ART APPRECIATION - It refers to any activity that expresses

aesthetic ideas by the use of skills and

BS PSYCHOLOGY 1- 4
imagination in the creation of objects.
Ma’am Rai

ART IN MEDIEVAL LATIN

UNIT 1: Art History: Introduction and
Assumption
LESSON 1: Introduction and Assumption
WHAT IS HUMANITIES?
HUMANITIES
- It came from the Latin word “Humanus”
which means refined, cultured and human.
- It deals with the study of man’s quest for
answers to the fundamental questions he
asks about life and about himself.
- It is through the study of humanities and
that one learns what is it to be human.
- It also deals with man’s emotions,
feelings, thoughts, ideas, sentiments and
experiences.
- Any special form of book-learning such
as; Grammar, Logic, Magic or Astrology.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
- Word reacquired a meaning that inherent
in its ancient form of craft.
17th CENTURY
- When a problem and idea of aesthetic
study of beauty began to unfold districtly
from the motion of the technical
workmanship.
18th CENTURY
- Arts distinguish between

IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITIES
1. Man gains an understanding of himself.
2. Man understands his natures.
3. Man is provided with a measure of his
own passion and desire.
4. Man develops to be a complete and social FINE ARTS
man.
- More of aesthetic values
5. Man’s behavior is regulated.
- It considers the factors of 5 senses

WHAT IS ART: INTRODUCTION AND

UTILITARIAN ART
ASSUMPTIONS
- If we create an art for utilization
Ex. Architectural designs & Utility Vehicle
ART
- It is something that is perennially around
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF ART
us.
- Comes the ancient Latin word “Ars” 1. Art is universal.
which means a “craft or specialized form 2. Art involves experience.
of skill” 3. Art is not nature
4. Art is everywhere.
 5. Art is man’s oldest means of expression. - Hence, imagination produces art, art also
6. Art is expression and communication. inspires imagination.

LESSON 2: Art Appreciation: Creativity,

Imagination and Expression
ART AS EXPRESSION
- It takes an artist to make art.
- There may have been times when you felt
- One may perceive beauty on a daily basis.
something is going on within you, your try
- However, not every beautiful thing that
to explain it but you do not know how.
can be seen or experienced may truly be
- Finally, you try to release yourself from
called a work of art.
this tormenting and disabling state by
- Art is product of man’s creativity,
doing something, which is called
imagination and expression.
expressing oneself.
- An emotion will remain unknown to a man
until he expresses it.
- Through expressions, he is able to explore
THE ROLE OF CREATIVITY IN ART his own emotions and at the same time,
MAKING create something beautiful out of them.
- Expressing emotions is something
 Creativity requires thinking outside the
different from describing emotions.
box.
- Description actually destroys the idea of
 We say something is done creatively when
expression, as it classifies the emotion,
we have not yet seen anything like it or
making it ordinary and predictable.
when it is out of the ordinary.
- Expression, on the other hand,
 A creative artist does not simply copy or
individualizes.
imitate another artist’s work.
- An artist has the freedom to express
 He embraces originality, puts his own
himself in the way he wants to.
flavor into his work, and calls it his own
- This makes people’s art not a reflection of
creative piece.
what is outside or external to them, but a
reflection of their inner selves.

ART AS A PRODUCT OF IMAGINATION

IMAGINATION AS A PRODUCT OF ART WAYS OF EXPRESSING ONESELF
THROUGH ART.

