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THE EFFECTS OF COLORED LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON PECHAY'S (Brassica Rapa Subsp. Chinensis) GROWTH
THE EFFECTS OF COLORED LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON PECHAY'S (Brassica Rapa Subsp. Chinensis) GROWTH
THE EFFECTS OF COLORED LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON PECHAY'S (Brassica Rapa Subsp. Chinensis) GROWTH
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Artificial farming that uses minimal space are being perfected such as
those that utilizes artificial lights to provide plants with the nutrients and light
sources. The fast technological progress of LEDs due to their extensive usage
2012).
Plants require light not only as a source of energy, but also as a source of
nutrition. A morphological signal is a key signal that plays a major part in plant
growth, including the production of cell molecules and gene expression, during
the duration of a plant's growth. Each light spectrum has a unique color and has
of different effects. Plants use visible light's distinct colors to govern different
parts of their growth. Different wavelengths of light can cause or prevent plant
development and flowering. (H. Thelier et al., 2016). Plant responses to the light
in which they are grown have a complex impact on their growth and
2
Pechay is a plant that belongs to the family brassica and has been a
traditional food of the Filipinos and is a crop that is in demand not only in the
Philippine markets but even in other countries (NC Altoveros et. al, 2007).
Further, it also contains fiber that is good for the digestive system, maintains
healthy blood sugar and cholesterol levels, and keeps the blood pressure in
There have been several research studies on the effects of light emitting
pechay’s growth.
The study was conducted to determine the different effects of using three
different types of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), such as red, blue, and green with
continuous watering and natural light only with continuous watering, on the
morphology of the pechay. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following
questions:
a) Height;
c) Weight.
a) Height;
c) Weight.
current agricultural studies but also recommended areas for future research as
well as some guidelines for the research's nature. It may also benefit farmers by
may also serve as a guide to how light can be used to improve agricultural
production.
Pechay has an advantage in its planting time and a wide surface area of
leaves that are easy to observe when it comes to its growth. Considering the fact
that the germination, leaf formation, budding, flowering, and seed development
4
can be observed in a few weeks rather than months by providing ideal (albeit
The study is only limited to the pechay's growth performance under the
three different colors of light emitting diodes (LEDs) with continuous watering (5
mL) and the experimentation was undergo within 30 days only; the data was
collected every six (6) days in a month. The study was also aimed to determine
the effects of pechay's growth exposed to different LEDs based only on the
following parameters: height, number of leaves, and total weight of the plant.
Definition of Terms
In order to fully understand this study, the following terms are defined
operationally:
Artificial farming - natural farming method is used in the study to determine the
significance difference between the LED treatment and natural light treatment.
Height of the Pechay – refers to the pechay's height from stem to leaves.
Light Emitting Diodes -a semiconductor light source that emits light when
current flows through it, that is used as an alternative to sunlight for the study.
Number of Leaves – refers to the total number of leaves on the pechay plant.
5
Pechay - is a vegetable plant in the mustard family that has been the subject of
this study.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Studies
Growth of Pechay
stage. Ovate leaves are spirally organized and spread out. The petioles enlarge
and form a subcylindrical bundle as they grow erect. A raceme of pale yellow
flowers forms the inflorescence. Seeds are reddish to blackish brown in hue and
1 mm in diameter. Pechay has several soft, thin, light green ovate leaves that
range in size from broad to rectangular. These are spirally arranged and spread
out. It's a leafy green vegetable high in calcium and other minerals (Jeminez E.F
et al). A study conducted using different levels of compost fertilizer, the control
group, or using pure garden soil shows that the number of leaves of a harvested
mature pechay plant has a mean of 5.17 and a mean of 12.93 grams in terms of
method for cultivation. When it comes to leafy vegetables that don't take long to
grow, seedling care is very important because it takes up more than half of the
total production time. pechay seedlings, including direct sowing, seed box, and
seedling tray, under two farming systems in Bohol, Leyte, and Samar provinces
of the southern Philippines. Studies were undertaken in each province, and the
7
resulting data was compiled. Protected cultivation has a marginally positive effect
on plant survival, root properties, and yield, except in Bohol, where plants grown
evidenced by low survival and production in Bohol and Leyte, the unfavorable
approach was seed box, while in Samar it was direct sowing. Leyte generated
the largest production of pechay per unit area among the three southern
et al., 2017).
