Module 1: The EPP/TLE Framework of Curriculum

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Objectives:
Discuss the important focus and components of the EPP/TLE curriculum in the elementary grades.
Assess the existing curriculum of EPP/TLE with its strengths and weaknesses.

Enabling Task 1:
As you remember, what are the topic/s that you have learned in EPP in your elementary grades and how
does it affects you as a learner?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Discuss:

Description of Framework
Technology and Livelihood Education encompasses the field of Home Economics (H.E.); Industrial Arts (IA);
Agri-Fishery Arts (AFA); and Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT). The 24 TLE courses can
be categorized under any of these fields.

TLE as a course has two streams—the TR-based TLE and the Entrepreneur-based TLE—and every school has a
choice as to which stream to offer, with consideration for faculty,
facilities, and resources. Both streams are based on the Training
Regulations, but the Entrepreneur-based TLE embeds
entrepreneurship concepts in the teaching of the various subjects
in HE , IA, AFA, and ICT.

TLE is geared toward the development of technological

proficiency and is anchored on knowledge and information,
entrepreneurial concepts, process and delivery, work values, and
lifeskills. This means that the TLE that works is one which is built
on adequate mastery of knowledge and information, skills and
processes, and the acquisition of right work values and life skills.
The TLE that is functional is one whiche quips students with skills for lifelong learning. TLE that is concerned only with mere
definition of terms is meaningless and shallow. TLE that is focused on mastery of skills and processes without right work
values is anemic and dangerous. An effective TLE is one that is founded on the cognitive, behavioral, or psychomotor and

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affective dimensions of human development. Therefore teaching TLE means teaching facts, concepts, skills, and values in
their entirety.

The diagram likewise shows (above) that entrepreneurial concepts also form part of the foundation of quality TLE. It
is expected that TLE students, after using the Learning Modules on Entrepreneurship-based TLE, imbibe the entrepreneurial
spirit and consequently set up their own businesses in the areas of Agri-Fishery Arts, Industrial Arts, Home Economics, and
Information and Communication Technology.

TLE by its nature is dominantly a skill subject; hence the teacher must engage students in an experiential,
contextualized, and authentic teaching-learning process. It is a subject in whichstudentslearn best by doing. It is integrative in
approach. For instance, it integrates entrepreneurship with all the areas of TLE. It integrates concepts, skills, and values.

Learning Area Standard

The learner demonstrates the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes (KSVA) in Technology and Livelihood
Education (TLE), which will enable him/her to gain employment, become an entrepreneur, a middle level manpower and/or
pursue higher education.

Key Stage Standard

Screenshot was taken from the EPP/TLE K to 12 Curriculum Guide

Grade Level Standards

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 Screenshot was taken from the EPP/TLE K to 12 Curriculum Guide

Main Task 1:

1. What is the main goal of the TLE/EPP Curriculum towards the learners of the elementary level?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________.

2. EPP/TLE is considered to be a skill-based subject, in order to deliver the respective lessons of the said curriculum
what should be the qualities and characteristics must a selected teacher must have in order to deliver the lesson and why?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________.

Reinforcement 1:
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Using this template below assess the existing curriculum of EPP/TLE in the elementary grade level. Pick a specific grade level
to be assessed from first grading to fourth grading.

Grade Level :
Strenghts of the curriculum:

Weaknesses of the curriculum:

Proposed solutions to the several problems of the curriculum:

Ways to continue the found effectiveness of the curriculum:

Conclusion:

References:

K to 12 Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan and Technology and Livelihood Education Curriculum Guide May
2016 Page 45 of 45Learning Materials are uploaded at http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph

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Module 2: Entrepreneurship
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Objectives:
Identify the important concepts and topics about entrepreneurship
Appreciate the positive impacts of entrepreneurship in the society and community

Enabling Task 2:
Do you dream to be a successful entrepreneur? If not, why? If yes, what is the possible business that you
think that you will enter and why?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Discuss:
What Is an Entrepreneur?
An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a
new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of
the rewards. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an
innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and
business/or procedures.
Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy, using the skills and
initiative necessary to anticipate needs and bring good new ideas to market.
Entrepreneurs who prove to be successful in taking on the risks of a startup
are rewarded with profits, fame, and continued growth opportunities.
Those who fail, suffer losses and become less prevalent in the markets.

KEY TAKEAWAYS
● A person who undertakes the risk of starting a new business venture is called and entrepreneur.

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 ● An entrepreneur creates a firm, which aggregates capital and labor in order to produce goods or services for profit.
● Entrepreneurship is an important driver of economic growth and innovation.
● Entrepreneurship is high-risk, but also can be high-reward as it serves to generate economic wealth, growth, and
innovation.

How Entrepreneurs Work?

Entrepreneurship is one of the resources economists categorize as integral to production, the other three being
land/natural resources, labor and capital. An entrepreneur combines the first three of these to manufacture goods or
provide services. They typically create a business plan, hire labor, acquire resources and financing, and provide
leadership and management for the business.
Entrepreneurs commonly face many obstacles when building their companies. The three that many of them cite as
the most challenging are as follows:

● Overcoming bureaucracy
● Hiring talent
● Obtaining financing

Entrepreneurship Definitions

Economists have never had a consistent definition of "entrepreneur" or "entrepreneurship" (the word "entrepreneur"
comes from the French verb entreprendre, meaning "to undertake"). Though the concept of an entrepreneur existed and was
known for centuries, the classical and neoclassical economists left entrepreneurs out of their formal models: They assumed
that perfect information would be known to fully rational actors, leaving no room for risk-taking or discovery. It wasn't until the
middle of the 20th century that economists seriously attempted to incorporate entrepreneurship into their models.
Three thinkers were central to the inclusion of entrepreneurs: Joseph Schumpeter, Frank Knight, and Israel Kirzner.
Schumpeter suggested that entrepreneurs—not just companies—were responsible for the creation of new things in the search
of profit. Knight focused on entrepreneurs as the bearers of uncertainty and believed they were responsible for risk premiums
in financial markets. Kirzner thought of entrepreneurship as a process that led to the discovery.

