Energy Based Fault Detection Scheme for
Hybrid Microgrid
2021 IEEE 8th Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON) | 978-1-6654-0962-9/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/UPCON52273.2021.9667650
Sonalika Singh
Electrical Engineering Department
MNNIT,Allahabad
Allahabad,India
sonalika_singh@mnnit.ac.in
Abstract— The concept of Hybrid Microgrid is gaining
attraction as the distributed energy resources (DERs) based
microgrids are providing the way towards technological
development. In a hybrid Microgrid where the Low voltage DC
is connected to the AC Distribution System, fault detection is
on the DC side. The protection technique available for the AC
distribution system is not suitable for protecting the hybrid
distribution system. A DC fault detection is proposed in this
paper using the calculated energy. The change in energy for a
particular period is utilised to derive a threshold for detecting
the fault. The proposed concept has been verified by
MATLAB/Simulink platform. The results confirm that the
energy-based method can detect faults accurately.
Keywords—Distribution System(DS), Energy Packets, PV
array, DC Microgrid, System protection, Over Current(Oc) .
I. INTRODUCTION
In the last decade, the integration of renewables to the
distribution system(DS) has made its operation possible
even during power failure from the main grid. Such a DS
designed for the alternating current was named as
Microgrid; it has improved reliability. However, several
technical control and protection challenges have emerged to
achieve the secured operation. Later, it was identified that
the conversion losses that occurred in the converters, which
are used to nullify the fluctuation due to the intermittent
nature of renewable, have reduced the system's efficiency.
Hence, DC from photovoltaic sources is also planned with
existing AC DS[1]. Since power available from such
sources is low, this power can be utilised for domestic loads
at the lower end of the DS. Power may also be supplied
from AC DS using converter during power failure from the
main grid: the new DS may be called hybrid Microgrid.
However, the fault detection schemes practised for AC have
limited performance for the DC system targeted in this
work.
The essential advantage of the hybrid microgrid is that
its subgrids of AC and DC are merged in the same DS,
allowing both AC, DC-based DG sources and ESSs to be
directly integrated to supply the load. Different topologies
of hybrid microgrid structures have been discussed in the
literature[2]. The proposed two-bus hybrid microgrid
structure is incorporated to control the power balance and
energy management interlinking converter. Thus, the hybrid
microgrid structure requires fewer phases of conversion and
leads to improved system efficiency. The control systems
for enhancing the system's power quality have been
discussed in the literature, but the current literature rarely
addresses the hybrid Microgrid protection scheme.
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
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Dr. Saumendra Sarangi
Electrical Engineering Department
NIT,Allahabad
Allahabad,India
ssarangi@mnnit.ac.in
Various challenges which arise in the protection of
hybrid Microgrid are: change in the direction of power flow,
variation in fault current magnitude and direction during
different operation modes, i.e. islanded and grid-connected
modes [3]. The inclusion of DG, which results in
bidirectional power flow, poses challenges to the
overcurrent protection scheme as the current-based devices
are non-directional. Further, the direction of power flow can
disrupt coordination due to the significant variation in short
circuit current in grid-connected and islanded modes.
Therefore, standard current based relays with a single
setting are inadequate to safeguard hybrid microgrids.
One of the most challenging aspects of implementing a
hybrid Microgrid is converter protection. The interlinking
converter affects the other DC (or AC) sub-grid if a failure
occurs in the AC (or DC) bus. Interlinking converters cannot
manage a failure on the dc side; with the fault initiated at the
DC side[4], the VSC capacitor discharges, supplying a large
transient current. Complete discharge of capacitors leads to
involvement of the charged ac source and inductor to the
fault current flowing via the semiconductor switch; a large
amount of fault current starts flowing to the lower subgrid
from the AC side. High transient currents and uncontrolled
steady-state current without natural zero-crossings create a
challenge in DC sub-grid protection.
Detection of fault is difficult as the arc lacks zero
crossing points and is more intense than in AC, so it takes
longer to clear. Due to the absence of zero-crossing current
in the DC system, the critical issue with the DC network is
the interruption of the current. Conventionally, the DC
network is secured by circuit breakers and fuses [5].
However, accurate time constant computation must be
performed for the fuse to be used in the DC network. When
DGs are incorporated into the network, OC-based
schemes[6] may fail. The current fault level in grid-
connected and islanded mode differs significantly, resulting
