UNI

T–I
V-SAFETYRESPONSI
BILI
TYANDRI
GHTS
Safetywasdef nedas t
i heriskthatisknownandj udgedasaccept abl
e.But,r
iski
sa
potenti
althat somethi
ng unwanted and harmfulmay occur.Iti st he r
esul
tofan
unsafesit
uati
on,somet i
mes unanti
cipat
ed,duri
ngitsuse.
Probabi
li
tyofsaf
ety=1–Pr obabi
li
tyofri
sk
Ri
sk=Probabili
tyofoccur
rence×Consequenceinmagnit
ude
Dif
ferentmet hodsar eavai
labletodeterminet herisk(testi
ngforsafet
y )
1.Test ingont hef unct
ionsoft hesafety-sy
st em component s.
2. Destructi
v etesti
ng:Inthisapproach,testi
ngi sdonet il
lthecomponentfail
s.Itist
oo
expensive,butv eryreali
sti
candusef ul.
3. Prototypet est i
ng:Int hi
sappr oach,t het est
ingisdoneonapr opor
ti
onalscale
modelwi thallv it
alcomponent sf i
xedi nt hesy st
em.Di mensionalanaly
siscould
beusedt opr ojectt
her esult
satt heactualcondi t
ions.
4. Simul at
iont esting:Withthehelpofcomput er,thesimulati
onsaredone.Thesaf e
boundar ymaybeobt ai
ned.Theef fect
sofsomecont r
oll
edinputvariableson
theout comescanbepr edict
edinabet t
erway .

RI
SKANALYSI
S
Anal
yti
calMet
hods
Sev
eralanal
yti
calmet
hodsar
eadopt
edi
ntest
ingf
orsaf
etyofapr
oduct
/pr
oject
.
1.Scenar
ioAnal
ysi
s
Thisi st hemostcommonmet hodofanal ysi
s.St art
ingf r
om anev ent,dif
ferent
consequencesar e st udied.Thisismor eaqual i
tati
vemet hod.
Forexampl e,adi sasterrecov eryplan,f oranor ganizat i
oni sdi scussed.Whent he
probabi l
ityandsi zeofl oss( i
ndicatingpossi bil
ityandf inancialsi gni
ficance,respecti
vely
)
arebot hhi gh,ri
skexi sts.Ont heot herhand,r iskisnotassoci atedwi t
hv erylowpr obabil
it
y
ofoccur rence,orwi thl ossest hatunderanyot herci rcumst anceswoul dbeconsi dered
“aff
ordabl e” .Butt herei sagr ayar eabet weenpr obabi li
ty/losscombi nati
onst hataretrul
y
ri
sky, andt hoset hatar enot .Thisreflectsthef actthatt heboundar ybet weenr i
skyandnon-
ri
skyev entsi sfuzzy, notexact .
Toassesst her iskf acedbyt heor ganizati
on,t hepl annermat chest hepr obabil
it
y
and loss char acteristicsofv ari
ousexposur est oone’ sintuitionofr i
sk.Thi sexposure
analysiscanbemostef fecti
velycarr i
edoutusi ng‘ l
ossscenar ios’.Ascenar i
oi sasynopsis
ofev ent sorcondi tionsl eadi
ngt oanacci dentandsubsequentl oss.Scenar iosmaybe
specifiedi nformal l
y,int hef orm ofnar rati
ve,orf ormallyusi ngdi agramsandf l
owchar ts.
St
epsforRiskAssessment
1.Whatcan go wr ong thatcouldlead to an outcome ofhazar
d exposur
e?
(i
denti
fi
cati
onandchar
acter
izat
ionofri
sk)
2.Howl i
kelyist
hist
ohappen?(quant
if
icat
ionofr
isk,l
i
keli
hood,
andmagnit
ude)
arenotst udied.FMEA i soneoft hequali
tati
vet ools,whi ch supportpr oact
ivequalit
y
str
ategi
es.Successf ulimplement at
ionofFMEAr equiresr el
evantknowledgeandi nsightas
wellas engineering j udgment.FMEA conceptwas i ntroduced in 1960s byaer ospace
companies.Thent heuseofFMEAwasext endedt oaut omobi l
eindustri
esandot hertypes
ofindust
ries,under standingthev al
ueoft hi
sappr oach.Int helastdecade,ithasundergone
metamorphosi swher efocuswasonsev erit
y,occurrenceanddet ecti
onr at
ing.Thus,FMEA
i
sdef i
nedasasy st emat i
ctoolto
(a) i
dent i
fypossi blefail
uremodesi ntheproduct s/process,
(b) tounderst andf ail
uremechanism (processt hatleadst ofai
lur
e),
(c)r i
skanaly sis,and
(d) planforact iononel i
mi nat
ionorreducti
onoff ai
luremodes.

