Name: ______________________________ Class:

___________

Year 8 Topic 2b: Inheritance and

Evolution (Biology Mastery)
This topic builds upon…
Key ideas on living things you will have looked at in primary school:
 Plants and how they reproduce □ Variation
 Grouping living things s □ Evolution
 The 7 life processes (Mrs Gren) □ Human life cycle
Knowledge gained in earlier topics such as:
 Eukaryotes cell structure □ Adaptations

This topic…
Looks into the science behind why there is such a variety of different living things on
Earth. It considers first, the types of differences between parent and offspring before
looking then at how similarities are passed on.
You will then compare the two different types of reproduction involving one
(asexual) or two (sexual) parents.
Next you will consider reproduction in humans and the reproductive process. You
will learn about the main organs and cycles involved in humans giving birth.
Finally, you will look at how differences between individuals has been responsible
for the evolution of the variety of species we see on Earth today. You will also look
at how scientists try to classify the millions of different species of living things.
Throughout the topic, scientific investigation skills will be taught, used and practiced
to support your understanding of the concepts in greater depth and help you ask and
answer important questions.

Tier 2 vocabulary Tier 3 vocabulary

 characteristics  variation  allele  eukaryote
 inherited  evolution  zygote  prokaryote
 environmental  reproduction  gamete  DNA
 continuous  pregnancy  heterozygous  gene
 categoric  artificial  homozygous  menstrual
Contents
Contents..............................................................................................................................................................2
Multi-Choice Questions can be found at https://bit.ly/2ZP7r28...................................................................3
Relevant knowledge from Key Stage 2..............................................................................................................4
Characteristics and variation..............................................................................................................................6
Environmental variation.................................................................................................................................7
Inherited variation...........................................................................................................................................7
Investigating inherited traits in humans......................................................................................................8
How organisms inherit.......................................................................................................................................9
DNA, genes and chromosomes.......................................................................................................................9
Asexual reproduction: one parent ( )................................................................................................12
Asexual reproduction in plants............................................................................................................13
Asexual reproduction in bacteria........................................................................................................14
Investigating conditions for asexual reproduction of bacteria..................................................................15
Sexual reproduction: two parents (+   ).........................................................................................17
Sexual reproduction in plants....................................................................................................................18
Investigating effect of shape on speed dispersal.......................................................................................20
Sexual reproduction in animals.................................................................................................................23
Sexual reproduction in humans.................................................................................................................24
Human reproductive organs......................................................................................................................24
Puberty......................................................................................................................................................25
Menstrual cycle.........................................................................................................................................26
Period poverty......................................................................................................................................27
Human pregnancy.....................................................................................................................................28
Sexual reproduction and genetic variation.......................................................................................................29
Evolution..........................................................................................................................................................31
Evolution by Natural Selection.....................................................................................................................32
Artificial Selection (selective breeding).......................................................................................................35
Species..........................................................................................................................................................37
Extinction......................................................................................................................................................37
Classification................................................................................................................................................41
Knowledge Organiser Questions......................................................................................................................45

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Multi-Choice Questions can be found at https://bit.ly/2ZP7r28
1. Which of these is an example of inherited variation within humans?
a) Hair length b) Favourite colour c) Accent d) Eye colour e) Tattoos
2. A characteristic that is not expressed when a dominant one is present?
a) Recessive b) Weaker c) Stronger d) Inherited e) Allele
3. Differences that can have any number value e.g. height, temperature, mass?
a) Continuous b) Categoric c) Integer d) Discrete e) Infinite
4. The mnemonic that tells us things that all living organisms do?
a) 8 kg b) 4 Mr He c) Rich Men Use X-rays d) Dear Katie Please Come e) Mrs Gren
cement in Vegas Over For Great Snacks
5. What type of cell does not have a nucleus e.g. bacteria?
a) Eukaryotes b) Gametes c) Nerve d) Prokaryotes e) Plant
6. A version of a gene?
a) Allele b) DNA c) Chromosome d) Nuclei e) Base
7. Number of pairs of chromosomes in a human nucleus?
a) 46 b) 23 c) 4 d) 1064 e) 180
8. The type of reproduction that only requires one parent?
a) Cloning b) Intercourse c) Sexual d) Asexual e) Plant
9. An individual that is genetically identical to another?
a) Clone b) Twin c) Asexual d) Copy e) Inherited
10. Which of these cells is not a gamete?
a) Pollen b) Plant egg cell c) Embryo d) Sperm e) Human egg cell
11. The process of a male gamete and female gamete fusing together during sexual reproduction?
a) Sexual b) Sex c) Fertilisation d) Ovulation e) Pollination
intercourse
12. The animal male reproductive organ that produces sperm?
a) Penis b) Testes c) Brain d) Scrotum e) Ovary
13. Two organisms that cannot breed together to produce fertile offspring are called different…
a) Breeds b) Species c) Animals d) Creatures e) Types
14. An organism with two different alleles for a specific characteristic e.g. Bb?
a) Homozygous b) Clone c) Dominant d) Recessive e) Heterozygous
15. What is the first stage of evolution by natural selection?
a) There is b) Humans c) Some traits give d) Successful e) Organisms
variation in a prefer some advantage individuals live choose to
population traits and breed more change

3
Reflection
Before the topic End of the topic Score: / 15
What were you pleased with? What were you pleased with?

4
Relevant knowledge from Key Stage 2

5
6
Characteristics and variation
Characteristics describe features: how something looks, behaves and works. The
term ‘characteristics’ is very similar to the term ‘properties’ used in Chemistry.
Some of the characteristics of this animal nerve cell are:
 It is 0.01mm wide and 2cm long □ It is long for its size
 It is surrounded by a cell membrane □ It has a nucleus
 It contains mitochondria □ It contains cytoplasm
 It is found in the nervous system of □ It contains ribosomes animals
Variation describes differences between characteristics of individuals.
The Simpson family are all human and share many characteristics
with each other. There are clearly differences between them
which we call variation.
There are two reasons for variation between individuals:
 Environmental variation – caused by differences in the way
each individual lives
 Inherited variation– different instructions passed down from
parents
Usually the two reasons for variation can work together. For example, an individual
may be born with the genetic code to be tall but may have a very poor diet growing
up so would remain short. Other examples of characteristics that can be affected by
both variations include IQ, sporting ability, literacy etc.

16. What is the scientific word that describes differences between characteristics of individuals?
17. What is the type of variation where differences are caused by different instructions being passed down
from parents?
18. What is the type of variation where differences are caused by differences between the ways that
individuals live?
19. Look at the plants below from the same species. Identify which of these factors are more likely to have
been caused by environmental rather than inherited reasons.

a. Number of leaves b. White pots

c. Single stem d. Scratch on stalk
e. One leaf has been eaten f. Lack of water
g. Both are Poisonous h. Smelly flowers
20. Reviewing other prior key Biology knowledge:
a) List 3 similarities between plant and animal cells?
b) List 3 differences between plant and animal cells?