in maloperation of relay [7]. Because of the low line
reactance and the rapid, rising rate of DC fault currents
makes coordinating OC relays in DC systems is difficult. It
is also to be noted that the rate of rising DC fault currents is
higher than the rate of rising AC fault currents. Apart from
fault detection, relay coordination is also playing and
essential role to provide backup. However, achieving the
coordination between AC and DC side relay is yet to be
evaluated. With the rate of rising of current, it is pretty
difficult to coordinate these relays.
 Utility
AC/DC
Fig.1 A conceptual scheme of the future hybrid AC/DC distribution system
A current derivative-based protective scheme is proposed
in[8]. The cable length, line loading, and fault impedance
all affect the current derivative value. As a result,
determining an appropriate threshold can be challenging,
and this threshold must be modified to each operating
situation. This technique is not suitable for high resistance
faults and also requires high bandwidth sensors. The
accuracy of this technique is affected by noise introduced
due to the channel. A differential Protection based fault
detection scheme is proposed in [9]. Differential
protection detects the fault based on the difference in
current magnitude. This scheme is quite adequate, but
current measurement synchronization for the high rate of
current change in the LVDC system is the major
challenge. The requirement of a reliable communication
channel increases the cost of the protection system.
Communication failure, at times, asks for reliable backup
protection, which must be provided by a local data-based
method. However, a communication-based Protection of
system protection scheme can be designed with an
increase in cost and complexity. Hence it is required to
develop a suitable scheme that can provide backup with
local data.
Reference [10] had investigated the protection scheme
based on distance relaying. Although this approach
utilizes an additional single iteration to enhance distance
accuracy, the estimated distance error rises when high
fault resistance. The primary issue related to distance
protection is that it is sensitive to fault impedance. [11]
proposes a technique based on inductance estimate.
Another technique for calculating fault distance is to
measure the line inductance based on the initial voltage
between the VSC capacitor and Δi. However, line loading
and fault impedance have a significant influence on the
measured impedance. Δ2i is introduced besides Δi to
address these issues. Another method is proposed as a
voltage prediction based method [12]. This method works
well in general, but it fails when fault loop impedance is
high. In[ 13], the event-based fault detection technique is
investigated. To identify faults, event estimation-based
protection methods compare analytically derived models
to real-world observations[14][15]. The analytical model
must be exact. Otherwise, the protective system will fail.
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LVDC DC load
DC/DC
DC/DC
DC load
PV Array
This study presents a primary and secondary protection
strategy that does not need a communication channel
based on locally assessed system parameter features. To
increase device dependability and resilience, backup
security is frequently created without utilizing any
communication channel. In the proposed scheme, both
voltage and current data are measured locally to derive the
energy of a system. The major advantages of this
approach are fast fault isolation, communication network
protection, high fault selectivity, better design, flexibility,
and lower protection costs.
The following are the six sections that make up this work.
In part II, the system is described. In Section III, the
performance of the DC subgrid during a failure is studied.
In section IV, the fault detection algorithm is proposed.
The simulation findings are discussed in Section V.
Finally; Section VI brings the paper to a close.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Figure 2 depicts the suggested hybrid Microgrid's
layout. A 45V DC Subgrid with solar distributed
generation, energy storage, and DC load is investigated in
this study. A 350-watt solar array is linked to the DC
Subgrid and powers a 100-watt DC load. The battery
serves as a power source as well as a backup. A
bidirectional converter connects the AC and DC Subgrids
in this topology. Two energy sources separated by 100
meters are connected by DC-DC converters and DC
transmission lines in the DC sub-grid. In AC, subgrid
battery and utility mains are connected and supplying an
AC load. Pole to Pole fault takes place in the DC subgrid,
and results are observed. PV module is connected in array
configuration so that a large amount of electricity can be
obtained from these modules. The output of the PV array is
constant DC. To enhance the voltage of the system boost
converter has been used. Environmental conditions
influence power generation through these PV arrays;
therefore, it is necessary to control the output to achieve
maximum efficiency. The maximum power point tracking
technique is used to ensure that the maximum power has
been obtained from the PV panel.
 Battery