Entrepreneurs Impact the Economy

In economist-speak, an entrepreneur acts as a coordinating agent in a
capitalist economy. This coordination takes the form of resources being diverted
toward new potential profit opportunities. The entrepreneur moves various
resources, both tangible and intangible, promoting capital formation.

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 In a market full of uncertainty, it is the entrepreneur who can actually help clear up uncertainty, as he makes
judgments or assumes the risk. To the extent that capitalism is a dynamic profit-and-loss system, entrepreneurs drive efficient
discovery and consistently reveal knowledge. Established firms face increased competition and challenges from
entrepreneurs, which often spurs them toward research and development efforts as well. In technical economic terms, the
entrepreneur disrupts course toward steady-state equilibrium.

Entrepreneurs Help Economies

Nurturing entrepreneurship can have a positive impact on an economy and a society in several ways. For starters,
entrepreneurs create new business. They invent goods and services, resulting in employment, and often create a ripple effect,
resulting in more and more development. For example, after a few information technology companies began in India in the
1990s, businesses in associated industries, like call center operations and hardware providers, began to develop too, offering
support services and products.

1. Entrepreneurs add to the gross national income. Existing businesses may remain confined to their markets and
eventually hit an income ceiling. But new products or technologies create new markets and new wealth. And increased
employment and higher earnings contribute to a nation’s tax base, enabling greater government spending on public projects.

2. Entrepreneurs create social change. They break tradition with unique inventions that reduce dependence on
existing methods and systems, sometimes rendering them obsolete. Smartphones and their apps, for example, have
revolutionized work and play across the globe.

3. Entrepreneurs invest in community projects and help charities and other non-profit organizations , supporting
causes beyond their own. Bill Gates, for example, has used his considerable wealth for education and public health initiatives.

Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
There is research that shows high levels of self-employment can stall economic development: Entrepreneurship, if
not properly regulated, can lead to unfair market practices and corruption, and too many entrepreneurs can create income
inequalities in society. Overall, though, entrepreneurship is a critical driver of innovation and economic growth. Therefore,
fostering entrepreneurship is an important part of the economic growth strategies of many local and national governments
around the world.
To this end, governments commonly assist in the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems, which may include
entrepreneurs themselves, government-sponsored assistance programs and venture capitalists. They may also include non-
government organizations, such as entrepreneurs' associations, business incubators, and education programs.

Becoming an Entrepreneur

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 Unlike traditional professions, where there is often a defined path to follow, the road to entrepreneurship is mystifying
to most. What works for one entrepreneur might not work for the next and vice versa. That said, there are five general steps
that most, if not all, successful entrepreneurs have followed:

1. Ensure Financial Stability

This first step is not a strict requirement but is definitely recommended. While entrepreneurs have built successful
businesses while being less than financially flush (think of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg as a college student), starting
out with an adequate cash supply and ensuring ongoing funding can only help an aspiring entrepreneur, increasing his or her
personal runway and give him more time to work on building a successful business, rather than worrying about making quick
money.

2. Build a Diverse Skill Set

Once a person has strong finances, it is important to build a diverse set of skills and then apply those skills in the real
world. The beauty of step two is it can be done concurrently with step one.
Building a skill set can be achieved through learning and trying new tasks in real-world settings. For example, if an
aspiring entrepreneur has a background in finance, he can move into a sales role at his existing company to learn the soft
skills necessary to be successful. Once a diverse skill set is built, it gives an entrepreneur a toolkit that he can rely on when he
is faced with the inevitability of tough situations.

3. Consume Content Across Multiple Channels

As important as building a diverse skill set is, the need to consume a diverse array of content is equally so. This
content can be in the form of podcasts, books, articles or lectures. The important thing is that the content, no matter the
channel, should be varied in what it covers. An aspiring entrepreneur should always familiarize himself with the world around
him so he can look at industries with a fresh perspective, giving him the ability to build a business around a specific sector.

4. Identify a Problem to Solve

Through the consumption of content across multiple channels, an aspiring entrepreneur is able to identify various
problems to solve. One business adage dictates that a company's product or service needs to solve a specific pain point—
either for another business or for a consumer group. Through the identification of a problem, an aspiring entrepreneur is able
to build a business around solving that problem.
It is important to combine steps three and four so it is possible to identify a problem to solve by looking at various
industries as an outsider. This often provides an aspiring entrepreneur with the ability to see a problem others might not.

5. Solve That Problem

Successful startups solve a specific pain point for other companies or for the public. This is known as "adding value
within the problem." Only through adding value to a specific problem or pain point does an entrepreneur become successful.

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6. Passion to Action
What else do entrepreneurial success stories have in common? They invariably involve industrious people diving into
things they’re naturally passionate about.
Giving credence to the adage, “find a way to get paid for the job you’d do for free,” passion is arguably the most
important component startup business owners must have, and every edge helps. While the prospect of becoming your own
boss and raking in a fortune is alluring to entrepreneurial dreamers, the possible downside to hanging one’s own shingle is
vast. Income isn’t guaranteed, employer-sponsored benefits go by the wayside, and when your business loses money, your
personal assets can take a hit—not just a corporation’s bottom line. But adhering to a few tried and true principals can go a
long way in diffusing risk.
Questions for Entrepreneurs
Embarking on the entrepreneurial career path to “being your own boss” is exciting. But along with all your research,
make sure to do your homework about yourself and your situation.

A Few Questions to Ask Yourself:

● Do I have the personality, temperament, and mindset of taking on the world on my own
terms?
● Do I have the required ambiance and resources to devote all my time to my venture?
● Do I have an exit plan ready with a clearly defined timeline in case my venture does not
work?
● Do I have a concrete plan for next "x" number of months or will I face challenges
midway due to family, financial or other commitments? Do I have a mitigation plan for
those challenges?
● Do I have the required network to seek help and advice as needed?
● Have I identified and built bridges with experienced mentors to learn from their expertise?
● Have I prepared the rough draft of a complete risk assessment, including dependencies on external factors?
● Have I realistically assessed the potential of my offering and how it will figure in the existing market?
● If my offering is going to replace an existing product in the market, how will my competitors react?
● To keep my offering secure, will it make sense to get a patent? Do I have the capacity to wait that long?
● Have I identified my target customer base for the initial phase? Do I have scalability plans ready for larger markets?