RI
SK-
BENEFI
TANALYSI
S
Themajorreasonsf ortheanal ysi
soft her i
skbenef i
tare:
1 Toknowr i
sksandbenef i
tsandwei ghthem each
2 Todeci deondesi gns,advi
sabi l
it
yofpr oduct/
project
3 Tosuggestandmodi fyt
hedesi gnsot hattherisksareeli
minat
edorreduced
There are some l i
mi t
ations thatexi stint he ri
sk-benef
itanal
ysi
s.The economi c
andethi
calli
mitati
onsar epr esentedasf oll
ows:
1.Pr imaril
ythebenef i
tsmaygot oonegroupandr isksmaygotoanothergroup.I
sit
ethi
callycorrect?
2.I sani ndi
vidualorgov er
nmentempower edt oimposear iskonsomeoneel seon
behalfofsupposed benef i
tt o somebodyel se? Someti
mes,peoplewho ar e
exposedt omaxi mum r i
sksmaygetonl ythemi ni
mum benefi
ts.I
nsuchcases,
thereisevenv i
olati
onofr i
ght s.
 3.Theuni tsforcompari
sonar enott hesame,e. g.,commi ssi
oningt heexpr ess
highway smayaddaf ewhi ghwaydeat hsv er
susfasterandcomf ortablet r
avelfor
severalcommut er
s.Thebenef it
smaybei ntermsoff uel,moneyandt imesav ed,
butlivesofhumanbeingsacrif
iced.Howdowet hencompar epr operl
y ?
4.Bothr isksandbenef
itsli
eint hef ut
ure.Thequantit
ati
veest i
mat i
onoft hefuture
benefits,usi
ngthediscountedpr esentvalue(whichmayf l
uctuate),maynotbe
correctandsometimemi sl
eading.

3.Periodicalmoni t
ori
ng ( i
nspection) and testi
ng of saf ety syst
em t o ensure
reli
abil
ity,e.g.,fi
reexti
nguishers,‘eart
h’sy st
em inel ectri
ccircui
tsarechecked
periodi
cally.
4.Issueofoper ati
onmanual s,tr
ainingoftheoper at
ingper sonnelandregul
araudits
areadopt ed to ensurethatt hepr oceduresar eunder stood,fol
lowed and the
systemsar ekeptinworkingcondi ti
on.
5.Dev el
opment of wel l-
designed emer gency ev acuation plan and r egul
ar
rehearsal/dri
ll
st oensurepreparedness,incaseofemer gency.

SAFETYLESSONSFROM ‘
THECHALLENGER’
Thesaf
etylessonsonecanl ear
ni ntheChall
engercasear easfoll
ows:
1.Negl i
genceindesigneffort
s.Theboosterrocketcasi
ngrecoveredf
rom earl
i
erflights
i
ndi cat
ed thef ai
lureoff il
ed-j
ointseals.Nodei gnchangeswer eincorporated.
Insteadoft woO- ri
ngs, threer i
ngsshoul dhav ebeenf i
xed.Buttherewasno
timef ortest
ingwi ththreerings.Atleastthreeri
ngscouldhav ebeentriedwhi le
l
aunchi ng.
2.Test sonO- ri
ngsshoul dhav ebeenconduct eddownt ot heexpectedambi ent
temper at
urei .
e.,to 20 oF.No nor mal i
zati
on ofdev i
ancesshould hav e been
allowed.
3.NASAwasnotwi l
li
ngt owai tf
ort heweat hert oimpr ove.Theweat herwasnot
favorableonthedayofl aunch.Astrongwi ndshearmi ghthav ecausedt herupture
oftheweakenedO-r i
ngs.
4.Thef i
naldecisi
onmaki ng oflaunchorno- launchshoul d hav ebeenwi tht he
engineers and noton t he manager s.Engineersi nsist
ed on ‘ safety
’butt he
manager swentaheadwi ththe‘
schedul e’
.
5.Inf
ormedconsent :Themi ssi
onwasf ullofdangers.Theast r
onaut sshouldhavebeen
i
nformed oft he probabl efai
lur
e oft he O- r
ings (fi
eldj oints)
.No i nf
ormed
consentwasobt ai
ned,whent heengi neershadex pressedt hatthespeci f
iclaunch
wasunsaf e.
6.Conflictofinter
est( Ri
skVs.Cost )
:Ther ewer e700 cr i
ticali
ty-
1i tems,whi ch
 i
ncl
udedthefi
eldjoi
nts.Afai
l
urei
nanyoneofthem woul
dhav ecauset
hetragedy
.
Noback-
uporstand-byehadbeenpr
ovi
dedforthesecr
it
ical
i
ty-1components.