Utility Mains

DC/AC

AC Load
Isolating
Switch

Converter Controller
DC load
M2
L1 L2
D1 Rf1
100 m cable

R2 R3 R4
R1
M1
M3
C2
C1 C4
C3 Battery

PV PANEL 100 m cable

Fig.2 Single Line diagram of the DC System

III. DC SUBGRID DURING FAULT

A. MPPT CONTROL ALGORITHM
(PERTURBATION AND OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE)
Fig 3: MPPT Controller for PV Array.
In this model's P & O method, small perturbation is
applied periodically into the module voltage. With the
perturbation applied, power output is calculated
continuously and compared with the previous value. If an
increase in a solar panel's output power, perturbation is
continued in the same direction. Perturbation size should
be kept small so that the variation in the power is low.
This iteration is continued until the panel reaches its
maximum PowerPoint. The algorithm oscillates about its
maximum power point when it reaches a stable condition.
When the fluctuation in solar irradiance is significant, this
method is ineffective. The voltage fluctuates about the
maximum power point rather than reaching a precise
value (MPPT). The duty cycle of the dc chopper is
variable. As a result, the procedure is repeated until the
maximum point is attained. The PV array would have
distinct characteristic curves for varied irradiance and cell
temperatures. There is a maximum PowerPoint for each
curve. It is now that the converter receives the
corresponding maximum voltage. If a perturbation causes
the PV's output power to rise (drop), the next perturbation
is created in the same (opposite) direction.
Protection schemes developed for the DC system are not
suitable to protect the AC system as these schemes do not
consider the impact of disturbance by the AC system. In
fig 5, pole to pole fault occurs in dc side of the Microgrid.
If any fault occurs in AC (or DC) bus, the other DC (or
AC) subgrid is also affected due to the interlinking
converter. Interlinking converters are unable to handle the
fault on the dc side. When a fault occurs on the DC side,
the VSC capacitor discharges, supplying a large transient
current. After the capacitor is entirely drained, the charged
ac source and inductor contribute to the fault current
flowing via the semiconductor switch, allowing large
steady-state fault currents to be delivered from the AC
side to the point of failure. Because the semiconductor
switches are opened, the anti-parallel diode becomes the
current route, causing damage to the diodes. As a result,
before Vc is entirely drained, the dc fault must be
interrupted.
A. CALCULATION OF ENERGY PACKETS
The proposed protection algorithm calculates the energy
packets for fault detection. For illustration, the pole to
pole fault is considered at an instant t1 on the line segment
AB.
A LBf
B
IEDA2 IEDA1 Vf
RBf IEDB1
RAf LAf
IEDB2
C C
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit for the fault analysis

