Airport Operation and Management

Mostly based on Course Airport Planning and Design

Dr. M. K. Mohan B.E., M.E., Ph.D., MISTE, MISCA,
Professor of Civil Engineering,
GNITC, Hyderabad @ Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus
 AIRPORT OPERATION AND
MANAGEMENT

UNIT – I Introduction

1. Efficient Transportation
2. Aviation Organizations and their
Functions
 What is Efficient Transportation
System?
 Efficient transportation system means carrying passengers and goods
from one place to other place at
1. Low cost
2. Less travel time
3. whenever needed
4. wherever needed
5. Comfort
6. Safety
In respect of above points,
Air transport becomes most efficient transportation system than other
modes of transportation systems.
Note: However, air transportation also faces other risks like
1- Health issue especially after Covid-19 pandemic
2-Security from terrorist attack or conflict impacts
Aviation Organizations

 ICAO
 IATA
 FAA
 DCA/DGCA/DGAC
 PT Angkasa Pura
 Airnav Indonesia
Aviation Organizations

1. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

2. International Air Transport Association (IATA)
3. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
4. Directorate of Civil Aviation (DCA) (or) Director
General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)Authority of India
(AAI)
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

serves as an agency through which the necessary
international understanding and agreement between
nations in all the technical, economical and legal issues
and codifies the principles and techniques of international
air navigation and fosters the planning and development of
international air transport to ensure safe and orderly
growth.
 It was created in1944 and it became a special UN agency
in1947. It has membership of 151 countries.
 ICAO is headquartered at Montreal in Canada and is
headed by a Secretary General
 It has 7 regional offices at 1) Paris 2) Mexico city 3)
Bangkok 4) Cairo 5) Dakar 6) Lima 7) Nairobi
International Air Transport
Association (IATA)

 The International Air Transport

Association (IATA) is a trade association of the
world’s airlines with a membership of 250 major
carriers in the world. They carry approximately 84% of
total available seat kilometers of air traffic.
 IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate
industry policy and standards.
 It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive
Office at Geneva in Switzerland.
 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the national
aviation authority of the United States.
 An agency of the United States Department of Transportation, it
has authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of American civil
aviation.
Functions of FAA include:
1. Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
2. Regulating air navigation facilities' geometry and flight inspection
standards
3. Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation
technology
4. Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
5. Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil
aeronautics
6. Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and
other environmental effects of civil aviation
UNIT – II Components of Air Transportation

1. Aircraft characteristics
2. Airports and Airways
3. Airlines and Air Passengers
4. Operating Environment
Components of Air Transportation
 Aircraft Characteristics
 Any machine which finds its support in the atmosphere
due to reactions of the air is defined as an aircraft.
 Aircraft can be heavier or lighter than air or power
driven or non-power driven.
 For example, airships are lighter than air and are power
driven.
 Similarly, Balloons are lighter than air and are non-
power driven
 Aeroplanes and Helicopters are are heavier than air and
are power driven.
Aero plane and Helicopter
 The land airplane is the most practical type of machine to navigate
in the air and thousands of them are in daily use.
 They are designed to take off and land on runways with much
steeper angles than the helicopters.
 The helicopter can rise vertically off the ground and can also hover
stationary in the air.
 Helicopters have inferior performance compared to the aeroplanes
as their load capacity is extremely small and their top speed is very
low.
 Airplanes can also be designed to operate on water. They are called
float planes.
 Float planes have long pontoon floats on which it rests when it is
on water
 Amphibian planes can have both floats and wheels.
Aircraft Dimension
Landing Gear Configurations
Types of Aircraft Weight
 Operating empty weight (OEW), the basic weight of the
aircraft including crew and all the necessary gear
required for flight but not including payload and fuel.
 Zero fuel weight (ZFW) is the OEW of an aircraft plus
the weight of its payload. The payload is a term which
refers to the total revenue-producing load. This includes
the weight of passengers and their baggage, mail,
express, and cargo.
Types of Aircraft Weight
(Continued)
 The maximum ramp weight is the
maximum weight authorized for ground
maneuver including taxi and run-up fuel.
 The maximum gross takeoff weight is the
maximum weight authorized at brake
release for takeoff. It excludes taxi and
run-up fuel and includes the operating
empty weight, trip and reserve fuel, and
payload.
Types of Aircraft Weight
(Continued)
 The maximum structural takeoff
weight (MSTOW) or MTOW, is
typically designed as the maximum gross
takeoff weight for an aircraft operating at
sea level elevation at a temperature of
59°F (15°C). It is also the maximum
weight that the aircraft’s landing gear can
support. The MSTOW or MTOW is the
standard design weight measurement
used in airport planning and design.
Types of Aircraft Engine
 Piston engines
 Turboprops,
 Turbofan (or jet) engines
Airports and Airways
 An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for
commercial aviation flights to take off and land
Airports often have facilities to store and
maintain aircraft, and a control tower.