Main Task 2:

1. Give your own definition of entrepreneurship.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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 2. What will happen if entrepreneurs are not regulated properly in the world of entrepreneurship and business?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reinforcement 2:

Using this template, write down the positive impacts of entrepreneurship on these particular fields.

Feild Impact

Economy

Environment

School

People

References:

Hayes, A. (2020) Investopedia “Entrepreneur”. Retrieved from:

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp

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Module 3: Home Economics
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Objectives:
Discuss the focus of home economics with its history and role in the field of education
Appreciate the importance of home economics in the different fields of concerns
Highlight the most important concepts in home economics that should be taught to elementary grade learners

Enabling Task 3:
In your own words, how will you define Home Economics?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Discuss:
What is Home Economics?
Home Economics, study of homemaking and the relation of the home to the community. Formerly limited to
problems of food (nutrition and cookery), clothing, sewing, textiles,
household equipment, housecleaning, housing, hygiene, and household
economics, it later came to include many aspects of family relations,
parental education, consumer education, and institutional management. Although called
in some countries home science, household arts, domestic science, or domestic
economy, the subject is known today as home economics, and specialized terms are used for its subdivisions.
The field of home economics has, at different times, emphasized training in needlework, cookery, the management of
servants, the preparation of medicines, and food preservation; such instruction was once given mainly in the home and from a
practical rather than a scientific standpoint.
Justin Smith Morril (Google Images)

Brief History of Home Economics

Although principles of domesticity were being taught as early as the mid 19th
century, the term “home economics” was not applied to this area of study until the
early 20th century. An increasingly literate population and the greater
availability of printed materials in the 19th century catalyzed the consumption
of literature on homemaking. Furthermore, in 1862, the Morrill Act in United States of
America was passed, establishing land-grant colleges in each state that were open to
women, and that were mandated to foster research and instruction in practical areas

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of endeavor. At this time, the application of scientific theories and techniques modernized activities associated with home
economics, such as cooking, laundry, sewing, housecleaning, care of the sick, and sanitation. This in turn led to the
implementation of courses in “domestic science” at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1899, with the establishment of the
Lake Placid Conferences, the term “home economics” was decided upon and activists began to call for the teaching of home
economics in schools across the country. In 1908, conference participants formed the American Home Economics Association
which went on to lobby federal and state governments for funding to facilitate the research and teaching of home economics.

In 1917, the Smith-Hughes Act mandated an emphasis on and provided funding for
occupational preparation in home economics classes. Although this act undermined and
codified gender roles in the field of home economics, it also established an important link
between the federal government and the field of home economics which  “sought to elevate and
enlarge women’s roles in the home and in society” (Stage 79). The study of home economics
aimed to “prepare student[s] for effective discharge of duties within the home and give scientific
preparation for efficient administration of household affairs” (Calvin 1). Home economics also
gained popularity in response to the perceived breakdown in society in the early 1900’s as a
result of urbanization, industrialization, and immigration.

The Vocational Education Act of 1963 diminished the funding that the field had been receiving from the Smith-
Hughes Act. Funding was only to be provided for home economics education that lead to gainful employment. Relatedly,
in the 1960s and 1970s, home economics came under fire with changing societal norms for women at home and in the
workplace. Many schools dropped these programs and in some cases the educators of this profession were criticized for their
lack of sympathy towards modern feminism. However, home economics legitimately created opportunities for women and
greatly impacted American society, creating vocational and economic opportunities for women and educating boys and men
about domestic skills.

7 Areas of Home Economics

1. Cooking

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 Since food preparation was central to homemaking, cooking is one of the
earliest disciplines in home economics. Early home economics programs taught
women how to cook a balanced meal, and included food safety and preservation.
Additionally, they studied how to properly set a table and learned how to host
meals, not only for their immediate families, but for larger groups as well. This
element of traditional economics still exists today for both men and women in
culinary schools, culinary programs for family and consumer sciences students,
and in nutrition degrees.

2. Child Development
In addition to cooking and nutrition, home economics students were taught how
to rear children. This included learning about the stages of child development and how
to correctly respond to children at each stage. Today, students who study family and
consumer sciences still learn child development, which has become so significant that it
is, in many places, it's own major.

3. Education and Community Awareness

Since women were the first educators for their children,
teaching them basic reading and math skills before they entered school, it
was significant for them to understand how best to teach these skills.
Though education and community awareness, which included moral and
ethical lessons, were originally a part of the home economics education, it
has become so significant today that elementary education has
branched into its own field of study -- but one that is still dominated by
women.

4. Home Management and Design

Early women who studied home economics learned the the elements
of design in order to better decorate and care for their homes. This area of
study also included cleaning and organization, which was significant because
homemakers were expected to keep the house clean and organized. Today,
individuals who study family and consumer sciences use these skills to enter
design fields where they thrive as designers, decorators, organization gurus
and real estate staging experts.

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5. Sewing and Textiles
Another of the earliest skills taught to home economics students,
sewing was significant to the lesson plans because many women sewed not only
their own clothes, but clothes for their children. Additionally, this skill came in
handy when clothing needed mending. Because patterns require certain types of
materials, an understanding of textiles was useful. This element of the traditional
areas of home economics is still relevant today as family and consumer science
majors enter and thrive in fashion design and merchandising fields.

6. Budgeting and Economics

In addition to cooking, child rearing, home planning and sewing,
home economics students learned how to budget. Because women did all, or
most, of the family shopping, they were expected to understand how to spend
wisely and make the most judicious use of available funds. Today, this
traditional element of home economics is still relevant in family and consumer
science programs as students learn to properly budget, balance and invest
income.

7. Health and Hygiene

In addition to caring for the home, students who studied home
economics learned how to properly care for sick family members. This
included sanitation, keeping the sick family member fed and quarantined from
the healthy, and at-home treatments for common illnesses. Today, some
family and consumer science programs offer this information to students,
though it is not commonly its own area of study any longer.

