Accelerating

the IoT

IoT on the
Move with
Public
Transit
Joffrey Lauthier
IoT Tech Expo North America
Santa Clara, CA | May 17, 2023
 Railcar tracking and condition monitoring

U.S. freight rail

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

Operators Shippers network

1.6 million railcars
Cloud
140,000 miles of track
Repair Railcar 6,000+ hotbox detectors
shops owners
5G
Satellite

— Location
— Vibration
BLE
Trackside Vehicle Vehicle
— Temperature
sensors gateway sensors
LoRa — Load
— Tilt

2
 Tracking railcars
in yards with
UWB sensors

Ultra-wideband radio ranging

o low-power: vehicle-mounted
tags run on batteries

o no power / network wiring

required in the vehicle

o no vehicle-to-infrastructure
data communication required

o UWB ranging works indoors

3
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit
Tracking and condition monitoring of linear assets

Trackside sensors Carborne sensors

4
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit
Vehicle-to-infrastructure communications — urban railway

5G
P25 or 5G
Wi-Fi Wi-Fi mmWave
TETRA mid-band
or Wi-Fi

Voice Train Passenger Public Passenger Passenger

radio control information address Wi-Fi mobile

Vehicle Train
Intercom
diagnostics CCTV

5
 High-availability vehicle-to-infrastructure communications

Building-
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

Mobile network carrier mounted

radio
antenna
o Coverage gaps on the route

o System availability not guaranteed

o No control on the quality of service

Dedicated V2I comms

o 100% coverage of the tracks
Trackside
o High-availability redundant wireless
access
wireless networks point

o Quality of service management

6
 Train control system architecture

Train supervision Driver console

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

Power SCADA Train control

computers
Tunnel ventilation
Transponder
Scheduling antennas
Crew rostering Positioning system
Asset management Train-to-wayside
radios
Train communication
Control center network Rolling stock

Interlocking Signals
systems
Switches
Train control zone
controllers Train detection

Wired networking Transponders

equipment Wireless radio
access points

Wayside equipment Track equipment

7
 Processing shift to the Cloud and to the Edge

Train supervision Driver console

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

Carborne
Power SCADA Train control
computers controllers
Tunnel ventilation
Transponder
Scheduling antennas
Crew rostering Positioning system
Asset management Train-to-wayside
Private radios

cloud Train communication

Control center network Rolling stock

Interlocking Signals
systems
Switches
Train control zone
controllers Train detection

Wired networking Transponders

equipment Wireless radio
access points

Wayside equipment Track equipment

8

CAD/AVL
Computer-Aided Dispatch /
Automatic Vehicle Location
Streetcar, tramway, light rail
Low speed, drive-on-sight
operations
Difficult to automate, sharing
the right of way with road
vehicles and pedestrians
9
Train Control Systems
PTC and ERTMS offer
CBTC PTC interoperability between
suppliers
Communication-Based Automatic train operation
Positive Train Control
Train Control performance still limited
Automated people mover, monorail, metro, heavy rail
Airport express railway, commuter rail
Intercity, high-speed rail Very high-speed rail
High-frequency operations:
designed for up to 60 trains
per hour per direction
Automation enables short
ERTMS
headways and unattended
train operations European Rail Traffic Management System
Mostly proprietary technology
 Technology supply:
communication-
based train control
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

million dollars
per route-mile
PPP-adjusted prices awarded
in million 2023 dollars for a
selection of global CBTC
supply projects procured in
the last 20 years

Brownfield upgrades
Greenfield projects

10
 Safety integrity levels — rail vs. automotive

Railway IEC 62425 Automotive ISO 26262

Probability of
SIL dangerous Function ASIL Function
Failure per Hour

0 Train supervision QM

1 10-5—10-6 A Rear lights failure

B Head lights failure

2 -6
10 —10 -7
Selective door operation
C Cruise control inadvertent braking

3 10-7—10-8 Train movement in the depot D Unintended antilock braking

4 10-8—10-9 Train movement on mainline

IEC 62425 Railway applications — Communication, signalling and processing systems — Safety related electronic systems for signalling
ISO 26262 Road Vehicles Functional Safety
11
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit
Security assurance levels — IEC 62443 and TS 50701

SL Protection against Target protection

1 Unintentional or accidental misuse CCTV

2 Intentional attacks with simple means Control Center

3 Intentional attacks with sophisticated means Signaling, Ticketing

4 Intentional attacks with extended resources

ISA/IEC 62443-3 Industrial communication networks — Network and system security

CLC/TS 50701 Railway applications — Cybersecurity
12
 Baseline 2030 IoT value capture and cybersecurity risk score
IoT market and
cybersecurity

Mobility and transportation

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

Mobility and transportation

addressable market in 2023
forecasted to increase to
$133 billion if cybersecurity
risk is managed

↑
Value
capture by
IoT suppliers
$ billion

13 Source: McKinsey B2B IoT Survey, April 2023

 Lifecycle mismatch

100%
Vehicles
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

Railway technology
30+ year lifecycle
0%
interoperability requirements
100%
Infrastructure
IT, IoT, communications
7-year lifecycle
0%

o Complex multi-year upgrade strategies Legacy Dual mode New tech

o Dual-equipping infra and rolling stock
o Concessions to backward compatibility Gradual technology migration over time