 An airway is a legally defined corridor that

connects one specified location to another at a
specified altitude, along which an aircraft that
meets the requirements of the airway may be
flown
Tipe Bandara di Indonesia
 Bandar udara di Indonesia pada umumnya dimiliki oleh Pemerintah,
baik Pemerintah Pusat maupun Daerah (Government Owned), yang
otoritas pengelolaanya diberikan kepada Badan Usaha Milik Negara
(BUMN), yaitu PT (Persero) Angkasa Pura; serta bandar udara yang
pengelolaannya ada dibawah pengawasan Departemen Perhubungan,
Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Udara berbentuk Unit Pelaksana
Teknis.
 Disamping itu ada beberapa bandar udara yang dimiliki dan dikelola
oleh suatu komunitas/perusahaan, umumnya berupa bandar udara
kecil (privat airstrips).
 Beberapa bandar udara di Indonesia berawal dari lapangan terbang
militer baik angkatan udara, darat maupun laut dan sampai saat
beberapa bandara udara tersebut masih ada yang beroperasi (en-
clave airport).
Bandar Udara Internasional
1. Melayani angkutan langsung para penumpang dan barang dari/ke luar
negeri. Bandar udara ini juga merupakan tempat transit untuk menuju
ke tempat lain.

2. Ciri-ciri Bandar Udara Internasional :

a) Yang utama adalah memiliki Customs (Bea Cukai), Immigration
(Imigrasi) dan Quarantine (Karantina);
b) Kapasitas pesawat sampai dengan pesawat type Boeing B-747 atau
Airbus 300 (pesawat berbadan lebar);
c) Mempunyai daerah komersil dan terminal yang luas dengan
pertokoan dan perkantoran;
d) Mempunyai fasilitas pemeliharaan;
e) Mempunyai tempat parkir yang luas;
Bandar Udara Domestik
1. Melayani angkutan penumpang dan barang dari/ke daerah yang
merupakan pusat untuk menuju daerah sekitar. Biasanya langsung
berhubungan dengan bandar udara internasional. Bandar udara ini juga
sebagai tempat transit untuk menuju daerah yang terpencil

2. Ciri-ciri Bandar Udara Domestik

a) Kapasitas pesawat sampai dengan pesawat type boeing B-737 atau
b) Airbus
c) Mempunyai bangunan terminal cukup luas
d) Ada beberapa daerah komersil dengan pertokoan
e) Mempunyai fasilitas pemeliharaan kecil
Bandara Perintis
1. Melayani angkutan penerbangan untuk daerah yang terpencil,
kadangkadang hanya digunakan oleh perusahaan perindustrian (seperti
industri pertambangan)

2. Ciri-ciri Bandar Udara Perintis:

a) Kapasitasnya hanya untuk pesawat ringan seperti CN-235, F-27,
Casa-212
b) Mempunyai landasan pacu (runway) sempit dan pendek, kadang-
kadang landasan pacu tersebut hanya berupa lapangan rumput.
c) Mempunyai terminal kecil atau tidak ada terminal
d) Terdapat beberapa bangunan untuk pelayanan
Klasifikasi Bandara Lainnya
 Bandar Udara Utama, Kelas I, II, III, IV,V
dan Bandar Udara Satuan Kerja (Satker).
KONSEP KETENTUAN

 Kode referensi bandara

terdiri dari dua kode
 Kode 1 berupa kode angka
dan berkaitan dengan ARFL
 Kode 2 berupa kode huruf
dan berkaitan dengan
wingspan pesawat