Environmental variation
Environmental variation is caused by the environment in which an organism lives.
These variations may be chosen or inflicted upon an individual.

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 Some of the environmental characteristics of this person:
□ Accent
□ Hair length
□ Ear piercing
□ Tattoos
□ Stomach size
It is relatively easy to affect some environmental characteristics of an individual.

21. Which of these differences between two sheep can be caused by environmental variation?
a) Length of wool b) Breed c) Age d) Natural wool colour
e) Speed over 10m f) Size g) Horns h) Speed
Inherited variation
All plants and animals have characteristics that are in some way similar to their
parents’. These characteristics are passed down from parent to offspring in genes.
We will look at how these genes are passed down through generations later in this
topic.
Some inherited traits such as natural hair colour are easy to spot. Here are some
examples of animal characteristics which are determined only by genes:
 eye colour
 blood group
 Loose ear lobe or no/attached ear lobe
 sex at birth
It is very difficult to affect the inherited characteristics of an individual.

22. Identify if each characteristic in humans is caused by inherited or environmental variation or a mixture of
both.
a) Height b) Accent c) Natural hair colour d) Natural skin
colour
e) Ear piercing f) Speed g) Broken bones h) How fast you
grow
i) Fashion sense j) Favourite colour k) Finger nail length l) Number of teeth
m)Weight n) Blood group o) Favourite food p) Time to run 100m

8
Investigating inherited traits in humans
Continuous variables:
 Differences that can have any number value e.g. temperature and height are
called continuous.
 If both variables in an experiment are continuous then you can plot a line graph
of your results.
 Continuous variables are generally caused by genes and environment.
Categoric variables:
 Differences that can only have certain values such as words or whole numbers
only are called categoric. E.g. tongue roller or not a tongue roller.
 A characteristic of any species with a limited number of values shows categoric
data.
 If the data that you record is categoric you can use a bar chart to display it.
 Categoric variables are generally caused by genes only.

23. Pick a characteristic to investigate and write a hypothesis to test.

24. Draw an appropriate graph of your results

25. Is hair colour a categoric or continuous variable? Explain why?
26. Is length of arm a categoric or continuous variable? Explain why?
27. Write a conclusion for your investigation. How could you check that this conclusion was valid for the
whole school?
28. What is wrong with this student’s explanation? Can you correct it?

In my class most people have gaps between their teeth and speak English. Therefore, most people
in the World will have gaps between their teeth and speak English.

Being able to speak English must be inherited as my parents and their friends all spoke English
when they were young as well.

29. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.1a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/37NywGv

How organisms inherit

All organisms reproduce. It is one of the 7 life processes that all living things do:

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 M – Move – move part or all of their body under their own power
R – Reproduce – have offspring
S – Sensitive – experience things
G – Grow – get larger with age
R – Respire – transfer energy from reaction between oxygen and glucose
E – Excrete – release waste products
N – Nutrition – gain vitamins and minerals needed
All organisms inherit characteristics from their parents through genes.

In primary school students are taught about Mrs Gren (sometimes Mrs Nerg). It is important to
remember that this is a mnemonic that reminds us of the things that all living things do. Viruses only
reproduce and do not complete the other six process of Mrs Gren. This means viruses are not living.

30. Which of these items/organisms perform all 7 life processes?

a) A tree b) Bacteria c) A fox d) Grass
e) Humans f) A piece of paper g) A stone h) A virus
31. Which of the objects/organisms above are alive and which are not? Why do you say this?
32. Silent debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different coloured pen.
Rules: #1 You must write on each other’s sheets
#2 Write in clear English no text-speak or abbreviations.
#3 Stay on topic.
#4 You must be silent. You can only write your argument points down on this paper.
#5 Use arrows to challenge specific points and write next to them.

Considering the seven life processes, is a car alive?

Question to debate:

DNA, genes and chromosomes

Every organism is made of cells. Within these cells are long lengths of DNA which
contain all the instructions on how to make new cells.

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Plant and animal cells are called Eukaryotes and keep their DNA inside a nucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek ‘eu’ meaning ‘true’ and ‘karyon’ meaning ‘nut’
or ‘kernel’. The word Eukaryote means ‘true-nut’ which relates to the nucleus.
Some organisms such as bacteria are called Prokaryotes and do not have a nucleus.
They store DNA in a nucleoid within the cytoplasm of the cell. Bacteria are
examples of prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryote comes from ‘pro’ meaning ‘before’. So it means ‘before-nut’ relating
to the lack of nucleus.
DNA is grouped into genes. A gene is a small length of DNA.
Different forms of the same gene are called alleles. Different alleles are expressed in
different ways e.g. there is an allele for hanging ear lobes and an allele for joined
earlobes.
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 Genes are then grouped into chromosomes. These chromosomes are stored inside the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

33. What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
34. What are genes made of?
35. Where are chromosomes stored in a eukaryotic cell?
36. How many pairs of chromosomes do normal human cells have?
37. What do we call a version of a gene e.g. attached ear lobes?
38. Are animal and plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
39. How do we plot results if they contain only continuous data?
40. Match the term to the correct information.
Made of twisted chains of 4 complementary bases Eukaryotic cells
Contains DNA but no nucleus Prokaryotic cells
Different versions of the same gene DNA
Long length of DNA containing different genes Allele
Contains chromosomes inside a nucleus Chromosome

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 The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the World’s largest collaborative biology project. The
project set out to list the order of all the bases in DNA in a human being (there are only four types
of bases in DNA but they can be used in any order). This activity is known as sequencing or
mapping the human genome. The total length of the human genome is over 3 billion pairs long
spread across the 23 pairs of chromosomes. Former US President Bill Clinton and former UK
Prime Minister Tony Blair announced completion of the first draft of the human genome on June
26th 2000.

Scientists at the Welcome Trust Sanger Institute near Cambridge, UK remain at the fore of this
human genome research.

The distinctive double helix shape of the DNA within chromosomes was discovered
in 1953. James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins published the first paper
describing it and all won Nobel Prizes. Their discovery was made possible by the
x-ray diffraction images of Rosalind Franklin. She did not win a Nobel Prize but her
contributions were acknowledged widely after her death.

41. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than once.
There are 30-50 trillion bacteria inside the 1 Point:
human body compared to 13-30 trillion human  7 life processes
cells. Even though bacteria cells are much  Respiration
smaller, about 1-3kg of your mass is actually  Food chain
bacteria! 2 Point:
Many of these bacteria live in our digestive  Oxygen
system and are essential to helping us live.  Diffusion
3 Point:
Use your knowledge of this topic to explain
 Eukaryotic cells
how bacteria and human cells are different and
 Prokaryotic cells
how they survive inside us.  Mitochondria
42. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.1b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/37S7jm8

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Asexual reproduction: one parent (3à 3)
In asexual reproduction there is only one parent from which the offspring receives
genetic information. This means that the offspring will have the exact same genes as
that parent.
Having the same genes as each other means that offspring are genetically identical to
each other and their parent. Organisms that are genetically identical are called
clones.
Clones can still experience environmental variation so do not have to look identical.
Organisms that reproduce using asexual reproduction:
 Single celled organisms: bacteria, fungi and malaria protists – use asexual
reproduction
 Plants: strawberries, dandelions, ferns, mosses
 Insects: there are some insects that can use asexual reproduction if a suitable
mate cannot be found. They include aphids, midges, bees, ants and grasshoppers
 Animals: there have been examples of some female animals who have been
unable to locate a male using asexual reproduction. They include: frogs, chickens
and hammerhead sharks
Since all individuals are genetically identical in asexual reproduction the species can
be very slow to adapt to changes in their ecosystem or expand into new ones.