14
 Transit and rail systems rely on vehicle location

Track Transit
condition signal Passenger Public Computer-aided
monitoring priority information safety dispatch

Driver Worker Automatic Yard Network

assistance Protection fare collection management optimization

Platform Automatic Train Correct side Tunnel

screen doors train operation integrity door enable ventilation

Selective Automatic Grade crossing Traction

door operation train protection preemption power
Safety-critical
15 vehicle detection / positioning
 Localization
technologies

Vehicle localization
subsystem

Diversity of sensors
to meet safety targets

Pairing sensors providing

continuous relative position
with sensors providing
absolute location corrections

* successfully included in a Safety Integrity Level 4 safety case

16
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit
Adoption criteria

Evaluating positioning systems

Accuracy

Precision
Location
Reliability, Availability,
Maintainability

Safety-critical

Train-to-wayside
communications

Additional
Train detection
functions

Obstacle detection

Onboard equipment
Cost
Wayside infrastructure

17
 Satellite Based Augmentation Systems for rail networks

European GNSS Navigation

IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit

Safety Service for Rail

EGNSS-R

o Augmentation service
providing safe corrections
and integrity data to GNSS
receivers

o Safe corrections to GPS and

Galileo are required for
safety-critical use of satellite
positioning in train control

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) functional architecture.

Source: EGNOS User Support, European Satellite Services Provider (ESSP) website.
18
 "Terrestrial GPS"
Ultra-wideband radio ranging

New York MTA pioneering the replacement of legacy transponders

with UWB radio beacons on future CBTC modernization projects.

UWB ranging measures a precise distance between the train and

beacons installed along the tracks.

Trains compute their position by triangulation with lineside beacons.

19
 UWB beacons augmenting GNSS coverage
Fusing pseudoranges from satellites and ultra-wideband radio ranging

In sight: GPS
satellites and
UWB beacons
GPS

Open sky
o Excellent line-of-sight to
satellites at any time
o Lower-frequency traffic:
greater position
uncertainty acceptable
20
Urban canyon
o Reduced numbers of
satellites in view
o GPS coverage varies
during the day
o UWB beacons where
better coverage is
required
UWB
Tunnel and station
o GPS-denied environment
o Positioning relies on line-
of-sight to UWB beacons
o Initialization at the start
of mission requires high
position certainty
 Radio ranging technologies

Technology

Range ★★★★
typ. 100m, max 300m
★★★
typ. 50m, max 150m
★★
typ. 15m, max 100m
★
typ. 1m, max 5m

Accuracy ★★★★
2 to 50 centimeters
★
5 to 15 meters
★★
1 to 5 meters
★★★
10 to 100 centimeters

Data transmission ★★★ < 10 Mbps

★★★★ > 1 Gbps
★★< 1 Mbps
★
very short telegrams

Robustness ✔️ ✖ ✖ ✔️
strong immunity to multipath very sensitive to multipath, very sensitive to multipath, strong immunity to multipath
and interferences obstructions, and interferences obstructions, and interferences and interferences

Security ✔️ ✖ ✖ ✖
distance-time bounded protocol can be spoofed using relay attack can be spoofed using relay attack can be spoofed using relay attack

Latency ★★★★
< 1ms to get to XYZ
★
> 3s to get to XYZ
★
> 3s to get to XYZ
★★
1s to get to XYZ
 Zero infrastructure
Train positioning without wayside equipment

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) using a combination of sensors.

Promising research results but far from safety certification.

Inertial
Accelerometers, gyroscopes and
inertial measurement units provide
an acceleration profile mapped
against a digital track signature
LiDAR
2D and 3D LiDAR to detect
switches and landmarks

Magnetic
Magnetometers tracking the
magnetic disturbance of poles and
other metallic wayside equipment
against a digital track signature
Vision
Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D
cameras identifying landmarks

22
 Tram Forward Collision Warning

23
 TOTAL SUPPLY MARKET
IoT Tech Expo North America 2023 — IoT on the Move with Public Transit
Rail industry market $200B*

UNIFE World Rail Market Study 2021 SERVICES

$74B
Digitalization and sustainability
as strong growth factors
ROLLING STOCK
"Existing digital technologies like the European $70B
Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), the
Communications-based Train Control (CBTC)
and new innovative solutions, such as predictive
maintenance, Digital Automatic Coupling (DAC),
5G applications for rail, enhanced passenger
information, ticketing and cybersecurity have TURNKEY MANAGEMENT
and will continue to increase the overall $1B
attractiveness of the rail sector, making public
transport more convenient and rail freight more
efficient and reliable."

24 * Accessible world supply market. Average annual market volume 2017-19. INFRASTRUCTURE RAIL CONTROL
$37B $19B
Thank you
Joffrey Lauthier
Vice President, Control Systems, Western U.S.
joffrey.lauthier@wsp.com

wsp.com