Klasifikasi Bandara mnrt ICAO

Airlines and Air Passengers
 An organization providing a regular public
service of air transport on one or more
routes with its equipment and operating
personnel is called Airlines.
 Persons who are travelling in any public
transport aircraft other than its pilot and
airline staff members are called Air
Passengers.
Operating Environment
 Airlines must be aware of and operate
within a framework of regulations,
standards and guidelines, international
agreements and programs that shape the
operating environment for commercial
aviation.
UNIT – III Components of Airport

1. Airside
2. Passengers Terminal
3. Landside
4. Tanah areal bandar udara
Important Components of an Airside
1. Runway
2. Apron
3. Taxiway
4. Aircraft Stand
5. Hangar
6. Control Tower
Typical Layout of an Airport
Sistem Bandara
ARFL, ARP, ARC, RN
Aeroplane
 AERODROME REFERENCE FIELD LENGTH (ARFL) :
adalah landas pacu minimum yang dibutuhkan untuk take off pada
berat take off maksimum (MTOW) berdasarkan elevasi muka air
laut, kondisi standar atmosfer, keadaan tanpa angin bertiup dan
kemiringan runway nol.
 AERODROME REFERENCE POINT (ARP): penanda lokasi
geografis runway
 AERODROME REFERENCE CODE (ARC) adalah suatu kode
yang berupa angka dan huruf yang digunakan untuk mengetahui
spesifikasi dari rangkaian aerodrome yang cocok dengan pesawat
terbang yang akan beroperasi pada aerodrome tersebut.
 Runway numbering: kode arah (orientasi) runway
Runways

A runway is the area or a platform where an aircraft

lands or takes off.

It can be grass, or packed dirt, or a hard surface such

as asphalt or concrete. Runways have special markings
on them to help a pilot in the air to tell that it is a
runway (and not a road) and to help them when they
are landing or taking off. Runway markings are white.
Runway
Aprons

Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircrafts are parked,
unloaded, refueled or boarded. Aprons are also sometimes
called ramps. They vary in size, from areas that may hold five or
ten small planes, to the very large areas that the major airports
have.`

Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such

as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users
than the the runway or taxi way. However, the apron is not
usually open to the general public and a license may be
required to gain access.
Taxiway

A taxiway is a path on an airport

connecting runways with ramps, hangars,
terminals and other facilities. They mostly have hard
surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller
airports sometimes use gravel or grass.
Aircraft Stand

A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and

intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.
Hangar
 A hangar is a closed building structure to
hold aircraft in protective storage. Most hangars are
built of metal, but other materials such as wood and
concrete are also used.
 Hangars are used for protection from the weather,
protection from direct sunlight, maintenance, repair,
manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft on
airfields, aircraft carriers and ships.
Air Traffic Control Tower

A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by

radio and observed physically and by radar.
Terminal Buildings

Also known as airport terminal, these buildings

are the spaces where passengers board or alight from
flights. These buildings house all the necessary facilities
for passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the
customs and have lounges to wait before disembarking.
The terminals can house cafes, lounges and bars to
serve as waiting areas for passengers.

Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer,

security checks and customs are the basics of all airport
terminals. Large airports can have more than one
terminal that are connected to one another through link
ways such as walkways, sky-bridges. Smaller airports
usually have only one terminal that houses all the
required facilities.
 Terminal Building
Design of terminal building
size considers the number
of passengers at peak
hour

Area of terminal
building is usually 5 –
20 % for area of
airport territory
Parking

 Parking is a specific area of airport at

which vehicles park.
UNIT – IV Airport Configuration

1. Runway Configurations
2. Taxiway Configurations
FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY
ORIENTATION
 WIND
 AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
 WILD LIFE HAZARDS
 TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION
Runway Configurations
 Many runway configurations are existing.
 Most of them are combinations of the following basic
configurations:
◦ Single runway
◦ Parallel Runways
 Two parallel runways
 Two parallel runways with staggered
thresholds
 Four parallel runways
◦ Open-V Runways
◦ Intersecting runways
Single Runway
PARALLEL RUNWAYS
There are 4
types of
parallel
runways
OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but
do not intersect and form an open-V shape are
‘OPEN-V runways’
INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are
classified as intersecting runways.
This type of runway is used when there are
relatively strong prevailing winds from more than
one direction during the year.
Taxiway Configurations

 Studies based on empirical results show that

the capacity of a taxiway system generally far
exceeds the capacities of runways.
Taxiway Configuration
 The movement of aircrafts to and from
the runways and the terminal/cargo, and
parking areas is provided by a system of
taxiways.