One of the first studies done dealing with LEDs, or Light Emitting Diodes,
as a light source for plants was by the researchers at the University of Wisconsin.
It was reported that growth of lettuce plants under red LEDs supplemented with
blue fluorescent (BF) lamps was equivalent to that under cool-white fluorescent
lamps (Massa, 2008). A study showed that hypocotyls and cotyledons of lettuce
seedlings under red (660nm) LED’s became elongated, but that effect could be
prevented by adding at least 15% of blue light. These findings inspired continued
development of LED lighting systems for small plant growth chambers that flew
several times aboard NASA’s Space Shuttle (Barta et al., 1992) and which were
used to grow wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaf
cuttings (Croxdale et al., 1997), Arabidopsis thaliana (Stankovic et al., 2002), and
soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr] (Zhou, 2002). The potential of LED’s for
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of strawberry (Fragaria xananassa L.) leaves with red (660nm) LED’s, red LED’s
plus BF, red LED’s plus far-red (FR, 735nm) LED’s, and metal halide (HM) lamps
advantages of using LEDs in plant growth systems. More recent studies have
shown that rice plants grown under a combination of red (660nm) and blue
(470nm) LEDs sustained higher leaf photosynthetic rates than leaves from plants
grown under red LEDs only, because it is attributed that blue light has higher
nitrogen content than the blue light-supplemented plants (Matsuda et al., 2008).
when exposed to various color combinations of light. They compared red (660
nm) LEDs with FR (735 nm) LEDs or BF lamps to metal halide (MH) controls with
the same PPF. Their findings suggested that leaf thickness and chloroplast
quantity per cell were far more dependent on the amount of blue light than on the
red: FR ratio. Without added blue, treatments had the smallest leaf cross-
the impact of various LED light qualities, including 100% red, 100% blue, 70%
red plus 30% blue, and 100% white, on the photosynthesis, and phytochemical
method of planting. It was stated that fresh mass per plant was crucially higher
when it was grown under 100% blue and 70% red + 30% blue LEDs compared to
the other environments, including greenhouse conditions and the normal method
plants grown under 70% red and 30% blue LEDs compared to those grown in the
greenhouse. Plants that are exposed to LED lighting had higher photosynthesis
due to the direct effect of LED light and lower stress conditions in the growth
in lettuce produced under LED light is not fully known, the findings of the study
revealed that LED light might be used to improve the development of lettuce in
and high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. The tomato hybrid ‘Raissa F1’
without supplemental LEDs, L2- 380nm, L3: 520nm, L4- 595nm, L5- 622nm. As a
result, such LEDs lights can be used in modules for tomato transplant cultivation,
which is critical for their quality. The growth of tomato transplants was not aided
by additional orange (622 nm), yellow (595 nm), or green (520) light. In the later
stages of tomato transplant growth, the favourable effect of additional UV and the
Wavelength
investigated throughout a spectrum of wavelengths. Blue and red light are more
noticed a considerable stimulation of opening and a smaller one in red light (680
m, ur). Green (560 m, uf) and yellow (580m, uf) had substantially smaller
interference filters, this equipment allows for a far more extensive inspection. In
red and blue light, the stomata opened, whereas in green light, they stayed
closed.
