18.

100B Extra practice for the final exam

Not to be turned in, just for practice.

Problems.
1) Let M be a metric space and suppose there exists an ε > 0 such that the closure of Bε (p) ⊆ M
is compact for all p ∈ M. Show that M is complete.

2) Let E = {0} ∪ { n1 : n ∈ N}. Prove that E is compact using the definition (without using the
Heine-Borel theorem).

Warning: long problem. Let �2 be the set of all sequences of complex numbers (ai ) such that
3) �
|ai |2 < ∞. Define a metric d on X as follows:
�
�∞
��
d ((ai ) , (bi )) := � |ai − bi |2
i=1

Show that this d defines a metric on �2 . (Hint: Use Cauchy-Schwartz, don’t forget to show that
d ((ai ) , (bi )) < ∞ for (ai ) , (bi ) ∈ �2 .) Show moreover that X under this metric is complete. Is
the set B1 ((0)) compact?

4) Suppose that f : X → X is a continuous function satisfying |f (x) − f (y) | ≤ C|x − y|. Pick a
point x ∈ X and define a sequence (xn ) by x0 = x, xn+1 = f (xn ). Prove that (xn ) is a Cauchy
sequence. If the limit exists, say x = lim xn , show that it satisfies f (x) = x.

5) Let (fn ) be an increasing sequence of continuous and non-negative functions on R which converges
pointwise to a continuous limit function f . Assume that the following limit exists:
� b
lim lim fn (x) dx.
n→∞ b→∞ −b

a) Show that for any b > 0,

� b � b
f (x) dx = lim fn (x) dx
−b n→∞ −b

b) Show that the limit on the left exists and satifies

� b � b
lim f (x) dx ≤ lim lim fn (x) dx
b→∞ −b n→∞ b→∞ −b

c) Show that
� b � b
lim f (x) dx = lim lim fn (x) dx
b→∞ −b n→∞ b→∞ −b

sin x
for x ∈ − π2 , π2 .
� �
6) Define tan x = cos x
2

i) Show that tan (x) is monotonically increasing on − π2 , π2 . Conclude that the inverse func­
� �
tion, denoted arctan, exists.
ii) Show that arctan� (x) = 1+1x2 .
iii) Show that
∞
� x2n+1
arctan (x) = (−1)n
2n + 1
n=0
for |x| < 1. (Hint: First find a power series for arctan� (x))

iv) Show that arctan 1 = π4

v) Prove that

∞
π � 1
= (−1)n
4 2n + 1
n=0