Where do you think famous writers, painters,

musicians get their ideas? VISUAL ARTS

- It all starts in the human mind. It all begins - Those that appeal the sense of sight.
with imagination.
FILM
- Imagination is more important than
knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all - Refers to the art of putting together
we know and understand, while successions of still images in order to
imagination embraces the entire world. create an illusion of movement.
- Through imagination, one is able to craft
PERFORMANCE ART
something new and something better.
- Artists use their imagination that gives - It is a live art and the artist’s medium is
birth to reality through creation. mainly the human body which he or she
 uses to perform, but also employs other - Architecture
kind of art such as visual art, props, or - Dance
sounds. - Literary Art
- Theater
- Applied Arts
POETRY PERFORMANCE
LESSON 3: Functions and Philosophical
- It is an art from where the artist expresses Perspectives on Art
his emotions through words.
ARCHITECTURE
FUNCTIONAL ART
- The making of beautiful buildings.
- Refers to art that we use in our daily lives
- However, not all buildings are beautiful.
such as;
Some buildings only embody the
functionality they need but are not Tools
beautifully expressed.
Architectural Structures
- Buildings should embody these three
important elements – Plan, Construction, Roads
and Design – if they wish to merit the title
Bridges
architecture.
Buildings
DANCE
Furniture
- It is a series of movements that follows the
rhythm of the music accompaniment. Kitchen Utensils
LITERARY ART Coins
- Artist who practices literary arts use words Bills
to express themselves and communicate
emotions to the readers.
- It focuses on writing using unique style, INDIRECTLY FUNCTIONAL ART
not following a specific format or norm.
- Refers to arts that are “perceived through
THEATER the senses” such as;
- Uses live performers to present accounts Fine Arts
or imaginary events before live audience.
Painting
APPLIED ARTS
Music
- Artist in this field bring beauty, charm and
Sculpture
comfort into many things that are useful in
everyday life. (Industrial design, Interior Dance
design, Fashion design).
Literary piece
Theatrical performance
WAYS OF EXPRESSING ONESELF
THROUGH ART.
- Visual Arts FUNTIONS OF ARTS
- Films
1. Personal Function- Depends on the viewer
- Performance Art
or the artist who created the art.
- Poetry Performance
 2. Social Function- Addresses a particular
collective interest.
3. Physical Function- Art that fulfills and
satisfy man’s need.
OTHER FUNCTION OF ART
4. Aesthetic Function- When it becomes
instrumental for a man to be cognizant of
the beauty of nature and where the real
feelings of joy and appreciation to nature’s
beauty are manifested through
appreciation and enjoyment when in
contact with the artwork.
5. Cultural Function- Serves as an aperture
towards skills, knowledge, attitudes,
customs, and traditions of different groups
of people.
6. Political Function- Campaign art;
politician promoting political agenda.
7. Religious Function- Almost all forms of
art evolved from religion.
8. Economic Function- People believe it does
not pay to be an artist.
PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ART
ART AS AN IMITATION
- According to Plato, Artist are imitators and
art is just a mere imitation.
- The things in this world are only copies of
the original, the eternal and the true
entities that can be found in the world of
forms.
The theory of forms or theory of ideas is Plato’s
argument that non-physical forms represent the
most accurate reality.
FORM
- Is an objective “Blueprint” of perfection.
The forms are perfect themselves because
they are unchanging.
Plato was deeply suspicious of arts and artist for 2
reasons:
1. They appeal to the emotions rather than to
the rational faculty of men.
2. They imitate rather than lead one to
reality.
Socrates just like Plato claimed that art is just an
imitation of imitation.
For Plato, art is dangerous because it provides a
petty replacement for the real entities that can be
only attained through reasons.
ART AS A REPRESENTATION
- Aristotle, Plato’s most important student in
philosophy, agreed with his teacher that art
is form of imitation.
- However, in contrast to his mentor’s
disgust, Aristotle conceived of art as
representing possible versions of reality.
- For Aristotle, all kind of art do not aim to
represent reality as it is but to provide a
vision of what might be or the many
possibilities in reality.
ART AS DISINTERESTED JUDGEMENTS
- Immanuel Kant considered the judgement
of beauty the cornerstone of art, as
something that can be universal despite its
subjectivity: and therefore, art is innately
autonomous from specific interest.
- For Kant, every human being, after
perception and the free play of his
faculties, should recognize the beauty that
is inherent in a work of art.
- This is the kind of universality that a
judgement of beauty is assumed by Kant to
have.
ART AS COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION
- According to Leo Tolstoy, art place a huge
role in communication to its audience
 emotions that the artist previously 1. NATURE – this subject deals with
experienced. environment- the natural world.
- Tolstoy is fighting for the social dimension
of art. This means that art serves as a
mechanism of cohesion for everyone.