The Importance of Studying Home Economics

A. To Individuals
1. It helps to teach individuals how to live well in their environment.
2. It helps the Individual to get prepared for the role of a home-maker.
3. Individuals who study Home Economics can take up careers In home management, food and nutrition, clothing and textile.
4. It helps to create awareness about the dangers of food poisoning and it teaches them to prepare and preserve food with
care.

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5. It equips the individual with knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will enable him or her cope with the problems of health
environmental sanitation and over-crowding.
6. It teaches individuals how to spend his or her money wisely.

B. To the Family
1. It can help family members to get along very well with one another.
2. It teaches the family how to plan, cook, serve and eat good food.
3. it helps members of the family prepare for their expected roles in the society.
4. it helps the family to manage their homes effectively.
5. Home Economics helps to train family members in child care. It also teaches them how to cope with some of the health and
social problems such as poor diet, delinquency and drug abuse.

C. To the Nation
1. Home Economics help to raise a healthy nation through good food and nutrition, clothing and body care.
2. It helps the nation to reduce poverty, crime, prostitution and other vices associated with youths. This is because its
knowledge provides many jobs for youths who are qualified and interested to work.
3. It helps to improve the economy of a nation. Home Economics products bring money into the nation in many ways, as those
gainfully employed also pay taxes to the government used in developing the nation.
4. It provides a variety of jobs for people thereby creating a working nation.

Main Task 3
1. What are those things that served as driving forces in the creation of home economics? How important are
those forces?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________.

2. In your own idea, what do you think are the biggest contributions of studying Home Economics especially for the
elementary grade learners and why?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Reinforcement 3:
Out of 7 areas of Home Economics, choose the 3 best areas that you think is very essential to be taught in
elementary grade learners. Create your plan in how to teach this fields. Use the template below as a guide.

Area of Concern Description Objectives/Activities/Procedures/Assessment

to be used in teaching the said concern
Objectives (can be 1 or 2)
A.
B.

Activities:
Procedures:
Assessement:
Objectives (can be 1 or 2)
A.
B.

Activities:
Procedures:
Assessement:

References:

Ibukon, I. (2020), Importance of home economics to individuals, family and nation. Nigerian Neopedia.

Retrived from https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/importance-of-home-economics-to-individuals-family-nation/

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 Infoplease. Home Economics.

Retrived from https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/life/home/economics/home-economics

Seattle Pi. What Are The Seven Areas Of Home Economics.

Retrieved from https://education.seattlepi.com/seven-areas-home-economics-1946.html

Sites Dot Middleburry. Home Economics and Household Management.

Retrieved from https://sites.middlebury.edu/homeec/history-of-home-economics/

Module 4: Agriculture
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Objectives:
Discuss the different types and branches of agriculture.
Identify the best kind of agriculture ideal for a small business.
Explain the significant growth and factors that affects the progress of agriculture in the present day.

Enabling Task 3:
In your own words, how will you define Home Economics?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Let’s Discuss:

What is Agriculture?

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock. It includes the
preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets. Agriculture
17
provides most of the world’s food and fabrics. Cotton, wool, and leather are all agricultural products. Agriculture also provides
wood for construction and paper products.These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from one part of
the world to another.

Branches of Agriculture

1. Agronomy - Agronomy is a very important branch of agriculture. Agronomy is related with scientific cultivation,
management, harvesting and marketing of field crops. Cereals like rice and wheat are major staple food of the world.

2. Agriculture Economics - Economic study of agriculture and horticulture, role of agriculture and horticulture in country’s
economy or impact in GDP, is Agriculture Economics. Analysis of market, public demand and supply, production and
marketing are some basic subjects in agriculture economics.

3. Agriculture Engineering - Agriculture engineering is a faculty of agriculture university. It is included in agriculture as an

applied science/technology. Study of technologies such as development of advance irrigation system, making tillage
equipments, study of agriculture farm machineries, all are topics of agriculture engineering.

4. Agroforestry - Agroforestry is a branch of agriculture in which selected forest plants are planted on the bunds between to
fields.

5. Agriculture Meteorology - It is the study of local climate which affect field crops. Agriculture crops are classified according to
season.

6. Animal Husbandry - It is a faculty of agriculture university. It deals with the study of rearing and production from farm
animals. Animal Husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fiber, milk, eggs, or
other products. The term "livestock" encompasses many species and numerous breeds within animal species which can
produce food and other raw materials.

Types of Animal Husbandry

1. Nomadic Pastoralism - is the husbandry of grazing animals is viewed as an

ideal way of making a living and the regular movement of all or part of the society is
considered a normal and natural part of life. Pastoral nomadism is commonly practice
where climatic conditions produce seasonal pastures but cannot support sustained
stationary agriculture because of the animals’ food limitations.

2. Poultry Farming - is the raising of birds domestically or commercially, primarily for meat
and eggs as well as for feathers. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are of primary
importance, while guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons) are chiefly of local interest.

18
 3. Swine Farming - is the raising and breeding of domestic pigs as livestock,
and is a branch of animal husbandry. Pigs are farmed principally for food (e.g. pork,
bacon, gammon) or sometimes skinned.

4. Apiculture - is the scientific method of rearing honeybees. The word ‘apiculture’ comes
from the Latin word apis meaning bee and colere which means “to culture”. Bees are mainly
reared for their honey. So, apiculture or also known as beekeeping is the care and
management of honey bees for the production of honey and the wax. In this method of
apiculture, bees are bred commercially in apiaries, an area where a lot of beehives can be
placed. Apiaries can be set up in areas where there are sufficient bee pastures – usually areas
that have flowering plants.

Types of Agricultural Crops

Crops - A crop is a plant or plant product that can be grown and

harvested for profit or subsistence. By use, crops fall into six
categories: food crops, feed crops, fiber crops, oil crops,
ornamental crops, and industrial crops. Food crops, such as fruit
and vegetables, are harvested for human consumption. Grains,
such as corn, wheat, and rice, are the world’s most popular food
crops. Food crops were the first crops to be harvested through
agriculture. Agricultural development and the growth of civilizations led to the diversity of other types of crops.