Escapemechani
sm or‘
saf
eexi
t’shoul
dhav
ebeeni
ncor
por
atedi
nthecr
aft
.

Cher
noby
l,NearKi
ev,
Russi
a(Apr
il1986)
TheRBMK ( Acr ony mf orwat ercool edandgr aphi t
emoder ated)r eactorswer egraphite
moder atedandt heyusewat ert ubes.At estont het urbinegener atorwaspl annedt obe
conduct edduringaschedul edpl antshut -downmai ntenance.
Toconductt het est,t hepowerpl antout putwasr educedt o700MW.Butduet oa
suddenandunexpect eddemand, thepowerout puthast ober aised.
1.Togoaheadwi tht het est,t her eactoroper ator shadal readydi sconnect edt he
emer gencycor e-cool i
ngsy stem,i gnor ingt her aiseindemandsi tuat i
on.
2.Fur t
her ,acont r
oldev i
cewasnotpr oper l
yr eprogr ammedt omai ntainpowerat
700-100MW l evel
3.Thet estwasconduct edat200MW powerout -putwhi chi sv er yl ow fort he
test
.Theyshoul dhav eshutdownt her eact or.
4.Theoper atorsbl ockedal lemer gencysi gnalsandaut omat icshut -downcont rols,
thusal lsaf etysy stemswer edi sconnect ed.
5.Theoper atorsr aisedcont rolr odst oi ncr easepowerout putandt riedt ocont inue
the test .Thi s made t he react orunsaf e.The t emper at ure ofRBMK r eactor
incr
easedandt hef i
ssionr at ei ncreased.
6. Thet estshoul dhav ebeenpost ponedbutcont i
nued.Ther eactorcor emel t
edand
duet ot heHy drogenaccumul at i
on,t her eactorcaughtf i
reandt her adi
oact i
ve
wastebegant ospr eadouti nUSSRandal soEur ope.
Thepeopl el ivingar oundwer einfor medaf teraf ewhour sandwer eev acuat ed12hour s
aft
ert heexplosi on.Mor et han30wor ker si nthecompl exl ostt heirl i
v es,whi le200wor kers
sustained burns.About8000 peopl el ostt heirl i
ves.The agr iculturalpr oduct s wer e
aff
ect edduet ocont ami nat ed r adioact i
v ewat er,forsev er alyear s.
Saf
etyLessonsFr
omTMIandCher
noby
l
7.Thet hicknessoft hecontai
nmentshould bemore,to withstand t
hepossibl
e
explosi
onandf ur
therdamageduetoradi
ati
onandleakageov erthesurr
oundi
ngs
(Chernobyl)
.
8.Whent het estbeganatlow l
oads,t
hedemandf orincreasedout powershoul
d
havebeendecl i
ned.
Respectf
orAut
hor
it
y
Decisi
ons can be t aken by a f ew peopl e,but put ti
ng i nt
o act
ion requires larger
par
tici
pationf rom di
ff
erentgr oupsofpeopl e,suchasoper ati
on,pur
chase,sales,account s,
maintenance,f i
nanceet c.Ineffecti
v ely
-andef f
icientl
y-
transferri
ngdeci
sionstoact i
ons,t he
aut
hor i
tycomesi ntoplayagr eatr ole. Other wiset heindi v
idualdi
scr
etionsmayr uint he
act
ivit
ies.Furthertheaut hori
tyfixest hepersonal responsibil
ityandaccountabil
it
yuni quely
oneachper son.Thisisnecessar yt oensur epr ogressi naction.
I
nst
it
uti
onalAut
hor
it
y
Itistheauthorit
yexer ci
sedwithint heor gani
z ati
on.Itistherightgi
vent ot heempl oy eest o
exercisepower,tocompl etethet askandf orcethem t oachievethei
rgoal s.Dutiessuchas
resource al
locati
on,pol i
cy di ssemi nati
on,r ecommendat i
on,super vi
sion,i ssue or ders
(empower )ordi recti
onsonsub-or dinatesar ev est
edt oinstit
uti
onalaut hori
ty,e.g. ,Line
Manager s and Pr oj
ect Manager s hav et he insti
tuti
onaldut yto make sur et hatt he
products/pr
ojectsar ecompletedsuccessf ul
l
y .Thechar act
eristi
csfeaturesofi nst
itut i
onal
authorit
yarethatt heyall
ocat
emoneyandot herr esourcesandhav eli
bertyi nexecution.
Exper
tAut
hor
it
y
Ontheot herhand,t
heExpertAuthori
tyis( a)thepossessionofspeci
alknowledge,ski
llsand
compet encet operfor
m ajobt horoughly( exper
ti
se),(b)theadv i
ceonj obs,and( c)i sa
staf
ff unction.I
tisalso knownas‘ authorityofleadershi
p’.Theseexpertsdirectot hers
i
nef fecti
v emanner,e.g.
,advi
sers,experts,andconsultantsareengagedinanor ganization
foraspeci fict
erm.