UNIT 2: Subject and Content

LESSON 1: Subject and Content
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A WORK OF ART
1. SUBJECT – Refers to the visual focus of
the image that may be extracted from
examining the artwork.
2. CONTENT- The meaning that is
communicated by the artist or the artwork.
3. FORM – Is how elements and the medium
or material are put together.
2. ANIMALS – This is another kind of
subject that is commonly used in any art
forms, not only it is prevalent today but
also during the Medieval period when
early Christians used animal symbols such
as peacock and fish to indentify
themselves as Christian believers. E.g.
“Swallowtail Butterfly” by Irma Lacorte.

*In simpler term, the subject is the “what”, the

content is the “why” and the form is the “how”

SUBJECT IN ART
- Generally, refers to the thing, object,
person, landscape, event, etc. depicted by 3. PORTRAIT OR HUMAN FIGURES – A
artist in his/her artwork. whole human figure or just a part of it.
- Through the subject, the audience will be E.g. “Self Portrait” by Fernando
informed of what the work is all about. Amorsolo.
- An artwork that has subject is classified as
a REPRESENTATIONAL ART.

REPRESENTATIONAL ART
- It is also known as objective art because
you can easily objectify the subject.
- On the other hand, it is also known as non-
objective art because it doesn’t represent
anything.
e.g. “Hut” Colored Pencil on paper, 2011 by Rey
Bollozos, Davao City
4. HISTORY AND LEGENDS – This
subject is inspired by history or legend.
KINDS AND SOURCES OF SUBJECT Historical event are real stories while
legends are just Imaginary.
 E.g. “Bust of Rizal” by Guillermo
Tolentino.
5. STILL LIFE – refers to inanimating
objects either in a form of drawing,
painting, photograph. E.g. “Orange Still
Life” by Carola Ann- Margret Forsberg.
6. RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY –
Religious or mythological art as a kind of
art is usually done by an insider artist or a
devoted member of a religious group.
E.g “Kristo y Kristos” by Augie
Fontanilla.
7. DREAMS AND FANTASIES – it refers
to subjects that are inspired by the
Subconscious mind.
E.g “Tools” by Bong Perez
CONTENT IN ART
Why is artwork created in the first place?
- When this question is asked, we are after
the meaning or message that is expressed
or communicated by the artwork.
Level of Maning to be Considered:
1. FACTUAL MEANING – Maybe extracted
from the identifiable or recognizable forms
in the artwork and understanding how
these elements relate to one another.
2. CONVENTIONAL MEANING – pertains
to the acknowledged interpretation of the
artwork using motifs, signs, symbols and
other cyphers as bases of its meaning.
3. SUBJECTIVE MEANING – a variety of
meaning may arise when a particular work
of art is read.
MEANING
- It depends on what the viewers know,
what they learned, what they experienced
and the value they stand for.
- It is therefore expected that meaning may
not be singular, rather may communicate
multiple meanings to the viewers.
LESSON 2: ARTISTS AND THE ARTISANS - These are the materials which are used by
an artist to interpret his feelings or
What makes and artist different from an artisan?
thoughts.
ARTIST - Many mediums are use in creating
different works of art.
- Is an art practitioner such as painter,
sculptor, choreographer, dancer, musician, TECHNIQUE (Artist)
etc. who produces or creates indirectly
- Is the manner in which artist controls his
functional arts with aesthetic value using
medium to achieve the desired effect.
imagination.
- It has something to do with the way he
manipulates his medium to express his
idea.
ARTISAN
- Is a craftsman, such as carpenter, carver,
plumber, blacksmith, weaver, embroider, THE VISUAL ARTS
etc. who produces directly functional
VISUAL ARTS
and/or decorative arts.
- Are those mediums that can be seen and
which occupy space.
PEOPLE IN THE ART WORLD
CURATOR
PAINTING
- Typically affiliated with museums and
- Art of creating meaningful effects on flat
galleries and has ability to research and
surface by the use of pigments.
write, as an arbiter of design and layout
- Painter uses pigments on woods or canvas.