43. What are the 7 life processes that all living things perform?
44. How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction?
45. What is a clone?
46. Identical twins are clones or each other. Why do they not look identical when they grow up?
47. What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
48. What are the two types of variation between individuals caused by?

49. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.2a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/3fPKEcW
50. Which of these are likely to be evidence of asexual reproduction?
a) Offspring are identical to b) Offspring look different c) Offspring are all the same
each other age
d) Offspring all display the 7 e) Offspring are all same f) Only one offspring
life processes species
51. Look at the KO questions on the last two pages of this booklet. Use Practice Look, Read, Cover,
Write, Check individually for 5 minutes. Then work with a partner, testing each other for another 5
minutes. An online version of the questions can be found at https://bit.ly/3iNCjIJ

13
 Asexual reproduction in plants
Many plants can reproduce asexually naturally or with human interference.
Plants use asexual reproduction as an effective way of quickly reproducing without
needing to rely on the wind or pollinators.
Gardeners use asexual reproduction of plants to produce large quantities of
identical plants.

Asexual reproduction in plants: cuttings

Asexual reproduction in plants: runners

52. Why might a gardener want to clone their award-winning tomatoes?

53. What do we call the genetically identical offspring of a plant that reproduces asexually?

The banana is one of the worlds most consumed fruit. Whilst there are many breeds of
banana around 99% of the ones grown and eaten are a breed called the Cavendish.
Unfortunately, a new fungus called Tropical Race 4 (TR4) threatens the entire world’s supply.
This is not the first time a fungus has threated the banana industry. In the 1950’s a disease
called Banana Wilt almost completely wiped out the most popular banana of the time, the
Gros Michel.
Asexual reproduction and intensive farming both make the banana very vulnerable to disease.

14
 Asexual reproduction in bacteria
Bacteria can reproduce very quickly (some as quickly as once every 10 minutes).
They use asexual reproduction as it is simpler and requires less energy. In bacteria
we call this process binary fission (binary = 2, fission = split).
They rely on mutations (mistakes in cell division) to create variation. Since they
reproduce so quickly there are lots of opportunities for mutations to occur and the
ones that are useful to be passed on.
It is this mutating nature that concerns humans at present as some bacteria are
becoming resistant to anti-biotics which means we will not be able to kill them or
cure illnesses they cause.

Asexual reproduction in bacteria

54. What is a mutation?

55. What other types of organism can reproduce asexually?
56. If you had a single bacterium, how many generations would be needed before there were 32 bacteria?
57. Bacteria are prokaryotic. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
58. Why are antibiotic resistant bacteria so scary?

15
 The World Health Organisation (WHO) state that antibiotic resistant bacteria
pose one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development
today.
 It can affect anyone, of any age, in any country
 Misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating the process
 A growing number of bacteria are becoming harder to kill
 It is leading to longer hospital stays, higher treatment costs and deaths
There have been cases in the UK of people contracting illnesses that we can no
longer cure due to the bacteria that cause them being resistant to antibiotics.
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria humans need to
use less antibiotics. This poses an issue as antibiotics are used to keep humans and
farm animals healthy.

59. Silent debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different coloured pen.

In order to reduce the use of antibiotics, should we ban their use

for all animals except humans?
Question to debate:

Investigating conditions for asexual reproduction of bacteria

Bacteria prefer warm, damp places to reproduce. You are going to investigate which
other conditions they prefer.

Use the following structure strip to plan your investigation.

16
 60. Hypothesis Bacteria prefer certain conditions to reproduce.
61. Independent variable
(IV - you change)
62. Dependent variable
(DV - you will
measure)
63. 3 control variables 1)
(ensures only the IV
affects the DV –
makes it fair) 2)
Do not pick same
measuring device
(e.g. ruler)
3)

69. Step by step method 1)

(start each line with a
command verb e.g.
measure, set-up, 2)
record)

3)

4)

5)

6)

81. Risk assessment 1)

(3 most obvious
hazards in your
experiment and how 2)
you will reduce their
risk)
3)

87. Now test your hypothesis using the method. It will take at least 2 days before you will see the results.
88. Does your investigation support the hypothesis? How can you tell?

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Sexual reproduction: two parents (3+ 4à u )
Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genetic information from a male and
female to make an offspring. The genetic information is transferred by sex cells
known as gametes.
The female gamete is known as the egg cell (ovum) and contains half a pair of each
chromosome (half the genes of the female parent).
The male gametes are called sperm cells in animals and pollen cells in plants. They
contain half a pair of each chromosome (half the genes of the male parent).
When the male and female gamete meet and combine their genetic material it is
called fertilisation.
Each offspring is genetically different. This means that there is genetic variation
between individuals.
Misconception: It is important to be aware that sexual reproduction does not mean
sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse is a mechanism for delivering the male genetic
information to the female egg cell.

89. How many parents are involved in sexual reproduction?

90. Match the correct terms below
Female gamete Fertilisation Sperm

Male and female genetic

information combine

Male gamete (animal) Egg

Male gamete (plant) Pollen

91. What is wrong with this student’s explanation? Can you correct it?

Sexual reproduction means having sexual intercourse. In humans’ sperm cells swim to the egg
cell One sperm then fertilises the egg to make a new individual. This new cell then grows really
big until it looks like a baby. An adult cell is even bigger and is made from food.

92. If a normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), how many does one sperm cell contain?
93. What is an allele?
94. What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
95. What is the difference between eukaryote and prokaryote cells?

96. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.2b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2YpbeDH.

18
Sexual reproduction in plants
Many plants reproduce sexually using a process called pollination. Flowers are the
sexual reproductive organs of the flower. They produce both the male gametes
(pollen) and female gametes (eggs).

97. How many gametes can be made from a single female cell?
98. What are the male plant gametes called?
99. What are the female plant gametes called?
100. How much of the offspring’s genetic information comes from the male parent and how much from
the female parent during sexual reproduction?
101. What is the main reproductive organ of a plant called?
102. What is a clone?
103. Which type of reproduction produces clones?

