MOLE CONCEPT

MOLE CONCEPT
1. MEASUREMENT IN CHEMISTRY

1.1 Every measured physical quantity consists of two parts viz a numerical value and the unit.
Physical quantity = numerical value  unit

1.2 The numerical value of a physical quantity is determined experimentally. Every scientific
measurement has some degree of uncertainty due to two reasons.
(i) Skill of the observer
(ii) Limitation of measuring instrument

1.3 There are two ways of expressing this uncertainty.

(i) One method of expressing it is to use the notation + 1 along with the doubtful digit.

Ex.1 : 63.7 + 0.1cm.

(ii) Another method is expressing it is to use the concept of significant figures.

1.4 Rules for determining the number of significant figures:

(i) All nonzero digits are significant

Ex.2 : 6.324 has four significant figures.

7.92 has three significant figures
1.2 has two significant figures.

(ii) A zero appearing at a beginning of a number is not significant

Ex.3 : 0.32 has two significant figures

0.018 has two significant figures.
0.0004 has one significant figure.
0.324 has three significant figures.

(iii) A zero appearing in the middle of a number or at the end of a number that included a decimal point
is significant.

Ex.4 : 6.023 has four significant figures.

3.01 has three significant figures.
1.050 has four significant figures.
1.5000 has five significant figures.
(iv) If a number ends in zeros but these zeros are not to the right side of a decimal point, then
they may or may not be significant.

Ex.5 : 6500 may have two or three or four significant figures if 6500 is expressed as
(i) 6.5 x 103 then it has two significant figures.
(ii) 6.50 x 103 then it has three significant figures.
(iii) 6.500 x 103 then it has four significant figures.
(iv) In order to avoid the ambiguity in the rule
(v) generally very large and very small numbers are expressed in exponential form or scientific notation.
In this notation a number is expressed as N x 10n where N = a number with at least a single nonzero
digit to the left of the decimal point. n = an integer.

Ex.6 : In Avogadro’s number 6.023 x 1023. 6.023 is a number of four significant figures i.e., in the
exponential notation, the numerical portion represents the number of significant figures.
 MOLE CONCEPT

1.5 Calculations involving significant figures.

Rule 1 : The result of addition or subtraction should be reported to the same number of decimal places as that
of the term with least number of decimal places.

Addition example: 6.23 + 2.1 + 1.712 = 10.042

This value should be taken as 10.0 only because 2.1 has only one decimal place.

Subtraction example: 16.3215 – 2.706 = 13.6155

This value should be taken as 13.615 because 2.706 have only three decimal places.

Rule 2 : The result of multiplication or division should be reported to the same number of significant figures as
possessed by the least precise term.

Ex.7 : for multiplication: 6.102 x 2.1 = 12.8142.

This value should be taken as 12 because 2.1 has two significant figures.

Ex.8 : for division : 5.2765/1.25 = 4.2212.

This value should be taken as 4.22 because 1.25 have three significant figures.

2. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

2.1 The units of mass, length and time are independent units and as they are not derived from any other unit,
these are called fundamental units.
System International (S.I.) has seven basic units.
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol.
Electric Current ampere A
Luminous intensity Candela Cd
2.2 Derived Units :
(i) Area = length  breadth = mxm = m2
(ii) Velocity = displacement / time = m/s = ms-1
(iii) Acceleration = velocity / time = ms-1/s = ms-2
(iv) Force = mass acceleration = mxa = Kg ms-2
(v) Pressure = Force / area = Kg m -1 s-2 = Nm -2
(vi) Volume = length cube = mxmm = m3
(vii) Density = mass / volume = Kg/m3 = Kg m -3
(viii) Energy /Work = Force  distance travelled = Kg m s-2  m = Kg m 2 s-2
Energy and work have same units.
(ix) Frequency = no. of cycles per second = cycles/second = s-1 or Hz
(x) Electric charge = current  time = ampere x second = As = coulomb.
(xi) Power = Energy / time = Kg m 2 s-3 = Watt
(xii) Potential difference = Power / Ampere = Kg m 2 s-3 A-1 = JA-1s -1

3. RELATION BETWEEN VARIOUS UNITS

Units of length : 1 mile = 1760 yards

1 yard = 3 ft
1 ft = 12 inch
MOLE CONCEPT

1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 mile = 5280 ft
Units of mass : 1 kg = 103 g
1 lb = 453.6 g
1 metric ton = 1000 kg
Units of volume : 1 m3 = 103 L
1 dm 3 = 1L
1 cm 3 = 1c.c = 10-3 L
1 ft3 = 28.32 L
1 qt = 0.9464 L
Units Of Energy : 1 dyne = 10-5 N
1 calorie = 4.184 J
1 erg = 10-7 J
1 e.V = 1.6022 10-19 J

4. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Anything that occupies space, possesses mass and the presence of which can be felt by any one or more of our
five senses is called matter.
4.1 Matter may be
(i) homogeneous (uniform composition)
(ii) heterogeneous (nonuniform composition)

4.2 Homogeneous matter may be

(i) non fixed composition or solutions.
(ii) fixed composition or pure substances.

4.3 Pure substances may be

(i) elements (can not be decomposed)
(ii) compounds (can be decomposed by chemical reactions)

Element : A pure substance which can neither be decomposed into nor built from simpler substances is called
Element.

Ex. 9 : Oxygen, sodium, aluminium, ferrum etc.,

Elements are further classified into i) Metals ii) Nonmetals, iii) Metalloids.

Compound : A substance which can be obtained by the union of two or more elements in a definite proportion
by weight and into which it may be decomposed by suitable chemical methods.

Ex.10 : Carbon dioxide, water, methane etc.

5. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

5.1. The Law of conservation of mass
(i) This law was given by Lavoiser in 1744.
(ii) This law was verified by Landolt.
(iii) This law states “matter can neither be created nor destroyed or in a chemical reaction, the mass
of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products”.
(iv) The exception to this law is nuclear reactions where Einstein equation is applicable.
Ex.11 2Ca  O2  2CaO
2 x 40 1 x 32 2(40+16)
= 80g = 32g = 112g
Total mass reactant = Total mass product = 112g.
 MOLE CONCEPT

5. 2 The law of constant composition or definite propor tion

(i) This law was given by Proust in 1799.
(ii) This law was verified by Stass & Richards.
(iii) This law states that “All pure samples of the same chemical compound contain the same elements
combined in the same proportion by mass, irrespective of the method of preparation”

Ex.12 Different samples of carbon di oxide contain carbon and oxygen in the ratio of 3:8 by mass. Similarly in water
ratio of weight of hydrogen to oxygen is 1:8.

5. 3 The Law of multiple propor tion 

(i) This law was given by John Dalton in 1804.
(ii) The law was verified by Berzelius.
(iii) This law states that “when two elements A and B combine together to form, more than one compound, then
several, masses of A which separately combine with a fixed mass of B, are in a simple ratio”.
Ex.13
CO and CO2
12:16 12:32
ratio = 16 : 32
1:2
H2S and H2S2
2:32 2:64
ratio = 32 : 64
1:2

5. 4 The Law of reciprocal propor tions

(i) This law was given by Richer in 1792-94.
(ii) This law states that “when two elements combines separately with third element and form
different types of molecules, their combining ratio is directly reciprocated if they combine directly.”

Ex.14 C combines with O to form CO and with H to form CH4. In CO2 12g of C reacts with 32g of O, whereas in CH4
2

12g of C reacts with 4g of H. Therefore when O combines with H, they should combine in the ratio of 32 : 4 (i.e.
8:1) or in simple multiple of it. The same is found to be true in H2O molecules. The ratio of weight of H and O in
H2O is 1:8.

5. 5 The Law of Gaseous volume.

(i) This law was given by Gaylussac in 1808.
(ii) This law states that “when gas combine, they do so in volume which bear a simple ratio to each other and
also to the product formed provided all gases are measured under similar conditions.” Or in other words volume
of reacting gasses and product gases have a simple numerical ratio to one another.

Ex.15 H2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  2HCl (g)

1 unit vol. 1 unit vol. 2 unit vol.
ratio = 1 : 1 : 2
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
1 unit vol. 3 unit vol. 2 unit vol.
ratio = 1 : 3 : 2
5. 6 The Avogadro Law
(i) This law states that “equal volume of all gaseous under similar conditions of temperature and pressure
contain equal number of molecules”.
2H2 + O2  2H2O
2 vol. 1 vol. 2 vol.
ratio 2 : 1 : 2
MOLE CONCEPT

(ii) This law helped to remove anomaly between Dalton’s atomic theory and Gay lussac’s law of volume by
making a clear distinction between atoms and molecules.
(iii) It reveals that common elements gases like hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen etc. are diatomic.
(iv) It provides a method to determine the atomic mass of gaseous elements.
(v) It provides a relationship between vapour density and molecular mass of substances.
2 × vapour density (VD) = molecular mass of gas.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. 23.4g of NaCl on reacting with 68g of AgNO3 formed 57.4g of AgCl and 34g of NaNO3. This is in accordance with
(1) The law of conservation of mass. (2) The law of constant composition.
(3) The law of reciprocal proportion. (4) None of these
Ans. (1)
NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
23.4g 68g 57.4g 34g
mass of reactant = mass of product = 91.4g. Hence the law of conservation of mass is obeyed.

2. 8g of CaCO3 on heating gave 3.25g CO2 gas. The mass of residue left is -
(1) 4g (2) 4.48g (3) 12g (4) 16g
Ans. (2)
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
8g x 3.52g
According to law of conservation of mass
mass of reactants = mass of products.
8 = x + 3.52 (where x is mass of residue)
x = 8 – 3.52 = 4.48g

3. In one experiment 12g of Mg combine with 8g of O2 to form 20g of MgO. In another experiment when 150g of Mg
combine with 100g of O2 then 250g of MgO is formed. Above two experiment follows-
(1) The law of conservation of mass (2) The law of constant composition
(3) The law of definite proportion (4) All of the above

mass of Mg reacted 12 3
Ans. (4) I experiment  
mass of O 2 reacted 8 2

mass of Mg reacted 150 3

II experiment  
mass of O 2 reacted 100 2

Hence both law of conservation of mass and constant composition is obeyed.

4. H combines with O to form two compounds water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). If 2g of H reacts with O
completely to form 18g of water and 34g of H2O, then what is ratio of mass of O combining with H.
(1) 3 : 9 (2) 4 : 16 (3) 1 : 2 (4) None of these Ans. (3)
The ratio of masses of oxygen which combine with 2g of hydrogen to give H2O and H2O2 are 16 : 32 = 1 : 2. That
is, one mass of O is a multiple of the other mass of O combining with the same mass of H to form different
compounds.

5. The vapour density of a gas is 11.2, then 11.2g of this gas at N.T.P. will occupy a volume-
(1) 1.12 litres (2) 0.112 litres (3) 112 litres (4) 11.2 litres Ans. (4)
Vapour density of any gas at N.T.P occupies a volume of 11.2 litres.
 MOLE CONCEPT

6. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

6. 1 Postulates.
(i) Every element consists of large number of small particles called atoms.
(ii) Atoms are invisible, indivisible, can neither be created nor destroyed.
(iii) Atoms of same element are identical in all respects such as size, shape, weight and properties.
(vi) Atoms of different elements combine in simple ratio such as 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 2 : 3 etc., to form compound atoms.
(v) The compound atoms (molecules according to modern approach) of the same compound are identical.

6. 2 Limitations.
(i) It does not distinguish between the ultimate particles of an element and that of a compound.
(ii) It fails to explain the laws of combining volumes of gases.
(iii) It does not give the idea of isotopes and isobars.

7. ATOM, MOLECULES AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

7. 1 Atom : It is the smallest particle of an element that takes part in a chemical reaction and is not
capable of independent existence.

7. 2 Molecule : It is the smallest particle of matter which is capable of independent existence. A

molecule is generally an assembly of two or more tightly bonded atoms.

Homo atomic molecules : Molecules of an element containing one type of atoms only eg. H2,N2 etc.
Hetero atomic molecules : Molecules of compounds containing more that one type of atom
eg. H2O, NH3, SO2 etc.

7. 3 Mole :
(i) The quantitative aspect of a chemical reaction in chemistry is done by using the mole concept.
(ii) Mole is the chemical counting unit. It expresses the amount of a substance.
(iii) The word ‘mole’ (Latin = heap or pile) was introduced by Wilhelm Ostwald in 1896.
(iii) A mole is the amount of substance that contains an many entities (atoms, molecules or other particles) as
there are atoms in exactly 12g (or 0.012 kg) of carbon-12 (C12) isotope.
(iv) 1 mole has 6.022137 x 10 23 entities (atoms, molecules, ions, protons, electrons etc.) This
number of entities is constant and is known as Avogadro constant. It is represented by symbol NA or N
(v) Mole is SI unit, mole can be used with a prefix.
Ex.16 1mmol = 10–3 mol
1mol = 10–6 mol
1 nmol = 10–9 mol

IMPORTANT POINTS
 1 Mole = 6.023 × 1023 particles
 1 mole atoms = 6.023 × 1023 atoms
 One mole molecule = 6.023 × 1023 molecules
 Mass of one mole of atoms = Gram atomic mass (GAM)
 Mass of one mole of molecules = Gram molecular mass (GMM)
 Volume occupied by 1 mole of a gas at N.T.P. = 22.4 litres (Molar Volume)
 1 mole of different substances have different masses.
Ex.17 1 mole C = 12 g
1 mole N2 = 28g
1 mole of different substances have same volume at STP.
1 mole CO2, N2, H2, He will have volume 22.4 L at STP.
MOLE CONCEPT

8. MASS, MOLE AND NUMBER CONVERSION

9. ATOMIC MASS SCALE

Carbon as standard : The modern standard reference for atomic mass is carbon isotope of mass number 12.
Mass of 1 atom of element
Atomic mass of an element 
1
x Mass of 1 atom of C12
12
IMPORTANT POINTS
 Atomic mass is not a mass (weight) but a number
 Atomic mass is not absolute but relative to the mass of the standard reference element C12.