11
Related Literature
lowering of nitrate levels in plants that accumulate the most nitrate and, more
importantly, in plants that are consumed the most globally. While some research
has been conducted on the relationship between the nitrate content of leaves
and the quality of fluorescent lamps (e.g., Ohashi et al., 2007; Seifu, 2017), and
on the decrease of nitrate reductase in produce grown in the dark (Riens and
Walter, 1992), relatively few studies have been conducted on the quality of LED
LED systems can provide diverse light spectra for horticultural output. To
light is typically utilized. Numerous studies have established the beneficial impact
lettuce, radish, and spinach (Yorio et al., 2001). In fruit production, Samouliene et
al., (2010) using more blue light led in larger strawberries with more sugar
production, Kaiser et al., (2019) said that the increase in blue light percentage to
an optimum, the tomato with varied ratios of blue light (0, 6, 12, and 24 percent,
coupled with red light) with sunshine as the background, which resulted in an
12
increase in total biomass and fruit number (12 percent ). Although the importance
species and genotype. There were inter- and intraspecific differences with
cultivars as blue and ultraviolet-A light levels increased, which they attributed to
genotype differences. Based on a variety of tests, the best spectra in sweet basil
and Childers, 2008) observed the greatest growth rate of strawberry plants under
34% blue light. Besides, the growth rate of rapeseed increased with a higher blue
Naznin et al., (2016), studied the effect of R/B ratio on lettuce, spinach,
kale, basil, and pepper, and found that more blue light combined with red light is
Has been methodically grown to generate a plant with a very short life
cycle (30-45 days). Germination, leaf development, budding, flowering, and seed
Conceptual Paradigm
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
PLANT 1
PLANT 2
PLANT 3
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
PLANT 4
RED LED
PLANT 5
GREEN LED
PLANT 6
BLUE LED
CONTROL GROUP
The figure shows the conceptual paradigm of the study. There are three
group. In independent variable, where the input is consists of red LED, green
LED, and blue LED treatments. On the other side the dependent variable, the
process being used is through experimentation, and statistical tools that were
used such as the mean and standard deviation, and two-way ANOVA. The intput
is the plant 1, plant 2, plant 3, plant 4, plant 5, and plant 6. Moreover, the last
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The study implements the experimental design. This design was used
since the main purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of using different
LED colors on the growth of pechay. Factual observation was performed by the
researchers.
Research Materials
The materials used in this study are the following: plastic container, tissue
(4 layers), pechay seeds (1 pack), plastic pots (15 pcs), garden trowel, shovel,
aluminium foil, spray bottle, card board box (3 pcs), electrical tape, LEDs (3
bulbs, 1 bulb per colour: red, blue, and green, electrical wire (5m), soldering iron,
lead wire, glue gun, stick glue, styrofoam, socket (3 pcs), extension wire, male
Germination
seven (7) days on the germination box consisting of seed bed made from tissue
paper.
15
Three boxes made of card board measuring 12x10x52cm ( 6240 cm3), with
internal walls covered with aluminium foil and a square measuring 18cm on one
side of each box were cut, except the upper part, as it acted as the hinge of the
Wirings
glued to the top interior. On the top of each box, a hole is created where the wire
The three (3) boxes were aligned horizontally with the window facing in one
direction while the wires were connected in a series circuit connection, and each
Transplanting
The tissue paper was removed from the germination box together with the
pot filled with loam soil. In each compartment, six (6) pots were placed with a 2
Light treatment
After planting, the pots were placed in the compartments (6240cm3) with
1.5 watts LED bulbs. The bulbs were placed into their respective compartments
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which are; red, blue, and green. The plants were subjected to continuous light for
12 hours per day for only 30 days with a daily continuous watering (5 mL).
The researchers used the mean and standard deviation to identify the
(ANOVA) for the experimental group that consists of LED color such as red, blue,
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mean and Standard Deviation on the pechay's growth performance under
the three different colors of light emitting diodes (LEDs); red, green and blue and
the control. The significance levels for the difference in pechay growth
performance between the experimental and control groups in terms of height,
number of leaves, and weight were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (ANOVA for
MS Excel, version 3.34). Significant differences from reference treatment are
denoted as “significant” at P should be less than 0.05 to be significant
Table 1 above presents the mean and the standard deviation of pechay’s
growth performance in terms of its height.
