Chapter 4 [EE203]

Steady State Analysis

[Dr.F.MOUHOUCHE]
UMBB/IGEE/2020-2021

1 Introduction
• The analysis of a circuit with sinusoidal input in the steady state is simplified by
transforming all the components of the circuit to the phasor domain.
• Then, one can apply basic circuit laws and theorems to find the voltages and cur-
rents in phasors. The voltages and currents in phasors can be transformed into the
sinusoidal signals in the time domain.
• The difference between the analysis of the resistive circuits and the phasor trans-
formed circuits is that the component values and the voltages and currents are in
general complex quantities in the phasor-transformed circuits.
• The complex voltages and currents can be transformed into sinusoids in the time
domain from the magnitude and phase. The frequencies of the voltages and cur-
rents are the same as the frequency of the input signal.

2 dependent and independent source

• The independent source specifies that the magnitude of the source is independent
of the network to which it is applied and that the source displays its terminal
characteristics even if completely isolated.
• A dependent or controlled source is one whose magnitude is determined (or con-
trolled) by a current or voltage of the system in which it appears.

3 Source transformation
• When we are working with dc circuits, the analysis of a circuit is often simplied
by replacing the source (whether a voltage source or a current source) with its
equivalent.

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• The conversion of any ac source is similar to the method used in dc circuit analysis.
• A voltage source E in series with an impedance Z is equivalent to a current source
I having the same impedance Z in parallel.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Example : Convert the voltage sources in Figure below to current sources.

Solution :

• ZT = (5.6Ω + j8.2 + 2.2) = 7.8 + j8.2 = 11.32∠46.43◦

E 20∠20◦
• I= = = 1.7667∠ − 26.43◦ = 1.58 − j0.79
ZT 11.32∠46.43◦

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Example : Convert the voltage sources in Figure below to current sources.

Solution :

• ZT = (2kj5) + (−j5) = 1.72 − j4.31 = 4.64∠ − 68.2◦

E 60∠30◦
• I= = = 12.93∠98.2◦
ZT 4.64∠ − 68.2◦

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Example : Find the state expression for vo (t) in the circuit shown by using the
technique of source transformations. The sinusoidal voltage sources are
v1 = 240cos(4000t + 53.13◦ )
v2 = 96cos(4000t)

Solution :

• conver to phasor form:

Z1 = jωL = j × 4000 × 15 × 10−3 = j60Ω = 60∠90◦

Z2 = 30Ω
1
Z3 = −j = −60Ω = 60∠ − 90◦
ωC
Z4 = 20Ω
V1 = 240∠53.13◦
V2 = 96∠0◦

• we have:
V1 240∠53.13◦
I1 = = = 4∠ − 36.87◦ = 3.2 − j2.4
Z1 60∠90◦
V2 96∠0◦
I2 = = = 4.8
Z4 20
• I = I1 − I2 = −1.6 − j2.4
• Zt1 = (j60)k(30) = 24 + j12
Zt2 = (−j60)k(20) = 18 − j6
• current divider:
I × Zt2
I01 = = −1.1200 − j0.6400
Zt1 + Zt1
• Vo = I01 × Zt1 = −19.2000 − j28.8000 = 34.6133∠ − 56.3099◦
• vo (t) = 34.6133cos(4000t − 56.3099◦ )

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4 Mesh analysis
Mesh analysis allows us to determine each loop current within a circuit, regardless of
number of sources within the circuit.
The following steps of using mesh analysis:
• Convert all sinusoidal expressions into equivalent phasor notation.
• Redraw the given circuit, simplifying the given impedances wherever possible and
labelling the impedances (Z1 ,Z2 , etc.).
• Assign clockwise loop currents to each interior closed loop within a circuit.
• Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to each closed loop in the circuit,
• Solve the resulting simultaneous equations,and determine each mesh current.

Supermesh :occurs when current source is contained between two essential meshes.
This leads to one equation that incorporates two mesh currents .

Example :Use the mesh-current method to find the voltages V1 ,V2

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Solution :

• The circuit has three meshes and two sources(independent voltage and de-
pendent current controlled current source
• So we must write three mesh-current equations and a constraint equation.
• The reference direction for the mesh currents i1 ,i2 and i3 is clockwise,
• mesh 1: i1 = Is = 2∠0◦
• mesh 2 : (7)(I2 − I1 ) + (−j15)I2 + 5I3 = 0 ⇒ (7 − j15)i2 + 5i3 = 14∠0◦
with i2 − i3 = 0.5I1 and I1 = i1 − i2 = 2∠0◦
so: 1.5i2 − i3 = 1∠0◦
• Solving for i2 and i3 yields
i2 = 0.63 + j0.65
i3 = −0.05 + j0.98

• The two voltages are :

V1 = 4.43 + j4.58
V2 = 5 ∗ i3 = −0.02 + j4.91

5 Nodal analysis
Nodal analysis allows us to calculate all node voltages with respect to an arbitrary ref-
erence point in a circuit.
The following steps provide a simple format to apply nodal analysis.

• Convert all sinusoidal expressions into equivalent phasor notation. If necessary,

convert voltage sources into equivalent current sources.
• Redraw the given circuit, simplifying the given impedance.
• Select and label an appropriate reference node. Arbitrarily assign subscripted volt-
ages (V1 ,V2 , etc.)
• Apply Kirchhoffs current law to each of the nodes in the circuit.
• Solve the resulting simultaneous linear equations using substitution or determi-
nants.

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Supernode is where the voltage source (dependent or independent ) is connected be-

tween two non- reference nodes. .

Example : For the circuit shown in Figure , use nodal analysis to find the phasors
V1 ,V2 and V3

Solution :

V1 − V2 V 1 − V3
• node 1: + =2
3 −j10
1 1 1 1
( + j )V1 − V2 − j V3 = 0
3 10 3 10
V 2 V1 − V2 V 3 V1 − V3
• node 2: − + − =0
6 3 4 −j10
1 1 1 1 1
(− − j )V1 + V2 + ( + j )V3 = 0
3 10 2 4 10
• supernode:
V3 − V2 = 0.5Va = 0.5(V1 − V2 )
0.5V1 + 1.5V2 − V3 = 0
• Solving for V1 ,V2 and V3 yields
V1 = 8.92∠ − 3.95◦
V2 = 3.05∠4.96◦
V3 = 5.97∠ − 1.68◦

Example : Use the nodal analysis to find Vo and Io in the circuit seen in Figure
below

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Solution :

V1 V1
• node 1: + + 20Io = 0 with V1 = Vo ⇒ (2 + j4)Vo = −2000I0
50 −j25
V0 = (−200 + j400)Io
• we have:
Vo
V2 −
Io = 10 ⇒ V = (−20 + j65)I
2 o
j25
• node 2: (6 + j13) × 10−3 = V502 + Io = (0.6 + j1.3)Io
(6 + j13) × 10−3
Io = = 10∠0◦ mA
(0.6 + j1.3)
• V0 = (−200 + j400)Io = 4.47∠116.57◦