104. Look at the KO questions on the last two pages of this booklet. Use Practice Look, Read, Cover,
Write, Check individually for 5 minutes. Then work with a partner, testing each other for another 5
minutes. An online version of the questions can be found at https://bit.ly/3iNCjIJ

At the cellular level, the process of sexual reproduction in plants is identical to that
in animals. The main differences occur in how the pollen reaches the egg cell.
Some
flowers rely
on
pollinators
(insects or
animals) to
move
pollen from
the anther
(male
structure)
19
 of the plant to the stigma (female structure). These flowers are generally brightly
coloured, smelly and contain nectar to attract pollinators.
Other flowers rely on the wind to
blow their pollen from their stamen
(male structure) onto a stigma
(female structure). Grasses and
trees often use this pollination
method.
Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) affects
more than 1 million people every
year. Sufferers are allergic to
breathing in pollen from wind-
pollinating flowers.

105. What two methods do plants use to move

the pollen to the egg during sexual reproduction?
106. What is the name of a plant’s male gametes?
107. What is the name of a plant’s female gametes?
108. What do pollinators do?
109. What do we call a version of a gene?
110. How much of the offspring’s genetic information comes from the male parent and how much from
the female parent during sexual reproduction?
111. Which type of reproduction produces clones?
112. Why might a gardener want to clone their award-winning tomatoes?
113. What are genes made of?
114. Where are chromosomes stored in a eukaryotic cell?
115. How many pairs of chromosomes do normal human cells have?
116. What do we call a gene which causes a particular characteristic e.g. hanging ear lobes?
117. How do we plot results from an investigation if some of them are categoric e.g. colours?
118. Match the term to the correct information.
Made of twisted chains of 4 complementary bases Eukaryotic cells
Contains DNA but no nucleus Prokaryotic cells
Different versions of the same gene DNA
Long length of DNA containing genes Allele
Contains chromosomes inside a nucleus Chromosome
119. Is hair colour a categoric or continuous variable? Explain why?
120. Is length of arm categoric or continuous variable? Explain why?

Investigating effect of shape on speed dispersal

Dispersal comes from the term “dis” meaning “apart” and “spargere” meaning "to scatter".

20
Plants compete for space. To avoid competing with their own offspring many plants have developed methods
to disperse their seeds over a larger area:
 Using animals – either seeds are carried on skin or through the digestive system e.g. sweetcorn
 Using water – seeds are waterproof and float on water e.g. coconut
 Using expulsion – seed pods explode/pop and throw seeds e.g. poppy flowers
 Using wind – seeds are small and light and carried by wind – e.g. dandelion
You are going to investigate what the best design for a wind dispersed seed might be.
We will consider these five different seed designs.
Hypothesis: the more blades a seed has the further it can be dispersed.

21
Use the following structure strip to plan your investigation.
121. Hypothesis The more blades a seed has the further it is dispersed.
122. Independent
variable (you
change)
123. Dependent
variable (you will
measure)
124. 3 control 1)
variables
(ensures only the
IV affects the 2)
DV – makes it
fair)
Do not pick
same measuring 3)
device (ruler)

130. Step by step 1)

method (start
each line with a
command verb 2)
e.g. measure, set-
up, record)

3)

4)

5)

6)

142. Risk 1)
assessment
(3 most obvious
hazards in your 2)
experiment and
how you will
reduce their risk) 3)

148. Now test your hypothesis using the method. Write your results in the table below.

22
 Horizontal displacement (cm)
Seed design –
st nd rd
1 test 2 test 3 test Average
number of blades

1 blade

2 blades

3 blades

4 blades

5 blades
149. Are there any anomalous results (ones that do not fit the pattern)? How can you tell? If you have
some put a circle around them.
150. What sort of errors cause anomalous results? Tick the correct box
 Random errors – ones we cannot predict   Systematic errors – ones we can predict
151. What should we do with anomalous results?
152. Calculate the mean average value for the horizontal displacement (cm)
Be careful to round your answer to 1dp using mean = (1st test + 2nd test + 3rd test) ÷ 3
Remember to ignore anomalies e.g. If 2nd test result is anomalous then mean = (1st test + 3rd test) ÷ 2
153. Plot a bar chart of your results. It should look something like this when complete.

154. Does your investigation support the hypothesis? How can you tell?
155. What could you do to increase your confidence in your conclusion?

23
Sexual reproduction in animals
Sexual reproduction is common amongst animals, although some can also reproduce
asexually as well. Most species of animal have a separate male and female parent.
(In some species parents can change sex e.g. wrasses, clown fish, moray eels and
gobies). In animals the female gamete is called the egg (or ovum) and is produced in
the ovaries. The male gamete is called sperm and is produced in the testes.

As with flowers, the main differences between animals in terms of their sexual
reproduction is in how the sperm reaches the egg. For example:
 External fertilisation: sperm and egg meet outside the bodies of the parents. An
example is in the spawning of many water living creatures such as fish and
corals who lay their eggs and then the male swims over and drops sperm onto
them.
 Internal fertilisation: sperm is placed inside the female. The most common
example is copulation (sexual intercourse for humans) where sperm are inserted
using a penis and then swim to the egg.

156. What is the animal male gamete called?

157. What is the animal female gamete called?
158. In what habitat do animals that use external fertilisation tend to live?
159. How is the sperm cell adapted to its role?
160. How many gametes can a single normal cell make?
161. What fraction of its chromosomes does a fertilised cell inherit from its female parent and how many
from the male parent?
162. In a eukaryotic cell, where are the chromosomes found?
163. Name an organism that has prokaryotic cells.

24
164. Identify if each characteristic in humans is caused by inherited variation, environmental variation or
a mixture of both.
a) Favourite food b) Accent c) Natural hair colour d) Natural skin colour
e) Ear piercing f) Speed g) Broken bones h) Ability to tongue roll
i) Fashion sense j) Tattoos k) Hanging ear lobes l) Number of teeth
165. Complete the visual organiser below comparing sexual reproduction in plants and animals.

166. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.3a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2YWwJLh

Sexual reproduction in humans

Human reproductive organs
In a female, the ovaries produce female gametes (egg cells) and make the female
reproductive hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
In a male, the testes produce male gametes (sperm cells) and make the male
reproductive hormone testosterone.

Females are born with 200 000-400 000 eggs already in their ovaries. Over their
life they may develop and release around 300-500 of these. After menopause, the
ovaries stop releasing eggs and shrink.
Males produce sperm throughout their lives. Once released an individual sperm
can only live a few days inside a female. Sperm are the smallest human cells by
volume and although millions of them are released during each act of sexual
intercourse, only one can fertilise the egg to make a new human.

167. What are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone called?

25
168. What are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs, oestrogen and progesterone called?
169. Where are sperm produced?
170. Where is the reproductive hormone testosterone produced?
171. Name two female reproductive hormones.
172. What is wrong with this student’s explanation? Can you correct it.

The testes are a female sexual reproductive organ. Eggs are made here and then sent into the
female to make her pregnant. Testosterone is the male sex hormone which is made in the testes.