 This system of taxiways includes

◦ Entrance and exit taxiways
◦ Parallel taxiways
◦ Bypass taxiways
Exit Taxiways
 These are taxiways provided at appropriate locations
along the length of runway so that the landing aircrafts
can maneuver out of the runway minimising their
runway occupancy time.
 Right angled exit taxiways:
◦ These are exit taxiways placed at right angles to the runway.
When the design peak hour traffic is less than 30 operations
(landings and takeoffs), a properly located right- angled exit
taxiway will achieve an efficient flow of traffic.
 High speed exit taxiways:
◦ These exit taxiways are placed at acute angle to the runway and
are designed to provide high exit (turnoff) speeds. These high
speed exit taxiways when properly designed in terms of their
number, location and exit speed can enhance the capacity of the
runway.
Entrance & Parallel Taxiways

 Entrance Taxiway:
◦ Entrance taxiways provide access to the takeoff
end of the runway for the departing aircrafts and
it also serves as the final exit taxiway for landing
aircrafts on a bidirectional runway. It is normally
in the form of an “L” taxiway intersection with a
right angle connection to the runway.
 Parallel Taxiway:
◦ The taxiway running parallel to the runway
connecting all the exit and entrance taxiways is
called parallel taxiway.
Bypass Taxiway
 As an alternative to holding bay a bypass
taxiway parallel to the entrance taxiway leading
to the runway end are generally provided.

 When a preceding aircraft is not ready for

takeoff and blocks the entrance taxiway, other
aircrafts in the queue can use the bypass
taxiway.• Bypass taxiways provide flexibility in
runway use by permitting ground maneuvering
of steady streams of departing airplanes
UNIT – V Operation Characteristics of
Airport

1. Introduction of Airport Configurations

2. Analysis of wind
3. Site Selection Approach
Introduction of
Airport Configurations

 A major determinant of airport capacity is

the overall layout and design of the
system
 Airport configuration is the most
important factor and defined as the
general arrangement of the various parts
or components of the airport system
Airport Configuration
 Airport configuration is defined as the
number and orientation of runways and the
location of the terminal area relative to the
runways.
◦ Number of runways depends on air traffic volume.
◦ Orientation of runways depends on the direction
of wind, size and shape of the area and land use
and airspace use restrictions in the vicinity of
airport.
◦ The terminal building should be located so as to
provide easy and timely access to runways.
Analysis of Wind for Orienting
Runways
 Runways are oriented in the direction of
prevailing winds.
 The data on the parameters of wind
namely, intensity (speed), direction and
duration are essential to determine the
orientation of runways.
◦ High intensity winds perpendicular to the direction of
runway cause problems during landing and takeoff of
aircrafts.
◦ Smaller aircrafts are particularly effected by these
crosswinds.
 Importance of wind analysis

 Headwind (HW): wind acting

towards aircraft head, parallel
to aircraft longitudinal axis
 Tailwind (TW): Wind acting
toward aircraft tail, parallel to
aircraft longitudinal axis
 Crosswind (XW): wind acting
at right--‐angle to aircraft
Wind rose
Runway Numbering
Penentuan Panjang Runway
Hitung balanced field length atau tentukan berdasarkan performance chart atau tentukan ARFL

1. Hitung Basic Runway Length (B).

2. Hitung Actual Runway Length (A), yaitu hasil no 1 yang dikoreksi
terhadap suhu, elevasi dan kemiringan
3. Hitung (A-B)/B * 100 %, dan cek apakah memenuhi ketentuan 
35%. Jika tidak memenuhi, maka dicari lokasi lain sebaga
alternative bandara.
4. Jika nomor 3 terpenuhi maka, selanjutnya ditetapkan sebagai
Take-Off Run Available (TORA)
5. Hitung Take-Off Distance Available (TODA) = TORA +
clearway. (Nb: Clearway  0,5 TORA)
6. Hitung Landing Distance Available (LDA) = TORA –
panjang threshold
7. Hitung Accelerete Stop Distance Available (ASDA) =
TORA + stopway = TORA + stopway
 PENENTUAN ACTUAL