and decides for the display and hanging of
materials for exhibition.
BUYERS AND COLLECTORS MATERIALS USED IN PAINTING
- Are often considered as one and the same. 1. Watercolor
- Nevertheless, buyers are those who asses 2. Gouache
and survey the artwork and oversee the 3. Fresco
sale on behalf of the collector. 4. Tempera
- This happens if the latter wants to keep his 5. Pastel
identity hidden or maybe if he’s too busy. 6. Encaustic
7. Oil
ART DEALERS
8. Acrylic
- Are those in charge in the distribution and
circulation of those artworks through
WATERCOLOR
varied means such as direct sales, through
galleries or by auction. - It is difficult to handle because it is
difficult to produce warm and rich tones
but it invites brilliance and variety of hues.
MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES
GOUACHE
MEDIUM
- An opaque watercolor painting the major
- Is the mode of expression in which the effects of which are caused by the paper
concept, idea or message is conveyed. itself.
 - Pencil leads are graded in different degrees
of hardness or softness.
FRESCO
- Pigments are mixed with water and
applied on a wet plaster. PEN AND INK
TEMPERA - One of the oldest mediums still in use.
- Offers great variety of qualities, depending
- Pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg
on the tools and techniques used in
white.
application.
PASTEL
India Ink – Comes in liquid form; Favorite
- A stick or dried paste made of pigment medium of comic strip illustrators and cartoonists.
round with chalk and compounded with
BISTRE
gum water.
- Brown pigment extracted from the soot of
ENCAUSTIC
wood.
- Used by Egyptians for painted portrait on
CRAYONS
mummy cases.
- It is done by painting with wax colors - Pigments bound by wax and compressed
fixed with heat. into painted sticks.
CHARCOAL
OIL
- Carbonaceous materials obtained by
- Oil painting is the one of the most heating woord or organic substances in the
expensive art activities of today because of absence of oxygen.
the materials.
SILVERPOINT
- Pigments are mixed with linseed oil and
applied to canvas. - Silver stylus that produces a thin grayish
line.
ACRYLIC
- The medium used today by the modern
painters and the only thinner used is water. SCULPTURE
SCULPTURE
DRAWING - The art of making two or three
dimensional representation by means of
MATERIALS USED IN DRAWING
carving, casting, modeling and fabrication.
1. Pencil
2. Pen and Ink
3. Bistre MATERIALS USED IN SCULPTURE
4. Crayons
1. Stone
5. Charcoal
2. Ivory
6. Silverpoint
3. Metal
4. Plaster
PENCIL 5. Clay
6. Glass
- Most common medium in drawing.
7. Wood
8. Terra Cotta
STONE CARVING
- Hard and brittle substance formed from - Involves cutting or chipping away a shape
mineral and earth material. from a mass of stone, wood or other hard
materials.
IVORY
- Comes from the tusk of elephants, the hard
white substance used to make carving and MODELING
billiard balls.
- Built using an armature and then shaped to
METAL create a form.
- Can be cast, cut, drilled, filled, bent, CASTING
forged and stamped.
- Reproducing the form from an original
PLASTER clay or wax model.
- Composed of lime, sand, and water. ASSEMBLING / FABRICATION
- Used extensively in making mannequins,
- Putting together of different materials to
models, molds, architectural decoration
create and assembled sculpture.
and other indoor sculptures,
E.g. “GENERAL MARIANA” by Josephine
Turalba
CLAY
- Possesses little strength or intention or
compression and requires an armature for
support. “ARCHITECTURE”
GLASS ARCHITECTURE
- Medium that is hard, brittle, more or less - The art of designing a building and
transparent substances produced by fusion. supervising its construction.
- A shelter to serve as protection of all
WOOD
activities of men.
- Easier to carve than any mediums
available.
- They are lighter and softer to carve despite MATERIALS USED IN ARCHITERTURE
of having greater tensile strength.
1. Rock Materials
TERRA COTTA 2. Metal Materials
3. Organic Materials
- A brownish red clay that has been baked
4. Hybrid Materials
and used for making pots and small
5. Synthetic Materials
statues.

