waves.
- Solution - material is dissolved and carried by the water.
 Erosion - is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of
sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents,
tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms.
Here are some examples of these processes:
Waves
Waves are one of the most powerful processes shaping our coast. The power of
waves is influenced by the strength of wind and by the fetch, the length of water the
wave travels over before hitting land. Waves are oscillations: a water particle moves in
an elliptical orbit as a wave passes and returns to (nearly) its original position.
Types of waves
Constructive Wave Destructive Wave

 Low energy and are common along  High energy waves that erode the
gently sloping coasts coast. They are common along
 The swash is STRONGER than the steep sloping coasts
backwash  These waves are called plunging
(SWASH > BACKWASH) breakers where it tend to carry
 The constructive waves are called material off the beach and into the
spilling breakers sea (BACKWASH > SWASH)
 Spilling breakers are produced by  Plunging breakers are produced by
waves of long wavelength and low waves of short wavelength and high
height height
https://images.app.goo.gl/v1UVNU151d6hDiGR6

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Currents
Ocean water is constantly moving, and not only in the form of waves and tides.
Ocean currents flow like vast rivers, sweeping along predictable paths. Some ocean
currents flow at the surface; others flow deep within water. Some currents flow for short
distances; others cross entire ocean basins and even circle the globe.
Longshore drift currents happen when waves approach the beach at an angle. The
swash (waves moving up the beach) carries material up and along the beach. The
backwash carries material back down the beach at right angles. This is the result of
gravity. This process slowly moves material along the beach. Longshore drift provides a
link between erosion and deposition. Material in one place is eroded, transported then
deposited elsewhere.
Rip currents. Also known as riptides or undertows, result when water piles up on a
beach. This is unstable, and the water will make it out to sea somehow. A rip current is
a fast-moving current that carries water away from shore in a concentrated stream. It
does not pull you under, but does carry you out to sea.
BEWARE OF RIP CURRENTS

IF YOU’RE CAUGHT UP IN A RIP CURRENT
 DON’T PANIC or swim against the current
 Float with the current until it subsides
 Swim parallel to shore and then back in
IF SOMEONE ELSE IS CAUGHT IN A RIP
CURRENT
 Call for help. Give accurate landmarks or details of
the situation
 DO NOT ENTER THE WATER.
 Try not to lose sight of the victim until help arrives
https://images.app.goo.gl/auE7gBb7xomcqWrj6
Tides
The moon does not simply orbit the earth. The earth also orbits the moon, but in
a very small orbit. Due to the combination of gravitational and centrifugal forces, results
in a twice daily rise and fall of sea-level. The earth-sun system also produces this effect,

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and the two are super-imposed, resulting in a twice-daily rise and fall, with variations
throughout the course of the moon’s orbit (monthly).
https://images.app.goo.gl/4fdoUZcysPMJf6ZU8
Marine or Coastal Deposition

When waves lose their capacity to carry or transport sediments because of a
reduction in energy, they can and will "drop" or deposit its sediment load. Waves that
do not have the capacity to transport sediments and which results to sediment
deposition and accumulation are called constructive waves. Deposition happens when
the swash is stronger than the backwash. Deposition can occur as waves enter areas
of shallow water, sheltered areas like coves or bay, little or no wind, and there is a
sufficient supply of sediments. Emphasize that the waves lose kinetic energy to
transport the sediment load.
https://images.app.goo.gl/f2ZMeZDgPVZBPFyA6
Storm Surge
Storm surge is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above
the predicted astronomical tides. Storm tide defined as the water level rise due to the
combination of storm surge and astronomical tide.

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https://images.app.goo.gl/giDwRj9PpEjWb8bz8
Tsunamis
It is a series of waves generated by the sudden displacement of the sea-bottom
due to an earthquake, a submarine landslide, an asteroid impact, or a volcanic
explosion. Tsunamis are very long & lengthy waves, so they move fast. In deep water,
most tsunamis have fairly small amplitude (like a half-meter or meter). When the bottom
end starts to crest, a huge amount of water stacks up and can result in devastating
coastal flooding. Sometimes, a tsunami falls then rises, sometimes it rises then falls,
depending on how the fault moved and where the site is relative to the fault.
https://images.app.goo.gl/9jXkFgsdecnrqVbw6
Rise of Sea-level
Sea level changes can be due to subsidence as underlying sediments compact