COLLECTI
VEBARGAI
NING

Iti
sthebargainbyt het r
adeuni onfori mpr ovingt heeconomi cinter
estsoft heworker
members.The processincludesnegoti
ation,threateningverbal
ly
,anddeclarat
ionof‘
str
ike’
.
Iti
simpossi
bletoendorsef ull
ythecollecti
v ebar gainingofunionsort ocondemn.Ther e
exi
stal
waysconfl
ict
ingviewsbet weenthepr ofessionalism andunioni
sm.
A.Fai
thf
ulAgentorTr
ust
ee?
Pr
ofessi
onal
soci
eti
essuchasNSPEandI
EIr
efuset
oacceptt
he‘
col
l
ect
ivecoer
civ
eact
ion’
of
uni
oni
sm,holdi
ngtheprinci
plesofprof
essi
onali
ntegr
it
yasri
ght
,e.g.
,asperNSPEcodeII
I,
i
.e.
,engi
neer
sshall notpromotet hei
rown int
erestattheexpenseofthedigni
tyand
i
ntegr
it
yoftheprofessi
on.The
 Tabl
e.4.
1 Pr
o-andant
i-
vi
ewsonuni
oni
sm

Foruni
oni
sm Agai
nstuni
oni
sm
1.Unionshav ebeenusef uli
ni mprovi
ng 1.Unionshavel eadtodi st
urbt he
thestandar dofli
vingandeconomi c economyofst ateby salar
ies,
benefitsofthewor kers.Evennon- andi ncr
easesal ar
iesand
uni
onmember sl
eadi ngt oinfl
ati
onary expenses,leadingto
conditi
onar eablet ogett hose i
nflati
onary conditions.
benefits.
2.Unionshav eobtainedgr eater 2.Inst
eadofbei ngcooperative,t
hey
parti
cipati
oninor ganizati
on,by actinnegativeanddest ructi
veway s,
parti
cipati
vemanagement . causinglossofman-day s.Opinions
Unionmember sareappoi
ntedas oftheindi-vi
dualworkeri s
Dir
ector
si ntheBoardandcredi
tedt
o suppressedandused
actasbridgebetweentheemployer
s aspawns.
andempl oyees. 3.Unions encourage medi ocri
ty,and
3.Unionshavecontri
but
edtothejob act in f avor of seni ori
ty-
based
securi
ty,andprot
ecti
onagai
nstarbi
tr
ary promotion.Mer it
-based promot i
on
tr
eatmentt ot
heempl oy
ees. and awards f
or personal
4.Theyareabl
etoputr
esi
stanceto achiev
ementar edi sregar
ded
unethi
calor
der
sandsupportt
oet hi
cal 4.Uni
onsthr
iveonpr ol
ongedunrest
,
acti
ons di
s-sat
isf
ied,andtenserel
ati
ons
5.Theyhavepr ovi
dedforeffecti
ve bet
weenwor kersandmanagement .
gri
evanceredressalmechanism f
or 5.Theycausepi geon-holi
ngof
CONFI
DeENT
mp l
oI
A
yL
eI
eT
sY
. employeeinnar row j
ob
Conf
i6
d.
eT
nh
te
i
aya
li
tct
y t
meosa
anfeg
sk u
ea
er
pda
i
ngtgai
n
h st
ei t
nh
f
oe
rmat
iononthcl
as
ee si
mpf
ic
l
oa
yt
i
eo
rna
stowl
ndc h
i
ei
c
nht
ts,h
aes
ssae
l
ar
cy
r
ets.I
tis
oneoftpos
heisi
blep
mpor toli
ti
calint
e
antaspect r
fer
softenc e,
eam work. scal
esa r
ea tt
a ched.
expl
oit
ation,andal i
enationi nthe
Just
if
icati
onf orCo
companyaf f
n
ai
r
f
ident
s.
i
ality
Confi
dent
ial
it
ycanbej usti
fiedbyv arouset
i hicaltheori
es.Accordi
ngt oRights-basedtheory,
ri
ghtsofthestakeholders,righttot heintell
ectualpropert
yoft hecompanyar epr ot
ectedby
thi
spracti
ce.Basedon Dut yt heory,empl oyeesand empl oyershav e dutyt o keep up
mutualtr
ust.TheUt i
li
tari
ant heoryhol dsgood,onl ywhen conf identi
ali
typr oduce most
goodtomostpeopl e.Actut i
lit
ari
ant heoryf ocusesoneachsi t
uation,whent heempl oy
er
deci
desonsomemat tersasconf i
dential.
Fur
ther
,thef
oll ngmor
owi alpr
inci
plesal
soj
ust
if
ytheconceptof‘
conf
ident
ial
i
ty’
:
1.Respectf
orAut
onomy
Itmeansr espect
ingthefr
eedom andself-
deter
mi nati
onofi ndivi
dual
sandor gani
zat
ions
toidenti
fytheirlegi
ti
mat
econt r
olovertheper sonali nf
ormat i
onoft hemsel
ves.I
nt he
absenceofthis,t
heycannotkeepthei
rpr
ivacyandpr otecttheirsel
f-i
nter
est.
 orl
ossi
nvol
vedisrel
ati
vel
yless.I
ncompet
it
ivebusi
nesssi
tuat
ions,t
hisi
nfor
mat
ion
al
sopl
aysavit
alr
ole.