LESSON 3: AWARDS AND CITATION

BASIC SCULPTURE TECHNIQUES
AWARDS AND CITATION
1. Carving
2. Modeling - In history, support for the arts and culture
3. Casting is not limited to allocation of funding or
4. Assembling / Fabrication patronship.
 - The artists were given incentives and
honor for their work through state-initiated
and given awards and citations,
4. A state funeral and burial at the Libingan
ng mga Bayani.
5. A place of honor designated area during
national state functions, along with the
recognition or acknowledgement at
cultural events.

2 MAJOR AWARDS GIVEN TO PHILIPPINE

ARTISTS
1. Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
(Order of National Artists)
2. Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National
Living Treasures Award
ORDEN OF NATIONAL ARTISTS
- Is the highest National recognition given
to Filipino individuals who have made
significant contributions to
development of the Philippines arts.
- Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts,
Literature, Film, Architecture.
- Jointly administered by the “National
Commission for Culture and the Arts”
(NCCA) and the “Cultural Center of the
Philippines” (CCP) and conferred by the
president of the Philippines upon
recommendation by both institutions.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
- The first recipient of Orden of National
Artists.
- In the 1972
- National Artist for Visual Arts
INCENTIVES AND PRIVILEGES
1. The rank and title
2. Medallion or Insignia and Citation
3. Cash awards and a host of benefits
(Monthly life pension, medical and
hospitalization and life insurance
coverage)
GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN
(GAMABA) / NATIONAL LIVING
TREASURES AWARD
- Conducts the search for the finest
traditional artists of the land whose
distinctive skills have reach a high level of
technical and artistic excellence and have
been passed on to and widely practice by
the present generation in his community.
the
- Weaving, carving, graphic and plastic arts,
textile, pottery and other artistic
expressions of traditional culture.
- Created in 1992 under RA # 7355 by
NCCA.
GAMABA AWARDEES
1. Darhata Sawabi
2. Uwang Ahadas
3. Frederico Caballero
4. Ginaw
5. Masino Intaray
6. Samaon Sulaiman
INCENTIVES AND PRIVILEGES
1. A specially designed gold medallion.
2. An initial grant of 100,000 php and a
10,000 php monthly stipend for life (later
increase to 14, 000 php).
3. Maximum cumulative amount of 750,000
php medical and hospitalization benefits.
4. Funeral assistance amd tribute fir for a
national living treasure.
 In viewing picture, our eye movement is
controlled significantly by a large measure of line
directions.
1. Horizontal Directions – Represents
serenity, calmness, and stability.
2. Diagonal Directions – identifies
movement, motion and instability.
3. Vertical Directions – represents strength,
power and poise.
LESSON 4: ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLE OF
ART
ELEMENTS SHAPE AND FORM

