Gender Studies
Gender Equity & Equality
Gender Equity
Process of being fair to women and men,
including using measures to compensate for
historical and social disadvantages that
prevent field.
Gender Equality
The state or condition that affords women
and men equal enjoyment of human rights,
socially valued goods, opportunities, and
resources.
Gender Integration & Mainstreaming
Gender Integration
Refers to stralegies applied in program
assessment, design, implementation, and
evaluation to take gender noms into
account and to compensate for gender-
based inequalities.
Gender Mainstreaming
The process of incorporating a gender
perspective into policies, strategies,
programs, project activities, and
administrative functions, as well as
institutional culture of an organization.
Women's Empowerment
Improving the status of women to enhance
their decision-making capacily at allevels.
especially health. as it relates to their
sexuality and reproductive
Constructive Male Engagement
Involves meninactively promoting gender
equity with regard to reproductive health,
increases men's support for women's
reproductive health and children's
wellbeing, and advances the reproductive
health ofboth men and women
Homophobia
Fear of, aversion to, or discrimination
against homosexuals or homosexual
behavior or cultures. Homophobia also
refers to the self-loathing homosexuals as
well as the fear of men who not live up to
society's standards of what it is to be a
"true man.
Heterosexism
The presumption that everyone is
heterosexual and or the belief that
heterosexual people are People. naturally
GENDER ANALYSIS OBJECTIVES
 To develop a basic understanding of
gender analysis and its benefits
 To become familiar with gender
analysis tools, approaches and data
What is Gender Analysis?
 Gender analysis draws on social
science methods to examine
relational differences in women's
and men'S and girls girls" and boys
◦ roles and identities
◦ needs and interests
◦ access to and exercise of power
and the impact of these differences in their
lives and health.
  Methodology for collecting and 4. Analyze the differential IMPACT of
processing information about programs or project interventions to
gender men and women
 Identify roles, needs, opportunities
of women and men Applying the 24 Hour Activity Profile
 Requires information - quantitative  Productive
and qualiative  Reproductive
Different Domains of Gender Analysis  Community work
 Leisure
Knowledge, beliefs, and perseptions

Access to assets GENDER ANALYSIS

Practices, roles and participation - tool for framing better, more effective
polocies
Legal rights and status
- understood before initiating new
Gender-based Opportunities -facilitate development project
Gender-Based Constraints- inhibit - may have unintended outcomes if not
BASIC CONCEPTS OF/AND TOOLS FOR carefully analyze
GENDER ANALYSIS COMMONLY REFERRED GENDER ANALYSIS
Level of gender analysis FRAMEWORKS