10. MOLECULAR MASS

It is number of times a molecule is heavier than 1/12th of an atom of C12.

Mass of 1 molecule
Molecular Mass 
1
x Mass of one atom of C12
12

IMPORTANT POINTS
 Molecular mass is not a mass (weight) but a number.
 Molecular mass is relative and not absolute.
 Molecular mass expressed in grams and is called Gram Molecular Mass (GMM).
 Molecular mass is calculated by adding all the atomic mass of all the atoms in a molecule.

Ex.18 CO2 = 12 + (2 x 16) = 44, NH4Cl = (14 × 1) + (1 × 4) + (1 × 35.5) = 53.5

11. MORE ABOUT ATOMIC MASS AND MOLECULAR MASS

11. 1 Atomic Mass :

The relative atomic mass (atomic weight) of an element is the mass of one atom of the element compared with
the mass of an atom of 6C12 (carbon -12 isotope) taken as 12.0000 units.
Gram Atomic Mass (GAM) : The gram atomic mass of an element is the atomic mass of it, expressed in g.

Ex.19 1 gram atom of hydrogen = 1.008g

1 gram atom of carbon = 12g
1 gram atom of chlorine = 35.5g

NOTE : (i) Atoms of the same element which have different relative masses are called isotopes.
(ii) In case of isotopes, atomic mass of the elements is average of relative masses of different isotopes of the
element.
 MOLE CONCEPT

Ex.20 There are two isotopes of chlorine.

35 37
17Cl and 17Cl
relative mass 35 37
relative abundance 3 : 1

(At. mass of I isotope  relative abundance I )  (At. mass of II isotope  relative abundance II )
At. mass of element 
Total relative abundance

(35  3)  (37  1) 105  37

At. mass of Cl    35.5
3 1 4

11.1.1 Deter mination of Atomic mass :

atomic mass can be determined by Dulog and Petit’s method (1819). It states the “the product of atomic mass
and specific heat of an element is 6.4 approximately”.

Mathematically : - Atomic mass × specific heat  6.4

Ex.21 The specific heat of metal is 1J/g/K. If equivalent mass of metal is 9. Calculate its exact atomic mass.

6 .4
specific heat = 1J/g/K = or 0.24 cal /g/K
0.24

6.4 6 .4
atomic mass (app.) = = = 26.75
specific heat 0.24

Atomic mass ( app) 26 .75

now valency = = = 2.9 ~ 3. ( valency is integer)
Equivalent mass 9
Exact atomic mass = Equivalent mass × valance
= 9 × 3 = 27
Atomic mass can also be determined from molecular mass and atomicity.

Atomicity :- It may be defined as the number of atoms present in a molecule of an element.

molecular mass
Atomic mass = atomicity

11. 2 MOLECULAR MASS

(i) Molecular mass (the relative molecular mass) :- The relative molecular mass (weight) of an element or
compound is the mass of one molecule of the element or compound compared with the mass of atom of 6C12
which is arbitrarily assigned as 12.0000.

(ii) Gram molecular mass (GMM) :- The molecular mass expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass
(GMM), or gram mole or mole.

(iii) Molar volume or gram molecular volume (GMV) : - The volume occupied by one gram mole or one mole
of a gas at STP is called molar volume or gram molecular volume (GMV).
11.2.1 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR MASS
(i) Regnault method
(a) By this method vapour density (V.D) of the gas are determined by direct weighing.

weight of a certain vol. of gas or vapour under certain temp. and pressure
(b) V.D. =
weight of the same vol. of H under same temp. and pressure
MOLE CONCEPT

(ii) Diffusion method :-

(a) It is based on Graham’s Law of diffusion.
(b) Graham’s Law states that “the rate of diffusion of different gases, under similar conditions of temperature
and pressure, are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities (molecular mass)”

r1 d1 M1
(c) Mathematically :   
r2 d2 M2

(iii) Ideal Gas Law : -

w
(a) Mathematically PV = RT or PV = nRT
M
Here P, V,w, M, T, n and R are pressure, volume, mass of substance, molecular mass, absolute temperature,
moles and ideal gas constant.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
6. Calculate the number of molecules of dinitrogen oxide in 0.044 kg of the gas
(1) 6.02 x 1023 (2) 3.01 x 1023 (3) 12 x 1023 (4) None of these
Ans. (1)
Gram molecular mass of dinitrogen oxide (N2O) = 44g
Given mass - 0.044kg or 44g
A gram molecular mass of any gas contain Avogadro number of molecules = 6.023 x 1023
0.044kg of dinitrogen oxide contain 6.023 x 1023 molecules

7. Which of the following contains the least number of molecules and which the highest -
(1) 17.75g of Cl2 (2) 8g of CO (3) 4g of He (4) 28g of Fe
Ans. (3)

mass 17.75
(1) Number of moles of Cl2 = = = 0.25
GMM 71

mass 8
(2) Number of moles of CO = = = 0.285
GMM 28

mass 4
(3) Number of moles of He = = 1
GMM 4

mass 28
(4) Number of moles of Fe = = = 0.5
GMM 56

8. Atomic mass of neon is 20. (i) Calculate the number of atoms in 1g of neon and (ii) 1g atom of neon.
Sol.
(i) 20g of neon contains 6.023 x 1023 atoms

6.02  10 23
 1g of neon contains = = 3.01 × 1022 atoms
20
(ii) 1g atom means 1 mole of neon atom, therefore number of neon atoms is 6.02 × 1023

9. What is the mass of 1 molecule of dry ice ?

Sol.
Gram molecular mass of CO2 (dry ice) = 12 + 32 = 44g
6.023 x 1023 molecules of CO2 weighs 44g
 MOLE CONCEPT

1  44
therefore 1 molecule of CO2 weighs = 7.30 x 10–23g
6.02  10 23

10. Calculate the volume at STP occupied by 62.55 × 10–3 kg of PCl5.

Sol.
Molecular mass of PCl5 = 31 + 5 (35.5) = 208.5
208.5g of PCl5 occupies 22.4L at STP

22 .4
therefore 62.55g of PCl5 occupies =  62 .55 = 6.72L.
208 .5

11. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following

(i) 52 mole of He (ii) 52 amu of He (iii) 52g of He
Sol.
(i) 1 mole He contain 6.02 x 1023 atoms
52 mole of He contain = 52 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms
(ii) Atomic mass of He = 4 amu

52
52 amu of He contain = = 13 atoms of He
4
(iii) Number of moles of He in 52g of = 13 moles
number of atoms in 52g of He i.e. 13 moles = 13 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms
= 78.26 x 1023 atoms

12. 6  1020 molecules of SO2 are removed from 320 milligram of SO2. What are the remaining moles of SO2.
(1) 4  10–3 moles (2) 5  10–3 moles (3) 2  10–3 moles (4) 6  10–3 moles
Ans. (1)

320  10 –3
Mole in 320mg. of SO2 = = 5 x 10–3 moles ;
62

6  10 20
Moles of SO2 removed are = = 10–3 moles
6  10 23
Remaining moles of SO2 = [5 x 10–3 – 10–3] = 4 x 10–3 moles

12. CHEMICAL FORMULA

It is of two types -

12. 1 Molecular formula : Chemical formula that indicate the actual number and type of atoms in
a molecule are called molecular formula eg. - Molecular formula of benzene is C6H6

12. 2 Empirical formulae : The chemical formulae that give only the relative number of atoms of
each type in a molecule are called empirical formulae eg. - empirical formula of benzene is CH.

12. 3 Deter mination of Chemical For mulae :

Determination of empirical formulae :
Step - I : Determination of percentage
Step - II : Determination of mole ratio
Step - III : Making it whole number ratio
Step - IV : Removal of fractions from mole ratio (to obtain empirical formula)
MOLE CONCEPT

12. 4 Deter mination of molecular for mula :

Step - V : Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) N

Molecular mass (weight)

where N 
Emperical mass (weight)

Ex.22 Methyl orange, an acid-base indicator, is the sodium salt of an acid that contains C,H,N,S and O. Quantitative
analysis gave 51.4% C, 4.3% H, 12.8% N, 9.8% S and 7.0% Na. What is empirical formula of methyl orange.
Sol.
Element % Mole ratio Simplest mole ratio

51.4 4.28
C 51.4  4.283 = 14
12 0.304

4.3 4.3
H 4.3  4.3 = 14
1 0.304

12.8 0.914
N 12.8  0.914 = 3
14 0.304

9.8 0.306
S 9.8  0.306 =1
32 0.304

7. 0 0.304
Na 7.0  0.304 =1
23 0.304

14 .7 0.919
O 14.7  0.919 =3
16 0.304

The compound contains 14, 14, 3, 1, 1 and 3 atoms of C, H, N, S, Na and O respectively.

Then empirical formulae = C14H14N3SO3Na

Note : To find percentage of oxygen in organic compound add percentage of all other atoms and subtract it from 100
As for above example % of O = 100 - (51.4 + 4.3 + 12.8 + 9.8 + 7.0) = 14.7

Ex.23 A compound of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contains three elements in the respective ratio of 9 : 1 : 3.5.
Calculate the empirical formula. If the molecular weight is 108, what is molecular formula.
Sol.
Element Ratio by weight Atomic ratio Least ratio
9. 0
C 9  0.75 3
12
1.0
H 1 1 4
1
3. 5
N 3.5  0.25 1
14
Empirical formula = C3H4N
Empirical formula mass = (12 × 3) + ( 1 × 4) + (14 × 1) = 54
Molecular formula mass = 108

molecular mass
where N 2
emperical mass
hence molecular formula = 2 × C3H4N = C6H8N2
 MOLE CONCEPT

13. CHEMICAL EQUATION

Representation of the chemical change in terms of symbol and formulae of the reactants and products is called
a chemical equation.

13. 1 Infor mation conveyed by a chemical equation :

(i) Qualitatively, a chemical equation tells us the names of the various reactants
(ii) Quantitatively, it express
(a) The relative number of molecules of reactants and products
(b) The relative number of moles of reactant and products.
(c) The relative masses of reactants and products.
(d) The relative volumes of gaseous reactants and products

14. STOICHIOMETRY

(i) Stoichiometry is a Greek word (stoicheio = element and metron = element)

(ii) Stoichiometry is a calculation of the quantities of reactant and product involved in a chemical reaction.
(iii) Stoichiometry can be classified into two groups -
(a) Gravimetric Analysis (b) Volumetric analysis

14. 1 Stoichiometr y and Problem Solving

In problem solving we shall first discuss gravimetric analysis of chemical reaction. In gravimetric analysis we
relate the weights of two substances or a weight of a substance with a volume of a gas or volumes of two or more
gases.

14. 2 Problem involving Mass-Mass relationship-

Ex.24 What amount of MgO is formed when 12g of Mg reacts with oxygen completely.

Sol. Following are the steps to solve the above problem where mass of reactant is given and mass of product is to be
calculated.
Step 1 Write balance equation
Mg + O2  MgO (unbalanced reaction)
2Mg + O2  2MgO (balanced reaction)

Step 2 Write the moles below the formula

2Mg + O2  2MgO
moles 2 1 2 (this represents simplest molar ratio among reagents.)

Step 3 Write the relative weights of the reactant and product

2Mg + O2  2MgO
(2 x 24) 2 x (24+16)
= 48g = 80g

Step 4 Apply unitary method

48g of Mg gives 80g of MgO
12  80
 12g of Mg gives g of MgO = 20g of MgO
48

14. 3 Problem involving Mass-Volume relationship.

Ex.25 By heating 10g CaCO3, 5.6g of CaO is formed. What volume of CO2 obtained in this reaction at STP.

Sol. Step 1 Write balance equation

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Step 2 Write the moles below the formula
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
moles 1 1 1
MOLE CONCEPT

Step 3 Write the relative weights of the reactant and volume of product
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
100g 22.4L at STP
Step 4 Apply unitary method
100g of CaCO3 gives 22.4L of CO2
10  22 .4
 10g CaCO3 gives  2 .24L of CO2 at STP
100

14. 4 Problem involving Volume-Volume relationship-

Ex.26 Hydrogen reacts with nitrogen to produce ammonia according to this equation.
3H2 (g) + N2(g)    2NH3(g)

Sol. Determine how much ammonia would be produced if 200L of hydrogen react completely with nitrogen to form
ammonia.

