E Eng-Calculations

Flat ends welded directly to the shell

e
lcyl

es Di

Circular flat ends welded directly to the shell

Values for calculation

Material

plate and strip/EN 10028-2/P355GH/1.0473/N/1.2/60 < t ≤ 100

Material of the shell

plate and strip/EN 10028-2/P295GH/1.0481/N/1.2/16 < t ≤ 40

Calculation temperature
 T 20 °C

Test temperature

Ttest 20 °C

Calculation pressure

P 4.4 MPa

Test pressure

Ptest 6 MPa

Poisson's ratio

ν 0.3

Inside diameter of the cylindrical shell welded to a flat end

Di 1170 mm

Analysis thickness of a uniform cylindrical shell, or the equivalent thickness of a tapered

cylindrical shell, adjacent to a flat end

es 30 mm

Testing group

Joint coefficient

z 1

0.2 % proof strength at temperature T

Rp 0.2/ T 315 MPa

0.2 % proof strength at temperature Ttest

Rp 0.2/ Ttest 315 MPa

1.0 % proof strength at temperature T

Rp 1.0/ T MPa
1.0 % proof strength at temperature Ttest

Rp 1.0/ Ttest MPa

Tensile strength

Rm /20 490 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature T

Rm / T 490 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature Ttest

Rm / Ttest 490 MPa

0.2 % proof strength at temperature T of the shell

Rp 0.2/ T /s 290 MPa

0.2 % proof strength at temperature Ttest of the shell

Rp 0.2/ Ttest /s 290 MPa

1.0 % proof strength at temperature T of the shell

Rp 1.0/ T /s MPa

1.0 % proof strength at temperature Ttest of the shell

Rp 1.0/ Ttest /s MPa

Tensile strength of the shell

Rm /20/ s 460 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature T of the shell

Rm / T /s 460 MPa

Tensile strength at temperature Ttest of the shell

Rm / Ttest /s 460 MPa

Calculation
Maximum value of the nominal design stress for normal
operating load cases
Rp 0.2/ T Rm /20 315 490
fd = min ( , ) = min ( , ) = 204.2MPa
1.5 2.4 1.5 2.4

Maximum value of the nominal design stress for testing

load cases
Rp 0.2/ Ttest 315
ftest = = = 300MPa
1.05 1.05

Nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the

shell for normal operating load cases
Rp 0.2/ T /s Rm /20/ s 290 460
fs = min ( , ) = min ( , ) = 191.7MPa
1.5 2.4 1.5 2.4

Nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the

shell for testing load cases
Rp 0.2/ Ttest /s 290
fstest = = = 276.2MPa
1.05 1.05

Lower of the nominal design stresses fd of the end and fs

of the shell for normal operating load cases
fmin = min { fd , fs } = min {204.2, 191.7} = 191.7MPa

Lower of the nominal design stresses ftest of the end and

fstest of the shell for testing load cases
fmintest = min { ftest , fstest } = min {300, 276.2} = 276.2MPa

Length of cylindrical shell

lcyl = √( Di + es ) ⋅ es = √(1170 + 30) ⋅ 30 = 189.7mm

Factor B 1
 2 4

3 ⋅ fmin es 3 Di P 3
B 1 = 1 − ⋅ ( ) + ⋅ ( ) ⋅ −
P Di + es 16 Di + es fmin 4

(2 ⋅ Di + es ) ⋅ es 2
3 ⋅ 191.7 30 3
⋅ = 1 − ⋅ ( ) +
3
( Di + es ) 4.4 1170 + 30 16

4
2
1170 4.4 3 (2 ⋅ 1170 + 30) ⋅ 30
⋅ ( ) ⋅ − ⋅ = 0.921
3
1170 + 30 191.7 4 (1170 + 30)

Factor B 1test

2 4

3 ⋅ fmintest es 3 Di Ptest
B 1test = 1 − ⋅ ( ) + ⋅ ( ) ⋅
Ptest Di + es 16 Di + es fmintest
2
2
3 (2 ⋅ Di + es ) ⋅ es 3 ⋅ 276.2 30 3
− ⋅ = 1 − ⋅ ( ) +
3
4 ( Di + es ) 6 1170 + 30 16

4
2
1170 6 3 (2 ⋅ 1170 + 30) ⋅ 30
⋅ ( ) ⋅ − ⋅ = 0.916
3
1170 + 30 276.2 4 (1170 + 30)

Factor A 1

es
A 1 = B 1 ⋅ [1 − B 1 ⋅ ] = 0.921
2 ⋅ ( Di + es )
30
⋅ [1 − 0.921 ⋅ ] = 0.911
2 ⋅ (1170 + 30)

Factor A 1test

es
A 1test = B 1test ⋅ [1 − B 1test ⋅ ] = 0.916
2 ⋅ ( Di + es )
30
⋅ [1 − 0.916 ⋅ ] = 0.906
2 ⋅ (1170 + 30)

Shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends

 Di + es es
C 1 = max {[0.40825 ⋅ A 1 ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]}
Di Di
1170 + 30 30
= max {[0.40825 ⋅ 0.911 ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]}
1170 1170