 Household and community level  The Harvard Analytical Framework

 Project or program (Gender Roles Framework)
 Organization or institution  Harvard Institute of International
Development , HIID
Gender analysis-planning flow  Efficiency Approach
 Adequate data collection at the
 Situation analysis Individual and Household level;
 Development and implimentation of agricultural and rural sector
strategy  Data is collected on activities of
 GAD goals and targets (gender men and women
equality and woman's  Identified as either reproductive
empowerment) or productive type
 Access to and control over
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
resources and income
1. Surface the diffential situation  Data is collected in 3
2. Identify the differential ROLES AND components- activity profile;
RESPONSIBILITY access and control profile;
3. Analyze the differential ACCESS TO influencing factors
RESOURCES  Makes M-W work visible
  The Moser Gender Planning
Framework
 At the heart of the Moser
Framework are three concepts.
Moser Tool 1:Women's triple
role
Moser Tool 2: Gender Needs
Assessment (Practical and
Strategic)
Moser Tool 3: Disaggregating
control of resources and decision
making within the household
 The Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM)
 Rani Parker (1990s)
 GAM Tool 1-GAM involves four
levels of society
The 4 categories appearing
vertically on the matrix are
women,
men,
household,
community
 GAM Tool 2- GAM looks at the
imapct on 4 areas
labour,
Time,
Resources,
Socio-cultural factors
 The Women's Empowerment
Framework (WEF)
 Explain;
 the historical perspectives of
gender development (WID,
WAD, GAD)
 the concepts of gender
 how gender issues are
addressed in a projects.
 how to carry out gender
analysis
 Enhanced Gender Mainstreaming
Evaluation Framework
Important to know:
 No single framework addresses all
development problems.
 Each model was developed at a
particular point in time.
 Consultants could use one model or
combination of models/ methods
depending on the situation in hand.
GENDER PLANNING
- refers to the process of planning and
designing the implementation phase of
policies, programs, or projects from a
gender perspective.
- Mainstreaming a gender perspective into
policies, programs and projects requires
that both women's and men's needs are
taken into consideration at all stages of the
policy cycle.
◦-Gender planning stems from the
recognition that different groups of
women and men have different needs,
different levels of access and control over
resources, and different opportunities and
constraints.
- Gender planning pays particular attention
to unequal gender relations and structural
inequalities. It aims to transform unequal
gender relations in diferent policy areas by
responding to the needs of women and
men and through a more even distribution
of resources, actions, responsibilities and
power.
- Gender planning is a method and a
concept that emerged as a result of the
inability to address gender inequalities
with existing planning models and
processes. It has its origins in
transformative models of social and human
development, which in turn emerged to
inform international development model
based mostly on maximizing economic
growth and increasing productivity
Feminist critiques showed that these
models not only failed to be gender neutral
but, by ignoring women's gender needs and
gender relations, had negatively affected
women in unexpected ways.
Why is gender planningimportant?
◦ Introducing a gender perspective into
planning of policies, programs, and projects
enables women's and men's needs to be
made visible and to be addressed. The
inclusion of a gender perspective in the
planning process enables policymakers to
understand gender inequalities when
planning an intervention, thereby avoiding
erpetuating them during the
implementation of policy, programs or
project, and achieving better results.
How does gender planning work?
◦ Step I. Defining the problem
agenda of decision-makers and the
intervention problemis defined.
Through a gender analysis, the needs,
roles, resources, opportunities of women
and men and the constraints for public
intervention in the respective area
identified.
Step 2. Defining the
poliey/program/project
This step inchudes the framing of the
intervention approach, based on previous
analysis, and the identification of a set of
altemative solutions. The framing of the
approach implies deciding what gender-
aware approch wil be most suitable for the
policy intervention at stake.