Puberty
The reproductive system of a child is not mature. It changes as a boy or girl
develops into an adult. The time when the changes happen is called puberty.
Puberty happens for different people at different times. Many girls begin puberty
between ages 8 and 14, with an average of 11. Girls develop more quickly than boys
and most finish puberty within four years. Many boys begin puberty between ages 9
and 14, with an average of 12. Most boys finish puberty within six years.
The changes happen because of sex hormones produced by the testes in boys and by
the ovaries in girls. These changes happen to both boys and girls during puberty:
 underarm hair grows
 pubic hair grows
 body smell gets stronger
 emotional changes
 growth rate increases
Girls and boys grow at different rates as they mature. The time between puberty and
adulthood is called adolescence.
Some changes happen only to boys or only to girls. They are:

Changes in boys: Changes in girls

 voice breaks (gets deeper)  breasts develop
 testes and penis get bigger  ovaries start to release egg cells
 testes start to produce sperm cells  menstrual cycle starts
 shoulders get wider  hips get wider
 hair grows on face and chest
173. What do we call the time when the human reproductive system matures?
174. What chemicals cause puberty to begin?
175. In general, do boys or girls tend to go through puberty first?

26
176. Complete this comparison of the changes in boys and girls as they go through puberty

Menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is a process where the female body prepares the uterus for
pregnancy. The uterus (or womb) is the organ in which an unborn baby will
develop during pregnancy. It needs healthy and thick walls during pregnancy.
When a female reaches sexual maturity and her body is able to become pregnant this
cycle begins. If the egg cell is not fertilised by a sperm cell then the cycle will
continue again every 28 days (approximately).

177. How long typically is the human menstrual cycle?

178. For how many days typically during the menstrual cycle is the uterus lining breaking down?
179. What is the organ in which an unborn baby develops in a human?
180. What are the two main female reproductive hormones?

27
181. What are the female gametes called?
182. Where are the female gametes made?
183. What are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm called?
184. Where is the male reproductive hormone testosterone made?
185. What are the human male gametes called?
186. Where are the male gametes made?
187. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than
once.
Non-identical twins are formed from two different eggs and two 1 Point
different sperm.  Sperm
Identical twins are formed when a fertilised egg splits in two. Each  Egg
one has the same identical DNA.  Ovary
In Roman mythology, Romulus and 2 Points
Remus were identical twin brothers who,  Chromosomes
after birth, were reared by a she-wolf.  Genes
Romulus killed Remus and then went on  Gametes
to create Rome and the Roman Empire. 3 Points
Describe the story of Romulus and  Fertilisation
Remus before they were born.  Pairs of chromosomes
 Uterus lining
Period poverty
The time during the menstrual cycle during which the uterus lining breaks down is
know as menstruation or a period. Sanitary products such as tampons and pads can
be used by women to help them during this time.
Period poverty is an expression which describes people being unable to afford
access to these sanitary products.
According to a 2017 survey:
 an estimated 49% of girls have missed a day off school due to periods
 1 in 5 girls reported being bullied and teased because of their periods
 1 in 10 girls are unable to afford sanitary products
At the start of 2021, after significant pressure the UK Government removed tax from
women’s sanitary products. This tax was nicknamed the ‘tampon tax’.

188. Silent debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different coloured pen.
Rules:

Should sanitary products be made free for all women?

Question to debate:

189. Complete the MCQs from Topic 7.3b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2Yofmnq.

28
Human pregnancy
The time for which an unborn offspring develops before birth is known as the
gestation period. The human gestation period is 40 weeks. During that time the
number of cells in the baby increases from 1 to a few trillion (1 trillion = 1 000 000
000 000). This causes the baby to grow.

While the baby is growing inside its mother it is provided with nutrients via the
umbilical cord and is kept safe inside the amniotic sac. The umbilical cord is
connected to the baby’s belly button and the womb. Some harmful chemicals can
pass through the umbilical cord which is why pregnant women must be more careful
with their diet and health choices.

190. What is the length of the human gestation period?

191. How do nutrients reach an unborn baby in the womb?
192. Why is it so important that pregnant women must be careful what they eat and drink?
193. Elephants can live for up to 70 years in the wild. They have a gestation period of around 95 weeks.
How long after fertilisation would an adult female elephant give birth assuming a normal pregnancy?

194. Look at the KO questions on the last two pages of this booklet. Use Practice Look, Read, Cover,
Write, Check individually for 5 minutes. Then work with a partner, testing each other for another 5
minutes. An online version of the questions can be found at https://bit.ly/3iNCjIJ

29
Sexual reproduction and genetic variation
Some characteristics are controlled by a single gene. Every human has two sets of
genes for every characteristic. One from their male parent and one from their female.
Each different version of a gene is called an allele.
A characteristic an individual can be seen to have is called the phenotype e.g. blue
eyes. The word ‘phenotype’ comes from a Greek verb meaning ‘to hit’ and the word
‘type’. Phenotype therefore means ‘to hit (or be) a certain type’.
Since each offspring inherits two alleles for every characteristic there are two
possible combinations of alleles: either they are both the same or they are different.
Each possible combination is called the genotype (meaning ‘gene type’).
 Both inherited alleles are the same. We call this a homozygous genotype
 Both inherited alleles are different. We call this a heterozygous genotype
The roots of these words can be seen in ancient Greek. ‘Homo’ means ‘same’ and
‘hetero’ means ‘different’. The term zygous comes from zygote meaning ‘join
together’ and ‘ous’ meaning ‘having’. So homozygous translates to ‘having the same
joined together’.
Where both inherited alleles are the same and the offspring has a homozygous
genotype, it is easy to predict how the characteristic will be expressed.
Where an offspring has a heterozygous genotype, we must consider which allele is
dominant and which is recessive. The dominant allele’s phenotype will be the one
expressed.
Some people are polydactyl which means they have extra fingers or toes
 The allele for the polydactyl phenotype is dominant over the allele for being non-
polydactyl phenotype.
 We use capital and lower-case letters to help show which allele is dominant.
Polydactyl = P. Non-polydactyl = p.
There are 3 possible genotypes for any new offspring:
 PP – Homozygous dominant genotype. Offspring will be polydactyl.
 pp – Homozygous recessive genotype. Offspring will be non-polydactyl.
 Pp – Heterozygous genotype. Offspring will be polydactyl. and will carry
instructions for non-polydactyl.

195. What do we call a gene that is responsible for a different characteristic?

196. What does ‘homo’ mean in Greek? What does ‘hetero’ mean?
197. If a person inherits both a dominant and a recessive phenotype, which will be expressed?
198. If a person inherits two recessive alleles (they have a homozygous genotype) which will be
expressed?

30
199. Which of these are phenotypes and which are genotypes?
a) an allele for red hair and b) brown hair c) alleles for blue eyes and
brown hair green eyes
d) allele for blue eyes e) tongue rolling allele f) gap teeth and no-gap teeth
alleles
g) HH h) Hh i) Rr
200. Which of these genotypes below are heterozygous, which are homozygous?
a) genotype: Tt where b) genotype: bb where c) genotype: BB where
T = tongue roll b = blue eyes B = brown hair
t = no tongue roll
d) genotype: Hh where e) genotype: Bb where f) genotype: Ff where
H = blonde hair B = brown eyes F = 10 fingers and thumbs
h = red hair b = blue eyes f = more fingers
201. For each genotype above, consider which allele is dominant to predict which phenotype will be
expressed?
202. What do we call a genotype where both alleles are the same?
203. What do we call a genotype where both alleles are different?
204. How do we show that one allele is dominant over another?
205. How many alleles does each person have for each characteristic, even if they only present one of
them?