Step 1 Write moles below the balance equation

3H2(g) + N2(g)  2NH3(g)
3 1 2

Step 2 Write relative volume of reactants and product

3H2(g) + N2(g)  2NH3(g)
3  22.4 1  22.4 2 × 22.4
= 67.2L = 22.4L = 44.8L

Step 3 Apply unitary method

67.2L of H2 gives 44.8L of NH3

200  44.8
 200L of H2 gives  133 .3 L of NH3
67 .2
Note : Quantity of a substance consumed or produced can be determined only if we use a balance
chemical equation.

15. LIMITING REAGENT

(i) Limiting Reagent (reactant) : The reactant which is completely consumed during the reaction.
(ii) Excess Reagent (reactant) : The reactant that is not completely consumed in a reaction.
The moles of product formed are always determined by the initial moles of limiting reagent.
Ex.27 Calculate the weight of FeO produced from 2g VO and 5.75g of Fe2O3. Also report the limiting reagent.
VO + Fe2O3  FeO + V2O5
Sol.
Step 1 Write balance equation
2VO + 3Fe2O3  6FeO + V2O5

Step 2 Write the moles below the formula

2VO + 3Fe2O3  6FeO + V2O5
2 3 6 1
Step 3 Write the relative weights of the reactant and product
2VO + 3Fe2O3  6 FeO + V2O5
(2  67) (3  160) (6 × 72)
= 134g = 480g = 432g
Step 4 Arbitrarily choose one reactant as limiting reagent say VO

Step 5 Apply unitary method the mass of Fe2O3 require to react with 2g of VO is
 MOLE CONCEPT

2  480
=  7.164g
134
Since amount of Fe2O3 in reaction is 5.75 which is less than the required amount i.e. 7.164g, it will be completely
used up in the reaction and reaction will stop hence Fe2O3 is the limiting reagent.
Now if entire quantity of Fe2O3 reacts we can find the amount of product formed using unitary method.
When 480g of Fe2O3 reacts 432g of FeO is formed

5.75  432
 when 5.75 of Fe2O3 reacts  5.175g of FeO is formed.
480

SOLVED PROBLEMS
13. Calculate the weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide by the action of 18g of steam.
3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2
Sol.
3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2
3 × 56 4 × 18 1 × 232
= 168 = 72 = 232

now 72g of steam (H2O) reacts with 168g of Fe

18  168
 18g of steam will react with  42g of Fe
72

14. Calculate the weight of lime (CaO) obtained by heating 200kg of 90% pure limestone (CaCO3)
Sol.
100kg impure sample has CaCO3 = 90 kg

90  200
 200kg impure sample has CaCO3 = = 180 kg
100
now CaCO3  CaO + CO2
100g 56g 44g

100kg CaCO3 gives 56kg of CaO

56  180
 180kg of CaCO3 gives  100.8kg of CaO
100

15. Oxygen is prepared by catalytic decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3). Decomposition of KClO3 gives
potassium chloride (KCl) and oxygen (O2). If 4.2 mole of oxygen is needed for an experiment, how many grams
of KClO3 must be decomposed.
Sol.
Step 1 KClO3(s)  KCl(s) + O2(g)

Step 2 2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

2 mole 3 mole

Step 3 ( 2 x 122.5) 3 mole

= 245g 3 mole
Step 4 If 2.45g of KClO3 gives 3 mole of O2 then 4.2 mole of O2 will be obtained from

4.2  245
  343g of KClO 3
100
MOLE CONCEPT

16. A gaseous alkane is exploded with oxygen. The volume of O2 for complete combustion to CO2 formed is in the
ratio of 7 : 4. Deduce molecular formula of alkane.
Sol. Let the formula of alkane be CnH2n + 2

 n  1
CnH2n + 2 + n  O 2  nCO 2  (n  1) H2 O(l)
 2 

volume of O 2 used 7
Given =
volume of CO 2 formed 4

n  (n  1)/2 7
=
n 4
n = 2. The alkane is C2H6.

17. 10 moles SO2 and 15 moles O2 were allowed to react over a suitable catalyst. 8 moles of SO3 were formed. The
remaining moles of SO2 and O2 respectively are-
(1) 2 moles, 11 moles (2) 2 moles, 8 moles (3) 4 moles, 5 moles (4) 8 moles, 2 moles
Ans. (1)
2SO2 + O2  2SO3
10 15 0
10-2x 15-x 2x
2x =8 x=4
Hence remaining SO2 = 10 - 8 = 2 moles, O2 = 15- 4 = 11 moles

18. If 0.5 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Na3PO4 the maximum amount of Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed is-
(1) 0.70 mol (2) 0.50 mol (3) 0.20 mol (4) 0.10 mol
Ans. (4)
3 BaCl2 + 2Na3PO4  6NaCl + Ba3(PO4)2
molar ratio 3 2 6 1
initial moles 0.5 0.2 0 0

Limiting reagent is Na3PO4 hence it would be consumed and the yield would be decided by its initial moles. 2
moles of Na3PO4 give 1 mole of Ba3(PO4)2
 0.2 moles of Na3PO4 would give 0.1 mole of Ba3(PO4)2.

16. STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS IN SOLUTIONS

(i) Reactions of solutions are by the most common .

(ii) Volumetric analysis is the method to deal with quantitative analysis involving solution.
(iii) The most commonly used concept to express the composition of solution is molarity.

16. 1 Molarity

The number of gram moles of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution. It is denoted by 'M'.

number of gram moles of solute n

Molarity  =
volume of solution (L) V(L)

weight of solute (g) w ( g)

Gram moles  =
molecular weight of solute (GMM) GMM

weight of solute (g) 1 w ( g) 1

Molarity  x = ×
Molecular weight of solute (GMM) volume of solution (L) GMM V (L)
 MOLE CONCEPT

Formula :-

w 1
(i) M x
GMM V (L)

w 1000
(ii) M x
GMM V (mL)

1
(iii) M = n×
(L)
(iv) n = M × V(L)
where w = weight of solute, GMM = Gram Molecular Mass of solute, V = volume of solution,
n = number of gram moles.
(v) Gram moles = Molarity of solution  volume of solution (L)
(vi) Milli moles = Molarity of solution  volume of solution (mL)
(vii) 1 Gram mole = 1000 mmoles
(viii) If density and weight percentage of the solution is given then

10  d  percent
M where d = density of solution,
GMM

M M M M M
M 5M 10M
2 5 10 100 1000

Semi Penti Deci Centi Milli Penta Deca

molar molar molar molar molar Molar molar molar
solution solution solution solution solution solution solution solution

1 1 1 1 1
mol/L mol/L mol/L mol/L mol/L 1 mol/L 5mol/L 10mol/L
2 5 10 100 1000

Ex.28 4g NaOH is present in 100ml of its aqueous solution. What is the molarity :-
(1) 2M (2) 1M (3) 10M (4) 0.1M Ans. (2)

w 1000 4 1000
Sol. Molarity     1
GMM volume (mL) 40 100
1M solution of NaOH

Ex.29 The solution of H2SO4 contains 80% by mass. Specific gravity (density) of solution is 1.71 g/cc. Find its
Molarity.
10  d  percent
Sol. M
GMM
10  1.71
M  80  13.95
98
Ex.30 To neutralizes 20mL NaOH, the volume of 1M HNO3 is–
(1) 4mL (2) 3mL (3) 2mL (4) 1mL
Sol. NaOH HNO3
M1V1 = M2V2
0.2 x 20 = 1 x V2 V2 = 4mL
MOLE CONCEPT

Ex.31 To neutralize 25mL of 0.25M KOH, the mass of HCl required is

Sol. m mole of KOH = 25  0.5 = 1.25

1.25
mole of KOH =
1000
According to stoichiometry of reaction,
KOH + HCl  KCl + H2O
To neutralize 1.25 10–3 mol of KOH, 1.25  10–3 mol of KOH is required
moles of HCl = mol of HCl  GMM
1.25  10–3  36.5 = 0.0456g

17. MORE ABOUT EXPRESSION OF STRENGTH/ CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

"The amount of solute which is dissolved in unit volume of solution is called concentration of solution."

amount of solute
Concentrati on 
volume of solution

17. 1 Weight - weight percent (w/W) : Weight of solute present in 100g of the solution.

weight of solute (g) w

Weight percent   100 . weight percent  100
weight of solution (g) W

Ex.32 What is the weight percentage of NaCl solution in which 20g NaCl is dissolved in 60g of water.
(1) 10% (2) 5% (3) 25% (4) 15%

weight of NaCl
Ans. (4) weight percentage of NaCl   100
weight of solution

20
  100  25% NaCl solution (w/W)
20  60

17.2 Volume - volume percent (v/V) : (In liquid - liquid solution)

Volume of solute in ml. present in 100ml of the solution is called volume - volume percentage.

volume of solute (mL)

Volume - volume percentage   100
volume of solution (mL)

v
volume percent   100
V
Ex.33 A solution is prepared by mixing of 10ml ethanol with 120ml of methanol. What is volume percentage
of ethanol:-
(1) 10% (2) 7.7% (3) 20% (4) 15%

volume of ethanol 10
Ans. (2) Volume percentage of ethanol   100   100  7.7%
volume of solution 10  120

17. 3 Weight - volume percent (w/V) :

Weight of solute in g present in 100mL of the solution is called weight - volume percentage.
weight of solute (g)
weight - volume percentage   100
volume of solution (ml)

w
percent of strength   100
V
 MOLE CONCEPT

Ex.34 What is weight volume percentage of a solution in which 7.5g of KCl is dissolved in 100mL of the solution–
(1) 7.5% (2) 92.5% (3) 50% (4) none
Sol. 7.5% of KCl (w/V) : 7.50g KCl present in 100mL of the solution.

7. 5
x100 = 7.5%
100

17. 4 Nor mality.

The number of gram equivalents of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution. It is denoted by 'N' :

number of gram equivalent s of solute Eq

Normality  =
volume of solution (L) V(L)

mass of solute (g) w ( g)

 Gram equivalent s of solute  =
Equivalent mass of solute GEM

weight of solute (g) 1 w ( g) 1

 Normality   = ×
Equivalent weight of solute volume of solution (L) GEM V(L)
Formula :

w 1 w 1000 1
(i) N  (ii) N  (iii) N  Eq. 
GEM V(L) GEM V(mL) V(L)
(iv) Eq. = N × V (L)

w = weight of solute in (g), GEM = Gram Equivalent Mass of solute, V = volume of solution,
Eq. = number of gram equivalent of solute.
(v) Number of gram equivalent = Normality of solution (N)  volume of solution (L)
(vi) Milliequivalent (mEq) = Normality of solution  volume of solution (mL)
(vii) 1 gram equivalent = 1000 milliequivalent.
(vii) If density and weight percent of the solution is given then :-
10  d
N  percent (where d = density of solution)
GEM
10 d 100
or N = x
GEM W
weight of solute ( w )
percent  100
weight of solution ( W )

N N N N N
N 5N 10N
2 5 10 100 1000
Semi Penti Deci Centi Milli normal Penta Deca
normal normal normal normal normal normal normal

1 1 1 1 1
eq./L eq./L eq./L eq./L eq./L 1eq./L 5 eq./L 10eq./L
2 5 10 100 1000

Ex.35 0.56g KOH is present in 100 mL of the solution what is the normality :-
(1) 1N (2) 0.1N (3) 2N (4) 0.2N
Ans - (2)

w 1000 0.56 1000

Normality      0.1N
GEM V(mL) 56 10
MOLE CONCEPT

Ex.36 Find the number of milliequivalent of H2SO4 persent in 50mL of N/20 H2SO4–
Sol. meq = N  V(mL) = 1/20  50 = 2.5

Ex.37 To prepare 600mL of 2N solution of NH4OH, what volume of 10N NH4OH is required –
Sol. N1V1 = N2V2
2  600 = 10  V2
V2 = 120mL

Ex.38 To dissolve 3.3g of certain metal 110mL of N H2SO4. Find the equivalent mass of metal–
(1) 15g (2) 30g (3)(4)
Sol. meq. of H2SO4 = 110  1 = 110
Equivalent of H2SO4 = 110  10–3
now according to law of equivalents of H2SO4 = equivalents of metal
 equivalent of metal = 110  10–3

weight 3. 3
now equivalent = 110  10–3 = GEM = 30
GEM GEM

Ex.39 What volume of 2N and 5N H2SO4 should be mixed so that the resultant solution of 1L has normality = 3
Sol. N1V1 = N2V2 = N3V3 where V3 = V2 + V1
let us assume the volume of 2N H2SO4 is x litre
then the volume of 6N H2SO4 is (1 – x)L
2  x + 6(1–x) = 3 1 ; 2x + 6 – 6x = 3 ; x = 3/4 or 0.75L

17. 5 Molality :
The number of gram moles of solute dissolved in 1000g or 1kg of the solvent. It is denoted by 'm'.