+ Adoptinga gender-aware approach is
diferent from simply including women as
an'ad-on'.This genderapproach can bea
gcnder-mainstreaming approach, which
aims tobemefitwomem andmen equally, or
agender-specific approach, which takes into
accounthe gender difterences that emerge
during the problem definition and that
target (a particular group of) women or
men specificaly.
 This step also assesses how the
proposed solutions il affect women
and men by carrying out a gender
impact assessment of the various
solutions. Finally, gender- specific
objectives are identified.
Step 3. Legitimacy and Operational Design
During this stage a detailed definition of the
inler vention andis organizational and
delivery design is formulated, In this slage,
decision-makers identify the outcomes of
the intervention, the actions to be taken in
order toachieve the outcomes, the parners
and their roles and the neesary
budget,along with the deliveryof
procedures, timing and organizational
structure
- Decision-makers thould also identify asess
the specifie gender indicators outcomes of
the intervention for both women and men,
disaggregated by specific target groups and
taking acount of how gender intersects with
age, ethnicity, education, (dis)ability, among
other factors.
It is also important to address the issue of
the reprsentation of women and men.
When designing a policy, a program or a
project, specific attention should be paid to
ensuring gender balance in the composition
of the team , the presence of staff with
knowledge and experience with gender
issues and the provision of gender equality
training for staff and partners involved in
the intervention.
- A gender evaluation should be planned at
this stage to monitor and evaluate the
relevance and effectiveness of the
intervention from a gender point of view.
Gender Budgeting may be used to ensure
the adequate reflection of both women's
and men's neds in the alocation of
resources for the intervention measures.
Ensuring a gender participatory approach
The potential of gender planning to
challange gender social roles and the
unequal distribution of resources and
power willbe greater if individuals and
groups potentially affected by the respecive
intervention are involved, and if their
participation is taken into account of in
other stages of the policy cycle, such as
monioring and evaluation.
The adoption of a gender participatory
appoach to genderplanning:
Makes it posible to identify the problems,.
needs and expeclations of the women and
men whoselives willbe directly affected by
the policy:
Allows for a better understanding of how
genderelatesto the content of policy
makers.
In Nutshell..
Gender planning can be applied in diferent
fields, from agriculture and rural
development to culture, employment and
health,
Gender planning can also be applied to
different types of interventions: policies,
programs and projects.
UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
prodaims that all human beings are born
free and equalin dignity and nights...
eveyone is entiled to all the nighs wihout
distinction of any kind includling sex..
United Nations Convention on the
Elimination of all forms of Discrimination
Against Women (UNCEDAW)-Adopted by
the UN General
Assembly on December 19, 1979
'International Billof Rights for Women"
"Discrimination AgainstWomen"
includes any distinction, exclusion or
restriction made on the basis of sex that
affects the women's enjoyment of human
rights, irespective of their marital status, on
equal basis with men, in political, economic,
social, cultural, civil or any other field.
(Article 1)
Principle of State Obligation
State Parties are bound to meet its
obligations as stipulated by CEDAW thru:
‣End allformsof discrimination against
women by taking all appropriate measures;
‣Incorporate the principle of equality in the
legal system, abolish discriminatory laws
and adopt laws promoting gender equality;
>Establish institutions to ensure effective
protection of women against any act of
discrimimnation including the elimination of
all acts of discrimination against women by
individuals or organizations.
"An employer employee manager,
supervisor agent of the employer reacher,
instructor, professor, coach trainer or any
other person who, having authority,
influence or moral ascendancy over another
in a work or training of education
environment, demands requests or requires
any sexual favor from the other, regardless
of whether the demand request of
requirement is accepted.