- Necessary preconditions for the creation of - These two are related to each other in the
art. sense that they define the space occupied
- Must be emphasized, however, that all by the object of art.
works of art require all elements to be - Shape refers to two dimensions: Height
present. and Width.
- Forms refers to three dimensions: Height,
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
width and depth.
- The artist employs various visual qualities
SHAPES (and Forms)
in creating a work of art.
1. LINE - Are described according to its fundamental
2. SHAPE sources.
3. FORM
NATURAL
4. TEXTURE
5. VALUE ABSTRACT
6. COLOR
GEOMETRIC
7. SPACE
LINE
NATURAL/ ORGANIC SHAPE
- It is prolongation of a point or the path of a
moving point. - Is an obvious popular source since it
- It defines the edges of shapes and forms. objectively represents the physical or
- It is said to be the most universal, material world.
primitive and the easiest means of creating - Are shape directly identified with the
an art. natural environment.
TYPES OF LINE
1. Straight Lines – when the line maintains in ABSTRACT SHAPE
one direction.
- Are fundamental shapes that are
2. Angular Lines – when the line’s direction
objectified coming from an idea, emotion,
gradually changes.
or experience.
3. Curved Lines – When the movement of the
- A thought processed shaped where it
line changes abruptly.
solicits further understanding likewise
appreciation of the articulated or
emphasized idea.
 - May be sourced from nature and from the
artist’s hand through proactive
GEOMETRIC SHAPE
metamorphosis.
- Are identified by the use of any - As such, texture will be treated more as
geometrical figures such as cubes, spheres, decorative rather than a surface
cones, etc. representation.
- It is classified in two-dimensional and
three-dimensional forms.

TEXTURE
- This refers to the feel or tactile quality of
the surface of an object.
TYPES OF TEXTURE VALUE
1. Actual Texture - (Light & Dark) is the relative degree of
2. Simulated Texture lightness and darkness in graphic work of
3. Invented Texture art or painting.
In the application of value, one must determine
ACTUAL TEXTURE the source of the light. If the light comes from the
left, the left part of the object is seen light, while
- These are artworks that are intended to be the right side seen dark.
touched.
- These are artworks that make use of the
“Impasto Technique” CHIAROSCURO
- An Italian term for light and shadow.

SIMULATED TEXTURE
- Most common texture employed in visual
arts.
- As per observation, the works exhibit an
evident appreciation of tactility as the VOLUME / SOLIDITY
process moves from one texture detail to
- The characteristic of an object that has
another.
mass and weight.
- The presence of value creates the sense of
solidity and weight.

INVENTED TEXTURE
 SHARP AND DIMINISHING DETAIL
- In focusing on a near object which yields
sharp and clear detail while the rest that
surrounds it tends to be blurred and
lacking definition.

WARM COLORS
SPACE
- Are on one side of the color wheel and
- It exists as an “Illusion” in the graphic or
they give the feeling of warmth.
two-dimensional visual arts but in
- Red, Orange, and Yellow are color of Fire.
sculpture it is actually present.
COOL COLORS
- Are on the other side of the color wheel
Spatial Illusion is achieved through the following:
and they give the feeling of coolness.
 Variation in Size - Blue, Violet are the color of water and
 Position Green are the color of cool grass.
 Overlapping Planes
 Sharp and Diminishing detail
 Perspective COLOR
 Color - It is the most important element in the
Visual Arts.

SIZE
NEUTRALS
- Largeness in scale is always and generally
interpreted as “nearness” - Some objects are in Black, Whites or Grey
- Smaller scale suggests spatial distance. which they do not appear in the color
wheel.
POSITION
- There is no color quantity found in them.
- Horizontal lines are automatic point of - Since they are not distinguished as any
reference for eye level. color, these tones are known as “Neutrals”
- Bottom of the picture planes indicates
nearness to the vision.
- Any degree of rise from the horizontal line PRIMARY COLORS
indicates subsequent receding spatial
- Solid Colors
position.
- Cannot be created by mixing others.
- Red, Yellow, and Blue.
OVERLAPPING PLANES
- If one object covers part of the visible
surface regardless of the size, the first
object is assumed to be near.
- This method is a strong indicator of space
compared to other indicators.
 - Are colors that are next to each other on
the color wheel.
- Red, Red Orange, and Orange.
SECONDARY COLORS
- Colors resulting from the mixture of two
primary color in equal amounts

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS
- Are colors that are opposite to each other
on the color wheel.
- When placed next to each other they look
bright and when mixed together they
neutralize each other.