gram moles of solute n

molality  =
weight of solvent(kg ) W (kg)

weight of solute(g) w ( g)
Gram mole of solute  =
molecular weight of solute GMM

weight of solute(g) 1 w ( g) 1
Molality   = ×
molecular weight of solute weight of solvent(kg) GMM W ( kg)

Formula :

w 1 w 1000 1
(i) m  (ii) m  ..........(iii) m  n ..........
GMM W(kg) GMM W(g) W(kg)

where w = weight of solute, GMM = Gram Molecular Mass of solute, W = weight of solvent,
n = number of moles of solute
Ex.40 10g HCl dissolved in 250mL of its aqueous solution. If density of the solution is 1.2g/mL. than molality of the
solution will be :-
(1) 1 (2) 0.34 (3) 0.945 (4) 3.4
Ans - (3)
Weight of solute = 10g Volume of solution = 250mL
Density of solution = 1.2g/mL.  Weight of solution = 250  1.2 = 300g
 Weight of solvent = weight of solution - weight of solute = 300 - 10 = 290g

w 1000 10 1000
 m     0.945
GMM W 36.5 290
 MOLE CONCEPT

17. 6 For mality

The number of gram formula weight of a solute dissolved per litre of the solution is called formality of
the solution. It is denoted by 'F'.

mas of solute(g) 1
Formality  
formula mass of solute Volume of solution(L )

w 1 w 1000 1
(i) F  (ii) F  .......... (iii) F  nf  ..........
f V(L) f V(mL) V(L)
where w = mass of solute, f = formula mass of solute, V = volume of solution,
nf = number of gram formula mass.
Ex.41 CH3COOH exists as dimer in benzene 1.2g of the acid was dissolved and the volume was made up to one litre
by benzene, what is the formality -
(1) 0.1F (2) 0.01F (3) 1F (4) 10 F
Ans - (2)
Molecular mass of CH3COOH = 60
Formula mass of the associated molecule of the acid = 2  60 = 120
mass of CH3COOH = 1.2g

1.2 1
volume of solution = 1L Formality    0.01F
120 1

17. 7 Mole Fraction

The mole fraction of a component in a solution is the ratio of the number of moles of that component
to the total number of moles present in the solution.

A  Solute 
Suppose :  Solution nA = number of moles of solute
B - Solvent 

nB = number of moles of solvent

nA
Then mole fraction of solute = XA 
n A  nB

nB
Mole fraction of solvent = XB  XA + XB = 1
n A  nB

Ex.42 1 molal aqueous solution of any solute will have mole fraction–
(1) 1 (2) 1.8 (3) 18 (4) 0.018

nA
Sol. Mole fraction = for 1 molal solution number of A = 1
nA  nB

mass of H2O in aqueous solution of 1000g.

1000 1 1
 nB = = 55.4 = = = 0.018
18 1  55.4 56.4
For gaseous mixture :
A binary system of two gases A & B
PA = Partial pressure of A , PB = Partial pressure of B
P = PA + PB = Total pressure of gaseous mixture

PA P
Mole fraction of gas A XA   A
PA  PB P
MOLE CONCEPT

PB P
Mole fraction of gas B XB   B
PA  PB P

Mole Percentage :
Mole percentage = Mole fraction x 100
Mole percent of A = XA  100
Mole percent of B = XB  100

17.8 ppm (Par t per million)

The parts of the component per million parts (106) of the solution.

w
ppm   10 6
wW
where w = weight of solute, W = weight of solvent

18. FORMULA FOR VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS

Gram equivalent s
1. (i) Normality 
volume(L )

(ii) Gram Equivalents = Normality  Volume(L)

(iii) Milli Equivalents (m.e.) = Normality  Volume (ml)

(iv) 1 Equivalents = 1000 milli equivalents

Gram moles
2. (i) Molarity 
volume(L )

(ii) Gram Moles = Molarity  volume(L)

(iii) Milli moles (m.m.) = Molarity  Volume (mL)

(iv) 1 Mole = 1000 milli moles

weight of solute(g)
3. (i) Concentration (g/L) =
volume of solution(L)

(ii) Concentration (g/L) = Molarity  Molecular weight

(iii) Concentration (g/L) = Normality  Equivalent weight

(iv) Normality  Equivalent weight = Molarity  Molecular weight = Acidity of base

Normality of acid = Molarity  Basicity
Normality of base = Molarity  Acidity

(v) Normality = Molarity = Formality

The relation is true for a substance having
Eq. wt = Mol. wt. and the substance does not undergo association or dissociation.

(vi) Molarity is independent of Temperature.

 MOLE CONCEPT

SOLVED EXAMPLE
Exp–1 How many g atom and no. of atoms are there in (a) 60 g carbon (b) 224.4 g Cu ?
Given At. weights of C and Cu are 12 and 63.6 respectively. Avogadro’s no. = 6.02 × 10 23.
wt. wt. Av. No.
Sol.  g atom = and No. of atoms =
at. wt. at. wt.

60
(a)  For 60 g C : g atom = =5
12

60  6.02  10 23
No. of atoms = = 30.1 × 1023
12
224 .4
(b) For 224.4 g Cu : g atom = = 3.53
63.6

224.4  6.02  10 23
No. of atoms = = 21.24 × 1023
63.6

Exp–2 Find the no. of g atoms and weight of an element having 2 × 1023 atoms. At. weight of element is 32.
Sol.  N atoms have 1 g atom

2  10 23
 2 × 1023 atoms have = = 0.33g atom
6.023  10 23
 N atoms of element weigh 32 g

32  2  10 23
 2 × 1023 atoms of element weight = = 10.63 g
6.023  10 23

Exp–3 Calculate the no. of atoms and volume of 1 g He gas at NTP.

Sol.  4 g He has 6.023 × 1023 atoms

6.023  10 23
 1 g He has atoms = 1.506 × 1023 atoms
4
Also,
 4 g He has volume at NTP = 22.4 litre

22.4
 1 g He has volume at NTP = = 5.6 litre
4
Exp–4 How many mole and molecules of O2 are there in 64 g O2 ? What is the mass of one molecule of O2 ?
Sol.  32 g O2 has mole = 1

64  1
 64 g O2 has mole = = 2 mole
32
 32 g O2 contain 6.023 × 1023 molecules

6.023  10 23  64
 64 g O2 contain = 12.04 × 1023 molecules
32
 N molecules of O2 weight 32 g

32
 1 molecules of O2 weights = = 5.313 × 10–23 g
6.023  10 23
MOLE CONCEPT

Exp–5 How many years it would take to spend Avogadro’s number of rupees at the rate of 10 lac rupees per second ?
Sol. Total rupees to be expanded = 6.023 × 1023
Rupees spent per second = 106
 Rupees spent per year = 106 × 60 × 60 × 24 × 365
 106 × 60 × 60 × 24 × 365 Rupees are spent in 1 year

6.023  10 23
 6.023 × 1023 “ “ “= 6 = 1.9099 × 1010 year
10  60  60  24  365

Exp–6 Weight of one atom of an element is 6.644 × 10–23 g. Calculate g atom of element in 40 kg.
Sol. Wt. of 1 atom of element = 6.644 × 10–23 g
 Wt. of N “ “ “ = 6.644 × 10–23 × 6.023 × 1023 = 40
 40 g weight of element has a 1 g atom

40  10 3
 40 × 103 g “ “ “= = 103 g atom
40

Exp–7 How many g of S are required to produce 100 mole and 100 g H2SO4 separately ?
Sol.  1 mole of H2SO4 has = 32 g S
 100 mole of H2SO4 = 32 x 100 = 3200 g S
 98 g H2SO4 has S = 32 g

32 x 100
 100 g H2SO4 has S =  32.65 g S
98

Exp–8 An alloy has Fe, Co and Mo equal to 71%, 12% and 17% respectively. How many cobalt atoms are there in a
cylinder of radius 2.50 cm and a length of 10.0cm. The density of alloy is 8.20 g/mL. Atomic weight of cobalt
= 58.9.
Sol. Weight of alloy cylinder = Volume x density
= r2h x d

22 2
= x 2.5  x 10 x 8.20  1610 .7 g
7

1610 .7 x 12
Weight of cobalt in alloy =  193 .3 g
100

 58.9 g cobalt has atoms = 6.023 x 1023

6.023 x 10 23 x 193.3
 193.3 g cobalt has atoms = = 19.8 x 1023
58.9

Exp–9 The dot at the end of this sentence has a mass of about one microgram. Assuming that black stuff is carbon,
calculate approximate atoms of carbon needed to make such a dot.
Sol. Mass of carbon in dot = 1 x 10–6 g
 12 g C has 6.023 x 1023 atoms
6.023 x 10 23 x 10  6
 1 x 10–6 g C has = 5 x 1016 atoms of C
12
 MOLE CONCEPT

Exp–10 What is the molecular weight of a substance, each molecule of which contains 9 carbon atoms. 13 hydrogen
atoms and 2.33 x 10-23 g of other component ?
Sol. Molecule has C, H and other component
 Wt. of 9 C atoms = 12 x 9 = 108 amu
 Wt. of 13 H atoms = 13 x 1 = 13 amu
2.33 x 10  23
Wt. of 2.33 x 10-23 g of other atom =  14.04 amu
1.66 x 10  24
 Total weight of one molecule = 108 + 13 + 14.04 = 135.04 amu
 Mol. weight = 135.04 g

Exp–11 A plant virus is found to consist of uniform cylindrical particles of 150 Å in diameter and 5000 Å long. The
specific volume of the virus is 0.75 cm 3/g. If the virus is considered to be single particle, find its molecular weight
Sol. Volume of virus
22 150 150
= r2 = x x x 10 16 x 5000 x 10 8 = 0.884 x 10–16 cm 3
7 2 2
0.884 x 10 -16
 Weight of one virus = g = 1.178 x 10-16 g
0.75
 Mol. wt. of virus = 1.178 x 10-16 x 6.023 x 1023 = 7.095 x 107

Exp–12 K-40 is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope having natural abundance 0.012% of potassium isotopes. How
many K-40 atoms do you ingest by drinking one cup of whole milk containing 370 mg K?

370 x 0.012
Sol. Amount of K-40 in 370 mg K = mg
100

= 0.0444 mg
 40 g K-40 has atoms of K-40 = 6.023 x 1023

6.023 x 10 23 x 0.0444 x 10 3
 0.0444 x 10-3 g K-40 has atoms = = 6.69 x 1017 atoms
40

Exp–13 Insulin contains 3.4% sulphur. Calculate minimum mol. wt. of insulin.
Sol. For minimum mol. wt., insulin must have at least one S atom in its one molecule.
 3.4 g S then mol. wt. of insulin = 100
100 x 32
 32 g S then mol. wt. of insulin = = 941.176
3. 4
 Minimum mol. wt. of insulin = 941.176

Exp–14 Haemoglobin contains 0.25% iron by weight. The molecular weight of Haemoglobin is 89600. Calculate the no.
of iron atom per molecule of Haemoglobin.
Sol.  100 g Haemoglobin has = 0.25 g Fe
0.25 x 89600
 89600 g Haemoglobin has = = 224 g Fe
100
i.e. 1 mole or N molecules of Haemoglobin has

224
= g atom Fe = 4 atom Fe
56

 1 molecule of Haemoglobin has 4 atom of Fe.

MOLE CONCEPT

Exp–15 P and Q are two elements which forms P2Q3 and PQ2. If 0.15 mole of P2Q3 weighs 15.9 g and 0.15 mole of PQ2
weighs 9.3 g, what are atomic weight of P and Q ?
Sol. Let at. wt. of P and Q are a and b respectively.
 Mol. wt. of P2Q3 = 2a + 3b
and Mol. Wt. of PQ2 = a + 2b
Now given that 0.15 mole of P2Q3 weigh 15.9 g

15 .9  wt. 
(2a + 3b) =  mole 
0.15  mol. wt. 