(porosity decreases), cooling-driven subsidence (or heating-driven uplift), influx of ice
from melting glaciers, expansion or contraction of mid-ocean ridges, filling in of oceans
with sediments and movement of fault.
When sea levels rises, areas underwater get deeper (finer sediments get
deposited) and areas that were sub aerial before might now be subjected to marine

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erosion. We can often see erosional features: (a) when sea level falls, it exposes
submarine areas; (b) exposing previously-submerged areas to streams, wave erosion
might start on the new coast.
https://images.app.goo.gl/op1e9N3Jpaz5SbMk7
Coastal Erosion
There are five common processes that cause coastal erosion. Always remember the
word…
Corrasion (Abrasion) happens when breaking waves containing sediment

fragments erode the shoreline, particularly headland. It is also referred to as the
sand paper effect.
Attrition is the process when waves bump rocks and pebbles against each other
leading to the eventual breaking of the materials. Eventually, the materials break
down into smaller pieces and become smoother and more rounded over time.
Solution (Corrosion) involves dissolution by weak acids such as when the carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere is dissolved into water turning it into a weak carbonic acid.
Several rocks (e.g., Limestone) are vulnerable to this acidic water and will dissolve into
it. The rate of dissolution is affected by the concentration of carbonates & other minerals
in the water. As it increases, dissolution becomes slower.
Hydraulic action. The effect of waves as they hit cliff faces, the air is compressed
into cracks and is released as waves rushes back seaward. The compressing and
releasing of air as waves presses cliff faces and rushes back to sea will cause cliff
material to break away.

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Rate of coastal erosion
Primary factors
 The ability of waves to cause erosion. Destructive waves cause more erosion
than constructive waves – have a more powerful backwash than swash.
 The hardness (or inversely, the erodibility) of sea-facing rocks is controlled by the
rock strength and the presence of fissures, fractures, and beds of non-cohesive
materials such as silt and fine sand. In terms of mineral composition coasts that
are made up of granite, basalt, and dolomite are more resistant to erosion than
coasts that are made up of limestone, shale, and clay.
 The gradient of the coasts. Coasts with a steeper gradient tend to collapse faster.
 The stability of the foreshore, or its resistance to lowering. Once stable, the
foreshore should widen and become more effective at dissipating the wave
energy, so that fewer and less powerful waves reach beyond it.
Secondary factors
 Weathering and transport slope processes

 Vegetation
 Cliff foot erosion
 Cliff foot sediment accumulation
 Resistance of cliff foot sediment to attrition and transport
 Human Activity
Tertiary factors
 Resource extraction
 Coastal management
- Saltwater intrusion is the intrusion of sea water over fresh water aquifers
(water-bearing permeable rock). It is a direct effect of sea-level rise.
Coastal Landforms
There are two major types of coastal morphology: one is dominated by erosion
and the other by deposition. They exhibit distinctly different landforms, though each type
may contain some features of the other. In general, erosional coasts are those with
little or no sediment, whereas depositional coasts are characterized by abundant
sediment accumulation over the long term. Both temporal and geographic variations
may occur in each of these coastal types.

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Erosional coasts
EXAMPLES DESCRIPTION
SEA CLIFFS
The most widespread landforms of erosional

coasts. These very steep to vertical bedrock cliffs
range from only a few meters high to hundreds of
meters above sea level.
https://images.app.goo.gl/Tsq2fxLkv5CW8sxB7
SEA ARCHES
Another spectacular type of erosional landform is
the sea arch, which forms as the result of different
rates of erosion typically due to the varied
resistance of bedrock. These archways may have
an arcuate or rectangular shape, with the opening
extending below water level. The height of an arch
can be up to tens of meters above sea level.
Continued erosion can result in the collapse of an
arch, leaving an isolated sea stack on the platform.
https://images.app.goo.gl/oKvamcG2soL9ZvNf8
SEA STACKS
Erosion along rocky coasts occurs at various rates

and is dependent both on the rock type and on the
wave energy at a particular site. As a result of the
above-mentioned conditions, wave-cut platforms
may be incomplete, with erosional remnants on the
horizontal wave-cut surface. Because erosion is a
continual process, these features are not
permanent and will eventually be eroded, leaving
no trace of their existence.
https://images.app.goo.gl/XKSwqKGwqN51toWx9