1987 Philippine Constitution, Article I,

Section 14
WORK-RELATED OR EMPLOYMENT
"The State recognizes the role of women in ENVIRONMENT
nation-building and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of - The acts would impair the employee's
women and men” rights or privileges under existing labor
laws; or
Republic Act No. 7192 "Women in
Development and Nation Building Act - The above acts would result in an
intimidating, hostile, or offensive
Women of legal age, regardless of environment for the employee.
civilstatus, shall have the capacity to act and
enter into contracts which shall be equal to Rebublic Act No. 8353
that of men:
"The Anti-Rape Law of 1997"
 borrow and secure loans under the
same terms as men; Rape by sexual intercourse
 equal acces to all government and Rape by sexual assult
private sector programs;
 equal right to act as incorporators; Republic Act No. 9208
 equal membership in socio, civic
and recreational clubs; "Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003"
 admission to Military school (AFP, R.A. NO.6725
PNP)
 voluntary PAG-IBIG, GSIS, SSS (AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE
Covereage. PROHIBITION ON DISCRIMINATION
AGAINST WOMEN WITH RESPECT TO
лі 1877 " Anti-5extent Republic Actхо, TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF
EMPLOYMENT)
HARASSMENT ACTOR 3995"
This law declares as unlawful for any
Work Education on Training -related Sexual
employer to discriminate against any
Harassment is committed when
woman employe with respect i to erms and
conditions of employment solely on account
of her sex.
RA No. 7322
(An Ad Inereasing Maternily Benefits of
Women in Private Sector)
Matemity benefit equivalent to 100% of her
present basic salary, allowances and other
benefits or the cash equivalent of such
benefits for sixty (60) days.
R.A. No. 8972
(Solo Parent Act)
Benefits ot Solo Parents:
a Flexible work schedule.
b. Not to be discriminaled in terms of
employment.
c. Parental leave.
d. Education benefits.
R.A. No. 9710
(Magma Carta of Women)
Duties of the State to the Human Rights of
Women
Refrain from discriminating against women
and violating their rights,
Protect women against discrimination and
from violation of their rights by, private
corporations, entities, and individuals; and
Promote and fulfill the rights of women in
all spheres, including their righls to
substantive discrimination.
Women's Rights and Empowerment
 Equal Treatment Before the Law.
 Equal Aicess an d Elimtination of
Discrimination in Scholarships, and
Training. Education,
 Appropriate revision of curricula
 Enrollment of women in
nontraditional skills training in
vocational and tertiary levels shall
been couraged.
 Expulsion and non-readmision of
women faculy due to pregnancy
outside of marriage shallbe
outlawed.
 No school shall turn out or refuse
admission to a female student solely
on the account of her having
contracted pregnancy outside of
mariage.
 Womnen in Sports.
Schools, colleges, universities, o any
other other learning institution shall
take into acount its into women
sudent population in granting athleti
scholarship.
There shall be a pro mal
represenlation of women in the
athlete scholarship program based
on the percentage of women in the
whole student population.
Posible Research Aren: Review of
sports policy of schools and its
conformance with Section 14 of
Magna Carta of Women.
 Women in the Military.
 Nondiscriminatory and
Nonderogatory Portrayal of Women
in Media and Film,
 Women's Right to Health.
 Special Leave Bemefits for Women.
pay based on her gross monthly
compensation following surgery
caused by gynecological disorders.
  Possivle Research Area: Penalties for Violation of Magna Carta of
 Awareness of women employees Women
about this right. Statistis of Women
who availed of this privilege.  Imposition of sanctions under
Administrative law, civil service law
Rights and Empowerment of Women in and other appropriate laws.
Marginalized Sector  Payment of damages in cases of
violation commilted by private
 Food Security and Productive individual or entities.
Resources.
 Right to Housing. Republic Act No. 9262
 Right to Decent Work.
"Aniti-Violence Against Women and Their
 Livelihood Credit, Capital, an Right
Children Act of 2004"
Technology.
 Right to Educatiou aud Training. refers to any act or a series of acts
 Right to Representation and commited by any person against a woman
Participation. who is his wife, former wife, or against a
 Rights and Empowerment of woman with whom the person has or had a
 Women in Marginalized Sector sexual or dating relationship, which result in
 Right to Information. or is lkely to resultin physical, sexual,
 Recognition and Preservation of psychological harm or suffering, or
Cultural Identity and Integrity. economic abuse including threats of such
 Peace and Development. acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment
Increase the number of women or arbitrary deprivation of liberty.
participating in discussions and
decision-making in the peace
process, indluding membership in
peace panels recognizing women's
ole n conltict- prevention and peace-
making and in indigenous system f
conllict resolution.
 Women in Especially Dificult
Kinds of Violence Against Women
Circumstances.
Women in Especial Diffcult Physical
Circumstances" (WEDC) shall refer
tlo victims and survivors of sexual Sexual
and physical abouse, legal
Psycholagical
recruitment, proastitution traffcking,
armed conlict, women in detention, Economic
victims and survivors of rape and
incest, and such other related Battery: Battered Woman Syndrome
circumstances which have
Protection Order
incapacitated them functionally.
issued under R.A. No. 9262
Kinds of Protection Orders

Permanent Protection Order

Temporary Protection Order

Barangay Protection Order

VAW is a PUBLIC OFFENSE

VAW shalbe considered a public offense

which may be prosecuted upon the filing of
a complainzat by any citizen having
personal knowledge of the circumstances.

ENTITLEMENT TO LEAVE

VAW victims shall be entitled to take a paid

leave of absence up to 10 days in adition to
other paid leaves under the Labor Code and
CSC Rules and Regulations