ClimateGlobalSystems

SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY
LABORATORY SCHOOLS
Lucban, Quezon
Climate and Global Systems

Science 9
Weather Vs. Climate
Weather is the outdoor condition of the moment. It
is what we see and experience when we go outside.
The main elements that influence weather conditions

are the sun, the atmosphere and the hydrologic cycle.
The average of weather conditions and patterns

over time is called climate. It is the long-term average
of daily changes in weather.
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http://www.australianenvironm
entaleducation.com.au/wp-
content/uploads/2020/08/Clim
ate-vs-weather-1.jpg
http://www.australianenvironmentaleducation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Climate-vs-weather-1.jpg

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http://uppampangaenglish.blogspot.com/2012/09/the-power-of-grammar-over-medias.html
Weather forecasts tell about the predicted

temperature and possibility of rain.

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https://www.worlddata.info/asia/philippines/climate.php
From years and years of weather records,

meteorologists can establish the average weather
patterns in a place.
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Meteorology
This refers to the study of the atmosphere.
Meteorological phenomena are the observable

weather events.
It comes from the Greek word meteoros or “things

high up” or lofty things.
In contrast, astronomy deals with the study of fiery

shooting stars up above.
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Climatogram
A climatogram or climatograph is a visual
representation that shows annual highs, lows,
averages, and ranges of temperature as well as
precipitation for a specific city, province or region.
Temperature is graphed against precipitation.
Temperature appears as a graph line and rainfall as a

bar graph.
Science 9
Earth’s Temperature Zones
The distribution of average annual temperatures on

the surface of the earth is primarily determined by an
angle at which sunlight reaches the surface.
The differences in the angles of incidence are due to

the earth’s round shape. Because the earth is round,
only the front-most surface receives direct sunlight.

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The smaller
the angle, the
greater the
surface area over
which the sun’s
rays spread. This
effect reduces the
sun’s intensity in
any one place.
https://useruploads.socratic.org/b5K335ciT6W3hfqekfss_maxresdefault.jpghttps://sciencing.com/sun-intensity-vs-angle-23529.html

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Larger area
Smaller area
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Insolation is the amount of heat absorbed by the

earth’s surface in a given amount of time.
Insolation is higher as the incident sun rays tend to
be more perpendicular. The more slanted the incident
rays are, the lower the insolation.
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Earth’s Temperature Zones
https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-e17760701bfb7fc8fd751946cd5e998b-pjlq

Science 9
Earth’s Global Rainfall Distribution
The amount of solar energy received at any location
of the earth affects the rate of evaporation and
precipitation in the endless process of the hydrologic
cycle or water cycle.
Air temperature is an important factor of rainfall

because warm air goes into an upward motion.
Constant solar radiation fosters evaporation.

Science 9
Tropical Have higher rainfall
Regions amounts due to the
greater amounts of
radiation and insolation
Albedo Effect
they receive.
-An expression of
Temperate Formation of precipitation the ability of
Regions involves ice. surfaces to reflect
Polar Receives less intense
sunlight.
Regions radiation and thus,
evaporation occurs at a
very slow rate.

Science 9
Factors Affecting Climate
Latitude
Distance from the equator
Expressed in degrees north or south
Determines the length of daylight
Tropical zone- 12 hours or more of daylight
Temperate zone- 16 hours of daylight
Polar zone- day’s sunshine takes many months

Science 9
Factors Affecting Climate
Continentality
Distance from the oceans
Continental centers have hot summers and cold
winters.
Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland
areas due to the winds that blow from the sea
which often bring rains.

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Relief
Topography of the land
Climate can be affected by mountains as mountain
ranges block winds.
Mountains receive more rainfall than low lying areas.
Windward side of the mountain receives rain while
leeward side does not.

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Elevation
Lucban, Quezon:
521 m / 1,709 ft. above sea level
Altitude above
sea level
The higher the place
is above sea level, the
colder it will be.
(This happens because as
altitude increases, air
becomes thinner and is
less able to absorb and
retain heat.)
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fe/0d/6c/fe0d6c0f09180ffdb9a3c48e0c28d921.jpg

Science 9
Global Systems that
Affect Climate
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Trade Winds and the Hadley Cell
Hadley circulation
cell is formed by two
convection cells.
It was named after

George Hadley who
discovered its
existence in 18th
century. https://images.twinkl.co.uk/tr/image/upload/t_illustration/illustation/Hadley-Cell-
Diagram----Air-Weather-Geography-KS3.png

