I.

OBJECTIVES

1. To verify Ohms Law for AC circuit.

2. To determine the response of single element (Purely Resistive, Purely Inductive, and
Purely Capacitive) on AC circuit.
3. To compare the measured impedance to the value arrived at, through calculation in
order to establish a concrete conclusion about this.

II. THEORY
When an electrical energy is supplied to a circuit element, it will respond in one or more
of the following three ways;
1. If the energy is consumed then the circuit element is a pure RESISTOR.
2. If energy is stored in a magnetic field, the element is a pure INDUCTOR.
3. If the energy is stored in an electric field, the element is a pure CAPACITOR.
A practical circuit device exhibits more than one of the above and perhaps all three at the
same time but may be predominant.
Each circuit element opposes the flow of current that causes different responses and this
opposition is called impedance which is usually denoted by Z, expressed in Ohms (Ω).
The impedance of the circuit must tell two important facts:
1. The ratio of Vm to Im or Vrms to Irms
and
2. Phase angle between voltage and current.
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑚
hence 𝑍 = < ±0𝛺 or 𝑍 = < ±0𝛺
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑚

if θ is + → current lags the voltage

if θ is − → current leads the voltage
Resistance (R) – current is in phase with voltage
𝑣
𝑍= Ohms law
𝑖

𝑍 = 𝑅 < 0° → polar form of complex quantity

𝑍 = 𝑅′ → rectangular form of complex quantity
Inductance (L) – current lags the voltage by 90°
𝑣
𝑍 = 𝑖 = 𝑋𝐿 < 90° Ω → polar form

𝑍 = 𝑗𝑋𝐿 Ω → rectangular form

Where, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 → inductive reactance, choking effect
𝑓 = frequency in hz
𝐿 = inductance in henry
Capacitance (C) – current leads the voltage by 90°
𝑣
𝑍 = = 𝑋𝐿 < −90° Ω → polar form
𝑖

𝑍 = −𝑗𝑋𝐿 Ω → rectangular form

1
𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 → capacitive reactance

𝐶 = capacitance in farad.
III. INSTRUMENTS AND COMPONENTS

1 Variac or Multi-tapped step down x-former

1 AC Ammeter
1 AC Voltmeter
Resistive load RL module
Inductive load IL module
Capacitive load CL module
Connecting wires

IV. PROCEDURES

A. Resistive Load
1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 3-1. Place your resistance switches so that the
total resistance is successively 60 Ω ohms and 90 Ω ohms.
 2. Turn on the power supply and adjust for 60 volts (For a step down x- former use
the highest voltage available) as indicated by the AC voltmeter across R L.
3. Measure Iac with RL = 60 Ω and with RL = 90 Ω. Record your Iac Iac
measurements in Table 3-1.
4. Return the voltage to zero and turn-off the power supply.
Table 3-1

RL= Z 𝑬𝒂𝒄 𝑰𝒂𝒄 𝑬𝑨𝒄 %Diff.

= 𝑹 𝑳 ′ = 𝒁′
𝑰𝑨𝒄
60 Ω 59.999V 1A 59.999 Ω 0.17%

90 Ω 59.999V 0.667A 89.954 Ω 0.05%

5. Compute for the percentage difference of RL value indicated on the module to the
RL value obtained from the voltmeter – ammeter readings.

B. Capacitive Load
1. Repeat all the procedures with RL replaced by a capacitor C and record all the
data in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2

Z = 𝑿𝒄 𝑬𝒂𝒄 𝑰𝒂𝒄 𝑬𝒂𝒄 %Diff.

𝒁′ = = 𝑿𝒄 ′
𝑰𝒂𝒄
21.0 µ𝐹 59.999V 0.473A 126.848 Ω 0.42%

24.5 µ𝐹 59.999V 0.556A 107.912 Ω 0.33%

Note: Make a parallel combination of capacitors to obtain the required value of C.

 C. Inductive Load
1. Repeat all the procedures in A with RL replaced by an inductor L.
Record all the data in Table 3-3.
Table 3-3

Z = 𝑿𝑳 𝑬𝒂𝒄 𝑰𝒂𝒄 𝑬𝒂𝒄 %Diff.

𝒁′ = 𝑿′𝟐 =
𝑰𝒂𝒄
0.33 H 60V 0.481A 124.740 Ω 0.03%

0.29 H 60V 0.546V 109.890 Ω 0.40%

Note: Make a parallel combination of inductors to obtain the required value of L.