9. 3
Similarly, (a + 2b) =
0.15
Solving these two equations
b = 18 a = 26

Exp–16 Calculate the weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide by the action of 18 g of steam.
3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2
Sol. The reaction occurs as :
3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2
Mole ratio of reaction suggests :
Mole of Fe 3

Mole of H2O 4

18 3 3
 Mole of Fe = x =
18 4 4
3
 Weigh of Fe = x 56 = 42 g
4

Exp–17 Calculate the volume of O2 and volume of air needed for combustion of 1 kg carbon at STP.
Sol. C + O2  CO2
 12 g C requires O2 = 22.4 litre = 1 mole = 32 g

22.4 x 1000
 1000 g C requires O2 = litre
12
= 1866.67 litre O2
 Vair = 5 x V
O2

= 5 x 1866.67 = 9333.35 litre

Exp–18 Calculate the weight of lime (CaO) obtained by heating 200 kg of 95% pure limestone (CaCO3).
Sol. 100 kg impure sample has CaCO3 = 95 kg

95 x 200
 200 kg impure sample has CaCO3 = = 190 kg
100
Now CaCO3  CaO + CO2

M. wt. 100 g 56 g 44 g

 100 kg CaCO3 gives CaO = 56 kg

56 x 190
 190 kg CaCO3 gives CaO = = 106.4 kg
100
 MOLE CONCEPT

Exp–19 Potassium selenate is isomorphous with potassium sulphate and contains 45.42% selenium by weight.
Calculate the atomic weight of selenium. Also report the equivalent weight of potassium selenate.
Sol. Potassium selenate is isomorphous to K2SO4 and thus its molecular formula is K2SeO4.
Now Mol. wt. of K2SeO4 = (39 x 2 + a + 4 x 16)
= (142 + a)
Where a is at. wt. of Se.
(142 + a) g K2SeO4 has Se = a g

a x 100
 100 g K2SeO4 has Se =
142  a

 % of Se = 45.42

a x 100
 = 45.42
142  a

 a = 118.168 = 118.2

Mol. wt. 2 x 39  118.2  64

Also Eq. wt. of K2SeO4 = = = 130.1
2 2

Exp–20 One litre of CO2 is passed over hot coke. The volume becomes 1.4 litre. Find the composition of products,
assuming measurements at NTP.
Sol. CO2 + C  2CO
Initial volume 1 0
Final volume (1 - a) 2a
Given 1 - a + 2a = 1.4
 a = 0.4 litre
 CO2 = 1 - 0.4 = 0.6 litre
and CO = 2 x 0.4 = 0.8 litre

Exp–21 One litre of a mixture of CO and CO2 is passed through red hot charcoal in tube. The new volume becomes
1.4 litre. Find out % composition of mixture by volume. All measurements are made at same P and T.
Sol. On passing through charcoal only CO2 reduces to CO.
CO + C  No reaction
Volume a
CO2 + C  2CO
Volume before reaction b 0
Volume after reaction 0 2b
As given a+b=1 and a + 2b = 1.4

0. 4
 b = 0.4 litre  % of b = x 100 = 40%
1

0. 6
 a = 0.6 litre  % of a = x 100 = 60%
1
MOLE CONCEPT

Exp–22 Find out equivalent weight of H3PO4 in the reaction.

Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4  CaHPO4 + 2H2O

Sol. The reaction shows two H atoms replaced from H3PO4

basicity of H3PO4 = 2

M 98
Eq. wt. H3PO4 = = = 49
2 2
Exp–23 What volume of 0.20 M H2SO4 is required to produce 34.0 g of H2S by the reaction :
8KI + 5H2SO4  4K2HSO4 + 4I2 +H2S + 4H2O
Sol. 1 mole of H2S  5 mole of H2SO4

34
 = 1 mole of H2S  5 mole of H2SO4
34

 0.20 x V = 5

5
 V  25 litre
0 .20

Exp–24 The hydrated salt Na2SO4.nH2O, undergoes 55.9% loss in weight on heating and becomes anhydrous. The value
of n will be
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 10

Sol. 
Na2SO4.nH2O  Na2SO4 + nH2O
100 g 44.1 g 55.9 g
44.1 g of Na2SO4 has water with it = 55.9 g
 142 g of Na2SO4 has water with it =

55.9
= x 142 = 179.99 g
44.1

179 .88
Thus, the value of n = = 10.0
18

Hence the correct answer is (d).

Exp–25 An element (X) having equivalent mass E forms a general oxide XmOn, its atomic mass should be

2 En E ME
(a) (b) 2mEn (c) (d)
m n 2n
Sol. The compound XmOn has n x 16 parts of oxygen combining with m x At. mass of X
 8 parts of oxygen combines with X

m x At. mass
= x8
n x 16

m x At. mass 2E x n
i.e.. E = or At. mass =
nx2 m

Hence the correct answer is (a).

 MOLE CONCEPT

EXERCISE-1
LEVEL - 1
Q.1 The number of significant figures in the electrical charge 96500 are -

[1] three [2] four [3] five [4] can be any of these

Q.2 The number of significant figures in Avogadro’s number, N0 = 6.022 × 1023 are -

[1] three [2] four [3] five [4] can be any of these

Q.3 The correctly reported answer of the addition of 142.138, 3.214 and 17 will be -

[1] 162.352 [2] 162.35 [3] 162.4 [4] 162

Q.4 On dividing 0.366 by 12.523, the actual answer is 0.029236. The correctly reported answer will be -

[1] 0.02 [2] 0.029 [3] 0.0292 [4] 0.02924

Q.5 Two students X and Y report the weight of the same substance as 12.0 g and 12.00 g respectively. Which of the
following statements is correct ?

[1] Both are equally accurate [2] X is more accurate than Y

[3] Y is more accurate than X [4] Both are inaccurate scientifically

Q.6 Which of the following is correct ?

[1] 1dm 3 = 103 cm 3 [2] 1L = 10 dm 3 [3] 1dm 3 = 10 L [4] 1L = 1m 3

Q.7 Planck’s constant has a numerical value of 6.627 × 10–34 and the dimensions of

[1] force [2] work [3] angular momentum [4] torque

Q.8 100 g sample of methyl alcohol contains 0.002 g of water. The amount of pure methyl alcohol in terms of
significant figures is reported as -

[1] 99.998 [2] 99.99 g [3] 99 g [4] 100 g

Q.9 The atmospheric pressure of one torr is equal to -

[1] 1 cm of Hg [2] 1 atm pressure [3] 1 mm of Hg [4] 1 m of Hg

h
Q.10 The number of significant figures in are -
2

[1] three [2] infinite number [3] zero [4] one

Q.11 kg m –1 s–2 is the unit of -

[1] Momentum [2] Velocity [3] Pressure [4] Acceleration

Q.12 Acceleration is the increase in velocity of a body per unit time. The correct unit for it are -

[1] N kg–1 [2] m 2s–2 [3] Jm –1 [4] kg m –3

Q.13 Which of the following is not a unit of length/distance ?

[1] Pico meter [2] Light-year [3] Meter [4] Radian

Q.14 Which of the following is not an element ?

[1] Diamond [2] Plastic sulphur [3] Silica [4] Graphite

MOLE CONCEPT

Q.15 Which one of the following processes results in the formation of a new chemical compound ?

[1] Dissolving common salt in water [2] Sublimation of NH4Cl

[3] Heating platinum rod [4] Heating iron rod

Q.16 Which one of the following statements is false ?

[1] An element of a substance contains only one kind of atoms

[2] A compound can be decomposed into its constituents

[3] Milk is a homogeneous mixture

[4] All homogeneous mixtures are called solutions

Q.17 Which one of the following is not a mixture ?

[1] Iodized table salt [2] Gasoline

[3] Sugar dissolved in water [4] Distilled water

Q.18 Which one of the following is not a compound ?

[1] Marble [2] Quicklime [3] Carborundum [4] Ozone

Q.19 Divide a piece of ice into half. Divide it further and keep on dividing it many times. The smallest piece of ice that
you can get by this division is -

[1] An atom [2] A particle [3] A crystal [4] A molecule

Q.20 Which law of chemical combination is illustrated by the following data ? 0.5 g of lime stone on heating gave
0.28 g of calcium oxide and 112 mL of CO2 at S.T.P. ?

[1] Law of definite proportions [2] Gay Lussac’s

[3] Law of conservation of mass [4] Law of multiple proportions

Q.21 Which of the following best explains the law of conservation of mass ?

[1] No change in mass is observed when 2.0 g of Mg is heated in vacuum

[2] 1.2 g of carbon when burnt in excess of oxygen consumes only 3.2 g of it to form 4.4 g of carbon dioxide

[3] 12 g of carbon when heated in a limited supply of air produces only 20 g of carbon monoxide

[4] A sample of air on heating does not shown any change in mass but volume increases.

Q.22 Two samples of sodium chloride are produced when sodium combines separately with two isotopes of chlorine
35
Cl and 37Cl. Which law is illustrated by the above facts ?

[1] Law of multiple proportions [2] Law of reciprocal proportions

[3] Law of constant volumes [4] None of the above

Q.23 The percentage of hydrogen in water and hydrogen peroxide is 11.1 and 5.9% respectively. These figures
illustrate -

[1] Law of multiple proportions [2] Law of conservation of mass

[3] Law of reciprocal proportions [4] Law of combining volumes

Q.24 The balancing of chemical equation is based upon -

[1] Law of combining volumes [2] Law of multiple proportions

[3] Law of conservation of mass [4] Law of definite proportion

 MOLE CONCEPT

Q.25 A balanced chemical equation is in accordance with -

[1] Avogadro’s law [2] Law of constant proportions

[3] Law of conservation of mass [4] Law of gaseous volumes

Q.26 Two gaseous samples were analyzed. One contained 1.2 g of carbon and 3.2 g of oxygen. The other contained
27.3% carbon and 72.7% oxygen. The experimental data are in accordance with -
[1] Law of conservation of mass [2] Law of definite proportions
[3] Law of reciprocal proportion [4] Law of multiple proportion
Q.27 Nitrogen forms five stable oxides with oxygen of the formula, N2O, NO, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5. The formation of these
oxides explains fully the -
[1] Law of definite proportions [2] Law of partial pressures
[3] Law of multiple proportions [4] Law of reciprocal proportions
Q.28 1L of N2 combines with 3L of H2 to form 2L of NH3 under the same conditions. This illustrates the -
[1] Law of constant composition [2] Law of multiple proportions
[3] Law of reciprocal proportions [4] Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes
Q.29 Which one of the following represents Avogadro’s hypothesis ?
[1] Gases react together in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another
[2] Equal volumes of all gases under same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of
molecules
[3] Equal volumes of all gases under same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of
atoms
[4] The rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square root of their densities
Q.30 Different proportions of oxygen in the various oxides of nitrogen prove the law of.

[1] Equivalent proportion [2] Multiple proportion

[3] Constant proportion [4] Conservation of matter

Q.31 Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form H2O2 and H2O containing 5.93% and 11.2% hydrogen respectively. The
data illustrates -

[1] Law of conservation of mass [2] Law of constant proportions

[3] Law of reciprocal proportions [4] Law of multiple proportions

Q.32 If water samples are taken from sea, rivers, clouds, lake or snow, they were be found to contain H and O in the
approximate ratio of 1 : 8. This indicates the law of -

[1] Multiple proportion [2] Definite proportion

[3] Reciprocal proportion [4] None of these

Q.33 The law of multiple proportions is illustrated by -

[1] Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide [2] Potassium bromide and potassium chloride

[3] Water and heavy water [4] Calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide

Q.34 Percentage of copper and oxygen in sample of CuO obtained by different methods were found to be same. This
proves the law of-

[1] Constant proportion [2] Multiple proportion [3] Reciprocal proportion [4] None of these
MOLE CONCEPT

Q.35 The number of moles of KI required to produce 0.4 moles of K2 HgI4 by reaction with HgCl2 is -

[1] 0.4 [2] 0.8 [3] 3.2 [4] 1.6

Q.36 The mass of nitrogen in 1 kg of ammonium nitrate is -

[1] 700 g [2] 3.5 × 10–1 kg [3] 350 g [4] 35 g

Q.37 Which of the following will not have a mass of 10 g -

[1] 0.1 mol of CaCO3 [2] 1.51 × 1023 Ca2+ ions

[3] 0.016 mole of CO32– [4] 7.525 × 1023 atom of Br—

Q.38 If atomic mass of oxygen is taken as 100, the molecular mass of water would be approximately -

[1] 6.25 [2] 112.5 [3] 102 [4] 106.25

Q.39 Atomic mass of an element is -

[1] The actual mass of one atom of the element [2] The relative mass of an atom of the element

[3] The average relative mass of different atoms of the element

[4] much different from the mass number of the element

Q.40 Which of the following statements is incorrect ?

[1] One gram atom of nitrogen contains Avogadro’s number of atoms

[2] One mole of ozone gas contains Avogadro’s number of molecules

[3] One mole of ozone contains Avogadro’s number of atoms

[4] One mole of electrons stands for 6.02 × 1023 electrons

Q.41 One mole of nitrogen gas is the volume of -

[1] 1 litre of nitrogen at S.T.P.

[2] 32 litres of nitrogen at S.T.P

[3] 22.4 litres of nitrogen atom S.T.P.

[4] 6.02 × 1023 molecules of oxygen at any temperature and pressure

Q.42 Which of the following pairs contains equal number of atoms -

[1] 11.2 cc of nitrogen and 0.015 g of nitric oxide

[2] 22.4 litres of nitrous oxide and 22.4 litres of nitric oxide

[3] 1 millimole of HCl and 0.5 millimole of H2S

[4] 1 mole of H2O2 and 1 mole of N2O4

Q.43 Which of the following has maximum mass ?