Data shows that green, blue, and red light treatments, the mean height
(cm) of peachy are 15.27 (SD 1.71), 13.13 (SD 0.79), and 5.65 (SD 6.24)
respectively. The control group has a mean height (cm) of 12.97 (SD 2.32). This
shows that the green light treatment is actually higher than the other
experimental treatments and the control group. The red light treatment is the
lowest in terms of height.
Table 2 above present the mean and the standard deviation of pechay’s growth
performance in terms of its number of leaves.
Data shows that green, blue, and red light treatments, the mean number
of leaves (pcs) of peachy are 6.76 (SD 0.55), 5.50 (SD 0.41), and 2.83 (SD 0.52)
respectively. The control group has a mean number of leaves (pcs) of 6.17 (SD
3.13). This shows that the green light treatment is actually higher than the other
experimental treatments and the control group. The red light treatment is the
lowest in terms of number of leaves.
Table 3 above present the mean and the standard deviation of pechay’s growth
performance in terms of its weight.
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Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The study was conducted during the academic year 2021–2022. The
objective of the study was to determine the average growth of pechay plants
under different colored light emitting diodes (LEDs) and the significant
differences between the control group and the experimental group, in terms of
the height, number of leaves, and weight of the plants. Three (3) compartments
were made for the experimental group, which are red light treatment (T1), green
light treatment (T2), and blue light treatment (T3) and one (1) compartment for
the control group (T0). Each compartment of the experimental group, as well as
the control group, consists of six (6) pots.
The result shows T0 versus T2, and T0 versus T3 are not significant in
terms of their height. T0 vs. T1, T1 vs. T2, T1 vs. T3, and T2 vs. T3 are all
significant. In terms of the number of leaves, T0 vs. T2, and T1 vs. T3 are not
significant, while T0 versus T1, T0 versus T3, T1 versus T2, and T2 versus T3
are significant. In terms of weight, T0 versus T2, T0 versus T3, and T2 versus T3
are not significant. Moreover, T0 versus T1, T1 versus T2, and T1 versus T3 are
significant.
Conclusion
Based on the data gathered, the researchers concluded that green light
treatment has greater effect on the growth of pechay compared to other
experimental treatment and control group.
Recommendation
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APPENDICES
29
Materials
Pre-Germination
Compartments
30
Transplanting
Harvesting
Consultations
34
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Educational Attainment
Elementary: Mapayag Elementary School
Secondary: Datu Odin Sinsuat Educational and Development Foundation Inc.
Senior High School: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Integrated
Laboratory Science High School Senior High School Department
35
Personal Data
Educational Attainment
Elementary: Dalican Pilot Elementary School
Secondary: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Integrated Laboratory
Science High School
Senior High School: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Integrated
Laboratory Science High School Senior High School Department.
36
Personal Data
Educational Attainment
Elementary: Dalican Pilot Elementary School
Secondary: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao Integrated Laboratory
Science High School.
Senior High School: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Integrated
Laboratory Science High School Senior High School Department.
37
Personal Data
Educational Attainment
Elementary: Hadji Ali Baganian Memorial School Inc.
Secondary: Hadji Ali Baganian Memorial School Inc
Senior High School: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Integrated
Laboratory Science High School Senior High School Department.
38
Personal Data
Educational Attainment
Elementary: Benolen Elementary School
Secondary: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao Integrated Laboratory
Science High School.
Senior High School: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Integrated
Laboratory Science High School Senior High School Department.
39
Personal Data
Educational Attainment
Elementary: Shariff Aguak Central Elementary School
Secondary: The Notre Dame of Esperanza Incorporated
Senior High School: Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Integrated
Laboratory Science High School Senior High School Department