(
b) Bri
beandGift
Theconf
li
ctari
seswhenaccept
inglar
gegi
ft
sfr
om thesuppl
ier
s.Br
ibei
sdif
fer
ent
fr
om agi
ft.Thefol
l
owingt
ableshowsacompari
sonofthenatur
eofbri
beandgif
t.
Tabl
e4.
2 Howdoesbr
ibedi
ff
erf
rom gi
ft
?

Test
s Br
ibe Gi
ft
1.Ti
ming Gi
venbef
ore Gi
venaf
ter
2.Costofi
tem Lar
geamount Smallamount
,ar
ti
clesofdai
ly
Use
3.Qualit
yofproduct Poor Good/High
4.Gi
v eri
safri
end Yes No
5.Transpar
ency Madei nsecr
et Madei nopen
6.Mot i
ve Expectunduefavor Expectafavorort
hanki
ngf
or
thefavor
7.Consequence Damagingthe Nodamagei
sinvol
ved
on goodwil
land
organi
zati
on’
s reput
ati
on
goodwill
Codesofet hi
csdonotencour ageev engi ft
s,butempl oy eeshav esetf or thflexible
policies.Gov ernmentandcompanypol iciesgener all
ybangi ft
smor et hananomi nal value
(>Rs. 1000? )Anaddi t
ionalt humbr ulei sthatt heaccept anceofgi ftshoul dnoti nfluence
one’ sjudgmentonmer it.
(
c)Moonl ighting
Itisasi tuat i
onwhenaper soni swor kingasempl oyeef ort wodi fferentcompani esi n
thespar et ime.Thi sisagai nstt her i
ghtt opur sueone’ sl egitimat eself-interest.Itwi l
l
l
ead t o conf l
i
ctofi nt erests,i ft he per son wor ks f orcompet it
ors,suppl i
ers or
cust omer s,whi leworkingunderanempl oy er.Anot heref fectofmoonl ightingi st hat
i
tl eav est heper sonexhaust edandhar mst hej obper formancei nbot hpl aces.
(
d) InsiderI nfor mation
Anot herpot entialconfl
ictofi nteresti swhenusi ng‘ inside’i nformat iont oest abli
sha
busi ness v entureorgetan adv antagef oronesel forone’ sf ami l
yorf ri
ends.The
i
nf ormat ionmaybe ei theroft he par entcompanyori ts cli
ent s ori ts busi ness
par t
ner s,e. g.,engineers mi ghti nform t hedeci sionont hecompany ’smer gerwi th
anot hercompanyoracqui sitionorani nnov ativest rategyadopt ed.Insuchcases,t heir
fri
endsgeti nformati
ononst ockhol dinganddeci deont radingt heirst ockst osel lor
buyqui ckly,sot hatgainmor eorpr evental oss.Forexampl e,inWor ldCom USA,t he
i
nsi deri nformat ionwasusedt omani pulat eandsel lal argeamountofst ockhol ding
by t he Di rector ,upon knowi ng thatt he gov ernmenthasdecl ined to admi tt heir
product .
(
b) Bri
beandGift
Theconf
li
ctari
seswhenaccept
inglar
gegi
ft
sfr
om thesuppl
ier
s.Br
ibei
sdif
fer
ent
fr
om agi
ft.Thefol
l
owingt
ableshowsacompari
sonofthenatur
eofbri
beandgif
t.
Tabl
e4.
2 Howdoesbr
ibedi
ff
erf
rom gi
ft
?