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 Coriolis Effect
The curving or deflection.
 Coriolis Principle
In the northern hemisphere, a
moving object always deflects
to the right of its intended
straight path . In the
southern hemisphere, a
moving object deflects to the
https://windy.app//storage/posts/May2022/coriolis-force-windyapp1.jpg
left of its intended straight
path.
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https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Coriolis-Effect-Feature-678x378.png

Science 9
Westerlies and the Ferrel Cell
On the surface, the descending air at 30° N latitude
divides into two. One moves southward to become the
northeast tradewinds. The other air mass moves
northward on the surface to become part of another
convection circulation cell.
These northward moving surface winds deflect to the
right.
Because of this deflection, these winds seem to blow
from the west. Hence, they are called westerlies.
Ferrel cell is named after William Ferrel.
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Easterlies and the Polar Cell
At the surface, the polar winds move southward.

But being in the northern hemisphere, they curve to
the right to become easterlies.
In the south polar cell, winds move northward. In the

southern hemisphere, winds deflect to the left of
their intended direction. They become easterlies.

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Science 9
Pressure Belts and Winds
https://dashamlav.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/trade-winds-hadlet-cell-coriolis-effect-dashamlav.jpg

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The Seven Pressure Belts
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Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
The low pressure zone at the equator.
Tropical winds (the northeast tradewinds and the
southeast tradewinds) converge anywhere within this
zone, above or below the equator, from 5° N to 5° S.
There can be days or even weeks without winds.
In the olden days, sail ships had to stay and wait it
out until the winds come. Sailors who had nothing to
do but wait called these latitudes the doldrums.
oDoldrum is region of clear skies but with hot, humid,
slowly rising air. There is little or no wind.
*Doldrums means boredom.
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Subtropical Highs
The two high pressure belts at 30°.
Air sinks at these latitudes and there is little or no
wind with clear skies.
When sail ships were stuck on windless days, horses
were thrown overboard to lighten the ship. Sailors
thus, named this belt the horse latitudes.
Warm and steady, prevailing winds blow from the horse
latitudes to the doldrums in both north and south
hemispheres. Sailing ships planned their routes to take
advantage of these winds. Hence, these prevailing
winds were called tradewinds.
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Subpolar Lows
The 60° latitudes in both hemispheres which are low
pressure belts.
The subpolar low pressure belts are cold and stormy.
Between 30° (the horse latitudes) and 60°, the
prevailing winds are westerlies blowing from the horse
latitudes.
Westerlies frequently change speed and direction.
Speed increases as latitude increases.

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Polar Highs
The poles are high pressure regions and are called
polar highs which are very cold.
Winds blow from the polar highs to the subpolar low
pressure belt as easterlies.
Polar easterlies are cold and stormy.

Science 9
Effects of Prevailing Winds
In the global patterns of air movements, the

tradewinds, the westerlies, and the easterlies are
prevailing winds.
 They are predominant winds in their specific regions
where they move along a single general direction.

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Trade winds
The prevailing winds in the tropics which moves
westward.
They steer the tropical cyclones that are born over
the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.

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Westerlies
The predominant or prevailing winds in the middle
latitudes.
From the high pressure belt of the horse latitudes,
they move eastward toward the poles.
Westerlies steer the cyclones in the middle latitudes
in this general direction.
Strongest in winter and weakest in summer.
Westerlies blowing over the ocean create ocean
currents that carry warm equatorial waters to the
colder regions in the middle latitudes.
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Polar Easterlies
Cold and dry winds.
They blow from the highest latitudes where the
extremely cold polar conditions create high surface
pressure.
They move from high pressure regions of the north
and south poles toward the low pressure belts at 60°
latitude.
Prevailing polar easterlies are usually weak and
irregular.

Science 9
Pressure Differences in
Different Seasons
The earth’s tilt and its annual revolution around the
sun cause variations in lengths of daylight and in
temperature. In effect, places on earth undergo
changes in seasons.
Season is a period of the year distinguished by
special climate conditions.
Seasons alternate in the northern and southern
hemisphere.
The extremes of seasons are winter and summer.
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In summer, surface temperatures are high. Air
is warmed up by the hot surface. Warm air expands
and rises. Warm rising air creates low pressure. In other
words, regions experiencing summer have low
pressures.
Winter brings low temperatures. Cold air contracts
and becomes dense and heavy. Cold air tends to
descend , creating high pressures. Regions in winter
have high atmospheric pressures.

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Science 9
Monsoons
The changes in the seasons bring about changes in
the global atmospheric circulation and in
precipitation.
A seasonal change in the direction of the strongest
or dominant winds of a region is called monsoon.
Monsoons are masses of air blowing from cold
regions.