1. Feed Crops

Feed crops, such as oats and alfalfa, are harvested for livestock
consumption. These crops contain nutrients that animals need to develop.
They are grown in agricultural fields but can also be found in natural meadows
and pastures. Forage crops are important for livestock farming. Animals feed

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directly on forages, such as grasses. Forages that are cut and fed to livestock while they are still fresh are called green chop.
Alfalfa is a popular crop fed to livestock as green chop.

Some forages are cut, allowed to dry in the field, and stored. These are called hay crops. Another type of forage
crop is silage. Silage crops are harvested, then stored under conditions that allow the forage to break down (ferment) into
acids. The wet, acidic silage is fed to livestock such as cattle.

Principle feed crops include corn, barley, wheat, and oats. Each of these
crops has different properties that are better suited for some animals’ diets over
others. Barley, which is harder to digest, is most often fed to beef and dairy cattle
because they have a tough, four-chambered stomach. Hull-less barley, which is
easier to digest, is fed to swine and poultry.

The production of feed crops has risen dramatically with increased demand
for meat worldwide. Increased production of feed crops has changed the agricultural
landscape

2. Fiber Crops

Fiber crops, such as cotton and hemp, are harvested for textile and paper
products. Textiles, or cloth, are made from
the dried and processed fibers of certain
plants. Most fibers used to make textiles are
taken from the stem or roots of plants such
as flax. Flax is used to make linen. Other parts of a plant can be harvested for fiber.
Cotton, the most popular fiber crop in the world, is harvested from the light, fluffy “boll”
of fiber that surrounds the plant’s seeds. Textiles made from bamboo are
manufactured from the pulp of bamboo plants.

Pulp from other fiber crops can be used in a variety of products. Fiber pulp may be used instead of wood pulp to
manufacture paper products. The hemp plant is an interesting and controversial example of a fiber crop. The fibers of the
hemp plant are strong and durable, perfect for products such as paper, textiles, ropes, nets, and sailcloth for ships. Hemp
advocates see the plant as a versatile.

3. Oil Crop

Oil crops, such as canola and corn, are harvested for

consumption or industrial uses. Technologies developed in the past
century have enabled crops to be processed and broken down into their
20
primary components, including oil. Soybeans, for example, represented 61 percent of world oilseed production and 79 percent
of all edible oil consumed in the United States in 2000. Oil crops are harvested for use in cooking, such as olive oil and corn
oil. Oil crops are also harvested for industrial use, such as oil paints, soaps, and lubrication for machinery.

Fuel made from oil crops is called biofuel. The demand for biofuels has grown in recent years. Rising gas prices,
concerns about global warming, and a desire for energy self-sufficiency have led governments and businesses to invest in
biofuel research.

There are two main types of biofuel that use oil crops: bioethanol and biodiesel. Bioethanol is an alcohol made from
fermented materials that come from sugar and starch crops. These crops
include sugar cane, corn, and wheat. Bioethanol can be used as a fuel
for vehicles, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to improve
vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is used widely in the United States and
Brazil, where an abundance of corn and sugar cane crops facilitate its
production.

Biodiesel is made by combining vegetable oils with alcohol. Nuts, such as coconuts,
macadamias, and pecans, are excellent sources of oil used to manufacture biodiesel. Biodiesel
can be used in diesel engines, such as those used by buses. Brazil, the United States, and the
European Union (particularly Germany) manufacture and use biodiesel on a large scale.

Biofuels provide almost three percent of the world’s transport fuel. Many scientists and
economists predict that number will rise as oil production decreases in the next century.

4. Ornamental Crops

Ornamental crops are harvested for landscape gardening. Ornamental

crops are most often grown in nurseries, where they are purchased for
residential or commercial settings. Ornamental crop production has deep
historical roots. The tulip crop of the Netherlands, for example, has become a
symbol of that country.

Today, ornamental crop production is an important economic activity in many developing countries. Kenya, for
example, is a major exporter of roses and carnations. Kenyan flower growers
have situated their greenhouses near the shores of Lake Naivasha and Lake
Victoria, where the soil is fertile and the water is abundant and fresh.

21
 Kenya’s huge flower operations, however, are having a negative impact on lake ecosystems. Growers irrigate their
flowers with lake water, dramatically lowering supplies of freshwater available for consumption and hygiene. Growers also
apply heavy amounts of fertilizers and pesticides so their flowers can maintain their beauty throughout the export process.
These chemical often runoff into the lakes, endangering aquatic animal and plant life.

5. Industrial Crops

Industrial crops, such as rubber and tobacco, are harvested for their
products’ use in factories or machines. Industrial crops include all
crops used in the production of industrial goods, such as fiber and
fuel products.

Rubber is produced naturally from a wide variety of plants,

but predominantly from the Hevea tree indigenous to the Amazon
region. Rubber is harvested for its latex. Latex is an extremely tough
fluid found in the inner bark of the Hevea tree. Latex is obtained
by tapping—cutting or shaving the bark with a sharp knife—and collecting the latex in cups. When mixed with chemicals, latex
creates solid rubber blobs, called curds. Rubber curds are pressed between rollers to remove excess moisture and to form
sheets. The sheets are packed and shipped for use in tires, machine belts, shoe soles, and other products.

Rubber has been used by civilizations for thousands of years. One of the earliest uses of rubber was to create balls for
use in games in the Olmec Empire in what is today Mexico. Today, rubber is still used to manufacture durable toys, as well as
boots, flooring, balloons, and medical supplies.

6. Harvesting Crops

Methods for growing and harvesting crops have developed

over thousands of years. The earliest crops were grown in
Mesopotamia around 5500 B.C.E. These crops, indigenous to an
agriculturally rich area called the Fertile Crescent, were grown near
local sources of freshwater so they could be irrigated relatively easily.
Wheat, barley, and figs were among the first crops.

The development of agriculture led to more sophisticated methods of harvesting crops. Crop rotation was the most
significant innovation. In crop rotation, one crop is planted one year, then a different crop is planted the next year on the same
land. This helps preserve the soil and reduce the chance for disease.