In the 1800s Gregor Johann Mendel, the son of an Austrian farmer carried
out some inheritance experiments using pea plants.
Pea plants were chosen as they were easy to grow, had many offspring and had
varieties in genotype and phenotype which were easy to observe such as pea size and flower colour.
He discovered that inheritance of traits followed a pattern and that the characteristics of offspring
could be predicted. He became known as the ‘father of modern genetics’ following his work.

206. What plant did Gregor Mendel famously experiment with?

207. Why did Mendel choose pea plants?
208. What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
209. Which of these genotypes below are heterozygous, which are homozygous?
a) Genotype: Tt where b) Genotype: bb where c) Genotype: BB where
T = Tongue roll b = Blue eyes B = Brown hair
t = No tongue roll
d) Genotype: Hh where e) Genotype: Bb where f) Genotype: Ff where
H = blonde hair B = Brown eyes F = 10 fingers and thumbs
h = red hair b = Blue eyes f = more fingers
210. For each genotype above, consider which allele is dominant to predict which phenotype will be
expressed?

31
Evolution
Evolution is a gradual change in the inherited characteristics of a population over
time and many, many generations leading to the production of new species. It has led
to the huge variety of different living things on our planet.

As people began noticing more and

more similarities between living things
they started to wonder if they were
related. The similarities between these
unborn offspring is quite apparent.
The idea of evolution gained further evidence and support with the discovery of:
 Fossils – the remains of organisms from hundreds of thousands of years ago
 Genetics and inherited variation
 The evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
We can show how closely organisms are related using an evolutionary tree like this:

211. What is evolution?

212. Does evolution happen quickly?

Misconception: When people talk about evolution and the fact that humans evolved
from apes some imagine it happened quickly and that once upon time, an ape gave
birth to a human. This is not the case. The process took an incredibly long time with
tiny changes, occurring each generation. The primates from which we evolved
millions of years ago are long now-extinct.

213. Using the evolutionary tree diagram on the previous page, name the species which are our closest
living relatives?
214. Other than visual similarities, what three pieces of evidence are there for evolution?
215. What are the 7 life processes?
216. What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

217. Complete the MCQs from Topic 8.1a. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2zT5ecZ

Evolution by Natural Selection

32
 Charles Darwin first

explained his Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection in his book ‘On the Origin of
Species’ in 1859. It is often also referred to as 'Survival of the Fittest’.
Darwin’s theory can be broken into 5 separate stages:
1. Within a population there is variation – individuals are different
2. Some traits are advantageous for survival
3. Individuals with the advantageous characteristics survive and breed more
4. More offspring are born with the advantageous traits
5. Over many generations the entire population end up with the advantageous traits
For organisms to evolve they need variation. This is easier with sexual reproduction.
The quicker they reproduce, the more time around the stages they can go and the
quicker they can evolve.

218. Why can it be more difficult for organisms that produce clones to evolve?
219. Bacteria reproduce far quicker than humans. What does this mean in terms of how quickly they can
evolve?
220. What is the successful phenotype shown in the giraffe evolution pictures above?
221. Copy and adapt this example to explain how polar bears evolved to have white fur.

33
 Example answer for how a cactus evolved to have spikes
1. There was variation in cactus leaves. Some leaves were spikier than others
2. Spikier leaves were an advantage as they protected against herbivores
3. Plants with spikier leaves survived and bred
4. More offspring with spiky leaves were born
5. Eventually over many generations all cacti had spikes

222. Human ancestors walked on all fours. Standing upright allowed us to see over long grass. Explain the
evolutionary steps that led to all humans walking upright.

An earlier theory for why living things evolved was put forward by Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck. He suggested that organisms passed on desires for certain traits
as a consequence of desires they had in their life. Using his theory adult
giraffes would have really wanted longer necks as they competed for food
so would have strengthened their necks. As a consequence of this they
would have passed on this desire for long necks to their offspring who
would have been born with slightly longer necks.
As our understanding grew and we found new evidence his theory was discounted.
This process of developing our ideas is sometimes considered an example of evolution.

223. How can science ideas evolve? Does it fit the 5 steps described by Darwin?
Investigating evolutionary pressures
You will investigate how a variation in beak shape can drive evolution by natural selection.

1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation 4th generation

Population

population
population

population
Offspring

Offspring

Offspring

Offspring

Beak
Food

Food

Food

Food
New

New

New

shape

34
 Toothpic
1
k
Chopstic
1
k

Forceps 1

Spatula 1

224. Predict what will happen to this species of creature eventually assuming the type of food does not
change?
225. If we were to change the food type to spaghetti how might this affect the investigation?
226. This investigation uses a model to represent the beaks of birds. Complete this pros and cons dial for
the model. Add an arrow to show your final opinion on how useful the model is.

227. What are the 7 life processes?

228. What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
229. Which famous scientist wrote the “Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection”?

35
Artificial Selection (selective breeding)
Artificial selection or selective breeding has been used by humans for thousands of
years. It has allowed us to produce:
 Food crops from wild plants
 Domesticated animals from wild ones
It is the process by which humans breed plants and animals with desirable qualities
such as fast growing, affectionate or with lots of milk.
The stages of selective breeding are the similar to those
for natural selection except this time humans decide
which traits are best and which parents to breed
1. Within a population there is variation – individuals are
different
2. Some traits are advantageous to humans
3. Individuals with the advantageous traits are bred
together
4. More offspring are born with the advantageous traits
5. Over many generations the entire population end up
with the advantageous traits

In the period 1957 – 2005 humans have been able to

use selective breeding to increase the mass of chickens by
over 400%. Over a longer period, humans have also been
able to dramatically increase the size of corn cobs.

230. Copy and adapt this example to explain how Jersey cows were selectively bred to produce more
milk.

36
 Example answer for how carrots were selectively bred to be orange rather than purple
1. There was variation in carrot colours. Some were less purple and more orange
2. People thought the orange carrots were prettier
3. Farmers bred the orange plants together
4. More offspring with orange roots were born
5. Eventually over many generations all carrots have orange roots

231. Lap dogs are breeds that are small and relaxed. Describe the steps that have led to them being
selectively bred to be this way.
232. Use the graphic organiser below to compare evolution by natural and artificial selection.

The wolf in our home. Over thousands of years humans have selective bred dogs until we have
ended with the many breeds we have today. All these dogs have the same wolf ancestors. Originally,
the friendliest individuals were bred together to produce offspring who were more likely to protect us
than eat us. Since this time, we have selectively bred dogs to be tall or short, fast or slow, spotty and a
whole range of other characteristics.