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Air moves from a high pressure region to a low
pressure region.
Monsoons are initiated by differences in sea and land
temperatures.
The main and the most pronounced monsoons occur
in Asia.
Monsoons are most often associated with the Indian
Ocean.
Monsoons determine climate for India, Bangladesh,
Myanmar, and Southeast Asia.
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Northeast Monsoon
(Amihan)
Southwest Monsoon
(Habagat)
https://titsertitser.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/monsoons.jpg

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https://www.facebook.com/imreadyph/posts/a
no-ba-ang-pagkakaiba-ng-amihan-at-
habagat-imreadybisitahin-ang-
wwwimreadyph-par/1267150553394476/

Science 9
Ocean Currents
Earth’s great bodies of water are regulators of its
temperature.
Waters flow like rivers within the ocean.
Any continuous flow of water along a definite

path within the ocean is called an ocean current.

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Ocean current may be vertical, with waters
moving up and down. These are deep water currents
driven by differences in density which is caused by
differences in temperature and salinity.
Cold water is dense and heavy; warm water is light

with lower density.
The more salt seawater contains, the denser it is.

Science 9
Causes of Ocean Surface
Circulation Currents
Solar radiation
Heats up the ocean surface.
Causes expansion (8 cm higher in the middle
latitudes).
Difference in height creates a gentle slope where
the higher warm surface tends to flow downhill
toward the middle latitudes.

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Winds
Winds blow over the oceans.
Ocean surface is pushed in the same direction as
the prevailing winds.
Water accumulates in the direction of the wind
(e.g. blowing over your soup).
Most of the world’s ocean currents are formed by
the trade winds and the westerlies.

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Gravity
Gravity pulls accumulated water down the slope
from the slightly higher level. This pull starts the
flow over the ocean.
Coriolis Force
The flow curves to the right in the northern
hemisphere.
The curving or deflection brings the water into
circular patterns.

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The World’s General Surface
Currents

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There are two circulation of ocean currents in
the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. One is in
the northern hemisphere, the other is in the southern
hemisphere.
Circulation is clockwise in the north and counter
clockwise in the south.
The coasts on the western sides of the oceans have
warm ocean currents.
The east sides of the oceans have cold waters moving
toward the equator.
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Causes of Deep Water
Circulation Currents
Low temperature and greater salt content make
water denser.
The combination of salinity and temperature makes
water heavier causing it to sink toward the bottom.
These are thermohaline currents.
More saline water or salty water sinks below the less
saline water.
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Equatorial waters have higher salinity due to the
more rapid evaporation of water from the oceans.
There is less evaporation from cold waters and
therefore, they have less salinity.

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Gyres
The spirals of ocean currents that form the north
and the south of the equator.
There is no gyres at the equator since there is no
Coriolis effect in that region.
The gyres influence world climates, keeping
temperatures warmer in winter and in the cooler
latitudes in Europe and North America.
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https://marvel-b1-cdn.bc0a.com/f00000000170758/www.ysi.com/image%20library/blog/mission-water-gyre-infographic-1-five-ocean-gyres.jpg

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The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
The gyres are linked together in a giant conveyor

belt.
The conveyor belt motion is due to thermohaline
currents.
The oceanic conveyor belt is the mechanism for the
global heat exchange.

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Global Distribution of Climates
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Tropical Climates (Classification A)
Found between 20° N
latitude to 20° S.
Has an average
temperature greater than
18° Celsius.
Total rainfall for the year
https://res.cloudinary.com/dk-find-out/image/upload/q_80,w_1920,f_auto/MA_00086499__ftn7gq.jpg
is greater than 1,500 mm.

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Dry Climates (Classification B)
Climate from 20° to 30° N and from 20° to
30° S.
Very little precipitation for most of the year
provided by ITCZ and mid-latitude cyclones.
Minor Types:
a. dry arid- true desert climate (12% of earth’s
surface)
b. dry semi-arid- grasslands or steppes (14% of earth’s
surface)
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https://res.cloudinary.com/dk-find-out/image/upload/q_80,w_1920,f_auto/MA_00086499__ftn7gq.jpg

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Mild Mid-Latitude/ Temperate Climates
(Classification C)
Climates extend from 30° to 50° latitudes in
both hemispheres.
They occur mainly on the eastern and western side
of the continents.
Summer is generally warm and humid while winters
are mild.
Thunderstorms dominate in the summer months.
In winter, the main weather occurrence is the mid
latitude cyclone.
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Mild Mid-Latitude/ Temperate Climates
(Classification C)
Sub-climates:
a. humid subtropical climates - have hot humid
summers with frequent thunderstorms and mild
winters with precipitation.
b. marine climates - humid, with short dry summers
and mild winters that have heavy precipitation.
c. Mediterranean climates - have rainy winters and
dry summers because of the descending air at the
horse latitudes.
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51947.jpeg

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Cold Mid-Latitude Continental Climates
(Classification D)
Summers range from warm to cool.
Winters are cold with severe snowstorms, strong
winds, and bitter cold brought by the polar air
masses.
Found in the interior regions of large land masses.