= 0.3813

Shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends for testing

load cases
Di + es es
C 1test = max {[0.40825 ⋅ A 1test ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]}
Di Di
1170 + 30 30
= max {[0.40825 ⋅ 0.906 ⋅ ] , [0.299 ⋅ (1 + 1.7 ⋅ )]}
1170 1170

= 0.3793

Factor g
Di 1170
g= = = 0.975
Di + es 1170 + 30

Factor H
2
es 2
30
H 4
= √12 ⋅ (1 − ν ) ⋅ √
4
= √12 ⋅ (1 − 0.3 ) ⋅ √
Di + es 1170 + 30

= 0.2874

Factor J
3 ⋅ fmin Di
2
3 ⋅ 191.7
J = − − 1 =
P 4 ⋅ ( Di + es ) ⋅ es 4.4

2
1170
− − 1 = 120.2
4 ⋅ (1170 + 30) ⋅ 30

Factor U
2 ⋅ (2 − ν ⋅ g) 2 ⋅ (2 − 0.3 ⋅ 0.975)
U = = = 2.067
√3 ⋅ (1 − ν 2
) √3 ⋅ (1 − 0.3 )
2

Factor f 1
 2 4 2 4
f 1 = 2 ⋅ g − g = 2 ⋅ 0.975 − 0.975 = 0.998

Factor A
3 U ⋅ Di es
A=( ⋅ − 2 ⋅ J ) ⋅ (1 + ν) ⋅ [1 + (1 − ν) ⋅ ]
4 es Di + es
3 2.067 ⋅ 1170
= ( ⋅ − 2 ⋅ 120.2) ⋅ (1 + 0.3)
4 30

30
⋅ [1 + (1 − 0.3) ⋅ ] = −238
1170 + 30

Factor B
3 U ⋅ Di 2
3
B = [( ⋅ − J) ⋅ H − ⋅ (2 − ν ⋅ g) ⋅ g] ⋅ H
8 es 2

3 2.067 ⋅ 1170 3
2
= [( ⋅ − 120.2) ⋅ 0.2874 − ⋅ (2 − 0.3 ⋅ 0.975) ⋅ 0.975]
8 30 2

⋅ 0.2874 = −2.854

Factor F
3 3 Di + es es 2
F = ( ⋅ U ⋅g+ ⋅ f 1 ⋅ − 2 ⋅ J⋅ ) ⋅ H − 3
8 16 es Di + es
es
⋅ (2 − ν ⋅ g) ⋅ g ⋅
Di + es
3 3 1170 + 30 30
= ( ⋅ 2.067 ⋅ 0.975 + ⋅ 0.998 ⋅ − 2 ⋅ 120.2 ⋅ )
8 16 30 1170 + 30

30
2
⋅ 0.2874 − 3 ⋅ (2 − 0.3 ⋅ 0.975) ⋅ 0.975 ⋅ = 0.0593
1170 + 30

Factor G
2
⎡ 3 es ⎤
G= ⋅ f 1 − 2 ⋅ J ⋅( ) ⋅ H
⎣ 8 Di + es ⎦

2
⎡ 3 30 ⎤
= ⋅ 0.998 − 2 ⋅ 120.2 ⋅ ( ) ⋅ 0.2874 = 0.0643
⎣ 8 1170 + 30 ⎦

Factor a
 B (−2.854)
a= = = 0.01199
A (−238)

Factor b
F 0.0593
b= = = −0.000249
A (−238)

Factor c
G 0.0643
c= = = −0.0002704
A (−238)

Factor N
2 2
b a (−0.000249) 0.01199
N = − = − = −9.9 E−5
3 9 3 9

Factor Q
3
c a⋅b a (−0.0002704) 0.01199 ⋅ (−0.000249)
Q= − + = −
2 6 27 2 6

3
0.01199
+ = −0.0001346
27

Factor K
3 3
N (−9.9 E − 5)
K = =
2
= −5.35 E−5
Q 2
(−0.0001346)

Factor S
1/2
S = −√|
3
Q| ⋅ [1 + (1 + K ) ] =

1/2
3
−√|(−0.0001346)| ⋅ [1 + (1 + (−5.35 E − 5)) ] = −0.0646

Shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends

 N a
( Di + es ) ⋅ ( − S− )
S 3
C 2 =
P
Di ⋅ √
fmin
(−9.9 E − 5) 0.01199
(1170 + 30) ⋅ ( − (−0.0646) − )
(−0.0646) 3
= = 0.4204
4.4
1170 ⋅ √
191.7

Minimum required thickness for a flat end with a hub

P P
e = max {(C 1 ⋅ Di ⋅ √ ),( C 2 ⋅ Di ⋅ √ )} =
fd fmin
4.4 4.4
max {(0.3813 ⋅ 1170 ⋅ √ ) , (0.4204 ⋅ 1170 ⋅ √ )}
204.2 191.7

= 74.5mm

Minimum required thickness for a flat end with a hub for

testing load cases
Ptest 6
etest = C 1test ⋅ Di ⋅ √ = 0.3793 ⋅ 1170 ⋅ √ = 62.8mm
ftest 300

Requirements
P
≤ 0.1 → 0.02296 ≤ 0.1
fmin

 Does suit.

Ptest
≤ 0.1 → 0.02172 ≤ 0.1
fmintest

 Does suit.