8𝜋𝑣 2 ℎ𝑣

𝐸(𝑣, 𝑇) = ..............................(2.17)
𝑐3 𝑒 −𝜀/𝑘𝐵 𝑇 −1

where h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzman

constant, and T is the absolute temperature of a black body. Planck's idea was
the forerunner to the birth of the quantum theory of light put forward by
Einstein a few years later (Sutarno, 2017:55).
Since the approach taken by Rayleigh and Jeans was in agreement with the
prevailing theories of that time, Planck proposed an entirely new hypothesis.
His proposal stated that the energy of each type of oscillator could not be any
arbitrary value between zero and infinity, but rather had to be one of a series of
discrete values that were uniformly separated by an interval of Δε. As per this
hypothesis, the energy of each type of oscillator had to be one of 0, Δε, 2Δε,
3Δε, ..., NΔε, where n = 1, 2, 3, and so on (Sutopo, 2005: 9).
To produce an average energy that depends on frequency, the energy of
each variety must also depend on frequency. This means that Δε must be
directly proportional to v. This comparability can be transformed into similarity
by proposing a quantity having the dimension of energy times time (ie action)
as a factor of its comparability. If we denote the proportionality constant h, then
the energy of each variant must be one of the values (Nurlina, 2020: 14).
𝜀𝑛 = 𝑛ℎ𝑣, 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2. ..
Planck's law of black body radiation states that the intensity of the light emitted
from a black body varies according to the wavelength of the light. Planck
derived an equation: E = hv, which states that the energy of a photon (E) is
equal to the value of a certain constant known as the Planck constant (h),
multiplied by the frequency (v). Planck's hypothesis, which contradicts the
classical theory of electromagnetic waves, is the starting point for the birth of
the quantum theory, which marks a revolution in physics. Planck's
breakthrough was a very brave move, because it went against the established
and highly respected laws of physics at that time. With this theory, physics is
able to present a deep understanding of natural objects and matter. At first,
Planck himself and other physicists thought that the hypothesis was nothing
more than a suitable mathematical fiction. However, after several years, this
assumption has changed, because Planck's hypothesis about quantum can be
used to explain various physical phenomena (Fastiyed, 2008: 3).
B. Data Analysis
Activity 1. Measurement of the light intensity of blackbody radiation as a
function of temperature (Stefan-Boltzman law)
0
-0,5 2,45 2,5 2,55 2,6 2,65 2,7 2,75 2,8
-1
-1,5
Log U (V)

-2 y = 6,3795x - 20,09
-2,5 R² = 0,9478
-3
-3,5
-4
-4,5
-5
Log T (K)

Graph 4.1 The relationship between the logarithm of temperature T(K) and
the intensity of radiation time U(V)
a. In Theory
𝑀 = 𝜎𝑇 4
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑀 = 4 𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑇
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑚=4
b. In Practicum
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 = 6,3795𝑥 − 20,09
𝑚 = 6,3795
c. Degrees of Truth (DT)
𝐷𝑇 = 𝑅 2 × 100%
𝐷𝑇 = 0,9478 × 100%
𝐷𝑇 = 94,78%
d. Relative Error (RE)
𝑅𝐸 = 100% − 𝐷𝐾
𝑅𝐸 = 100% − 94,78%
𝑅𝐸 = 5,22%
e. Uncertainty
𝑅𝐸 × 𝑚
∆𝑚 =
100%
5,22% × 6,3795
∆𝑚 =
100%
∆𝑚 = 0,33
f. Physics Reporting (PR)
𝑚 = |𝑚 ± ∆𝑚|
𝑚 = |6,37 ± 0,33|
g. %𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖 − 𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑢𝑚
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖
4 − 6,3795
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
4
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 59,48%
Activity 2. Determining Newton's Cooling Constant

𝑇(𝑡)−𝑇𝑠
Graph 4.2 The relationship between cooling time and ln 𝑇0 −𝑇𝑠

a. Value of Newton Cooling Constant

𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑠 + (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
(𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 )
= 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠
 (𝑇𝑡 − 𝑇𝑠 )
Ln = −𝑘𝑡
𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑚 = −𝑘
𝑘 = −𝑚
𝑦 = −0,0004𝑥 − 0,8089
𝑘=𝑚
𝑘 = −(−0,0004)
𝑘 = 0,0004𝑠 −1
b. Degrees of Truth (DT)
𝐷𝑇 = 𝑅 2 × 100%
𝐷𝑇 = 0,9988 × 100%
𝐷𝑇 = 99,88%
c. Relative Error (RE)
𝑅𝐸 = 100% − 𝐷𝐾
𝑅𝐸 = 100% − 99,88%
𝑅𝐸 = 0,12%
d. Uncertainly
𝑅𝐸 × 𝑘
∆𝑘 =
100%
0,12% × 0,0004
∆𝑘 =
100%
∆𝑘 = 4,8 × 10−7
e. Physics Reporting (PR)
𝑘 = |𝑘 ± ∆𝑘|
𝑘 = |0,12 ± 0,48| × 10−6 s−1
C. Discussion
The experiment entitled "Measuring the Intensity of Black Body Radiation as
a Function of Temperature (Stefan-Boltzmann Law) and Newton's Cooling"
was divided into 2 activities, namely the first activity measuring radiation
intensity as a function of temperature rise to measure the intensity of black
body radiation and the second activity, namely measuring radiation intensity
as a temperature drop function to determine Newton's cooling constant. Data
analysis for each activity was carried out by first plotting a graph of the
functional relationship of each activity.
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