Hitung Basic Runway Length

Basic runway length is determined from the take off performance
charts, dan ditentukan sebagai nilai maksimum diantara dua kondisi
yaitu kondisi one of the critical engines fails atau all the engines
are operating.
Langkah-langkah perhitungannya adalah
Berdasarkan ARFL yang sdh dikoreksi
1. Tentukan ARFL, yaitu the minimum take off run distance.
2. Hitung basic runway length berdasarkan kondisi one of the
critical engines fails (atau kondisi the decision speed)
3. Hitung basic runway length berdasarkan kondisi all the engines
are operating (=115% dari ARFL)
4. Tentukan nilai maksimum di antara hasil nomor 2 dan 3 sebagai
basic runway length. 1,2, atau 3
ACTUAL
 Types of Markings

There are 6 types of Airport Markings

1. Runway Marking
2. Taxiway Marking
3. Shoulder Marking
4. Apron Markings
5. Landing Direction Indicator
6. Wind Direction Indicator
 Runway Markings
 Following markings are made on the runways

1. Runway centre-line marking

2. Runway edge stripes
3. Touch down zone marking
4. Threshold marking
5. Displaced threshold marking
6. Runway numbering
7. Two or more parallel runways
 Runway centre-line marking
 It is represented by a broken line along
the entire length as shown in figure.
 Its width is 90 cm.
 Runway edge stripes

 The runway edge stripes are normally marked.

 But when the runway width exceeds 45 m, the

side stripes in the form of long continuous lines
90 cm wide may be marked near the edges as
shown in figure.
Runway Markings
Perspective view of a Runway
 Touch Down Zone Marking

 The runway touch down zone or landing

zone is indicated by a series of stripes
arranged symmetrically about the centre-
line with their number decreasing
gradually in the direction of landing as
shown in figure.
 Threshold Marking

 The runway threshold is indicated by a series of

parallel lines starting from a distance of 6 m
from the runway end.

 The threshold markings are in the form of

stripes 3.6 m wide spaced at 0.9 m clear and
placed symmetrically on either side of the
runway centre-line.
Runway Threshold Marking
 Displaced Threshold Marking

 At some airports, it is desirable to displace the

runway threshold on a permanent basis.

 A displaced threshold is one which has been

moved a certain distance from the end of the
runway.
Displaced Threshold Marking
 Runway numbering

 The end of each runway is marked with a number which

indicates the magnetic azimuth (i.e. the angle measured
in a clockwise direction from the north of the runway in
the direction of landing).

 Thus the east end of an east-west runway would be

marked 27 (for 270o) and the west end 9 (for 90o)
 Two or More Parallel Runways
 When there are more than one runway in the same
direction, the following letters are added to the azimuth
numbers.

Two parallel runways - L, R

Three parallel runways - L, C, R
 Taxiway Marking
 A single continuous 15 cm yellow stripe is used to mark
the centre line of the taxiway.
 At the intersections of the taxiways with the runway
ends, the centre line of the taxiway is terminated at the
edge of the runway.
 All other intersections of the taxiways with runways,
the centre line of the taxiway is extended to the centre
line of the runway.
 A holding line marking is painted at all the intersections
of the paved taxiways with runways.
 At the taxiway intersection, the centre line markings of
the taxiway continue through the intersection area.
 Taxiway Marking
 At the intersections of the taxiways with the runway
ends, the centre line of the taxiway is terminated at the
edge of the runway.
 Taxiway Marking
 All other intersections of the taxiways with runways, the centre
line of the taxiway is extended to the centre line of the runway.
 A holding line marking is painted at all the intersections of the
paved taxiways with runways.
 Taxiway Marking
 At the taxiway intersection, the centre line markings of
the taxiway continue through the intersection area.
 Shoulder Marking
 The shoulders on the edges of a runway and taxiway are
paved but they are not capable of withstanding loads
 A paved blast pad about 45 m to 60 m in length is provided
adjacent to the runway end to prevent erosion of the soil.
 The paved area of the blast pad is not designed to support
the aircraft loads , but it may have the appearance of being so
designed.
 The paint used is yellow.
 Runway shoulders are marked with diagnol stripes each
having a width of 90 cm.
 The taxiway and holding apron shoulders are marked with
stripes at right angles to the direction of travel of aircraft.
 The blast pad is marked with V shaped or chevron pattern
marks.
 Shoulder Marking
Sholuder at edge of T/W

Blast pad

Sholuder at edge of R/W