Simulation:
a. Resistive Load

For 60-Ω Variable Resistor

 For 90-Ω Variable Resistor

b. Capacitive Load

For 21.0 µ𝐹

For 24.5 µ𝐹
 c. Inductive Load
For 0.29 H

For 0.33 H

V. COMPUTATION
a. Resistive Load
For 60 ohms

𝐸𝐴𝑐 59.999
𝑅𝐿′ = = = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 Ω
𝐼𝐴𝑐 1
For 90 ohms
𝐸𝐴𝑐 59.999
𝑅𝐿′ = = = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝟒 Ω
𝐼𝐴𝑐 0.667
% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
For 60 ohms
|59.999−60|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100% = 0.17%
60

For 90 ohms
|89.954−90|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100% = 0.05%
90

b. Capacitive load

For 21.0 µ𝐹
𝐸𝑎𝑐 59.999
𝑋𝑐′ = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟒𝟖Ω
𝐼𝑎𝑐 0.473

For 24.5 µ𝐹
𝐸𝑎𝑐 59.999
𝑋𝑐′ = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝟐Ω
𝐼𝑎𝑐 0.556

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
*Since the theoretical value is in Farad, XC or the theoretical value will be
converted into resistance.
For 21.0 µ𝐹
1 1
𝑋𝐶 = = = 126.313Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋(60)(21.0µ𝐹)
|126.848−126.313|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100% = 0.42%
126.313

For 24.5 µ𝐹
1 1
𝑋𝐶 = = = 108.269Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2𝜋(60)(24.5µ𝐹)
|107.912−108.269|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100% = 0.33%
108.269

c. Inductive load

For 0.33 H
𝐸𝑎𝑐 60
𝑋2′ = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟒𝟎 Ω
𝐼𝑎𝑐 0.481
 For 0.29 H
𝐸𝑎𝑐 60
𝑋2′ = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟎Ω
𝐼𝑎𝑐 0.481

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
*Since the theoretical value is in Lenz, XC or the theoretical value will be
converted into resistance.
For 0.33 H
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(0.33) = 124.407
|124.740−124.407|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100% = 0.03%
124.407

For 0.29 H
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(0.29) = 109.327
|108.890−109.327|
%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = × 100% = 0.40%
109.327

AC Sweep
To prove, Resistance (R) – current is in phase with voltage
To prove Capacitance (C) – current leads the voltage by 90°

To prove Inductance (L) – current lags the voltage by 90°

VI. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

In this experiment, ammeters and voltmeters were used to calculate the measured
equivalent voltage and ampere in the provided schematic circuit, and the measured
impedance can also be calculated via Ohm's law. The experimental and theoretical values
were compared in the next section, and it was discovered that both data are approximately
equal, showing that there is only a negligible difference in the decimal point. In terms of
the percent difference, the theoretical value for the capacitor and inductor was obtained
using the formula for inductive and capacitive reactance and then computed with the
experimental value, yielding a low percent error.

The circuit was subsequently changed by the addition of a voltage probe to study
the voltage and current behavior using an AC sweep analysis simulation to confirm the idea
that if a resistor is employed, the current will be in phase with the voltage. When using an
inductor, current lags the voltage by 90°, but when using a capacitor, current leads the
voltage by 90°.

VII. CONCLUSION

The experiment was conducted through the application Multisim wherein the
voltage and current were measured using ammeters and voltmeters via Interactive
simulation. The results for both values are then utilized to determine the experimental
impedance, which has a value that is about equivalent to the theoretical one, verifying the
theory that Ohm’s law is applicable in AC circuits.

The response of each individual element (resistor, inductor, and capacitor) was also
evaluated using AC Sweep Analysis, which produced a graph demonstrating that the
current of every purely resistive component is in phase with voltage. While every
completely inductive component causes current to lag behind voltage by 90°, every purely
capacitive component causes current to lead voltage by 90°.

Lastly, the theoretical impedance of the capacitor and inductor was determined
using the formula for inductive and capacitive reactance, which was then used with the
experimental impedance to compute for the percentage difference. This computation
produced a low percentage difference, pertaining that the experiment done precisely and
accurately.
VIII. QUESTIONS AND PROBLEM
1. Show that the impedance Z
a. For purely resistive is 𝑍 = 𝑅 < 0°
Ans:
𝐸𝐴𝑐 59.999𝑉
𝑍= = = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝛀
𝐼𝐴𝑐 1𝐴
𝑍 = 𝑅∠0° = 𝑅 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝛀
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑦, 𝑹 = 𝟔𝟎𝛀 ≈ 𝟓𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝛀

b. For purely inductive is

𝑍 = 𝑋𝐿 < 90° Ω
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝑍 = 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 𝑗2𝜋(60𝐻𝑧)(0.33𝐿) = 124.407∠90°Ω = 𝐣𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝛀

c. For purely capacitive is

𝑣
𝑍 = = 𝑋𝐿 < −90° Ω
𝑖
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
1 1
𝑍 = −𝑗𝑋𝐶 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = 𝑗2𝜋(60𝐻𝑧)(24.5𝜇𝐹) = −𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝛀

2. Sketch the waveforms of voltage and current for conditions of a, b, and c on problem
number 1.