Test
s Br
ibe Gi
ft
1.Ti
ming Giv
enbefore Gi
venafter
2.Costofi
tem Largeamount Smallamount
,ar
ti
clesofdai
ly
Use
3.Qual
it
yofproduct Poor Good/
High
4.Gi
veri
safri
end Yes No
5.Tr
anspar
ency Madei nsecr
et Madei nopen
6.Moti
ve Expectunduefavor Expectafavorort
hanki
ngf
or
thefavor
7.Consequence Damagingthe Nodamagei
sinvol
ved
on goodwil
land
organi
zati
on’
s reput
ati
on
goodwill
Codesofet hi
csdonotencour ageev engi ft
s,butempl oy eeshav esetf or thflexible
policies.Gov ernmentandcompanypol iciesgener all
ybangi ft
smor et hananomi nal value
(>Rs. 1000? )Anaddi t
ionalt humbr ulei sthatt heaccept anceofgi ftshoul dnoti nfluence
one’ sjudgmentonmer it.
(
c)Moonl ighting
Itisasi tuat i
onwhenaper soni swor kingasempl oyeef ort wodi fferentcompani esi n
thespar et ime.Thi sisagai nstt her i
ghtt opur sueone’ sl egitimat eself-interest.Itwi l
l
l
ead t o conf l
i
ctofi nt erests,i ft he per son wor ks f orcompet it
ors,suppl i
ers or
cust omer s,whi leworkingunderanempl oy er.Anot heref fectofmoonl ightingi st hat
i
tl eav est heper sonexhaust edandhar mst hej obper formancei nbot hpl aces.
(
d) InsiderI nfor mation
Anot herpot entialconfl
ictofi nteresti swhenusi ng‘ inside’i nformat iont oest abli
sha
busi ness v entureorgetan adv antagef oronesel forone’ sf ami l
yorf ri
ends.The
i
nf ormat ionmaybe ei theroft he par entcompanyori ts cli
ent s ori ts busi ness
par t
ner s,e. g.,engineers mi ghti nform t hedeci sionont hecompany ’smer gerwi th
anot hercompanyoracqui sitionorani nnov ativest rategyadopt ed.Insuchcases,t heir
fri
endsgeti nformati
ononst ockhol dinganddeci deont radingt heirst ockst osel lor
buyqui ckly,sot hatgainmor eorpr evental oss.Forexampl e,inWor ldCom USA,t he
i
nsi deri nformat ionwasusedt omani pulat eandsel lal argeamountofst ockhol ding
by t he Di rector ,upon knowi ng thatt he gov ernmenthasdecl ined to admi tt heir
product .
PROFESSI
ONALRI
GHTS
Prof
essionalr i
ght sar edef i
nedasmor alent i
tlement sthatpl aceobl i
gationsonot herpeopleto
tr
eatonewi t
hdi gnityandr espect.Organi sationsandengi neersar et obef amil
iarwiththe
mini
mum pr ov i
sionsundert hehuman r ights,so t hatt heengi neer sand or ganizati
onsf ora
fi
rm basef orunder st andingand pr oductivit
y .Prov i
sionsunder‘ humanr ight
s’areasf ol
lows:
1.Ri ghtt opur suel egitimatepersonali nterest
2.Ri ghtt omakeal iving
3.Ri ghtt opr ivacy
4.Ri ghtt opr oper ty
5.Ri ghtofnon- discr i
mi nati
on
6.Nosex ualhar assment
Underpr ofessionalr ight s,thefol
lowingpr ov i
sionsar eprotected:
1. Rightt of orm and expr ess professi onalj udgment :Iti s also call
ed t he r
ightof
professi onalconsci ence.I
npur suingpr ofessionalresponsibil
iti
es,thi
sempower soneto
form andex erciset hepr ofessi
onalj udgment .Botht echnicalandmor aljudgmentsare
i
ncl uded.Thi sr i
ghti sboundbyt her esponsi bil
it
iestoempl oyersandcol l
eagues.

2. Rightt or efuse t o participatein unet hicalact i

vit
ies:I ti s also cal l
ed the r i
ghtof
consci entiousr efusal.Iti st herightt or efuset oengagei nunet hicalact i
onsandt o
refuset odososol elybecauseonev iewst hatasunet hical
.Theempl oyercannotf or
ce
ort hreatent heempl oy eet odosomet hingt hati sconsi der edbyt hatempl oyeeas
unet hi
calorunaccept able.Forexampl e,unet hicaland i l
legalact ivi
t i
est hatcan be
refused ar e:f alsi
fying dat a,forging document s,alteringt estr esul t
s,l yi
ng,gi v
ingor
takingbr ibeet c.Ther emaybesi tuati
ons, whent herei s adi sagr eementornoshar ed
agreementamong r easonabl e peopl e ov erwhet heran acti sunet hical.Medi cal
pract i
ti
oner shav ear ightnott opar t
icipatei nabor tions.Si milarly,theengi neersmust
hav ear ighttor efuseassi gnmentst hatv iol
at etheirper sonalconsci ence, suchaswhen
thereexi stsat hreatt ohumanl if
eormor aldisagreementamongr easonabl epeople.