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Depositional Coasts
 Beaches - are features of deposition found in coastal areas between

high and low tide. They are generally found in areas where there is an
inlet or sheltered area, between headlands or a change in the coastline
which causes sediment to be trapped and build up. If a beach is found
in a bay it is called a bay head beach.
 Coastal dunes - Immediately landward of the beach are commonly found large,
linear accumulations of sand known as dunes. They form as the wind carries
sediment from the beach in a landward direction and deposits it wherever an
obstruction hinders further transport. Submersion occurs when the amount of
sediment exceeds wave/current ability to transport it.
https://images.app.goo.gl/siL5MBFa8jeseuA76

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Coastal erosion is actually To completely understand
a natural process but how coastal processes and
nowadays, beach erosion erosions occur,
occurs at an incredible Let’s perform the activity
rate. below!
What’s More
But Wait, there’s more!
Activity 1: White Sand Beaches in Boracay: Here Today; Gone Tomorrow
CASE STUDY
The island of Boracay is located in the northwest tip of Panay Island in Western
Visayas. It is approximately 315 kilometers or 196 miles south of Manila. The island is
highly accessible by land, air and sea. There are regular flights servicing the growing
influx of tourist arrivals. Politically, it is under the jusridiction and governance o Malay,
Aklan. The island is divided into three smaller political units or barangays: Manoc-
Manoc, Balabag and Yapak. Its total land area is 10.32 km 2 (3.985 mi2) and only seven
kilometers long. Based on 2010 census, there are 28,369 inhabitants in the island.
Tourist arrival according to the latest data from the Department of Tourism shows that
1,560,106 visitors visited Boracay in 2015 (Buros, 2016). The total earnings from last
year’s tourist arrival amounted to almost 30 billion pesos. This figure is 6% higher than
last year (Panay News, 2016). Although the swell of tourists is good for the local
economy, it harms the island and its ecosystem. Tourism and related activities are
hurting the already fragile ecosystem of this island paradise. As tourist arrival increases,
construction activities also intensify and demand for more space rises. At present there
are 331 resorts catering to tourists, of which, 293 were found violating building code
mandating that at least buildings should be 30 meters away from the shoreline
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2015). To meet the demand for space, buffer zones were
sacrificed. A study sponsored by JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) I 2010
to 2015 attributed the destruction of coral reefs to tourism (Conserva, 2015). Japanese
and Filipino scientists who conducted the study also warned that the island has already
exceeded its carrying capacity.

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https://boracayislands.wordpress.com
The white outline seen in this satellite photo are the white sand beaches
surrounding the island. The world famous powdery white sand is from coral fragments.
Coral reefs used to be very abundant in Boracay before. It declined by almost 70% in
just 23 years (Torres, 2015). Notice that large part of Boracay is brown instead of green
indicating the extent of development in island. How does development in the island
contribute to coastal erosion?
After reading the case, your task is to identify the anthropogenic factors
(environmental pollution originating in human activity) that contribute to the rapid coastal
erosion in the island. Use the chart below. In the first column of the chart, list down all
possible causes of coastal erosion. In the second column, provide a brief explanation
how it contributed to coastal erosion.
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ROLE IN COASTAL EROSION

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Activity 2: I See the Future
Directions: Now that you have understood how coastal processes shape landforms. It is
also important to moderate the effects of destructive human activities and make
intelligent decisions in pursuit of progress. In this activity, you have to predict the effects
or consequences of the following actions inside the table. Write your resolutions below
each prediction.
1. Use sand dunes for picnics and remove plants along the way.
Consequences:
Resolution:
2. Collecting sea shells as a souvenir.

Consequences:
Resolution:
3. Disturbing migrating birds, nests or their habitat.

Consequences:
Resolution:
4. Leave trashes behind.

Consequences:
Resolution:
5. Have a fun campfire with friends by the beach.

Consequences:
Resolution:
What I Have Learned
Are you ready to show me that you have done the task I gave you at the start of this
module?
Do your best to answer the following:
1. Can you identify the coastal processes that influence the coastal landforms
2. Can you illustrate how these coastal processes determine the present coastal
hazards?
3. In what ways do you protect our coastal environment?