22
 Crop rotation and fertilization, which makes soil more productive, allowed farmers to grow more crops on less land.
These innovations also allowed crops to be grown in areas where they
might not grow naturally. Improved engineering allowed rivers to be
dammed and diverted to provide water for crops. All of these
developments increased the abundance of crops, which could be used
for trade and industrial use.

Today, agriculture is the largest industry in the world. Millions of people

harvest crops for subsistence or business purposes. Some tools used to
harvest crops have not changed in a thousand years—plows, rakes, sickles. Most of all, harvesting crops still relies on human
labor.

The tools and machinery used to harvest crops have grown much more complex and expensive, however. Fertilizers,
which many farmers need to be economically competitive, cost more than many farmers in the developing world can afford.
Machinery, such as tractors and plows, can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Main Task 4:
1. What do you think is the significance of studying agriculture in school especially in elementary grade learners?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________.

2. What do you think is the biggest positive and negative changes that agriculture is facing right now and how people
should deal with it and why?

Positive Changes Negative Changes

23
 How people should people deal How should people deal

Reinforcement 4:
You learned about the different branches of agriculture. You also learned that branches of agriculture also
includes the different types of crops production and animal husbandry. Choose one type of crop production and
one type of animal husbandry that you think are ideal in creating a small business. Explain your reasons why you have choose
the particular types. Use the template below for your activity.

Chosen Type of Agriculture (Both in crops and animal

husbandry Reasons for choosing

References:
Bituin, A.S., Calisura, R.R., Fabricante, L.A., and Lagus, A.V. Agri-fishery Arts Learning Module.

24
 Batangas State University Balayan Campus. Caloocan, Balayan, Province of Batangas.
National Geographic. Agriculture
Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/agriculture/
National Geographic. Crops
Retrived from: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/crop
Shasyadhara Agriculture. Branches of Agriculture and Horticulture
Retrived from : https://www.shasyadhara.com/branches-of-agriculture-and-horticulture/

Module 5: Tools for Farming

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Objectives:
Identify the different types of farming tools and equipments.
Discuss the importance of proper selection of farming tools and equipments.
Analye the balance role of every equipments in farming both in machine and manual operations.

Enabling Task 5:
What are those farming tools that you are familiar of.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________

Let’s Discuss:

FARMING TOOLS IN AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION

Farm tools, implements, and equipment play very important role in agricultural crop production. Their
availability makes the work much easier and faster. However, even if one may have the most sophisticated
tools and implements, but does not know how to use them, they are useless. In order to do crop production
operations successfully, one must have a good working knowledge of the tools, implements and equipment before using them.

A. Hand Tools

25
 Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or machines. They are being used in
performing farm activities which involve small areas like school garden and home garden.
Examples:

1. Axe- used for cutting bigger size post.

2. Bolo – used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and chopping branch of trees.

3. Crowbar – used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and
stumps.

4. Grab hoe- used for breaking hard topsoil and pulverizing soil.

5. Hand Cultivator – used for cultivating the garden plot by loosening the soil
and removing weeds around the plant.

6. Hand fork – used for inter row cultivation.

7. Hand Trowel – used for loosening the soil around the growing plants and
putting small amount of manure fertilizer in the soil.

26
8. Knife – used for cutting planting materialsand for performing other operations in horticulture.

9. Light Hoe – is used for loosening and leveling soil and digging out furrows
for planting.

10. Pick mattock – is used for digging canals, breaking hard to topsoil and for
digging up stones and tree stumps.

11. Prunning shears – is for cutting branches of planting materials and

unnecessary branches of plants.

12. Rake – used for cleaning the ground and levelling the topsoil.

13. Shovel – used in removing trash, digging loose soil, moving soil
from one place to another and for mixing soil media.

14. Sickle – a hand-held agricultural tool with a various curved blade

typically used for cutting weeds.

15. Spade – used for removing trash or soil, digging canals or ditches and
mixing soil media.

16. Spading Fork – used for loosening the soil, digging out root crops and turning
over the materials in a compost heap.

27
 17. Sprayers – are for spraying insecticides, foliar insecticides,
fungicides and herbicides.

18. Sprinkler – is for watering seedlings and youg plants.

19. Wheel barrow – used for hauling trash, manures, fertilizers, planting
materials and other equipment.

20. Water Pail – is for hauling water, manure and fertilizers.

B. Farm Implements
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or mounted to machineries
(hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the preparation of land. These are usually made of a special
kind of metal.

1. Plows
Plows are farm implements either pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is specifically used for
tilling large areas, making furrows and inters row cultivation. Plows pulled by working animals are made of either
a combination of metal or wood or pure metal. They are used to till areas with a shallower depth than that of the
disc plows which are pulled by tractors.

Native Plow Disc

Plow

28
 2. Harrows
Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with metal
teeth and pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is made of metal mounted to a tractor.

Native Wooden Harrow Disc Harrow

SELECTION OF FARM EQUIPEMENTS

Farm equipment is any kind of machinery used on a farm to help with farming. The best- known example is a tractor.
A farm tractor is used for pulling or pushing agricultural machinery or trailers, for ploughing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting,
and similar tasks.

Common Farm Equipments

These are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs
and products. These equipments need a highly skilled operator to use.

1. Hand Tractor – used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a

large are of a land.

29
 2. Four Wheel Tractor - used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in preparing
much bigger area of land.

3. Water Pump - used to draw irrigation water from a source.

4. Thresher - is a piece of farm equipment that threshers grain, that is, it

removes the seeds from the stalks.

5. Corn Dehusker machine - is used to peel the skin of corn and make
maize removed from the cob.

6. Rice Harvester - makes the harvesting process easier by combining six

operations such as gathering, transporting, reaping, threshing, cleaning and
bagging into one machine.

7. Grass Cutter - a device used to cut the grass, as a lawn mower.

30
 8. Rice Seeder - is for sowing germinated paddy seed directly in wetland
field.