3. Rightt of ai
rr ecogniti
on and t or ecei
ve r emuner at
ion f orpr ofessionalser vi
ces:
Engineer s havear ightt opr of
essionalrecogni ti
onf ort heirworkandachi evement s.
Thisincl udesfai rmonet aryandnon- monet aryformsofr ecogni
tion.I tisr elatedt o
mor al
ityaswel lassel f-inter
est.Theymot ivatethem toconcent rat
et heirenergyonj obs
andt oupdat etheirknowl edgeandski l
lsthroughcont inuingeducat i
on.Thi swi llprevent
theengi neersfrom di versionsuchasmoonl ighti
ngorbot heronmoneymat ter s.Many
ti
mes,t heengi neerswhohav elaboredt ogetpat entsont heorgani zat
ionsar enot
adequat elyr emuner ated.Based on t he r esources of t he organi zati
on and t he
bargainingpoweroft heengi neers,ther easonabl esalar yorremuner ati
onf orpat ent
discoverycanbewor kedout .
 2.Whent
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
heempl
oyeesf
orm aconf
li
ctori
nter
est(
e.g.
,whenmoonl
i
ght
ing)
.

3.Whentheint
erestoft
heemployeri
sget
ti
ngdamaged(i
ftheempl
oyeet
ransf
erssome
vi
tal
inf
ormati
ononplansorstr
ategi
est
othecompet
it
or).

3.Ri
ghtt
oDuePr
ocessf
rom Empl
oyer
Iti
st her i
ghttofairprocessorpr oceduresinfir
ing,demoti
onandi nt aki
nganydi scipl
i
nary
acti
ons agai nstthe employees.Wr i
tten expl
anati
on shoul
d be init
ial
lyobt ai
ned from the
charged employeeand the orders ar
e given i
n wr i
ti
ng,wit
h clearl
y-
stated reasons.Simple
appealproceduresshouldbef ramedandmadeav ai
labl
etoallt
hoseaf fected.Fai
rnesshereis
specif
iedinter
msoft heprocessrat
herthantheoutcomes.

4.Ri
ghtt
oEqualOppor
tuni
ty—Non-
discr
imi
nat
ion
Discr
imi
nation because ofcast e,sex ,reli
gion,creed,and l
anguage arer egressi
ve act
ions.
Discr
imi
nationwhi chmeansamor allyunj
ustt reat
mentofpeopleintheworkpl
acei sdamagingto
thehumandi gnity.Forexample,
(a) Aseni ormanagerpostisv acant.Ther ei
scompetentandprovencandidatefr
om
outsidethestate.Alocalengineerwi thl
essercompetenceispr
omot ed.
(b) Pri
z eamount sf ort
hewi nnersi nthewor l
dspor teventsarenotthesamef ormen
andwomen.

5.Ri
ghtt
oEqualOppor
tuni
ty—SexualHar
assmenti
ntheWor
kpl
ace
Thesexualhar assmenti sadi splayofar roganceandmi suseofpowert hr oughsexualmeans.
Itisagai nstt hemor alautonomyi .e.,freedom t odeci deonone’ sownbody .Itisal soanassaul t
onone’ shumandi gni t
yandt rust.
Sexualhar assmentmaybe def ined ast he unwant ed compul sion orat t
ackon sexual
requirement s( gr ati
ficati
on)i nt hecont extofunequalpower .Itincl udesphy si
calaswel las
psy chologicalat tackorcoer cionandi ndecentgest ur esbymenshownonwomenorbywomen
onmen.Twosuchf ormsofhar assmentar ef oundt oexist.I
nonet y
pecal led‘ exchangeof
fav or
s’,seni orof f
icersdemandsexualf av oras a condi ti
on forgi ving a j ob,orgr anti
ng a
promot ionori ncr ement .I tmaybeei theri nthe f orm ofaphy si
calorv erbalt hreatorsexual
offer. I n anot hert ype cal l
ed ‘host il
e wor k envi
ronment ’
,i ti st he sexual ly
-oriented wor k
env ir
onmentt hatt hreatens t he empl oyee’sr i
ghtt o equaloppor tunity.Undesi r
abl e sex ual
proposal s,adv ances,l ewd r emar ks,mai l
ing obscene phot ographs ar e some oft het ypical
ex amplesoft hist ypeofhar assment .
Ar ightset hicistinterpretsthisasaser iousv i
olat i
onofhumanr ightt opur sueone’ sjobf ree
from ext raneousf orce,compul si
on, punishmentort hreatorinsult.Adut yet hicistwoul dcal litas
abl atantv i
olationofdut ytot reathumanbei ngwi thdignityandindivi
dual f
reedom, andnott ot r
eat
asi nanimat eobj ectf orimmor algr ati
ficati
ons.Theut i
li
tar
ianwoul dexposet heef fectont he
happi nessandt hewel f
areoft hev icti
ms, especi al
lyofwomen.

