Circulatory System

(Transport System in Vertebrates)

• Cardiovascular system • Lymphatic system

CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM

Rubie Maranan Causaren

 Functions
• Transport
• Protection
• Regulation and maintenance of
–body temperature
–pH of tissues
 Two Basic types of Circulation

Open (Lacunar) Closed

• Arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms • annelids, mollusks (e.g., cephalopods), vertebrates

4
Cardiovascular System

The HEART
 Location and covering

- mediastinum
- pericardium
CHAMBERS

Atria and ventricles

Chambers
- atria
- ventricles

septa
- interatrial septum
- interventricular
septum
Wall
-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium

semilunar
Valves
-AV
-tricuspid
-bicuspid (mitral)
Chordae tendineae
-Semilunar
(interventricular septum)
-aortic SV
-pulmonary SV

Papillary muscle
Conduction System

-SA node-pacemaker
 Phases of the heart
to lungs to body to lungs to body

LA LA
RA
RA

LV
LV RV
RV

Diastole Systole
Heart sounds
•LUB is heard when vibrations occur due to
closing of atrioventricular valves
•DUP is heard when vibrations occur due to
closing of semilunar valves

Heart beat
Øadult human heartbeat : 72 beats/
minute

Cardiac Output
Ø the total volume of blood pumped by the
heart/min (5.0 liters/min)
Blood flow
through the heart
Blood Vessels
 valve
tunica intima tunica intima

tunica media tunica media

tunica externa
tunica externa

artery vein

venule
arteriole

capillary
Artery Vein
 pulmonary arteriole

pulmonary
Pathways of Circulation in aorta
arteries

vertebrates
pulmonary capillary
•Pulmonary pulmonary venule
pulmonary trunk
•Systemic right atrium
pulmonary vein
left atrium
•Portal
left ventricle

right ventricle

systemic artery

systemic vein

systemic arteriole

systemic venule

systemic capillaries
Pathways of Circulation in
vertebrates

•Hepatic Portal
Pathways of Circulation in
vertebrates

•Renal Portal
Pathways of
Circulation in
vertebrates
•Pulmonary
•Systemic
•Hepatic Portal
 Blood pressure
•pressure of blood against the wall of blood vessel, particularly large systemic
arteries in the heart

•measured by sphygmomanometer in millimeter mercury (mmHg)

•normal average blood pressure is 80 to 90 mmHg (diastolic) and 100 to 120 mmHg
(systolic),

120 mmHg
80
BP chart

https://www.etoolsage.com/Chart/Blood_Pressure_Chart.asp
BP chart per age

https://camaca.imaspmedia.com/bp-chart-per-age/
 Pulse and pulse rate
Pulse
• alternate expansion and contraction of the arterial wall that runs close to the
surface

• indicates heart action, elasticity of large blood vessel wall, viscosity of blood,
resistance in arterioles and capillaries

Pulse rate
• indicates the rate of heartbeat because the arterial walls pulse whenever the left
ventricle contracts

•average pulse rate is 60 to 80 per minute in adult; 80 to 120 per minute in children
The Blood
http://givingblood.org/about-blood/blood-components.aspx
 Hematocrit (Hct)
• Estimate of the volume of packed erythrocytes per
unit volume of blood

• Normal values
(1%)
– 40%-50% in men
– 35%-45% in women

• Diagnosis of anemia and polycythemia (>Hct65)

(1%) (Na, K, Ca)

solutes
RBCs (a. Normal structure and function)
• size 2.6 µm
0.8 µm
• biconcave
• Packed with hemoglobin
• Normal concentration in blood
7.5 µm
– ~3.9 – 5.5 m/µL in women
– ~4.1 – 6.0 m/µL in men
• flexible
• mature: non-nucleated
• mature: no mitochondria
• mature: lack ribosomes
– Limited lifespan: 120 days
• Function?
Blood (WBC)
Granulocytes

(PMNs) neutrophil eosinophil basophil

Agranulocytes

lymphocyte monocyte
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil

(major basic
protein)
IgE

Phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes

 Basophil

-histamine
-heparin
 Monocyte

-fixed
-wandering
Lymphocytes
Platelets (Blood Clotting)
 ABO Blood Grouping
Agglutinogens
-antigens (Ag)

Agglutinins
-antibodies (Ab)
Type O

Type A

Type B

Type AB
Rh Blood Type
Sorry, I forgot to mention that Rh came
from the genus of monkey, Rhesus sp.,
from which anti-D was first detected J
 Father Mother
Rh+ Rh -

No anti-D in plasma yet

1st child Rh + Mixture of maternal and fetal blood

during delivery; anti-D developed

2nd child Rh+ anti-D agglutinate child’s RBCs

APAS- anti-pregnancy antibody syndrome

HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn) or
erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh
R u a legitimate child?
Alleles for blood type

IA

IB

IO or i
Okey na!