Choose the correct answers.

1. Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of____.

a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Lungs
d) All of these

2. Which trait in humans is an example of multiple alleles.

a) Eye color
b) ABO Blood group
c) Skin color
d) Rh-blood group

3. A Y linked traits “SRY” gene on Y chromosome determine____.

a) Femaleness
b) Deafness
c) Baldness
d) Maleness

4. Position of a gene within a DNA molecule is____.

a) Locus
b) Amplicone
c) Origin
d) Filial

5. A chromosome with centromere near the end of chromatide is____.

a) Acrocentric
b) Telocentric
c) Sub-metacentric
d) Matacentric

6. Three nucleotide sequence on tRNA that specifies an amino acid is_____.

a) Codon
b) Anti-codon
c) Nonsense Codon
d) Genetic Codon

7. Which substance destroy ozone layer?

a) Hydrogen
b) Chlorine
c) Carbon
d) Sulfur

8. Solution that cause cells to shrink due to water is____.

a) Hypotonic Solution
b) Hypertonic Solution
c) Isotonic Solution
d) Polytonic Solution

9. The movement to some chemicals is______.

a) Hyponasty
b) Hydrotropism
c) Phototropism
d) Chemotropism

10. In seedless vascular plants the dominant generation is_____.

a) Gamophyte
b) Halophytes
c) Sporophyte
d) Holophyte

11. Exchange of segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome during meiosis is called____.
a) Dominance
b) Chiasmata
c) Cross Over
d) Linkage
12. Metabolic disease alkaptonuria is controlled by.
a) Single recessive gene
b) Dominant genes
c) Two recessive gene
d) None

13. In eukaryotes the enzyme involved in the formation of mRNA is _____.

a) Polymerase I
b) Polymerase II
c) Polymerase III
d) Polymerase IV

14. In sickle cell disorder the replacement of valine by glutamic acid occurs in _______.
a) ∝-Chain
b) β-Chain
c) y-Chain
d) 2-Chain

15. Rod shaped chromosome with terminal centromere, so they posses only one arm.
a) Telocentric
b) Acrocentric
c) Metacritic
d) Sub-metacentric

16. The term 'gene' was introduced in 1905 by____.

a) Bateson
b) Mendel
c) Wilham Johansson
d) Carlcorren

17. The outer water conducting wood is called _____.

a) Heartwood
b) Sapwood
c) Conducting wood
d) Annul ring

18. The maintenance of constant osmotic conditions in the body is called _____.
a) Osmoregulation
b) Homepage
c) Thermoregulation
d) Excretion

19. Coniferous forest located at high latitude are called _____.

a) Boreal
b) Alpine
c) Birch
d) Larch

20. Free living organisms in the environment that have a foreign gene inserted into them are called______.
a) Transgenic organism
b) Bioreactor
c) Totipotent
d) Cloning

21. A symbiotic association between fungus and roots of higher plants of known ____.
a) Lichens
b) Mycorrhizae
c) Mutualism
d Commensalism
 Fill in the blanks.
Fill in the blanks.

1. The sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA is called _____. (Codon)

2. The dark color of humans depends on ______. (Melanin)
3. The 4 blood groups A, B, AB and O are all determined by ____. (Antigens)
4. The denitrifying bacteria which causes loss of soil nitrates is ______. (Pseudomonas and clostridium)
5. The cell having the full genetic potential of the organism is called ____. (Totipotent cell)
6. A gene with multiple phenotypic effects is called _____. (Pleiotropic gene)
7. The all characteristics of the chromosome can be studied by its ____. (Karyotype)
8. The genetic disorder sickle cell anemia is a classical example of _____ effect. (Pleiotropic)
9. The foundation of ______ is to provide support and mechanical strength to the plant. (Xylem)

Short Questions

Q 1. Write down the succession according to habitats.

Ans: Succession according to habitats refers to the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over
time. Succession can be primary or secondary. Primary succession occurs in an area where no community previously existed, while
secondary succession occurs in an area where a community previously existed but was disturbed.