INTERMEDIATE COLORS
- Achieved by the mixture of primary and
secondary colors.
TRIADIC HARMONY
- It is where three equally spaced colors on
the color wheel are used.
- Yellow, Red, Blue is a triadic harmony
color
- scheme.
COLOR HARMONIES
- Is when an artist uses certain combinations
of colors that create different looks or
feelings.

ELEMENTS OF ART: AUDITORY

MONOCHROMATIC
Elements of Art
- Is where one color is used but in different
1. Rhythm
values and intensity.
2. Dynamics
3. Tone Color
4. Style
ANALOGOUS COLORS
5. Texture
6. Form
 7. Melody  Rondo – Multiple sections
8. Harmony
MELODY
- A combination of tones arranged in a
RHYTHM simultaneous manner.
- If melody is horizontal, harmony is
- Is the repeated pattern of strong and weak
vertical
beats in music.
- It arises when tones are combined to form
- It is the pulse/ heartbeat of the music
chords.
- Often associated to beat, meter and tempo.
DYNAMICS
PRINCIPLES OF ART
- Refers to the loudness or softness of
music. BALANCE
 Pianissimo (pp) – Very soft
 Piano (p) – Soft  SYMMETRICAL
 Mezzo-piano (mp) – Medium Soft  ASYMMETRICAL
 Mezzo-forte (mf) – Medium Loud  RADIAL
 Forte (f) – Loud
 Fortissimo (ff) – Very Loud
TONE COLOR
- A quality that distinguishes a voice or an
instrument from another. BALANCE
- It is also referred to as Timbre - Is a feeling of equality in weight, attention,
STYLE or attraction of the various elements.

- Refers to the singer’s or composer’s way SYMMETRICAL

of doing his part. - Formal balance
TEXTURE - Two equal parts of the pictorial plane of an
artwork stand like mirror images of each
- Refers to the thickness or thinness of a other.
musical composition.
ASYMMETRICAL
Kinds of Texture
- Informal balance
 Monophonic – Single melodic line. - The perception or feeling of balance
 Homophonic – main melody plus comes from the significance or “weight”
accompaniment. of the things from each end.
 Polyphonic – three or more different
RADIAL
melodic lines.
- Patterns of the design seem to move
FORMS
outward from the center. (spiral)
- The structure of musical composition
Types of Forms

 Unitary – One section only

RHYTHM
 Binary – Two sections
 Ternary – Three sections
 - Is a flow, or a feeling of movement
achieved by the repetition of regular visual
units.
1. SIMPLE RHYTHM – Single motif only.
2. COMPOSITE RHYTHM – Two or more
motifs.
- Proponents of the technique claim that
PROPORTION
- Deals with the ratio of one part to another
and of the parts of the whole.
- The main reason for observing the rule of
EMPHASIS
- Manner of creating one element in an
artwork as the most important part.
- Achieved through size, shape, color,
brushstrokes, or combinations of the
following.
- The guidelines proposes that an image
should be divided into nine equal parts by
two equally spaced horizontal lines and
two equally vertical lines, and that
important compositional elements should
be placed along these lines and their
intersections.
aligning a subject with these points creates
more tension, energy and interest in the
composition than simply centering the
subject.
thirds is to discourage placement of the
subject at the center, or prevent a horizon
from appearing to divide the picture in
half.

HARMONY
- Refers to the adoptions of the visual
elements to each other, the agreement
between the parts of the composition
which may result in unity.
CONTRAST
- The disparity between the elements that
figure into the composition.
- As in one object maybe made stronger
compared to another object.
VARIATION
- The principle that aims to retain the
interest by allowing patches or areas that
both excite and allow the eye to rest.

THE RULE OF THIRDS

- It is a “rule of thumb” or guideline which
applies to the process of composing visual
images such as designs, films, paintings,
and photographs.