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 From the Fig4, the voltage VA at any time t will be Start
VA=VB+iA1RAB + LAB diA1/dt (1) Initialization
Where, iA1 =current sensed by IEDA1 K=0
N0
RAB , LAB = Equivalent resistance and inductance of
segment AB Sense of Vj and Ij
Now, Pole to Pole fault is considered at an instsnt t1
The voltage across bus A can be expressed as E kj =∑V(t) I(t)
VAf(t1)=Vf(t1) + IA1f(t1) RAf + LAf diAf1/dt (2) For each cyle of 0.2 sec
Where, VAF(t1) & IA1f(t1) = Sampled value of voltage and
current recognizes by IEDA1 during fault
Vf(t1)=Voltage at the faulted point Δ Ekj=Ekj(t)-Ekj(t-0.2)
RAf , LAf = Value of Resistance and inductance between
IEDA1 and faulted point N0
The difference between equation (1) and (2) , If Δ Ekj>Ethp
VAf (t1)- VA = Vf (t1) -VA + iA1f (t1) RAf - iA1RAB+LAf diAf1/dt
- LAB diA1/dt (3)
Where, VA=Pre fault voltage YES
VAf(t1)=Voltage during fault K=1
∆VA= Vf (t1) -VA + iA1f (t1) RAf - iA1RAB+LAf diAf1/dt
- LAB diA1/dt (4)
Where, ∆VA=Change in voltage at bus A during fault Send the Trip signal
to breaker
From (1),
∆iA = VA -VB + iA1RAB / LAB (5) Fig 5: Fault detection algorithm
∆EA = ∆VA ∆iA ∆t
Energy packets calculated for a time interval of 0.2 sec The remaining IEDs verify the status of the tripping level
E (t) = ∫ ∆VA ∆iA dt after waiting for a few predetermined intervals. IED
An index ∆Ekj is calculated as delivers the trip signal to cut off the defective portion
∆Ekj = ∆Ekj(t) - ∆Ekj(t-0.1) (6) from the healthy section if ∆E exceeds the threshold value
Ethp where Ethp and Eths are the main and secondary level
When this index exceeds the defined threshold fault in the threshold values, respectively.
system is detected.
A . Threshold Setting
IV. PROPOSED METHOD
The threshold for the proposed method is decided after
The fault detection method is based on the energy packets verifying the energy change for the different operating
calculated over a definite period. As the prime provide the conditions: loading level, operating modes, and fault. The
backup from the AC side and in the conventional grid pole-to-pole and pole-to-ground fault are simulated in
with 50 Hz system, the primary operates within 5 cycles. MATLAB/SIMULINK with different fault resistance, and
Failure of primary asks for the operation of backup, which locations and the change in energy are recorded.
comes after 0.1 seconds. For this reason, a period of 0.1 is Similarly, the irradiance of PV is also changed with
selected to provide the backup during reverse power flow, different loading conditions to compute the energy change
i.e., DC to AC side. It is observed that the fault current during different loading conditions. The per-unit change is
and its rate of change are affected by the circuit presented in the Table. 1 below. The maximum change
parameters during fault and the filter circuit parameters of observed is 1.2. hence considering the measurement
the DC circuit. Hence, in this scheme, both voltage and errors, the threshold is selected as 1.3. All backup
current data are utilized to derive the energy of a system, protection activates at a defined time delay of Ts, which is
and the energy packets are calculated for a particular decided before the relays are set. The process is similar to
period. The difference between the two consecutive the selection of the time setting multiplier in OCR.
energy packets is observed, and when it is greater than the
threshold, fault in line is detected. When a fault occurs in
the system, the SSR nearest to the faulty part activates TABLE I
Pickup Threshold Setting For Different Loading Condition
quickly, referred to as primary level Protection. There are
two layers of protection with this approach. The Loading ∆Ekj(J) €=∆Ekj / EF.L
secondary level provides the necessary protection for the level(pu.) (pu.)
rest portion. If main level protection fails to protect
against a fault during a fault, secondary level protection is 0.5 0.22 0.83
used. If the measured value ∆E of the SSR nearest to the
faulty segment exceeds the predetermined threshold value 1 0.27 1.03
Ethp, the related intelligent electronics device (IED) sends
a trip signal to the SSR, causing the faulty section to be 1.25 0.30 1.12
isolated. Secondary level protection steps in if the nearest
SSR is unable to detect a Fault. 1.50 0.32 1.2

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 E(t)-E(t-0.2) J
V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
10

The proposed model is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. 5

Eth

2015. The system components and parameters are given in

Table II. AC Subgrid is operating at 220V, and it is 0
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
connected to DC subgrid via a bidirectional converter. Time[sec]