[1] 0.1 g atom of nitrogen [2] 0.1 mol of ammonia

[3] 6.02 × 1023 molecules of helium gas [4] 1120 cc of carbon dioxide

Q.44 The mass of one amu is approximately -

[1] 1 g [2] 0.5 g [3] 1.66 × 10–24 g [4] 3.2 × 10–24 g

 MOLE CONCEPT

Q.45 Three flasks of equal volumes contain CH4, CO2 and Cl2 gases respectively. They will contain equal number of
molecules if -

[1] the mass of all the gases is same

[2] the moles of all the gas is same but temperature is different

[3] temperature and pressure of all the flasks are same

[4] temperature, pressure, and masses are same in the flasks

Q.46 Equal volumes of different gases at any definite temperature and pressure have -

[1] Equal atoms [2] Equal masses [3] Equal densities [4] Equal molecules

Q.47 Which one of the following statements is incorrect -

[1] Atoms of the same element may have different atomic weights

[2] Atoms can be created or destroyed

[3] Half of an atom can also take part in a reaction

[4] Elements can exist as atoms or molecules but compounds exist only as molecules

Q.48 What is not correct regarding 22 g of CO2 ?

[1] It occupies always 11.2 L of volume at STP [2] It corresponds to 1 g molecule of carbon dioxide

[3] It contains one g-atom of oxygen [4] It contains 0.5 g-atom of carbon

Q.49 Two flasks of equal capacity contain argon and chlorine gases respectively at room temperature. What is true
about them ?

[1] Both contain same number of atoms

[2] Cl atoms are half of the Ar atoms

[3] Cl atoms are double the number of Ar atoms

[4] Chlorine molecules are double the number of argon molecules

Q.50 Which of the following does not occupy a volume of 4.48 L at S.T.P. ?

[1] 0.2 mol of H2 [2] 12.8 g of SO2 [3] 3.2 g of O2 [4] 800 mg of He

Q.51 The Milli-equivalents of 1.0 M H2SO4 in 100 mL solution is -

[1] 10 [2] 100 [3] 1000 [4] 200

Q.52 The number of molecules in one cm 3 of oxygen gas at S.T.P. is found to be 2.6875 × 1019. It is known as -

[1] Berzelius number [2] Avogadro number

[3] Gay Lussac’s number [4] Loschmidt number

Q.53 The product of atomic weight and specific heat of any element is constant which is approximately 6.4. This is
known as -

[1] Newton’s law [2] Avogadro’s law [3] Dalton’s law [4] Dulong Petit’s law

Q.54 20 litres of H2 gas at S.T.P. weigh about.

[1] 12.2g [2] 448g [3] 1.8g [4] 20g

Q.55 Which of the following represents the formula of a substance which contains about 26% nitrogen and 74%
oxygen.

[1] N2O [2] NO [3] NO2 [4] N2O5

MOLE CONCEPT

Q.56 The empirical formula of an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen is CH2. The mass of one litre of
this organic gas is exactly equal to that of one litre of N2. Therefore, the molecular formula of the organic gas is-

[1] C2H4 [2] C3H6 [3] C6H12 [4] C4H8

Q.57 How many g of H2SO4 are present in 0.25 mole of H2SO4.

[1] 2.45 [2] 24.5 [3] 0.245 [4] 0.25

Q.58 How many gram atoms of S are present in 80.25g of S.

[1] 2.5 [2] 32 [3] 5 [4] 80.25  32

Q.59 A sample of ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, contains 3.18 mol of hydrogen atoms. The number of moles of
oxygen atoms in the sample is -

[1] 0.265 [2] 0.795 [3] 1.06 [4] 3.18

Q.60 The number of moles of BaCO3 which contains 1.5 moles of oxygen atoms is -

[1] 0.5 [2] 1 [3] 3 [4] 6.02  1023

Q.61 How many moles of potassium chlorate is to be heated to produce 11.2 litre oxygen.

1 1 1 2
[1] mol [2] mol [3] mol [4] mol
2 3 4 3

Q.62 For the reaction A + 2B  C, 5 mole of A and 8 mole of B will produce -

[1] 5 mole of C [2] 4 mole of C [3] 8 mole of C [4] 13 mole of C

Q.63 Which one is a false statement -

[1] 11.2 litre of a gas at NTP weight equal to vapour density

[2] 22.4 litre of water vapour at NTP when condensed gives 18ml of liquid water

[3] 1 mole of H2 at NTP occupies 11.2 litres of volume

[4] 5.6 litre of oxygen at NTP is equivalent to 0.25 moles

Q.64 Volume strength of H2O2 solution is equal to -

[1] Molarity  5.6 [2] Molarity  11.2 [3] Molarity  2.8 [4] Molarity  8.4

Q.65 Equal weight of NaCl and KCl are dissolved separately in equal volumes of solutions. Molarity of the two
solutions will be -

[1] Equal

[2] That of NaCl will be less than that of KCl

[3] That of NaCl will be more than that of KCl solution

[4] That of NaCl will be half of than that of KCl solution

Q.66 How much water should be added to 200cc of seminormal solution of NaOH to make it exactly decinormal -

[1] 1000 cc [2] 400 cc [3] 800 cc [4] 600 cc

Q.67 Molarity of 720g of pure water -

[1] 40M [2] 4M [3] 55.5M [4] Unpredictable

Q.68 The number of moles of oxygen in one litre of air containing 21% oxygen by volume in standard condition is -

[1] 0.186 mole [2] 0.21 Mole [3] 2.10 mole [4] 0.0093 mole
 MOLE CONCEPT

Q.69 An elements X reacts with oxygen to form a compound X2O3. If the atomic mass of X is 91.5, the equivalent
mass of X is -

[1] 30.5 [2] 45.75 [3] 61.0 [4] 91.5

Q.70 In m 1 grams of a metal A displaces m 2 gram of another metal B from its salt solution and if the equivalent weights
are E1 and E2 respectively then the equivalent weight of A can be expressed by -

m1 m2 m1 m1
[1] E1 = × E2 [2] E1 = × E2 [3] E1 = × m2 [4] E1 =  E2
m2 m1 E2 m2

Q.71 The weight of two elements which combine with one another are in the ratio of their -

[1] atomic weight [2] molecular weight [3] gram mole [4] equivalent weight
Q.72 If law of conservation of mass was to hold true, then 20.8g of BaCl2 on reaction with 9.8g of H2SO4 will produce
7.3g of HCl and BaSO4 equal to -
[2] 11.65g [2] 23.3g [3] 25.5g [4] 30.6g

Q.73 If a mixture containing 3 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of nitrogen is converted completely into ammonia, the
ratio of initial and final volumes under the same temperature and pressure would be-
[1] 3 : 1 [2] 1 : 3 [3] 2 : 1 [4] 1 : 2

Q.74 40ml of H2S and 40ml of Cl2 are mixed together. The volume of the resulting gas at the same temperature and
pressure will be -
[1] 40ml [2] 80ml [3] 120ml [4] 160ml

Q.75 Calculate the weight of lime (CaO) obtained by heating 200kg of 95% pure lime stone (CaCO3)
[1] 104.4kg [2] 105.4kg [3] 212.8kg [4] 106.4kg

Q.76 The molecular weight of the compounds (a) Na2SO4 (b) Na3PO4. 12H2O and (c) Ca3(PO4)2 respectively are X, Y,
and Z. The correct set of their equivalent weights will be -

X Y Z Y Z X Z
[1] (a) (b) (c) [2] (a) X (b) (c) [3] (a) (b) Y (c) [4] (a) X (b) Y (c) Z
2 3 6 3 3 2 3

Q.77 Haemoglobin contains 0.25% iron by weight. The molecular weight of haemoglobin is 89600. Calculate the
number of iron atoms per molecule of haemoglobin.
[1] 2 atom [2] 3 atom [3] 4 atom [4] 6 atom

Q.78 What is the normality of a solution of ammonia, whose density is 0.885. It has 23% ammonia be weight
[1] 1.35 [2] 12.0 [3] 19.1 [4] 26.0

Q.79 50ml of 0.1N KMnO4 solution is required to completely oxides 0.225g of anhydrous oxalic acid. Find out the
equivalent weight of oxalic acid.
[1] 90 [2] 45 [3] 126 [4] 63

Q.80 A 500g tooth paste sample has 0.2g fluoride concentration. What is the concentration of F in terms of ppm level-
[1] 250 [2] 200 [3] 400 [4] 1000

Q.81 Element X reacts with oxygen to produce a pure sample of X2O3. In an experiment it is found that 1.000g of X
produces 1.1596g of X2O3. Using the known atomic weight of oxygen 15.9994g mol-1 calculate the atomic weight
of X -
[1] 20.70 [2] 66.85 [3] 100.2 [4] 150.4
MOLE CONCEPT

Q.82 Two element X (at. wt.=75) and Y (at. wt.=16) combines to give a compound having 75.8% of X. The formula of
the compound is -
[1] XY [2] X2Y [3] X2Y2 [4] X2Y3
Q.83 Four containers of 2L capacity contains dinitrogen as described below. Which one contains maximum number
of molecules under similar conditions -
[1] 2.5 g-molecules of N2 [2] 4 g-atom of nitrogen
[3] 3.01 x 1024 N atoms [4] 82 g of dinitrogen

Q.84 6g of carbon combines with 32g of sulphur to form CS2. 12g of C also combine with 32g of oxygen to form carbon
di oxide. 10g of sulphur combines with 10g of oxygen to form sulphur dioxide. Which law is illustrated by the
above example -
[1] Law of multiple proportions [2] Law of constant composition
[3] Law of reciprocal proportions [4] Gay Lussac's law
Q.85 4.4g of CO2 and 2.24L of H2 at STP are mixed in a container. The total number of molecules present in the
container will be -
[1] 6.022 x 1023 [2] 1.2044 x 1023 [3] 2 moles [4] 6.023 x 1024

LEVEL - 2
Q.86 Which of the following illustrates the law of conservation of mass ?
[1] Mixing of 10 g of sulphur and 2 g of sand does not show a changes in mass
[2] The mass of platinum wire before and after heating remains constant
[3] 2.2 g of propane and 8 g of oxygen produces 10.2 g of gaseous mixture
[4] 3.8 g of CO and 1.6 g of oxygen gave only 2.24 L of CO2 at S.T.P.
Q.87 The molecular formula of certain compound is M4O6. If 18.88g of the compound contains 10 g of M, the atomic
mass of M is approximately -
[1] 40 g [2] 54 g [3] 27 g [4] 12 g
Q.88 C–12 and C–14 isotopes are found as 98% and 2% respectively in any sample. Then, the number C–14 atoms
in 12 g of the sample will be -
[1] 1.5 moles atoms [2] 1.032 × 1022 atoms [3] 2.06 × 1021 atoms [4] 2g atom

Q.89 The mole fraction of solute in 1 molal aqueous solutions is -

[1] 0.0176 [2] 1.8 [3] 0.05 [4] 0.98

Q.90 510mg of a liquid on vaporization in victor Mayer's apparatus displaces 67.2ml of dry air (at NTP). The molecular
weight of liquid is -
[1] 130 [2] 17 [3] 1700 [4] 170

Q.91 What will be present in the solution when 50ml. of 0.1(M) HCl is mixed with 50ml. of 0.1(M) NaOH.
[1] 4.5 mol of H+ [2] 0.05 mol of OH— [3] 0.05M. NaCl [4] 6M H+

Q.92 0.2 mole of HCl and 0.1 mole of barium chloride were dissolved in water to produce a 500 mL solution. The
molarity of the Cl— ions is -
[1] 0.06M [2] 0.09M [3] 0.12M [4] 0.80M

Q.93 8 litre of H2 and 6 litre of Cl2 are allowed to react to maximum possible extent. Find out the final volume of reaction
mixture. Suppose P and T remains constant throughout the course of reaction.
[1] 7 litre [2] 14 litre [3] 2 litre [4] None
 MOLE CONCEPT

N
Q.94 0.59g of a dibasic acid is completely neutralized by 100 c.c of NaOH solution. What is the molecular weight
10
of the acid -
[1] 59 [2] 118 [3] 29.5 [4] 11.8

N
Q.95 0.84g of metal carbonate reacts completely with 40ml of H2 SO 4 . What is the equivalent weight of the metal
2
carbonate is -
[1] 20 [2] 12 [3] 42 [3] 30

Q.96 10 Moles SO2 and 15 moles O2 were allowed to react over a suitable catalyst. 8 moles of SO3 were formed. The
remaining moles of SO2 and O2 respectively are -
[1] 2 mole, 11 mole [2] 2 mole, 8 mole [3] 4 mole, 5 mole [4] 8 mole, 2 mole

Q.97 A metal oxide is reduced by passing H2 gas. 3.15g of oxide on complete reduction gives 1.05g metal. We
concluded that -
[1] atomic weight of metal is 4 [2] equivalent weight of metal is 8
[3] equivalent weight of metal is 4 [4] atomic weight of metal is 8

Q.98 A sample of calcium carbonate is 80% pure. 25g of this sample is treated with excess of HCl. How much volume
of CO2 will be obtained at NTP.
[1] 4.48 litre [2] 5.6 litre [3] 11.2 litre [4] 2.24 litre

Q.99 In the electrolysis of H2O, 11.2 litre of H2 was liberated at cathode at NTP. How much O2 will be liberated at anode
under the same condition.
[1] 11.2 litre [2] 22.4 litre [3] 32g [4] 5.6 litre