Q 2. What do you know about biotechnology?

Ans: Biotechnology is a field that involves the use of biological processes for industrial and other purposes. This includes the
genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, and other products. It is a multidisciplinary
field that integrates natural sciences and engineering sciences to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and
molecular analogues for products and services.

Q 3. What are the exceptions of Mendelian inheritance?

Ans: Non-Mendelian inheritance refers to any pattern in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s laws. This can
involve multiple allele traits controlled by a single gene with more than two alleles and can be more complex than one gene with
two alleles and complete dominance. There are various types of non-Mendelian inheritances, and some genetic disorders may also
be influenced by environmental factors.

Q 4. Write down the differences between hetero-chromatin and euchromatin.

Ans: Heterochromatin is a tightly packed form of DNA that is genetically inactive, while euchromatin is a loosely packed form of
DNA that is genetically active. Heterochromatin has a dense nucleus stain and blocks DNA transcription, while euchromatin has a
light nucleus stain and allows transcription of DNA into mRNA. Euchromatin is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, while
heterochromatin is present only in eukaryotes.

Q 5. What are the long term effects of global warming?

Ans: The long-term effects of global warming include more frequent droughts, hurricanes, wildfires, and unprecedented
temperature extremes. Sea ice loss, accelerated sea level rise, and longer, more intense heat waves are also predicted. Semi-arid
regions may experience decreased water resources. These effects are irreversible for people alive today and will worsen as long as
humans add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

Q 6. Explain the steps for reaction of recombination of DNA.

Ans: Recombination of DNA involves several steps. First, the genetic material (DNA) is isolated. Then, the DNA is cut at specific
locations and the desired DNA fragment is isolated. The gene of interest is amplified using PCR and the DNA fragment is ligated
into a vector. The recombinant DNA is then inserted into the host cell/organism and the foreign gene product is obtained or
cultured.

Q 7. Write down any three termination phases of DNA replication.

Ans: Termination of DNA replication occurs when two replication forks meet on the same stretch of DNA. During this process,
several events occur: forks converge until all intervening DNA is unwound; any remaining gaps are filled and ligated; catenanes are
removed; and replication proteins are unloaded.
Q 8. Write down the role of vaccination against measles and mumps.

Ans: The MMR vaccine protects people against measles and mumps. It is a live attenuated vaccine that stimulates the immune
system to protect against these diseases. The vaccine is extremely effective at protecting against infection and severe illness . By
getting vaccinated, individuals can protect themselves and also help prevent the spread of these diseases to others.

Q 9. Write down the composition and formation of ozone layer.

Ans: The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone molecules (O3). Ozone is
formed from dioxygen (O2) by the action of ultraviolet (UV) light and electrical discharges within the Earth’s atmosphere. Sunlight
breaks apart oxygen molecules and free oxygen atoms then bond with other O2 molecules forming O3.

Q 10. Write a short note on crossing over.

Ans: Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during
meiosis. This process occurs during prophase I of meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up. Parts of the
chromosome can be switched, resulting in new combinations of alleles in the gametes formed.

Q 11. What is RNA primer?

Ans: An RNA primer is a short single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis. DNA
polymerase enzymes are only capable of adding nucleotides to the 3’-end of an existing nucleic acid, requiring a primer be bound
to the template before DNA polymerase can begin a complementary strand.

Q 12. What is co-dominance? Write with example.

Ans: Co-dominance is a phenomenon in which two alleles (different versions of the same gene) are expressed to an equal degree
within an organism. As a result, traits associated with each allele are displayed simultaneously. An example of codominance is seen
in the MN blood group system of humans. Individuals who are homozygous for the M allele have a surface molecule (called the M
antigen) on their red blood cells. Similarly, those homozygous for the N allele have the N antigen on their red blood cells.
Heterozygotes—those with both alleles—carry both antigens.

Q 13. What is nitrification?