233. Extended writing challenge. You score points by using key words. You can use words more than
once.
One of the observations 1 Point
made from the discovery  Sexual reproduction
of our ancestors’ fossils  Variation
is that our brain capacity  DNA
has grown. 2 Points
 Generations
Explain how sexual  Reproduce
reproduction may have  Gametes
led to this evolutionary 3 Point
change to have happened  Alleles
 Chromosomes
 Eukaryote
234. Label this animal cell and match the name of each component to its role.

Controls what enters and leaves cell Nucleus

37
 Protein synthesis Cell membrane

Controls the cell and contains DNA Cytoplasm

Performs respiration Mitochondria

Fluid that fills the cell Ribosome

Species
Eventually two groups of organisms from the same original population can become
very different due to natural selection. When they can no longer produce fertile
offspring (offspring that can reproduce) they are called a new species. Humans and
chimpanzees are different species as are cats and dogs or tigers and lions. Some of
these species can breed together but their offspring are not-fertile so cannot
reproduce again. Another word for not-fertile is infertile.
Organisms that look very different from others but are still able to produce fertile
offspring are from the same species but are considered to be a different breed. For
example, a poodle and a Labrador look very different but can breed together.

New species are often caused because of changes in the habitat in which
an organism lives. This process of a new species being created is called
speciation. Examples of changes that lead to speciation include separating
groups of individuals and competition for food sources. Darwin famously
noticed this in a group of finches. Each species had adapted to have
different shaped beaks for eating different foods.

235. What does the term ‘fertile offspring’ mean?

236. The table below shows some different offspring and information about their parents. In each case
describe if the parents were the same species or not.
a) Mule – not fertile b) Cockapoo – fertile c) Zebroid – infertile
Result of breeding a male Result of breeding a cocker Result of breeding a male
donkey and female horse spaniel and poodle zebra and female horse
d) Liger – unable to have e) Mule sheep – fertile f) Centaur – imaginary
offspring Cross between a Blue-faced Result of human
Result of breeding a male Leicester male and a imagination. Part horse part
lion and female tiger mountain sheep female human
Extinction
When the last individual of a species dies and there are no more left to have
offspring we say that species has become extinct.
Species of organisms go extinct when their ecosystem changes and they are not able
to adapt or evolve quickly enough to cope. The main causes of extinctions are:
 Predation (and hunting) – a new predator joins the ecosystem
 Competition – a new more successful competitor species joins the ecosystem
 Disease - a new disease spreads throughout the species
 Habitat loss – they no longer have a place to live

38
  Climate change – drastic changes that the species cannot adapt to
In each case above, humans can cause extinctions either deliberately or through
unintended action.

237. What are the 5 causes of extinction?

238. Which of the 5 causes of extinction do you think is having the greatest impact on wildlife now? Why
do you say this?
239. Consider each species below. For each give the main reason it is endangered/extinct.
a) Western lowland gorilla b) Sumatran orangutan c) Polar bear
(Gorilla gorilla) (Pongo abelii) (Ursus maritimus)
Suffered a population Has suffered a population Classed as ‘Vulnerable’.
decline of more than 60% decline of more than 80% Recent modelling predicts
since the early 1980s. over the last 75 years. The dramatic reductions in sea
Hunting and deaths caused species is seriously ice coverage over the next
by Ebola were the main threatened by logging (both 50 to 100 years due to
causes of this decline and legal and illegal), global climate change. It is
both these threats continue conversion of forest to suspected that at least 30%
to affect the western agricultural land, oil palm of polar bear population
lowland gorilla population. plantations, and roads. will disappear over next 45
years. This is as a result of
habitat loss and declining
habitat quality.
d) Cyanea superba is listed as e) Maui hesperomannia f) Telestes polylepis is a
‘Extinct in the Wild’. This (Hesperomannia ‘Critically Endangered’
tree lived on the island of arbuscula) freshwater fish, known only
O'ahu in the Hawaiian Is a small shrubby tree to survive in one very small
Islands. There were around known only from the stream (1 m wide and 2 km
60 plants in the 1970s, now Hawaiian Islands of Maui long) in Stanicka Jaruga,
there are none. The causes and Oahu. There has been a Croatia. Habitat destruction
of the wild population’s population decline of 25- caused by water extraction
extinction were competition 50% over the last three and the presence of new
with new plants, habitat years and the number of fish species threatens the
destruction by pigs, slugs known individuals is less survival of this fish
and wildfire. than 25. Main threat is
because of competition
with new plant species.
240. Silent debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different coloured pen.
Rules: #1 You must write on each other’s sheets
#2 Write in clear English no text-speak or abbreviations.
#3 Stay on topic.
#4 You must be silent. You can only write your argument points down on paper.
#5 Use arrows to challenge specific points and write next to them.

Should we try and prevent organisms going extinct? What about

dinosaurs, should we try and bring them back?
Question to debate:

241. Complete the MCQs from Topic 8.1b. Can be found at https://bit.ly/2W0XFIO

39
242. Look at the KO questions on the last two pages of this booklet. Use Practice Look, Read, Cover,
Write, Check individually for 5 minutes. Then work with a partner, testing each other for another 5
minutes. An online version of the questions can be found at https://bit.ly/3iNCjIJ

40
 The 5 mass extinctions of Earth
In the history of the Earth, there have been 5 mass-extinctions. Each marks the end
of a period of Earth’s history. Each was caused by a dramatic environmental
change.

Current theories are that these events cause the mass extinctions:
 Ordovician - An ice-age which dramatically decreased temperatures
 Devonian – A huge algae bloom resulted in a lack of oxygen in the oceans
 Permian – Volcanic activity or meteor strikes caused dust which blocked the
sunlight and cooled the Earth rapidly
 Triassic – Rising sea levels due to a greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide
and methane released following volcanoes
 Cretaceous – A huge meteor strike caused dust which blocked the sunlight
stopping photosynthesis and cooling the Earth

41
Classification
We can sort organisms into groups according to their characteristics.
One method of sorting all living things was developed by Carl Linnaeus and then
more recently added to by Carl Woese. They sort things into:

A mnemonic to help remember: Dear Katie Please Come Over For Great Snacks
Three Domains:
1. Bacteria - prokaryotes (cells without a nucleus)
2. Archea – ancient prokaryotes
3. Eukaryotes – all plants, animals, fungi and protists (cells with a nucleus)
Then Six Kingdoms: Two types of prokaryotes, plants, fungi, protists and animals.
The Latin name for every living things includes their genus and their species. For
instance, humans belong to the genus ‘homo’ and the species ‘sapiens’ so we are
called ‘homo sapiens’.

243. What are the three domains in the Linnaeus classification method?
244. What is the mnemonic we use to remember the Linnaeus classification order?
245. What are the six kingdoms in the Linnaeus classification system? Which are the four that have
eukaryotic cells?
246. The Latin name for the bald eagle is ‘haliaeetus leucocephalus’. What genus does it belong to? What
species does it belong to?
247. The English oak tree belongs to the genus quercus and the species robur. What is its full Latin
name?