Q.100 A silver coin weighing 11.34g was dissolved in nitric acid. When sodium chloride was added to the solution all
the silver (present as AgNO3) was precipitated as silver chloride. The weight of the precipitated silver chloride
was 14.35g. Calculate the percentage of silver in the coin,
[1] 4.8% [2] 95.2% [3] 90% [4] 80%

Q.101 Cyclohexanol is dehydrated to cyclohexene on heating with conc. H2SO4. If the yield of this reaction is 75% how
much cyclohexene will be obtained from 100g of cyclohexanol.
[1] 61.5g [2] 16.5g [3] 6.15g [4] 615g

Q.102 1g metal carbonate requires 200ml of 0.1 N HCl for complete neutralization. What is the equivalent weight of
metal carbonate -
[1] 50 [2] 40 [3] 20 [4] 100

Q.103 When excess of CaCO3 is treated with 100 ml of HCl solution, the CO2 gas obtained was found to be 1.12 liter
(at N.T.P) what is normality of HCl -
[1] 0.2N [2] 1N [3] 0.1N [4] 2N

N
Q.104 3.92g ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) consumes 50 ml of KMnO4 . What is the percentage purity of the
10
sample of FAS-
[1] 50% [2] 78.4% [3] 80% [4] 39.2%

Q.105 1.7g of ammonium salt was treated with excess of NaOH. The ammonia released in the process neutralizes 100

N
c.c. solution of H SO . What is the percentage of ammonia in the salt -
5 2 4
[1] 17% [2] 20% [3] 25% [4] 34%
MOLE CONCEPT

Q.106 What will be the molecular weight of the gas whose density is 0.55 g/litre at 27oC and 600 mm pressure
[1] 0.27g mole-1 [2] 17.16g mole-1 [3] 27.0g mole-1 [4] 32.32g mole-1

Q.107 The mass of oxygen that would be required to produce enough CO which completely reduces 1.6kg Fe2O3 (at
mass of Fe=56) is -
[1] 240g [2] 480g [3] 720g [4] 960g

Q.108 In an experiment 10ml of AgNO3 (0.1N) solution is added to 20ml of decinormal HCl. After the precipitation of
AgCl, excess of HCl is titrated with decinormal NaOH solution. What is the volume of NaOH used in the titration-
[1] 10ml [2] 20ml [3] 5ml [4] 30ml

Q.109 A bottle of commercial sulphuric acid (density 1.787g/ml.) is labelled as 86% by weight. What is the molarity of
the acid -
[1] 1.717  86  1000/100 [2] 1.787  86  1000/100  49
[3] 1.787  86  1000/100  98 [4] None

Q.110 250ml of the solution contains 7.35g of dibasic acid 25ml of this solution requires 15ml of N- NaOH solution for
complete neutralization Equivalent and molecular weight of acid would be respectively -
[1] 49, 98 [2] 63, 126 [3] 32, 64 [4] 50, 100

Q.111 Review the following reactions -

(i) CaC2 + H2O  CaO + C2H2 ; (ii) C2H2 + H2  C2H4 ; (iii) nC2H4  (C2H4)n
What is the weight of polyethene obtained from 10kg CaC2 -
[1] 4.375kg [2] 10kg [3] 15kg [4] 20kg

Q.112 1000g aqueous solution of CaCO3 contains 10g of calcium carbonate. Concentration of the solution is-
[1] 10 ppm [2] 100 ppm [3] 1000 ppm [4] 10,000 ppm

Q.113 Which of the following should be done in order to prepare 0.40 M NaCl starting with 100ml of 0.30 M NaCl
(mol. wt. of NaCl=58.5) -
[1] Add 5.85g NaCl [2] Add 20ml water [3] Add 0.10ml NaCl [4] Evaporate 10ml water

Q.114 A certain aqueous solution of FeCl3 (formula mass =162) has a density of 1.1g/ml and contains 20.0% FeCl.3
Molar concentration of this solution is -
[1] 0.028 [2] 0.163 [3] 1.35 [4] 1.47

Q.115 An ore contains 1.34% of the mineral argentite, Ag2S, by weight. How many grams of this ore would have to be
processed in order to obtain 1.00g of pure silver. (Ag) -
[1] 74.6g [2] 85.7g [3] 107.9g [4] 134.0g

Q.116 The density of liquid ethanol is 0.7893g mL-1 at 20oC. If 1.2 mol of ethanol are needed for a particular experiment,
what volume of ethanol should be measured out
[1] 55 ml [2] 58 ml [3] 70 ml [4] 79 ml

Q.117 An isotope of the element polonium, of atomic mass 210, is strongly radioactive and each day one two hun-
dredth part of it changes into an inactive isotope of lead. Approximately, how many atoms of lead are formed in
one day from one milligram of 210Po -
[1] 1.5  1016 [2] 3  1018 [3] 1.23  1019 [4] 1.2  1022

Q.118 If human blood contains 195 mg/ml of K+ ion; the molarity of the solution is -
195  1000 195  10 3  10 3 195  10 3  10 3 195  1000
[1] [2] [3] [4]
39 39 38 38
 MOLE CONCEPT

Q.119 The most abundant element dissolved in sea water is Cl at a conc. of 19 g/kg of sea water. The volume of earth's
ocean is 1.4  1021L. How many g atoms of Cl are potentially available from the oceans. (density of sea water is
1gm/cc)
[1] 7.6  1020 [2] 27  1021 [3] 27  1024 [4] 96  1023
Q.120 100ml of 0.3N HCl solution is mixed with 200ml of 0.6N H2SO4 solution. What is the normality of H2SO4 in the
final solution -
[1] 0.9 [2] 0.6 [3] 0.5 [4] 0.4
Q.121 If LPG cylinder contains mixture of butane and isobutane, then the amount of oxygen that would be required for
combustion of 1kg of it will be -
[1] 1.8 kg [2] 2.7 kg [3] 4.5 kg [4] 3.58 kg
Q.122 4.0 g of caustic soda (molecular mass = 40) contains same number of sodium ions as are present in -
[1] 10.6g of Na2CO3 (molecular mass = 106) [2] 58.5 g of NaCl (formula mass 58.5)
[3] 100 ml of 0.5 M Na2SO4 (Formula mass 142) [4] 1gm-equivalent of NaNO3 (equivalent mass 85)
Q.123 W 1g of an element combines with oxygen forming W 2g of its oxide. The equivalent weight of the element is
 W1   W1   W2  W1   W1 
[1]   x8 [2]   x8 [3]   x8 [4]   x8
 W2   W2  W1   W1   W1  W2 

Q.124 20g of an acid furnishes 0.5 moles of H3O+ ions in its aqueous solution. The value of 1g equivalent of the acid will
be-
[1] 40g [2] 20 g [3] 10 g [4] 100 g
Q.125 One mole of chlorine combines with certain weight of a metal giving 111g of its chloride. The same amount of
metal can displace 2g of hydrogen from an acid. The atomic weight of the metal is -
[1] 40 [2] 20 [3] 80 [4] none
Q.126 Out of 1.0g dioxygen, 1.0 (atomic) oxygen and 1.0g of ozone, the maximum number of oxygen atoms are
contained in -
[1] 1.0 g of atomic oxygen [2] 1.0g of ozone
[3] 1.0g of oxygen gas [4] All contains same number of atoms

ANSWER KEY
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 2 4 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 4 1 3 3 2 3 4 2 2 4 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 3 3
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 1 4 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 1 2 1 3 1
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 1 1 4 2 3 2 4 1 3 2 2 3
Qus. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 2 1 4 3 4 2 2 3 1 3 1 4 2
Qus. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Ans. 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 4
Qus. 121 122 123 124 125 126
Ans. 4 3 3 1 1 4
MOLE CONCEPT

EXERCISE-2
Q.1 Avogadro numbers is -
[1] Number of atoms in one gram of the element
[2] Number of milliliters which one mole of a gaseous substance occupies at N.T.P.
[3] Number of molecules present in one gram molecular mass of a substance
[4] All are correct (IIT - 90)

Q.2 The number of oxygen atoms in 4.4g of CO2 is approximately -

[1] 1.2 x 1023 [2] 6 x 1022 [3] 6 x 1023 [4] 12 x 1023
Q.3 What is the volume strength of 1.5 N H2O2 -
[1] 4.8 [2] 8.4 [3] 3.0 [4] 8.0

Q.4 What would be the concentration and volume of KMnO4 required for the complete reaction with 10mL of 0.1M
sodium oxalate -
[1] 0.05M of 8mL [2] 0.10M of 20mL [3] 0.05M of 10mL [4] 0.05M of 20mL

Q.5 The volume of 1.0 g of Hydrogen in liters at N.T.P. is -

[1] 2.24 [2] 22.4 [3] 1.12 [4] 11.2

Q.6 Number of atoms present in 8g magnesium is equal to the number of atoms present in the following element-
[1] 9g Al [2] 12g C [3] 16g S [4] 23g Na

Q.7 10.6g/500mL solution of Na2CO3 will have the molarity-

[1] 0.2M [2] 2M [3] 20M [4] None

Q.8 0.84g of metal carbonate was completely neutralized by 40mL of N/2 H2SO4. The equivalent weight of metal will
be -
[1] 84 [2] 42 [3] 12 [4] 30

Q.9 When an electric current is passed through aqueous solution of AlCl3 it deposits 13.5g of aluminium. What is the
value of Faraday -
[1] 0.50 [2] 1.00 [3] 1.50 [4] 2.00

Q.10 A solution contains 0.1 mole of solute per 100L of solution. Its concentration would be -
[1] 10-3 M [2] 10-2 M [3] 1 M [4] 0.1M

Q.11 The total number of g-molecules of SO2Cl2 in 13.5 g of sulphuryl chloride is -

[1] 0.1 [2] 0.2 [3] 0.3 [4] 0.4

Q.12 The total number of protons in 10g of calcium carbonate is (NA=6.023 x 1023)
[1] 1.5057 x 1024 [2] 2.0478 x 1024 [3] 3.0115 x 1024 [4] 4.0956 x 1024

Q.13 The number of moles of sodium oxide in 620 gm of it -

[1] 1 mol [2] 10 mol [3] 18 moles [4] 100 moles

Q.14 2g of oxygen contains number of atoms equal to that in -

[1] 0.5g of hydrogen [2] 4g of sulphur [3] 7g of nitrogen [4] 2.3g of sodium

Q.15 What is the volume of carbonate hardness of water sample, if 100mL of it took 5.00mL of 0.09N HCl solution-
[1] 4.50mg eq/L [2] 477.00 mg eq/L [3] 0.042 mg eq/L [4] 1.80 mg eq/L

Q.16 360g of water is present in a one L mixture of ethanol and water. Molarity of water in the mixture is -
[1] 20.0 [2] 36.0 [3] 18.0 [4] None of these

Q.17 The number of molecules in 8.96L of a gas at 0OC and 1 atmosphere pressure is approximately -
[1] 6.02 x 1023 [2] 12.04 x 1023 [3] 18.06 x 1023 [4] 24.08 x 1022
Q.18 1.12 mL of a gas is produced at S.T.P. by the action of 4.12 mg of alcohol ROH with methyl magnesium iodide.
 MOLE CONCEPT

The molecular mass of alcohol is -

[1] 16.0 [2] 41.2 [3] 82.4 [4] 156.0

Q.19 0.1M AgNO3 and 0.2 M NaCl were mixed in equal volumes. What is the concentration of nitrate ions in the
resulting solution -
[1] 0.1M [2] 0.05M [3] 0.2M [4] 0.15M

Q.20 The number of moles of oxygen in 1L of air containing 21% oxygen by volume, in standard conditions, is-
[1] 0.186 mol [2] 0.21 mol [3] 2.10 mol [4] 0.0093 mol

Q.21 The number of atoms in 4.25g of NH3 is approximately -

[1] 1 x 1023 [2] 1.5 x 1023 [3] 2 x 1023 [4] 6 x 1023

Q.22 4.4 g of an unknown gas occupies 2.24 L of volume at standard temperature and pressure. The gas may be-
[1] Carbon dioxide [2] Carbon monoxide [3] Oxygen [4] Sulphur dioxide

Q.23 In which of the following 6.02  1022 molecules are present -

[1] 2.8g of N2 [2] 1.6g of O2 [3] 4.6g of Na [4] 1.4g of O2

Q.24 If the volume of 2 moles of an ideal gas at 546K is 44.8L, what would be its pressure -
[1] 2 atm [2] 3 atm [3] 4 atm [4] 1 atm

Q.25 What volume of 0.1M H2SO4 is needed to completely neutralize 40mL of 0.2M NaOH solution -
[1] 10mL [2] 40mL [3] 20mL [4] 80 mL

Q.26 Moles of water in its 720g will be -

[1] 4 [2] 10 [3] 40 [4] 72

Q.27 What is the molarity of H2SO4 solution that has a density 1.84 g/cc at 35oC and contains 98% by weight-
[1] 4.18M [2] 8.14M [3] 18.4M [4] 18M

Q.28 A solution contains 10g of a solute in 103 kg of a solution. Its concentration in the units of parts per million is-
[1] 1000 [2] 1 [3] 10 [4] 10-3