Ans: Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This process
occurs through separate organisms or direct ammonia oxidation to nitrate in comammox bacteria. Nitrification is an important
step in the nitrogen cycle in soil .

Q 14. Define turgor movement, hyponasty and photonasty.

Ans: Turgor movement is a type of nastic movement that occurs through changes in the turgor pressure and cell’s size. Hyponasty
is a type of nastic growth movement that involves the upward bending of leaves from growth in the petiole (leaf stalk). Photonasty
is a type of turgor movement that involves a response to light.

Q 15. Write down three importance of crossing over.

Ans. Crossing over is a fundamental process of genetics that is essential for producing genetic diversity. Here are three reasons why
crossing over is important:

1. It creates new gene combinations: Crossing over helps to mix and match genetic material, creating novel combinations of
genes that could produce beneficial characteristics. This diversity can be beneficial in allowing organisms to become
adapted to their environment, providing a greater chance of survival.

2. Crossing Over reduces the genetic load: Crossing over helps to reduce the number of harmful recessive alleles inherited
from both parents. By exchanging genetic material with another chromosome, crossing over can help to reduce the
amount of undesirable genetic information being passed down to offspring.

3. Crossing Over enhances genetic diversity: Crossing over creates a greater level of genetic diversity than random mating
alone, allowing species to become more adaptable. Through the crossing over of chromosomes, different combinations of
genes can be created, which could facilitate a species’ evolution and survival.

Q 16. Write down the moss stage of xerosere.

Ans. In the moss stage of xerosere, accumulation of soil and humus leads to the growth of mosses. The spores of xerophytic
mosses are brought to the rock where they succeed lichens. Their rhizoids penetrate soil on the rocks.
Q 17. What are the three remedies of nitrogen depletion?

Ans. Here are three remedies for nitrogen depletion:

1. Using grass mowings as a mulch or foliar feeding with manure can help prevent nitrogen deficiency.

2. Sowing green manure crops such as grazing rye to cover soil over the winter will help to prevent nitrogen leaching.

3. Leguminous green manures such as winter tares will fix additional nitrogen from the atmosphere.

Q 18. What is diabetes mellitus and its symptoms?

Ans. Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important
source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and tissues, as well as the brain’s main source of fuel.

Some common symptoms of diabetes include feeling very thirsty, urinating often, losing weight without trying, feeling very hungry,
having blurry vision, feeling tired and weak, having slow-healing sores and getting a lot of infections.

Q 19. What is turgor pressure?

Ans. Turgor pressure is the force within a cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. It is caused by the osmotic
flow of water and occurs in plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists that have cell walls. This pressure helps maintain the shape and
rigidity of plant cells and tissues.

Q 20. Write the location and function of cork cambium.

Ans. Cork cambium is a tissue found in many vascular plants as a part of the epidermis. It is located between the cork and primary
phloem and is one of the many layers of bark. The cork cambium is a lateral meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that
replaces the epidermis in roots and stems. Its function is to produce cork, a tough protective material.

Q 21. Differentiate between circadian rhythm and circannual rhythm.

Ans. Circadian rhythms are natural physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle and respond
primarily to light and darkness in an organism’s environment. On the other hand, circannual rhythms are annual or yearly
biological patterns or cycles in living organisms. The main difference between the two is that circadian rhythms cover a time
duration of 24 hours while circannual rhythms cover a duration of one year.

Q 22. Define Isomorphic and heteromorphic alternation of generation.

Ans. Isomorphic alternation of generations refers to a life cycle in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations are
morphologically similar or identical. In contrast, heteromorphic alternation of generations refers to a life cycle in which the
sporophyte and gametophyte generations are dissimilar.

Q 23. Write the function and location of intercalary meristem.

Ans. Intercalary meristem is a type of primary meristematic tissue containing cells that can divide and promote the growth of the
plant. They are located at the base of internodes. The function of the intercalary meristem is to promote the lengthening of the
stem and increase the height of the plant. It is commonly found in monocots such as grass.