Laboratory Activity

3 Structure of Hydrocarbons

INTRODUCTION

Hydrocarbon is any of a class of organic chemicals made up of only the elements carbon (C) and
hydrogen (H). The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the
hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. While this classification of
hydrocarbons helps to link properties to structural characteristics, it does not require that every
substance be placed in a single category. Indeed, structural units that belong to two or more
hydrocarbon families are frequently found in a molecule. For instance, a molecule with a benzene ring
and a carbon-carbon triple bond would have some properties that are typical of arenes and others that
are typical of alkynes.
Hydrocarbons were categorized by chemists in the nineteenth century as either aromatic or
aliphatic based on their sources and properties. Hydrocarbons produced through the chemical
decomposition of fats or oils were referred to as aliphatic (from the Greek aleiphar, "fat"). Aromatic
hydrocarbons were a group of related substances made by chemically breaking down some plant
extracts with pleasant odors. Modern terminology keeps the terms aliphatic and aromatic, but the
compounds they describe are differentiated based on their structure rather than their origin.

I. OBJECTIVES
l. OBJECTIVES

➢ Determine the description, physical properties and chemical properties of propyne.

➢ Illustrate the Lewis structures of each given hydrocarbon
➢ Determine the bond angles of the given alkenes, alkynes and alkyl.
➢ Conduct the appropriate structures of the given hydrocarbon using styroballs, stick and
coloring, material.

II. MATERIALS
Materials Actual Photo

Barbecue sticks

Protractor
 Styrofoam balls

Illustration board

Poster Paints

Glue Gun

Glue Stick
III. PROCEDURE

Aside from filling out the table, construct the structures of the highlighted HCs and apply the
necessary angles.

We assigned to construct the structure of PROPYNE

IV. DATA AND RESULTS

A. Structure of Alkanes
Alkane Lewis structure Bond angle
methane, CH4 109.5°

ethane, CH3CH3 109.5°

propane, CH3CH2CH3 111.66°

butane, CH3CH2CH2CH3 109.5°

2-methypropane, 109.5°
CH3CH3CHCH3

B. Structure of Alkenes
Alkene Lewis structure Bond angle
ethene, H2C=CH2 120°

propene, H2C=CHCH3 120°

1- butene, H2C= CHCH2CH3 120°

cis-2-butene, CH3CH=CHCH3 120°

trans-2-butene, 120°
CH3CH=CHCH3

C. Structure of Alkynes
Alkyne Lewis structure Bond angle
ethyne, HC≡CH 180°

propyne, HC≡CCH3 180°

1- butyne,HC≡ 180°
CCH2CH3

2-butyne, CH3C≡CCH3 180°

D. Structure of Arenes
Lewis structure Bond angle
Benzene 120°

Toluene 120°
 E. Structure of Cycloalkanes
Lewis structure
Cyclopentane – envelope and half-chair

cis and trans 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane – chair

V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

We must to illustrate its Lawis structure to be a guide to assemble the carbon and
hydrogen ,the hydrocarbon is any of a class of organic chemicals made up of only the elements
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) while the single bond is a chemical bond between two atoms
involving two valence electron and by using this it is simple to construct any structure precisely.

VI. CONCLUSION

In this activity, we made Lewis structures for each of the Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and
Arenes listed in the table. While we are making the structures, we are also finding out the bond
angles of each one.
VII. QUESTIONS

1. How are alkanes, alkenes and alkynes differentiated?

All three types of hydrocarbons—alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes—have unique
structural makeups, which also affect their physical and chemical characteristics.
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, which means that there is just one atom-to-atom link
within them. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, which means they are compounds
containing one or more double bonds or one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms.
Saturated hydrocarbons are saturated with hydrogen and are the simple hydrocarbons.
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds between the carbon
atoms, while Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond

The main difference between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons is that aliphatic
hydrocarbons have a high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio whereas aromatic hydrocarbons have
a low carbon-to-hydrogen ratio.
2. How are aliphatic hydrocarbons different from aromatic hydrocarbons?
The main difference between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons is that aliphatic
hydrocarbons have a high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio whereas aromatic hydrocarbons have
a low carbon-to-hydrogen ratio.
3. How are cyclic hydrocarbons different from aromatic hydrocarbons?
A cyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which the carbon chain joins to itself in a
ring. A cycloalkane is a cyclic hydrocarbon in which all of the carbon-carbon bonds are
single bonds. Like other alkanes, cycloalkanes are saturated compound while aromatic
hydrocarbons are cyclic, planar compounds that resemble benzene in electronic
configuration and chemical behavior.
4. What is hybridization and identify the type of hybrid orbitals in alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,
cycloalkanes?
Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane has sp3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to four
other atoms, each of whickly is either carbon or hydrogen. Alkane bond are in state of
sp3 hybridzation. Alkene bond are in state of sp2 hybridzation, in sp2 hybridization ones
orbital combines with two p orbitals to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals. Alkynes
bond are in state of sp hybridization, in sp hybridization one s orbitals combines with one
p orbital to form two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals. Cycloalkane are sp3 hybridized, the
hybridization in which one s-orbital and three p-orbitals are mixed to form four identical
hybrid orbitals is called sp3 hybridization.
 CHEM 109 (Organic)
BSC- 2103

Group 2

Leader: Alcantara ,Randhel Jhon L.

Daño ,Angelica Mae

Manguerra ,Bhea Sevilla
Orlanes ,James Joel
Ramos ,Jay
Viaje, Ivee Marie

Submitted to:

Edward F. Gonzales

Instructor

September 30,2022