Q.29 The volume in L of CO2 liberated at STP when 10g of 90% pure lime stone is heated completely is-
[1] 2.016 [2] 20.16 [3] 2.24 [4] 22.4

Q.30 One coulomb of electrical charge is passed through the solutions of AgNO3 and CuSO4 connected in series. Ag
and Cu liberated would be in the ratio -

54 54 108 108
[1] [2] [3] [4]
31.75 63.5 31.75 63.5

Q.31 At STP the density of a gas (molecular weight = 45) in g/L is -

[1] 2 [2] 22.4 [3] 11.2 [4] 1000

Q.32 10 volume H2O2 means -

[1] 3% [2] 5% [3] 7% [4] 9%

Q.33 The mole fraction of water is 36g water and 34g ammonia solution is -

Q.34 The molarity of 0.006 mole of NaCl in 100mL solution is -

[1] 0.6 [2] 0.06 [3] 0.006 [4] 0.0006

Q.35 The vapour pressure of water at 300K in a closed container is 0.4atm. If the volume of the container is doubled,
its vapour pressure at 300K will be-
[1] 0.8atm [2] 0.2atm [3] 0.4atm [4] 0.6atm
Q.36 The amount of zinc required to produce 224mL of H2 at STP on treatment with dilute H2SO4 will be -
[1] 0.65g [2] 6.5g [3] 65g [4] 0.065g
MOLE CONCEPT

Q.37 Number of electrons present in 1.6g methane would be-

[1] 1.6 NA [2] 0.1 NA [3] 1 NA [4] 16 NA

Q.38 How many g of CH3OH would have to be added to water to prepare 150mL of solution that is 2M CH3OH-
[1] 19.6 [2] 14.6 [3] 9.6 [4] 2.4

Q.39 Density of methane at 25oC and 6 atmospheric pressure would be (R = 0.082 L atm) -
[1] 4g/L [2] 8g/L [3] 12g/L [4] 16g/L

Q.40 CaO obtained from 25 g CaCO3 would be -

[1] 28g [2] 14g [3] 56g [4] None

Q.41 Which of the following pair represents law of multiple proportion -

[1] CaO and Ca(OH)2 [2] SO2 and SO3 [3] NaCl and NaBr [4] H2O and D2O

Q.42 One volume of mono atomic gas A reacts with three volume of a diatomic gas B to produce a compound. The
formula of the compound would be -
[1] A3B [2] AB6 [3] A6B [4] AB3

Q.43 At S.T.P. 1.12L of dry HCl gas on reaction with excess of NaOH produces NaCl equal to amount -
[1] 0.050g [2] 2.0g [3] 2.9g [4] 22.4g

Q.44 The equivalent weight of divalent metal is W. The molecular weight of its chloride is -
[1] W + 35.5 [2] W + 71 [3] 2W + 71 [4] 2W + 35.5

Q.45 For the complete neutralization of 100mL. of 0.2N NaOH, what weight of hydrated oxalic acid would be required-
[1] 0.45g [2] 0.90g [3] 1.08g [4] 1.26g

Q.46 250mL (6M HNO3) and 350mL (8M HNO3) are mixed to make the strength of the resulting solution 3N, what is
the volume of water required to be added -
[1] 833.3mL [2] 933.3mL [3] 1000mL [4] 500mL

Q.47 The average osmotic pressure ( π ) of blood is 12.3 atm at 27oC. What concentration of glucose C6H12O6 will be
isotonic with blood -
[1] 0.5M [2] 1.5M [3] 1.0M [4] 2.0M

Q.48 The weight of AgNO3 (mol wt. = 170) present in 100 mL of its 0.25M solution is -
[1] 4.25g [2] 42.5g [3] 17g [4] 1.7g

Q.49 In a metal oxide, there is 20% oxygen by weight. Its equivalent weight is -
[1] 32 [2] 40 [3] 64 [4] 72

Q.50 200mL of a solution contains 5.85g dissolved sodium chloride. The concentration of solution would be -
[1] 1 Molar [2] 2 Molar [3] 0.5 Molar [4] 0.25 Molar

Q.51 50mL 10N H2SO4, 25mL 12N HCl and 40mL 5N HNO3 were mixed together and the volume of the mixture was
made 1000mL by adding water. The normality of the resultant solution will be -
[1] 1N [2] 2N [3] 3N [4] 4N

Q.52 The number of molecules in 16g methane is -

16 16
[1] 3.0 x 1023 [2] 6.02 x 1023 [3] x10 23 [4] x10 23
6.02 3.0

Q.53 What is the mole fraction of acetone for a solution containing 2.8 mole acetone and 8.2 mole chloroform -
[1] 0.20 [2] 0.350 [3] 0.255 [4] 0.10
Q.54 The number of moles of 500 cm 3 of hydrogen gas at 760 mm pressure and 300 K temperature are -
[1] 20.3 x 10-2 [2] 2.03 x 10-2 [3] 203 x 10-2 [4] None
 MOLE CONCEPT

Q.55 A solution has a density of 1.2 in g/mL. Pure water is added to it. A probable density of new solution is-
[1] 0.9 [2] 1.1 [3] 1.0 [4] 1.2

Q.56 Helium diffuses twice as fast as another gas B. If the vapour density of helium is 2, the molecular weight of B is-
[1] 4 [2] 16 [3] 8 [4] 24

Q.57 If 1kg of common salt costs Rs. 7 and 1 kg of sugar costs Rs. 14. What would be the cost of 1 mole of salt and
sugar -
[1] Both will have the same cost
[2] The cost of sugar will be half the cost of salt
[3] The cost of sugar will be more than that of the salt
[4] The cost of sugar will be twice the cost of salt

Q.58 In a carbon monoxide molecule the ratio of carbon to oxygen by weight will be -
[1] 3 : 4 [2] 3 : 3 [3] 3 : 2 [4] 3 :1

Q.59 0.5 Faraday of electricity was passed through NaCl solution. The quantity of chlorine liberated would be -
[1] 71g [2] 35.5g [3] 17.75g [4] 53.0g

Q.60 20mL of HCl solution requires 19.85mL of 0.01 M NaOH solution for complete neutralization. The molarity of HCl
solution is -
[1] 0.0099 [2] 0.099 [3] 0.99 [4] 9.9

Q.61 Pressure in a mixture of 4g of O2 and 2g of H2 confined in a bulb of 1L at 0OC is -

[1] 15.210 atm [2] 25.215 atm [3] 31.205 atm [4] 45.215 atm

Q.62 The weight of a molecule of the compound C60H22 is -

[1] 1.09 × 10—21g [2] 1.24 × 10—21g [3] 5.025 × 1023g [4] 16.023 × 1023g

Q.63 How many gram of dibasic acid (mol. wt. =200) should be present in 100mL of the aqueous solution to given
strength of N/10 -
[1] 1g [2] 2g [3] 5g [4] 10g

Q.64 Haemoglobin of a blood corpuscle contains 0.33% iron. The molecular weight of haemoglobin was found to be
67000. What is the number of iron atoms present in each molecule of haemoglobin -
[1] 2 [2] 3 [3] 4 [4] 5
Q.65 500 mL of a solution contain 12.6 grams of oxalic acid [mol. wt. =126]. 10mL of this solution is diluted to 100mL
in a flask. What is the molarity of the resultant solution -
[1] 0.1 [2] 0.2 [3] 0.01 [4] 0.02

Q.66 12g of alkaline earth metal gives 14.8g of its nitride. Atomic weight of metal is -
[1] 12 [2] 20 [3] 40 [4] 14.8

Q.67 Iodized table salt contains 7.6 x 10–5 g of KI per gram of NaCl. The concentration in ppm of Kl is -
[1] 76 [2] 152 [3] 500 [4] 760

Q.68 Density of HCl is 1.21g/cm 3. Its normality is -

[1] 35.5 [2] 33.15 [3] 17.8 [4] 196

Q.69 Volume of CO2 obtained by the complete decomposition of 9.85 g BaCO3 is-
[1] 2.24L [2] 1.12L [3] 0.84L [4] 0.56L

Q.70 The number of ions per mole of a complex (CoCl2.5NH3) in aqueous solution will be-
[1] NIne [2] Four [3] Three [4] Two
Q.71 X molal solution of a compound in benzene has mole fraction of solute equal to 0.2. The value of X is -
[1] 14 [2] 3.2 [3] 1.4 [4] 2
MOLE CONCEPT

Q.72 An aqueous solution of 6.3g oxalic acid dihydrate is made up to 250mL. The volume of 0.1N NaOH required to
solution is-
[1] 40mL [2] 20mL [3] 10mL [4] 4mL

Q.73 Specific volume of cylindrical virus particle is 6.02 x 10–2 cc/g. whose radius and length are 7Å & 10Å respec-
tively. If NA = 6.02 × 1023. Then find molecular mass of virus -
[1] 15.4 kg/mol [2] 1.54 × 104 kg/mol
4
[3] 3.08 × 10 kg/mol [4] 3.08 × 103 kg/mol

Q.74 What volume of water is to be added to 50 mL of 4N NaOH solution to obtain a 1 N solution -

[1] 100 mL [2] 150 mL [3] 200 mL [4] 250 mL

Q.75 2.5L NaOH of 1M solution is mixed with 3L NaOH of 0.5 M solution. What is the molarity of the resulting
solution-
[1] 0.80 M [2] 1.0 M [3] 0.73 M [4] 0.50 M

Q.76 3g of an oxide of a metal is converted to chloride completely and it yielded 5g of chloride. The equivalent mass
of metal is -
[1] 3.325 [2] 33.25 [3] 20 [4] 12

Q.77 How many moles of electrons weigh one kilogram :

1 6.023 1 108
[1] 6.02 × 1023 [2] × 1031 [3] × 1054 [4] ×
9.108 9.108 9.108 6.02

Q.78 MnO4–2 (1 mole) in neutral aqueous medium disproportionate to :

[1] 2/3 mole of MnO4–1 and 1/3 mole of MnO2 [2] 1/3 mole of MnO4–1 and 2/3 mole of MnO2
[3] 1/3 mole of Mn2O7 and 2/3 mole of MnO2 [4] 2/3 mole of Mn2O7 and 1/3 mole of MnO2

Q.79 25 mL of a solution of Ba(OH)2 on titration with a 0.1 M solution of HCl gave a titre value of 35 mL. The molarity
of barium hydroxide solution was :
[1] 0.07 [2] 0.14 [3] 0.28 [4] 0.35

Q.80 Which has maximum number of atoms ?

[1] 24 g C (12) [2] 56 g Fe (56) [3] 27 g Al (27) [4] 108 g Ag (108)

Q.81 To neutralize completely 20 mL of 0.1 M aqueous solution of phosphorus acid (H3PO3), the volume of 0.1 M
aqueous KOH solution required is :
[1] 60 mL [2] 20 mL [3] 40 mL [4] 10 mL

ANSWER KEY
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 4 3 2 4
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 2
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 3 1
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 2 2 1 3 4 3 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1
Qus. 81
Ans. 3
 MOLE CONCEPT

NOTES
MOLE CONCEPT

NOTES
 MOLE CONCEPT
CONTENTS
1. MEASUREMENT IN CHEMISTRY

2. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Units
2.2 Derived units

3. RELATION BETWEEN VARIOUS UNITS

4. CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

5. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

5.1 Law of conservation of mass
5.2 Law of definite proportion
5.3 Law of multiple proportion
5.4 Law of reciprocal proportion
5.5 Law of gaseous volume
5.6 Avogadro law

6. DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

6.1 Postulates
6.2 Limitations

7. ATOM, MOLECULES & MOLECULAR FORMULA

7.1 Atom
7.2 Molecules
7.3 Mole

8. MASS , MOLE & NUMBER CONVERSIONS

9. ATOMIC MASS SCALE

10. MOLECULAR MASS

11. MORE ABOUT ATOMIC MASS AND MOLECULAR MASS

11.1 Atomic mass
11.1.1 Determination of At. mass
11.2 Molecular mass
11.2.1 Determination of Molecular mass

12. CHEMICAL FORMULA

12.1 Molecular formula
12.2 Empirical formula
12.3 Determination of Chemical formula
12.4 Determination of molecular
13. CHEMICAL EQUATION
13.1 Information conveyed by a chemical eq.

14. STOICHIOMETRY
14.1 Stoichiometry & problem solving
14.2 Problem involving mass–mass relationship
14.3 Problem involving mass–volume relationship
14.4 Problem involving volume–volume relationship

15. LIMITING REAGENT

16. STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTION IN SOLUTION

16.1 Molarity

17. MORE ABOVE EXPRESSION OF STRENGTH / CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

17.1 Weight - weight percent
17.2 Volume–volume percent
17.3 Weight – weight percent
17.4 Normality
17.5 Molality
17.6 Formality
17.7 Mole fraction
17.8 Part per million (ppm)

18. FORMULA OF VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION

19. SOLVED EXAMPLES

20. EXERCISE - 1

21. EXERCISE - 2 (PREVIOUS COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION QUESTION)

22. EXERCISE - 3

23. EXERCISE - 4 (FOR CBSE PM/PD)

24. ANSWER KEY