Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning

Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)

TUTORIAL 9 – MARK SCHEME

Part Description Score

QUESTION 1
A tube bank (20 mm-dia.) with in-line arrangement has 15 rows in transversal and 7 rows in longitudinal direction.
The arrangement has SL = 3.75 and ST = 5.0 cm. The tubes are maintained at 90 oC. Atmospheric air flows across
the tubes at 20oC and free velocity 12 m/s. Calculate the exit temperature of the air, the heat transfer from the tube
bank per meter of length, and the pressure drop!

Known Atmospheric air with certain condition flows over a tube bank with
2.5
in-line arrangement. The geometry and tubes condition given.
Find a. The exit temperature of the air!
b. Heat transfer from the tube bank per meter length! 2.5
c. The pressure drop!

Schematics &
Given Data

10

Assumptions • Steady state,

• Neglect the compressibility effect,
• Constant air properties at each section,
• Neglect the radiation heat transfer effects, 10
• The Zukauskas eq. is applicable outside the range, and
• Isothermal tube surface.

Analysis Atmospheric air properties at (273 + 20) K = 293 K by interpolation

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 5
of data in Table A-4: 𝜌 = 1.1941 𝑚3 , 𝑐𝑝 = 1.0069 𝑘𝑔.𝐾
,𝜇 = 181.1 ×
 Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning
Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)
𝑁.𝑠 𝑊
10−7 𝑚2 , 𝑘 = 0.02574 𝑚.𝐾 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7088. Properties of atmospheric

pressure at surface temperature (273 + 90) K = 363 K by

interpolation of data in Table A-4: 𝑃𝑟𝑠 = 0.6974.
a. To find the outlet temperature of the air, we use the relation:
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑜 𝜋𝐷𝑁ℎ̅
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− )
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 𝜌𝑉𝑁𝑇 𝑆𝑇 𝑐𝑝 10
𝜋𝐷𝑁ℎ̅
𝑇𝑜 = 𝑇𝑠 − (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 )𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) … (1)
𝜌𝑉𝑁𝑇 𝑆𝑇 𝑐𝑝
for in-line arrangement bank of tubes:
𝑆𝑇
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑈
𝑆𝑇 − 𝐷 ∞
5
50 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
= (12 )
50 𝑚𝑚 − 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑠
= 20 𝑚⁄𝑠
the Reynolds number of the flow is
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷
𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜇
5
(1.1941 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 )(20 𝑚⁄𝑠)(0.02 𝑚)
=
181.1 × 10−7 𝑁. 𝑠⁄𝑚2
= 26374.38 (10 ≤ 𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 2 × 106 , 103 − 2 × 105 )

since 𝑁𝐿 < 20, hence the Zukauskas equation become:

𝑃𝑟 0.25
̅̅̅̅𝐷 = 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅𝑒𝐷𝑚 𝑃𝑟 0.36 ( )
𝑁𝑢 … (2)
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑠
𝑆
from Table 7.5 for 𝑆𝑇 = 1.33 > 0.7 and interpolation Table 7.6
𝐿

for 𝑁𝐿 = 7:
𝐶1 = 0.27 10

𝑚 = 0.63
𝐶2 = 0.95
 Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning
Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)

substitute to eq. (2):

0.7088 0.25
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = (0.27)(0.95)(26374.38)0.63 (0.7088)0.36 ( )
0.6974 5
= 138.80

hence, the convective coefficient of the flow is:

ℎ̅𝐷 ̅̅̅̅𝐷 𝑘
𝑁𝑢
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = → ℎ̅ =
𝑘 𝐷
5
(138.80)(0.02574 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾 )
=
0.02 𝑚
= 178.63 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝐾
substitute to eq. (1) with 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑇 × 𝑁𝐿 = 105:
𝑇𝑜 = 90℃ − (90 − 20)℃
𝜋(0.02𝑚)(105)(178.63 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝐾 ) 5
∙ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ]
(1.1941 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 )(12 𝑚⁄𝑠)(15)(0.05𝑚)(1006.9 𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 )

= 𝟐𝟕. 𝟐𝟐℃ (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )

b. The heat transfer per unit length of the tube is given by:
5
𝑞 ′ = 𝑁(ℎ̅𝜋𝐷∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 ) … (3)
where the log-mean temperature difference is defined as:
𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
𝑇 −𝑇
ln (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 )
𝑠 𝑜
5
(27.22 − 20)℃
=
90 − 20
ln (90 − 27.22)

= 66.32℃
substitute to eq. (3), we’ll get:
𝑞 ′ = 𝜋(105)(178.63 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝐾 )(0.02𝑚)(66.32𝐾) 2.5
= 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟎𝟒 𝑾⁄𝒎 ≈ 𝟕𝟖. 𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑾⁄𝒎 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
c. Pressure drop for a fluid flows across tube bank is given by:
2 5
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
∆𝑃 = 𝑁𝐿 𝜒𝑓 ( ) … (4)
2
 Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning
Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)
𝑆𝐿 3.75 𝑐𝑚
From Fig. 7.14 for 𝑃𝐿 = = = 1.875, the value 𝜒 and
𝐷 2 𝑐𝑚

𝑓 is:
𝑓 ≈ 0.27 5

𝜒 ≈ 0.9

substitute to eq. (4) we’ll have:

(1.1941 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 )(20 𝑚⁄𝑠)2
∆𝑃 = (7)(0.27)(0.9) [ ]
2
2.5
= 𝟒𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟑 𝑷𝒂 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
≈ 𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒃𝒂𝒓 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
= 𝟒. 𝟎𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒎 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
 Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning
Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)