Fig 6.d: Difference of consecutive energy packets for pole to pole

Pole to pole faults with 0.1 Ω, 0.6Ω, 10Ω resistance is fault .
introduced at t=1sec. Even though the simulation is
carried for several cases, few special cases are shown The proposed method is tested for pole-to-pole fault, and
below. The voltage, current, energy, and pu energy change the voltage and current collected at the DC bus are
are plotted for each case to validate the accuracy of the presented in Fig. 6.a by varying the fault resistance. The
proposed method. current waveform for this condition is also plotted in Fig.
TABLE II 6.b Using the voltage and current, the energy is collated and
RATING OF DC SUBGRID COMPONENTS
Inductors L1 , L2 1mH plotted in Fig.6.c. It can be observed from the figure that
when a fault occurs, the energy level increases suddenly.
capacitors C1 C2 C3 C4 500µf With this increment of energy, level fault can be detected by
resistors R1 R2 0.032Ω comparing the present and the previous value of energy
diodes D1 D2 D3 D4 packets, and the result is observed in Fig.6.d. The change in
MOSFETS M1 M2 M3 energy during fault helps detect the fault even with high
resistance .
Load resistance RL1 , RL2 100 Ω
BAT voltage 24V B. Performance With Noisy Signal :
cable resistances RC1, RC2 1Ω
50
B u s V o lta g e [V ]

40
A. Pole to Pole Fault 30
20
40
Rf = 0.1 Ohm
10
30 Rf= 10 Ohm
Bus voltage[V]

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

20
Time[sec]
10
Fig 7.a: Bus Voltage with input signal containing noise
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
Time[sec] 15
C u rre n t[A ]

Fig. 6.a : Bus voltage for different fault resistance 10

Rf=0.1 Ohm
15
Rf=10 Ohm
5
C u rre n t[A ]

10

0
5 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time[sec]
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2
. Fig 7.b: Current with input signal containing noise
Time[sec]
5
Fig 6.b : Currents for pole to pole fault
Energy Packets

6 Rf=0.1 ohm 3
2
RF=10 ohm
E (t)- E ( t- 0 .2 )

4 1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2 Time[sec]

0 Fig 7.c: Energy packets with noise introduced in input

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time[sec]
Fig 6.c: Energy Packets for pole to pole fault

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 4

E(t)-E(t-0.2)
E(t)-E(t-0.2)

0.4
2
0.3
1 0.2

0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Time[sec]
Fig 7.d: Difference between the consecutive energy packets.
The effect of noise on the proposed method is tested for a
pole-to-pole fault. The voltage and current signals
obtained are plotted in Fig.7.a and Fig.7.b, respectively.
During this condition, 3 dB noise is added to the signal.
Then the Energy is calculated using the voltage and
current of the relay, and the calculated Energy is plotted in
Fig.7.c. The change in Energy plotted in Fig.7.d reveals
that the fault is detected even the noise is present in the
signal.
C. Performance With Load Change:
Since the voltage and current are affected by the load
changes, it is obvious that the load change will affect the
performance of the proposed method. Hence the technique
is tested for different load change conditions. During these
changing load conditions, the voltage and current of the
relay are collected and plotted in Fig. 8.a and Fig.8.b. The
Energy computed is plotted in Fig. 8.c, and the change in
Energy is presented in Fig. 8.d. It can be observed in Fig
8.a that change in current magnitude is very less in
comparison to the fault; hence it will not trigger the relay
logic. Hence the proposed method is not affected by the
load change in the system.
Currents[A]
0.1
0.9 1 1.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time[sec]
Fig 8.d: Energy difference waveform during the load change condition
VI. CONCLUSIONS
A novel Energy-based fault detection scheme is proposed
for a hybrid Microgrid system which is reliable compared
to the current based fault detection schemes. The proposed
method is capable of detecting high resistance faults.
Sudden change in load is tested, and results reveal that the
method operates satisfactorily. The scheme's benefit is
that it can provide and obtain a higher level of selectivity
without using any physical communication link. The
proposed protection scheme is providing satisfactory
results with overloading conditions and noise introduced
in the system. Simulations carried for several operating
conditions reveals the proposed method provides better
security.
VII. Acknowledgement
We are thankful to SERB, India for providing funding for
the project titled "Development of novel protection
schemes for Hybrid micro grid", sanction order No,
SRG/2020/002302 to carry out the research work.
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