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Total precipitation is not very high and
seasonal temperatures vary widely.
The average temperature of the warmest month is
greater than 10° C, while the coldest month is less
than -3° C.
Minor Classifications:
a. climates with dry winters
b. Climates with dry summers
c. boreal climates that are wet at all seasons

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https://geo.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/11053/Carlos_Campbell_Overlook.jpg?revision=1

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Polar Climates (Classification E)
Have extremely cold winters and cold summers,
having year-round low temperatures.
The warmest month has an average temperature of
less than 10° C.
Occur on the northeast coasts of North America,
Europe, Asia and on the landmasses of Greenland
and Antarctica.

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Polar Climates (Classification E)
Minor Types:
a. polar tundra – soil is permanently frozen to
depths of hundred of meters (permafrost), with
vegetation of mosses, lichens, dwarf trees, and
low woody shrubs.
b. polar ice caps – have a surface that is
permanently covered with snow and ice.

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https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/climate_change_in_polar_regions_penguins.jpg

Science 9
Climate and Biomes
The distribution of living organisms in a given zone of

earth determined primarily by its temperature and
precipitation is called a biome.
A biome is a large, distinctive complex of plant
communities created and maintained by a specific
climate.

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Tropical Rainforest
A hot, moist biome found near Earth’s equator.
Receive 150 to 400 cm of rain evenly distributed
throughout the year.
Cover only about 6% of the earth’s surface, but
almost half of the world’s plants and animals are in
the rainforests.
More than 15 million species of plants and animals
thrive in rainforests.

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World’s largest
tropical rainforests
are in South
America, Africa, and
Southeast Asia.
Threatened by
deforestation.
https://exploretraveler.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/agas-agas-bridge.jpg

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Desert
Driest biome with only about 50 cm of annual
rainfall.
Arid region with little flora or fauna.
Daytime temperatures widely differ from nighttime
temperatures.
Depending on its altitude and latitude, a desert
can be very hot or very cold.
Reptiles and cacti are among the few plants and
animals found in desert.

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Sahara Desert Antarctic Polar Desert
https://cdn.britannica.com/10/152310-050-5A09D74A/Sand-dunes-Sahara- https://www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/is-
Morocco-Merzouga.jpg antarctica-a-dessert.jpg

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Grassland
Prairies in North America, steppes of Asia,
pampas of Argentina, veld of South Africa, and
savannah of Australia.
Found on every continent except Antarctica.
Grassland vegetation is predominantly grass of
various kinds, both short and tall.
Shrubs and small trees are scattered thinly.
Heights of grasses differ depending on the amount
of rainfall.
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Heavy rains may
come but then comes the
dry season when the
biome can be dry that
fires can be expected.
Fires burn away the dead
plants and debris.
https://cdn.britannica.com/17/133217-050-7EF4B14A/prairie-grassland-Buffalo-
In the rainy season,
Gap-National-Grassland-South.jpg
vegetation sprouts again.

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Middle Latitude Deciduous Forest
Found in the temperate middle latitudes.
Go through changes throughout the year.
Most colorful in autumn.
Bare in winter to protect themselves and to
conserve water.
Heavy spring rainfall helps leaf buds sprout
again.
In summer, the biome is green once again.
Trees with leaves falling off in autumn and with branches which
are leafless in winter are described as deciduous (from Latin
decidere – to fall down or fall off).
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Characterized by
heavy precipitation.
Found in oceanic,
continental, or mixed
climates in Europe, Asia,
and North America.
This type of biome
https://cdn.britannica.com/27/205327-050-FA4A0FE2/trees-beeches-birches-
nourishes an abundant
chestnuts-maples-elms-aspens.jpg
and highly varied fauna.