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What I Have Valued
Do you see what I see?
Here is a caricature. What message does the cartoonist want to convey? Did you see
what he saw? Write your explanation below.
Explanation:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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What I Can Do
Sea erosion is currently affecting many coastal areas in the Philippines. DENR
finds that planned protection strategy is the most rational approach to adopt. Part of the
Coastal Management Phase is Identification and Baseline Assessment. Here are some
pictures of Coastal erosions in Panay, Philippines. How are you going to file a report to
the DENR based on your assessment of the area? Write your answers below.
Photos by J.H. Primavera
Baseline Assessment:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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Post-Assessment
Congratulations! You’ve reach this far. This part will assess your learning and if
this SLK served its purpose.
Directions: This is a multiple choice type of test and I want you to read each item
carefully and choose the correct answer from the given choices. Please encircle the
letter of your answer.
1. What primarily causes sea-level rise?

a. Melting of mountain glaciers
b. Melting of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
c. Expansion of water volume due to warming of oceans
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following is an example of coastal processes?
a. Coastal erosion
b. Waves break on a shore
c. Bits of rock and sand in waves are smashed against the cliff face
d. All of the above
3. When waves lose their capacity to carry or transport sediments because of a
reduction in energy, they can and will "drop" or deposit its sediment load. What
do you call this process?
a. Cementation c. Erosion
b. Deposition d. Transportation
4. The rate of coastal erosion depends on the type of wave and fetch, which in turn
determines the size of the waves. What type of wave cause more erosion?
a. Constructive c. Rip currents
b. Destructive d. Tides
5. As wave crashes on the shore, the water pushes sediment up the beach and
then pulls it back down the beach as the water slides back down. What
mechanism of transport is being emphasized?
a. Currents c. Storm surge
b. Longshore drift d. Tides Storm surge
6. Boracay Island has 28,369 inhabitants based on 2010 census. Tourist arrival
according to the latest data from the Department of Tourism shows that
1,560,106 visitors visited Boracay in 2015 (Buros, 2016). The total earnings from
last year’s tourist arrival amounted to almost 30 billion pesos. What specific
human activities attributed to the coastal erosion in the island?
a. Tourism growth
b. High-density residential use
c. A large swell of tourists boosts the economy
d. All of the above
7. The following are marine processes except _______.
a. Currents (translation of water masses).
b. Sea breeze

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c. Tides
d. Waves (oscillations of the water surface, without translation)
8. One of the factors that affect the rate of coastal erosion is t he ability of waves to
cause erosion. Which is considered TRUE in the following choices?
a. Destructive waves cause more erosion than constructive waves because it has more
powerful backwash than swash.
b. Constructive waves have high energy waves that cause erosion.
c. Stronger swash causes more erosion than powerful backwash.
d. None of the above
9. What will happen if vegetation (e.g. Mangroves) is being removed from the
coastal zones?
a. Nothing really happens.
b. Various pests will swarm the coasts
c. Sea level rises drastically during storm surges.
d. The livelihood and settlement of people stays the same.
10. This is a type of coastal morphology that is characterized by abundant sediment
accumulation over the long term.
a. Cementation c. East coasts
b. Depositional coasts d. Transportation coasts
11. According to the National Building Code (RA 6541), buildings should be at least
30 meters away from the shoreline. What do you think is the purpose of this law?
a. To construct more resorts catering to tourists.
b. To create more space for tourism and other related activities.
c. To protect communities from environmental hazards and pollution.
d. To invite more people to reside near coastal zones for better view of the
island.
12. These are five common processes that cause coastal erosion, except:
a. Attrition c. Cementation
b. Abrasion d. Corrasion
13. This a type of erosional landform which forms as the result of different rates of
erosion typically due to the varied resistance of bedrock. These archways may
have an arcuate or rectangular shape, with the opening extending below water
level.
a. Beaches c. Sea arches
b. Sand dunes d. Sea cliffs
14. Saltwater intrusion is the intrusion of sea water over fresh water aquifers (water-
bearing permeable rock). What makes it a hazard to coastal environment?
a. Saltwater could enter the well and contaminate the water supply.
b. Decreases freshwater storage in the aquifers, and, in extreme cases, can
result in the abandonment of wells.
c. Can be very problematic to coastal communities that rely on fresh
groundwater supplies for the livelihood.
d. All of the above
15. What is the BEST thing you can do to protect our coastal environment
a. Collect sea shells as memento.
b. Prioritize tourism activities over environmental protection.