Part Description Score

QUESTION 2
A device consists of two parallel plates (as shown in the figure below). This device is used to recover heat from
high-temperature combustion products by passing the combustion gas between the plates. Each plate is
maintained at 350 K by water flow on the opposite surface. The separation distance between the plates is 40 mm,
and the gas flow is fully developed. By assuming the combustion gas to have the properties of atmospheric air, its
mean temperature and velocity are 1000 K and 60 m/s, respectively, and infinite width of the device:
a. Calculate the heat flux at the plate surface, in kW/m2!
b. If a third plate, 20 mm thick, is suspended midway between the original plates, what is the surface heat
flux for the original plates, in kW/m2? Assume the temperature and flow rate of the gas to be unchanged
and radiation effects to be negligible.

Known A device is used to recover heat from combustion gas products. The
device consists of two plates and an insertion plate. The mean 2.5
temperature and velocity inlet of the gas are given.
Find The heat flux to the plates: (a). without, (b). with insertion! 2.5
Schematic &
Given Data

Assumptions • Steady state condition,

• Neglect the heat transfer due to radiation,
10
• Combustion gas is considered as atmospheric air,
 Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning
Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)

• Fully developed flow, and

• The properties of the gas are constant at each section.
Analysis The properties of the gas (atmospheric air at 1000 K) from Table A-
𝑘𝑔 𝑁.𝑠 𝑊 5
4: 𝜌 = 0.3482 𝑚3 , 𝜇 = 424.4 × 10−7 𝑚2 , 𝑘 = 0.0667 𝑚.𝐾 , 𝑃𝑟 = 0.726.

a. For non-circular duct, the hydraulic diameter of the duct is:

4𝐴𝑐 4𝐻𝑊 4𝐻
𝐷ℎ = = = ≈ 2𝐻
𝑃 2(𝐻 + 𝑊) 2 ( 𝐻 + 1) 10
𝑊
= 2(40 𝑚𝑚) = 80 𝑚𝑚

the Reynolds number of the flow:

𝜌𝑈𝑚 𝐷ℎ (0.3482 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 )(60 𝑚⁄𝑠)(0.08 𝑚)
𝑅𝑒𝐷ℎ = =
𝜇 424.4 × 10−7 𝑁. 𝑠⁄𝑚2 10
= 39381.72 > 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 = 2300
hence, the flow is fully developed turbulent flow.
by using the Dittus-Boelter correlation equation for cooling mode
(𝑇𝑠 < 𝑇𝑚 ):
𝑁𝑢𝐷ℎ = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝐷0.8
ℎ
𝑃𝑟 0.3
= 0.023(39381.72)0.8 (0.726)0.3
= 99.14
10
hence, the convective coefficient of the flow is:
ℎ𝐷ℎ 𝑁𝑢𝐷ℎ 𝑘
𝑁𝑢𝐷ℎ = →ℎ=
𝑘 𝐷ℎ
(99.14)(0.0667 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾 )
=
0.08 𝑚
= 82.66 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝐾
substitute to the Newton’s cooling law:
𝑞 " = ℎ(𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑠 )
= (82.66 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝐾 )(1000 − 350)℃ 7.5
= 𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
 Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning
Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)

b. Consider the continuity of a CV below:

for the same cross-sectional area: 𝑚̇𝑎 = 𝑚̇𝑏 , hence the mass
10
balance becomes:
𝑚̇ = 2𝑚̇𝑎
𝜌𝑈𝑚 𝐴 = 2(𝜌𝑈𝑚 𝐴)𝑎
𝜌𝑈𝑚 𝐴
𝑈𝑚,𝑎 =
2𝜌𝐴𝑎
(60 𝑚⁄𝑠)(40 𝑚𝑚)𝑊
=
2(10 𝑚𝑚)𝑊
= 120 𝑚⁄𝑠
the hydraulic diameter of each section:
𝐷ℎ ≈ 2𝐻 = 2(10 𝑚𝑚) = 0.02 𝑚
The Reynolds number of the flow:
𝜌𝑈𝑚 𝐷ℎ (0.3482 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 )(120 𝑚⁄𝑠)(0.02 𝑚) 10
𝑅𝑒𝐷ℎ = =
𝜇 424.4 × 10−7 𝑁. 𝑠⁄𝑚2
= 19690.86 > 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟 = 2300
hence, the flow is still fully developed turbulent flow.
by using the Dittus-Boelter correlation equation for cooling mode
(𝑇𝑠 < 𝑇𝑚 ):
𝑁𝑢𝐷ℎ = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝐷0.8
ℎ
𝑃𝑟 0.3
= 0.023(19690.86)0.8 (0.726)0.3
= 56.94
hence, the convective coefficient of the flow is: 10
ℎ𝐷ℎ 𝑁𝑢𝐷ℎ 𝑘
𝑁𝑢𝐷ℎ = →ℎ=
𝑘 𝐷ℎ
(56.94)(0.0667 𝑊 ⁄𝑚. 𝐾 )
=
0.02 𝑚
= 189.9 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝐾
 Tutorial #9 MS3220 – Collaborative Learning
Thermal Engineering
April 4th, 2023 (7-9 a.m.)

substitute to the Newton’s cooling law:

𝑞 " = ℎ(𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑠 )
7.5
= (189.9 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝐾 )(1000 − 350)℃
= 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )