Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) seeds and Malunggay (Morinnga Oliefera) Leaves as an

Alternative Marker
Cruz, Charlene S.
Pasardoza, Paul Christian O.
Rogero, Julia Ann B.
Saguion, Yhazmine C.
Villasana, Charlemagne F.
First City Providential College
Senior High School Department

Abstract.This study explores the possibility of Alugbati and Malunggay as natural, environmentally-friendly replacement markers for a range of applications. In a
number of disciplines, including environmental science and agriculture, synthetic markers have been utilized. Its use, however, raises questions about the possible harm
they could do to the environment and to people's health. It has become vital to look for sustainable and natural identifiers. Two typical Philippine plants, alugbati and
malunggay, have been used for a variety of things, including traditional medicine and sustenance. In this study, their potential as substitute markers is investigated.In the
study, pigments from Alugbati and Malunggay are extracted and used in a variety of disciplines, including plant biology and the evaluation of water quality. The
findings demonstrate that the pigments that were isolated from these two plants may, respectively, effectively mark plant tissues and signal changes in water quality
indicators. Natural markers like Alugbati and Malunggay can potentially lessen the harm that synthetic markers do to the ecosystem and offer a more affordable option
for scientific research. The potential of Alugbati and Malunggay as sustainable and natural markers in numerous sectors is highlighted by this study's findings. This
alternative marker can encourage the use of natural resources in scientific study and help to build eco friendly methods. The results of this study can open up new
avenues for investigation into the use of locally accessible plant materials for a range of scientific and technological applications.

Keywords: Alugbati seeds (malabar spinach), Malunggay leaves (moringa oliefera), Paper and Ink testing, Natural ink, Marker

1. Introduction
Alugbati is recommended for making ink because it has a high anthocyanin concentration; fruit extracts from this plant have a good possibility of turning into ink.
Natural resources, such as ink for writing, can be exploited to fulfill daily needs. Fruit sources are less frequent, but they can also be employed to produce usable ink.
Plant leaves, flower petals, and tree bark are among traditional ink sources. Moringa and its derivatives are widely used in agriculture, using moringa as a crop enhancer
is a practical and sustainable way to boost agricultural productivity, this low- cost productivity boost could aid in meeting some of the food needs in some parts of the
world given the rising rates of poverty and the expanding population of the planet, one of the moringa’s most notable traits is its exceptional biological and nutritional
features, which can be used as a portion of green food, animal feed, and medicine.
This study is anchored on the theoretical support of the Theory of Plant Pigments. Plant pigments are primarily the coloring agents found in the plastids or in the cell sap
(as water soluble forms or water-insoluble forms). Normally, plastidial pigments are in charge of photosynthesis, whereas cell sap pigments are in charge of coloring
various plant organs and floral components. Cell sap pigments can be easily isolated using either boiling water or alcohol. In contrast, plastidial pigments are extracted
using solvents like acetone, petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform, and alcohol.
Our research's objective was to find products that could be utilized to replace specific items, but we didn't discover this until lately. This study's objective is to look into,
find, and test additional, less harmful chemicals that could replace marker ink. Compared to the current market's most widely used product, this is substantially safer.
The fact that the goal of our research was to find things that could be utilized to replace specific things in a cost-effective way that something we only recently realized.
Additionally, as safety is the foremost concern in every experimental study, it needs to be made safer, particularly for children. Even though the experiments we will do
are designed to minimize hazards, they nevertheless contain hazardous ingredients, so mishaps are still possible. We, also use the Paper and ink testing to to ensure that
the experiment we are conducting will not be ineffective.

Statement of the Problem

This study has the main purpose of formulation especially, this investigation endavours to answer the following sub-problems:

1. Is there a significance difference between commercially sold (HBW) ink and malubatink interms of pigmentation:

a. Drying time

b. Erasability

2. Is there a difference in the cost effectiveness between commercially sold (HBW) and malubatink?

3. Is there a difference in the cost effectiveness between commercially sold (HBW) and malubatink?

2. Methodology

Research Design

The Experimental Group has a three trials. To measure the effectiveness of the Malubatink, we researches used three testing techniques and we used some statistical
tools. The first trial is we tried to add more color additive to the solution to increase the amount of pigment in malubatink, therefore we combined everything, we added
more water, and then boiled to the mixture for five minutes. The second trial we conducted based on our observation that our two independent variables the alugbati
seeds and malunggay leaves were primarily utilized the extract to create an malubatink marker. When the refillable marker is dried and the malunggay and slugbati are
crushed in a mortar and pestle, the color is already becoming more apparent and the marker is turning into an ink marker. When the third trial we attempt to combining
the two independent variables and putting them to a blender and we compared to the HBW Office Marker, interms of pigmentation, drying time and erasability. All set-
up of trials we're same procedure and methods that we used in conducting this study. Three set-ups we're conducted since this is a research project, then our plan of
action is also include the methodology, such as the formula, data and application based in our three set-ups of trials.

Research Method Used

The methodology section of this research tackles the procedures that were done to assess the Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) seeds and Malunggay (Moringa
Oliefera) leaves as a Marker. In this study, we researchers developed an alternative marker which is called "Malubatink" using our two independent variables. The
methodology used by Pauser (2018) we employed the procedure and method to analyze the Malubatink's performance compare to the HBW Office Marker, and we also
tested the ink's flow, thickness, and dry appearance after generating it. We, researcher, after gathering the required information, we total, tabulate, and analyze the
information with the aid of statistical tools to come up with our conclusions about the study based on our information through our observation in the tables. Also, we
used tables to collect, the present of primary data. Then we also used the comparative sampling that was utilized as the statistical method since this study will compare
two or more groups to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of a certain variable.

Data Gathering Procedure

The purpose of this experimenting is to know what is better between Malunggay (Moringa oliefera) leaf extract and Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) for the quality and the
pigmentation of an alternative marker. We used four tablespoon of Malunggay (Moringa oliefera) leaf extract and same amount with the Alugbati (Malabar Spinach)
and then we added one teaspoon of color additive in both mixture. We boiled it within five minutes until the mixture is already done.

Statistical Treatment of Data -

We used t-test, a t-test compares the means of two groups and calculates a t-value, which represents the difference between the means of the two groups
relative to the variation within each group. The t-value is compared to a critical value from a t-distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the sample size
minus 1. If the calculated t-value is greater than the critical value, then we reject the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference
between the means of the two groups.

3. Results
1. Is there a significance difference on the cost effectiveness between leaves to tion of
commercially sold ink snd malubatink? darken the their
(Figur ink, and the leaves.
Table 1. Quality Testing e 3) malunggay
leaves helps
MALUBATINK TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 to give
Pigmentation 10g 12g 11g thickness of
Drying Time 5min 6min 4min the natural
Erasability 3g 4g 3.5g ink.

2. What is the quality of making this alternative marker using

Malunggay leaf extract and Alugbati seeds? 3. What are the possible application of this ink base on the equally it posses?
Table 2: Application testing Table 3: Affordability Testing

TI DATE PICTURE OBSERVATI INFERENCE TIM DAT PICTURES OBSERVAT INFERENCE

ME S ON E E ION
Based on our It was Our Based on
April observation determined April experimen the
12, in our that the 12, tation in Experimen
2023 experimentat alugbati 2023 our first tation trial,
ion, we put seeds give trial, The the
the a dark observatio alugbati
malunggay color to the n that we seeds
leaves and ink, while have than utilized
alugbati the is failed and
(Figur seeds in malunggay because provide
e 1) mixing bowl leaves we used more color
then we make the more color than the
mixed them ink thicker. additive malungga
using pestle. Alugbati and y leaves.
After a few seeds give instead of The used
minutes, we a darker alugbati of
check it color seed we malungga
again to see because used its y leaves
if the leaves of their leaves and more
5 and seeds dark malunggay thanthe
: had been pigmentat leaves alugbati
0 mixed. After ion. seeds is
0 a few Malungg not
(Figur minutes we ay leaves suitable
m e 2) saw and make a because
i observed thicker the seeds
n that the ink is more
s alugbati because effective
. seeds helps of the than
better than thicker malungga
malunggay pigmenta y leaves.

4. Conclusion

1. For an ink marker to be deemed effective, it consists three testing, the first testing is a color additive was added to the solution to increase the
amount of pigment, therefore the finding was not significant because there were not enough alugbati leaves to produce enough pigment. The
effectiveness of the Alugbati seeds and malunggay leaves as an alternative ink marker we used malunggay and alugbati leaves as well as
 additional color additives for the paper and ink test. We combined everything, added more water, and then boiled the mixture for five minutes.
2. The second test was conducted based on the observation that, after a short period of time, Malunggay leaves and Alugbati seeds were primarily
utilized in the extract to create an ink marker. Ink that is in good condition can now be seen in the container after one minute. But in terms of
pigmentation, alugbati is better than malunggay because we can clearly see how the color is, while malunggay is cheaper but of lower quality, it
would appear from the observation that after a few minutes. When the refillable marker is dried and the malunggay and alugbati are crushed in a
mortar and pestle, the color is already becoming more apparent and the marker is turning into an ink marker.
3. The third testing we also tried combining them and putting them in the blender based on our observation and experimenting. We checked the
seeds and leaves again after a short while to make sure they had been crushed, and after five minutes we discovered that the alugbati seeds
worked better than the malunggay leaves since the malunggay leaves were used to thicken and darken the ink.
4. We researchers use observational data to draw conclusions about our study after gathering the necessary data. However, this data can also be
used as an abrasive. As natural inks are in high demand, they may be more cost-effective than inks made commercially. Natural inks are also
extremely widely available since they are easy to use, affordable, and have been proved to be beneficial in minimizing the effects of ozone layer
depletion and global warming.
5. To ascertain whether the null hypothesis will be accepted or rejected, the obtained data from the affordability, quality, and application testing
procedures were merged with the control group. Despite the fact that our experiments are meant to be risk free, they still contain potentially
harmful components, so accidents are still possible. Additionally, we make use of the paper and ink testing to guarantee that the experiment we
are carrying out will not fail.

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