Tel. No.: (032) 322-7770; Fax. No.: (032) 467-8629;
c. Rehabilitation of coastal zones by planting more mangroves.
d. Conduct team building activities like campfire by the sea shore.
Additional Activities
Great work! Always remember that learning doesn’t just stop here, it is a never
ending process. Here is another task for you to work on in preparation for our next topic.
Directions: Forecast the effects or consequences of rising sea level. Below are the
areas of concern to focus on.
Global economy Health and Diseases Food Supply and Peace and Order
Food Security

Tel. No.: (032) 322-7770; Fax. No.: (032) 467-8629;
Answer Key
Pre-assessment What’s In:
1. ǝnɹʇ
2. ǝnɹʇ
3. ǝnɹʇ
4. ǝnɹʇ
5. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
6. ǝnɹʇ
7. ǝnɹʇ
8. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
9. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
10. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
11. ǝnɹʇ
12. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
13. ǝnɹʇ
14. ǝs‫ן‬ɐɟ
What’s new: What’s more:

Activity I: Pictures Don’t Lie Activity I: Case Study
What’s more:
Activity 2: I See The Future

Tel. No.: (032) 322-7770; Fax. No.: (032) 467-8629;
References
Bayo-ang, R, et al. Earth and Life Science for Senior High School. Quezon City:
Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.
Department of Education. "Disaster Risk Reduction Manual (Safer School Resource

Manual)." DepEd Web Site. 2008. http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/
files/Disaster%20Risk%20Reduction%20Resource %20Manual.pdf (accessed June 9,
2020).
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Philippine Coastal Management.

2001. https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files//Publication%20Files/
crmguidebook1.pdf (accessed July 9, 2020).
Religioso, T.F and Vengco L.G. You and the Natural World Series - Earth and Life
Science. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016.

Tel. No.: (032) 322-7770; Fax. No.: (032) 467-8629;

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Learning Area and Grade Level : Earth and Life Science-Grade 11/12

Quarter Number : Quarter I – Week 8

Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation: Marine and Coastal

Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and

“The EARTH is what we all have in common.”

Parents/guardians play a central role to a learner’s education. Now more than

For effective facilitation of home-based learning, parents/guardians must monitor

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Enjoy! You can do this!

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Marine and Coastal Processes

What I Need to Know

At the end of this SLK, you are expected to:

Identify the coastal processes that influence the coastal

Examine how the coastal processes determine the

Show care for the environment and utilize resources

Pre-Assessment- Activating Your Prior Knowledge

________1. Saltwater intrusion is a direct effect of sea level rise.

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Great job! You’re good at this!

- I got 100 % so I will move on to the next topic.

- I got a few mistakes, so I have to keep going and learn more.

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

1. Has the shoreline changed so much? What are those changes?

Let us define these terms:

Coastal processes are responsible for some of

Marine and Coastal Processes

 Deposition – is when material that is being transported is dropped by

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Here are some examples of these processes:

Constructive Wave Destructive Wave

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

BEWARE OF RIP CURRENTS

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Marine or Coastal Deposition

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Sea level changes can be due to subsidence as underlying sediments compact

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Corrasion (Abrasion) happens when breaking waves containing sediment

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

 Weathering and transport slope processes

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

The most widespread landforms of erosional

Erosion along rocky coasts occurs at various rates

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

 Beaches - are features of deposition found in coastal areas between

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

But Wait, there’s more!

Activity 1: White Sand Beaches in Boracay: Here Today; Gone Tomorrow

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ROLE IN COASTAL EROSION

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

2. Collecting sea shells as a souvenir.

3. Disturbing migrating birds, nests or their habitat.

4. Leave trashes behind.

5. Have a fun campfire with friends by the beach.

What I Have Learned

Do your best to answer the following:

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Do you see what I see?

Address: D. Macapagal Highway, Poblacion, Toledo City

Photos by J.H. Primavera