9. Miller - is to remove the husk and the bran layers, and produce an
edible white rice.

Main Task 5
1. What do you think is the reason why there are a lot of hand tools for farming while it seems that they have
visible similarities with each other?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do we need to properly select our farming tools before its usage/
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reinforement 5
With the advancement of technology, manpower is now greatly overshadowed by machineries when it comes
to planting and harvesting crops. What is your view on this? Do you agree that humans should be completely replaced by
machines or humans should always be in the frontlines harvesting crops? Present evidences to support your possible claim.

31
References:
A.S., Calisura, R.R., Fabricante, L.A., and Lagus, A.V. Agri-fishery Arts Learning Module.
Batangas State University Balayan Campus. Caloocan, Balayan, Province of Batangas.

Module 6: Agri-Fishery
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Objectives:
Identify the different branches of in the feild of Agri-fishery
Discuss the importance in the proper preparation different facilities that can be used for Agri-fishery
Discuss the different cultivable fishes and crustacean in the Philippine Agri-fishery sector
Create an informative essay about the importance of Agri-fishery in the Philippines and its role to the country’s
economy.

Enabling Task 6:
List 10 of all your known cultivable sea and freshwater oragnisms that are well known in the Philippines
1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10

Let’s Discuss:
WHAT IS FISHERY?
As the time goes by, different centuries and generation have past. The original term of fish were
interpreted by various early people. From the Proto-Indo-European(4500 BC to 2500 BC) it is used as
peysk/pisk. It was used for numbered centuries, then, the term was again change because of the passing of
generation to generation. The term in the language of Proto-Germanic (500 BC) was “fiskaz”. The term in
West Frisian was “fisk”, in Dutch was vis, in Danish and Norwegian was fisk, in German was fisch. Old English adopted it and
later it was coined as fisc. Today, the contemporary English now term it as fish. In our Philippine local term is “isda”.

32
 Fish is approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate scaly-
skinned animal, which swims and found in the fresh and salt waters of
the world. It breathes under the water because of their gills, absorbing
the oxygen from the water to suffice the needs of body to live. Fish is
a vertebrate being because they have a skeleton with a spine. Just
like mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, fish have a skeleton
made from bone. But rays and sharks have a skeleton made of a
rubbery, softer substance called cartilage. A fish wiggle its tail to swim
through water. Their fins function as the steer and support their body to stay upright. Fins are covered in skin without scale.
Bony rays supported the fins to maintain the structure and functionality of fins. A fish has an armored body by scales to protect
from the parasites and other injuries. Scales also gives the fish a reflectors and coloration to hide and camouflage themselves
from the predators’ sight. Fishery (plural: fisheries) is an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic species, an
activity known as fishing including the processing and marketing as well as protecting and conserving fish and other fishery
product for sustainable use.
Fishery has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It does provide food which is the basic needs of
mankind, yet not only sustain food and raw material but also employment opportunities to a vast number of the population in
country. It can be a source of livelihood which can lead to contribute to micro and macro community; supplying, sustaining
food and fodder that are the basic necessities of human to live, promoting the diplomatic relationship facilitated by trading
system in local, national and international, marketable surplus products, protect our environment and natural resources,
another source of savings of the entire national budget and basis of the economic development of a country. Without fishery,
the economy will be at high risk to food security that may be resulted into serious national problems. The above mentioned
statements may occur obverse and the opposite of those things may happen.

BRANCHES OF FISHERY

1. Fish Culture
Fish culture is an art and science of raising, rearing and propagating of fish and other aquatic products
under controlled or semi-controlled environment. It is primarily practice for the support and sustenance to human
needs for consumption. Fish culture under controlled condition is one undertaken in an aquarium, tank, hapa, fish
cage, pen or pond. Fish culture has three major phases: fish propagation, fish cultivation and fish conservation.

● Fish Propagation
is defined as the natural or artificial method of promoting or enhancing reproduction and survival of fish and
other aquatic products. It includes keeping, maintaining and spawning breeders in tanks or ponds, hatching
the eggs in hatchery facilities, and nursing the delicate larvae up to size suitable for stocking in the grow-our
or rearing areas.

33
34
● Fish Cultivation
simply means the rearing of fish and other aquatic products from very young stage like fry and fingerlings, to
marketable size. It is done in fresh, brackish and marine waters in any of the rearing contraptions or structures. The
other types of sub-classification based on the techniques applied and financial investments, namely: extensive, semi-
intensive and intensive.

1. Extensive Fish Farming

The fish feed entirely from the food web within the pond, which may be enhanced by the addition of
the fertilizer or manure.

2. Semi-Intensive Fish Farming

The fish still obtain significant nutrition from the food web within their pond, but they are also given
supplementary feed.

3. Intensive Fish Farming

The fish are kept at too high a stocking density to obtain significant amount of feed from their
environment.

● Fish Conservation
is the public control and various maintenances of the various fisheries where fish and other fishery products
are deprived. It work should be designed to insure maximum sustainable yield of fish. For instance, the continuous

35
 use of fishpond without proper maintenance, like applying fertilizer, lowers the productivity of the soil. It lessens the
capacity of fish to reproduce.

2. Fish Capture
is a rule or principle of capturing or operating methods of fish and carried out distinct means with some
regularity. It includes the fishing gears, technologies and equipments for systematic capturing.

3. Fish Preservation
It is any operation that can prevent or inhibit the natural process of breakdown or decomposition taking
place in the fish. It is known as fish processing.

DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGIES IN FISH CULTURE

TERMINOLOGY DEFINITION
1. Anadromous Species of fish that go upstream from salt water to
freshwater to spawn.
Example: Bangus
2. Biomass Total weight of the animal in the given environment.

3. Cannibalistic Species of fish that feed on their own kind.

4. Carnivorous Species of fish that feed on the other animals.

5. Catadromous Species of fish that go down from freshwater to saltwater to

spawn.
Example: Eels
6. Competition Rivalry for food, space and oxygen inside the fishpond.

7. Endemic or indigenous Native to the locality.

8. Exotic or digenous Is introduced by other countries.

9. Fecundity Number of eggs laid by a female fish in one spawning.

10. Food Chain The linear relationship of undergoing the process of eating
and being eaten.
11. Habitat The place where plants and animals grown and naturally
live.
12. Herbivorous Species of fish that feed on plants and vegetables only.