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Taiga
Northernmost wooded zone on earth.
Also called boreal forest which means northern
forest.
Has warm, moist, and short summers followed by
long, cold, and dry winters.
Trees in taigas are coniferous trees likes pines, firs
and spruces.
These trees grow needles and stay green
throughout the year, which explains why they are
also called evergreens.
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https://cdn.britannica.com/50/6650-050-E268AC16/coniferous-forest-spruce-trees-forests-boreal-Northern.jpg

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Arctic Tundra
It is the coldest of all biomes which has very
limited species diversity.
From the Finnish word “tunturi” which means a
treeless plain.
Its rainfall is even less than that of most deserts. It
remains wet though because cold temperatures
inhibit the evaporation of water.
Plants that have adapted to these very cold
conditions have a short growing season (e.g. mosses
and lichens).
Exists in circumpolar regions.
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https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/coldest-tundra-biome.jpg

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Mountain Biome
As altitude increases, air temperature decreases.
The temperature on the mountain decreases at
increasing levels of the mountain.
Depending on its location on the globe, mountains
may have different biomes at their different levels.
Mountains with height of about 600m may have two
biomes.
Taller mountains can have more than two biomes that
differ according to altitude.
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 The climate on
very tall mountain
ranges from tropical
at the bottom to
arctic at the top.
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6f/0b/23/6f0b2359084ddbf612d1fa0fb7069392.jpg

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Climate Change
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Short-Term Climate
Change
Scientists have found
evidence that there had
been a series of warming
and cooling from 1000 AD
https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RXNTC1/global-warming-vs-global-cooling-concept-sign-
showing-warmer-and-cooler-weather-during-a-time-of-climate-change-RXNTC1.jpg
and 1900 AD.

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El Niño Phenomenon
The irregular warming of the ocean surface of the

eastern side of the Pacific Ocean off South
America.
El Niño is Spanish for the Baby Jesus.
It was named so because it comes at about
Christmas.
La Niña, Spanish for ‘the little girl’ is the cold
counterpart of El Niño.

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https://blog.csiro.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/BU4472.jpg

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Long-Term Climate Change
Climate change in periods of 10 000 years has also
been revealed by rock and fossil records.
Glaciers and fossils show a pattern of alternating
periods of warming periods and ice ages.
Earth’s own motions undergo changes in the
Milankovitch cycles.
Each one or all of the three cycles changes the
amount of radiation received by the earth, which
influences the climate of the earth.
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Human Influence
Since the Industrial Revolution at the end of the
19th century to the present, human activity has had a
huge effect on climate.
Invention of gasoline and diesel engines and the
increased burning of fossil fuels have increased the
amount of carbon dioxide, a primary greenhouse gas
in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases absorb and retain heat in the
atmosphere.
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http://www.change-climate.com/pictures_climate_change/Green_House_Effect_Gases_Earth_Solar_Radiation.jpg

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Slowing Down Climate Change
1. Choose energy efficient modes of transportation.

2. Reduce the use of motor vehicles whenever
possible.
3. Shift to energy-saving, low-energy consuming
appliances.
4. Convert to efficient, low energy lighting.
5. Install skylights for daytime lighting and use natural
daytime lighting.

Science 9
6. Use clean sources of energy like wind and solar
panels.
7. Design homes and offices with natural ventilation.
8. Use building materials other than lumber when
possible.
9. Thaw out frozen foods naturally without the use of
electrical appliances.
10. Let clothes and hair dry by themselves, do not use
dryers and blowers.

Science 9
11. Use clothes that do not require hot ironing.
12. Plant trees to shade , to cool, and to reduce
emissions.
13. Reduce waste brought to landfills.
14. Reuse and recycle household , school, and office
items.
15. Turn off electrical and electronic gadgets when not
in use.

Science 9
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Science 9

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SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Climate and Global Systems

The main elements that influence weather conditions

The average of weather conditions and patterns

Climate and Global Systems

Weather forecasts tell about the predicted

Climate and Global Systems

From years and years of weather records,

Meteorological phenomena are the observable

It comes from the Greek word meteoros or “things

In contrast, astronomy deals with the study of fiery

Temperature is graphed against precipitation.

Temperature appears as a graph line and rainfall as a

The distribution of average annual temperatures on

The differences in the angles of incidence are due to

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Insolation is the amount of heat absorbed by the

Climate and Global Systems

Air temperature is an important factor of rainfall

Constant solar radiation fosters evaporation.

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

It was named after

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

At the surface, the polar winds move southward.

In the south polar cell, winds move northward. In the

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

In the global patterns of air movements, the

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Waters flow like rivers within the ocean.

Any continuous flow of water along a definite

Climate and Global Systems

Cold water is dense and heavy; warm water is light

The more salt seawater contains, the denser it is.

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems

Climate and Global Systems