6.Ri
ght t
o Equal Oppor
tuni
ty—Af
fi
rmat
ive Act
ion or Pr
efer
ent
ial
Tr
eat
ment
I
tmeansgivi
ngapref
erenceoradv
antagetoapersonofagr
oupt
hatwasdeni
edequalt
reatment
i
nthepast
.Suchtr
eatmentsaregi
venespeci
all
ytowomenandminor
it
iesal
lovert
heworld.I
tis
al
socal
l
ed‘
rev
ersepr
efer
ent
ialt
reat
ment
’,becausei
trev
ersest
hehi
stor
icalpr
efer
ences.

and cr eati
vit
y,like t hatofown phy si
calproper ty
.Thi s encour ages t he IP owner st owards
i
nnov ationandbenef ittot hesoci et
y.I tisanassett hatcanbeboughtorsol d,li
censed,and
11
exchanged.I tisintangi blei.e.
,itcannotbei dentif
iedbyspeci ficpar amet er
s.
The agr eement s wi t
h Wor ld Trade Organisation (WTO)and Tr ade-Related aspects of
Intel
lectualPropertySy stem (TRIPS)hav ebeenadopt edef f
ect i
vef rom Januar y2005.Besi des
themi nimum standar dssetf orprot
ect i
onofI Prights,appropriatel awsf r
amedbyt hemember
count ri
esareexpect edt or educe distort
ionsand bar ri
ersf orand pr omot et he i
nternati
onal
trade.Thegl obalI PR sy stem strengthenspr otecti
on,i ncr
easest hei ncentivesf orinnovation,
andr aisesreturnsoni nternati
onaltechnologyt ransfer.Howev er,itcoul drai sethecost sof
acquiring new t echnol ogy and pr oducts,shifti
ng t he globalt er ms oft rade inf avorof
technol ogyproducer s.

4. 2 Ne
16. edf
orPr
otect
ionofI
P
IP pl
ay sanessent ialr oletost abi l
izeanddev eloptheeconomyofanat i
on.Thispr ot
ect
ion
actuallysti
mulat escr eativi
ty,resear ch,andi nnovati
onbyensuringf
reedom toindiv
idual
sand
organizati
ons to benef itfrom t heircreati
vei ntell
ect
ualinv
estments.The IP serves many
purposes,namel y
(
a) itprev entsot hersusingi t,
(
b) pr ev
entusi ngi tforf i
nanci algain,
(c)pr ev
entpl agiar i
sm
(
d) fulfi
llobli
gat i
ont ofundi ngagency .ICICIBankhasadvancedl
oanagainstI
Passecur i
ty
t
oShopper ’sSt oppe,NewDel hi
,and
(e)pr ovi
desast rategyt ogener at
esteadyi ncome.
Someoft hechal lengesi ntheacqui sit
ionofI Pare:
(
a) Shortageofmanpoweri ntheindustry.Educati
onalinst
itut
ionscanplayavi
talr
ole
i
npr ovidi
ngt hesame.
(
b) Highcostofpat ent
ingandlengt
hypr ocedure.Thi
swasbei ngconsider
edbyt
he
Governmentandasi mplerandfasterprocedureisexpect
ed, and
(
c)Lackofst rongenforcementmechani sm.
Di
scr
imi
nat
ion:

Justaswear eidenti
fi
edbyournames, goodar eident
ifiedbytheirtrademarks.Forexample,
thecustomergoest otheshopandasksf orLuxsoap.Thewor d‘ Lux’i
sat rademar k.I
n
otherwordsitshowst heorigi
norsour ceofthegoods.
Thet r
ademarkcar r
ieswithitani nherentindicati
onori mpr
essionont hequalit
yofgoods,
whichindi
rect
lydemonst r
atesthatitreceivest hecustomer ’
ssatisfacti
on.
Thet r
ademar kservesassi l
entsalespr omot er.Withoutat rademar k,therecanbeno
advert
isement.I
not herwords,itservesasamedi um foradvert
isingt hegoods.