42
248. Plant cells are eukaryotes. Label this plant cell.

Nucleus Cell wall

Cell membrane Chloroplast

Cytoplasm Vacuole

Mitochondria Ribosome

249. Animals are eukaryotes. Label and match the name of each component to its role for this animal cell.

Controls what enters and leaves cell Mitochondria

Protein synthesis Ribosome

Controls the cell and contains DNA Cytoplasm

Performs respiration Nucleus

Fluid that fills the cell Cell membrane

Latin names for some common animals and plants

 Homo sapiens - Human  Loxodonta africana – African elephant
 Rattus rattus – Black rat  Panthera leo – Lion
 Felis domesticus – Domestic cat  Rhinoceros unicornis – Rhinoceros
 Oryctolagus cuniculus – Rabbit  Canis lupus – Wolf
 Bovidae ovis – Sheep  Equus quagga – Zebra
 Canis lupus familiaris – Dog  Gorilla gorilla - Gorilla
 Equus caballus - Horse  Vulpes vulpes – Fox
 Malus pumila - Apple  Musa paradisicum - Banana
 Cucumis sativas - Cucumber  Citrus Limonium – Lemon
 Citrus aurantium – Orange  Lactuca sativa - Lettuce
250. Lions (panthera leo) are one species of animal. Read the statements in the table below. Some are
right and some are wrong.
I am sure I think this is I think this is I am sure
Tick one box for each statement.
this is right right wrong this is wrong
a) The members of a species have
many characteristics in common.
b) All the members of a species live
together in the same place.
c) Members of the same species can
breed to make fertile offspring.
d) Members of different species cannot
breed to make fertile offspring.
e) The characteristics of a species stay
the same forever.

43
 This is the classification key you will remember doing in Primary School. It looks at:
1. Domain: eukaryotes
2. Kingdom: animals
3. Phylum: Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are
cnidaria (invertebrates), chordata (vertebrates), arthropods, molluscs and
echinoderms.
4. Class: Vertebrates are sorted into five classes which are amphibians, birds, fish,
mammals, reptiles.

251. What does vertebrate mean? Where in the human body are the vertebrae?
44
252. Describe two differences between reptiles and amphibians.
253. Silent debate. You will work in a group of 3 or 4 people. Each needs a different coloured pen.
What class does a duck billed platypus belong to?
It lives in water, lays eggs, has fur, poisonous spur, feeds its young
with milk and has a beak.
Question to debate:
254. Animals can be classified into groups called classes. The diagram shows some classes of animals.

How do you feel about the statements in the table below? Use the diagram to help you decide.
I am sure I think this I think this I am sure
Tick one box for each statement.
this is right is right is wrong this is wrong
a) All animals are vertebrates.

b) All reptiles are vertebrates.

c) All insects are invertebrates.

d) Jellyfish are a type of fish.

e) Some birds are mammals.

f) Fish have more features in common

with birds than they do with starfish.

45
Knowledge Organiser Questions
KQ.1. The differences between characteristics of individuals? Variation
KQ.2. Variation caused by differences in the way that individuals live? Environmental variation
KQ.3. Differences that can have any number value e.g. temperature and Continuous
height?
KQ.4. Differences that can only have certain values e.g. are words or Categoric
whole numbers only?
KQ.5. Cells that have DNA inside a nucleus? Eukaryotes
KQ.6. Cells that do not have a nucleus for their DNA e.g. Bacteria? Prokaryotes
KQ.7. Long lengths of protein that contain all the instructions on how DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
to make new cells?
KQ.8. A small length of DNA that controls whole or part of a Gene (or allele)
characteristic
KQ.9. A long length of DNA containing different genes? Humans have Chromosomes
23 pairs of these?
KQ.10.Reproduction requiring only one parent? Produces clones? Asexual reproduction
KQ.11.An individual that is genetically identical to another? Clone
KQ.12.The variable we change in an investigation? Independent
KQ.13.The variable we measure in an investigation? Dependent
KQ.14.Variables that we keep the same so that only the independent Control
variable affects the dependent variable?
KQ.15.Reproduction where genetic information from a male and female Sexual
are mixed to make an offspring?
KQ.16.The name for male and female sex cells? Gametes
KQ.17.Female gametes are called? Eggs
KQ.18.The process of male and female gametes meeting and Fertilisation
transferring genetic information
KQ.19.Human male gametes produced in the testes? Sperm
KQ.20.Plant male gametes released by flowers? Pollen
KQ.21.A result that does not fit the pattern? Anomalous (or anomaly)
KQ.22.Errors we cannot predict? Random errors
KQ.23.Errors that cause anomalous results Random errors
KQ.24. The female reproductive organs that produce eggs, oestrogen and Ovaries
progesterone?
KQ.25. The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and Testes
testosterone?
KQ.26.Where eggs are produced and released by human females? Ovaries
KQ.27.Where sperm are produced by human males? Testes
KQ.28.The time when the human reproductive system matures? Puberty
KQ.29.Two main female human reproductive hormones? Oestrogen and progesterone

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KQ.30.A male human reproductive hormone? Testosterone
KQ.31.The length of the average human menstrual cycle? 28 days
KQ.32.The organ in which an unborn baby develops before birth? Uterus (or womb)
KQ.33.During sexual reproduction, every offspring inherits two sets of Chromosomes
these one from each parent?
KQ.34.An experiment that gets the same results using the same method? Repeatable
KQ.35.An experiment that gets the same results using a different Reproducible
method?
KQ.36.An organism with two identical alleles for a characteristic? Homozygous genotype
KQ.37.An organism with two different alleles for a characteristic? Heterozygous genotype
KQ.38.A characteristic an individual can be seen to have e.g. blue eyes, Phenotype
brown hair?
KQ.39.Each different version of a gene for a certain characteristic? Allele
KQ.40.The allele which will be expressed when an offspring has a Dominant
heterozygous genotype
KQ.41.The name for an allele which is not expressed when a more Recessive
dominant allele is present?
KQ.42.Chance of an offspring having a homozygous dominant genotype ¼ or 25% or 1 in 4
(BB) when both parents have heterozygous genotypes (Bb)?
KQ.43.Chance of an offspring having a homozygous dominant genotype 1 or 100% or 4 in 4
(TT) when both parents have homozygous dominant genotypes
(TT)?
KQ.44.The gradual change in the inherited characteristics of a Evolution
population over time and many, many generations?
KQ.45.Another name for Darwin’s ‘Theory of Evolution’ which is Natural Selection
sometimes known as ‘survival of the fittest’?
KQ.46.In artificial selection (selective breeding) who chooses which Humans
individuals should breed together?
KQ.47.Why can bacteria evolve more quickly than humans? Reproduce more quickly
KQ.48.Two organisms that are so different they cannot breed together to Species
produce fertile offspring are said to be from different…
KQ.49.The mnemonic to help remember how we classify all living Dear Katie Please Come Over
organisms? For Great Snacks
KQ.50.The name for animals with backbones? Vertebrates

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