13. Lab-lab The vernacular term for all the greenish, brownish or
36
 yellowish crust of micro benthic fauna and flora which are
found growing in matrix or mat at the pond floor.
14. Milt The male reproductive gland of fishes.

15. Omnivorous Species of fish that feed on both plants and animals.

16. Oviparous Species of fish whose eggs are fertilized and developed
outside the body.
17. Ovoviviparous are species of fish whose eggs are fertilized and developed
within the body but the young when born alive do not receive
nourishment from the mother fish. ex: Rays and Sharks
18. pH is the hydrogen ion-concentration of water.

19. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants manufacture their food with
the aid of sunlight.
20. Plankton is the biological association of minute plants and animals
which are found growing on the surface of the water.
21. Predators are species of fish feeding on other fishes specially the
cultivable ones.
22. Prolific is the process of producing young in great numbers

23. Sabalo is the bangus breeder or spawner

24. Salinity is the degree of freshness and saltiness of water.

25. Scavenger are species of fish that feed on decaying organic matter.

26. Spat is the larvae of oyster and mussel which are free swimming
in water.
27. Standing crop is the total number of fish stocked at a given area at a given
time.
28. Temperature is the degree of coldness and hotness of water.

29. Tide is the periodic rise and fall of seawater.

30. Vivaparous are species of fish that bring forth living young which during
their early development receive nourishment from their
mother fish.

37
 Compartments of a Fish Pond and each Function

1. Nursery pond - is the smallest and the cleanest compartment where fish are reared from fry up to pre-fingerling size.

2. Transition pond - is a compartment where fish are reared from pre-fingerling size to post fingerling size before stocking
compartments, it is also known as stunting pond.

3. Rearing pond - is the largest compartment of a fishpond where fishes are reared from post fingerlings up to
marketable size.

4. Breeding pond - is a compartment where spawners are confined and are used purposely for the production of fry.

5. Catching pond - is an area that serves as catchment basin for fish harvest.

6. Head pond - is an area that serves as water reservoir where water is stored before going to other pond
compartments.

7. Water supply canal - is a canal used to supply water throughout the whole fish pond system.
8.

Main Task 6
Answer the following question briefly.

1. Is it possible that cultivable fishes, crabs and other agri-fishery creatures should be put in the same pond? Yes or no?
Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________.

2. Why there are different kinds of pond compartments? What is the direct effect of these several designs to agri-fishery
creature’s growth and productivity?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

38
 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________.

3. What do you think is more effective between intensive and extensive fish farming? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________.

4. Search for the disadvantage and advantage of both intensive and extensive farming. Elaborate your findings and
provide a simple conclusion. Use the template below to highlight your answer.
Intensive Fish Farming Extensive Fish Farming
Advantage Advantage

Disadvantage Disadvantage

Conclusion:

5. List atleast 5 things you personally consider in building your own Agri-fishery pond for fish /mollusks/ crab production
and explain each. 1 as the least important and 5 as the most important.
Things to Consider in Building your Agri-fishery pond set- Explanation
up and production

39
 3

Reinforcement 6
Create a 4-paragraphed informative essay the focuses in the big impact in the economy and importance of agri-
fishery sector in the Philippines. Provide your own title and sufficient data and information about your claims by having some
research in the internet. Don’t forget to put the link of the said resources below your article. Don’t plagiarized, but instead have
it paraphrased and cite the resources. Type it in a long sized bond paper using Arial or Arial Narrow font in size 12 (with 1.5
line spacing).

Use this rubrics for you to be guided.

Criteria Excellent Satisfactory Needs Improvement Score

Content The writer creates a The writer The paper displays

strong content that demonstrates some confusion, neglects
10 clearly addresses the insight into the topic. important aspects, lacks
topic. The content is focus, or displays
predictable. simplistic thinking.
8-10 4-7 1-3

Supporting Detail essay contains Uses some details or Lacks concrete,

significant main ideas examples, but could be relevant details that
10 that support the extended to show more support content;
content understanding and/or provides simplistic
support generalizations; unclear
8-10 4-7 1-3
Organization Has clear Has adequate Weak organization
organization; body organization; makes paper hard to
10 paragraphs relate paragraphs have all the follow; body paragraphs
back to content; parts key parts needs to be clearer
flow seamlessly
4-7 1-3
8-10

40
 Introduction/Conclusion Has an introduction Has introduction, but Introduction and/or
that grabs reader’s does not draw the conclusion is simplistic;
10 attention; has a reader in; has a could be clearer or
conclusion that conclusion, but it may more engaging OR
provokes further not tie up loose ends lacks an introduction
thought and/or conclusion

8-10 4-7 1-3

Language Language is natural Language is adequate, Language is formulaic;
10 and captures the but does not reflect may contain passive
writer’s “voice” voice voice and/or 2nd person
“you”
8-10 4-7 1-3
Grammar Has no Big 5 errors or Grammar errors do not 1 or more Big 5 errors;
other grammar errors; disrupt the flow of the fails to use present
10 uses present tense to paper; some tense to discuss
discuss literature; proofreading is literature; grammar
proofreading is apparent errors interfere with
apparent meaning

8-10 4-7 1-3

References:
A.S., Calisura, R.R., Fabricante, L.A., and Lagus, A.V. Agri-fishery Arts Learning Module.
Batangas State University Balayan Campus. Caloocan, Balayan, Province of Batangas.

41
Module 7: Embroidery
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Objectives:
A. Identify different tools for embroidery.
B. Perform the different kinds of embroidery.

Enabling Task 7:
List down those kind of embroidery that you are familiar with.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Discuss:
Source: K to 12 Handicrafts Learning Module

The Development of Philippine Embroidery

“Embroidery is the ornamentation of textiles and other materials with needlework for personal use
and decoration not only at home but for offices as well. The term embroidery is an English word derived from

42
the old French embroiders meaning edge and border. Embroidery was introduced into the Orient by the Netherlanders in the
15th century. It was bought by the Spaniards into the Philippines where it has made a wonderful growth, and work done it
rivals the best work done in Switzerland, a country noted for its exquisite embroidery.

Embroidery reached its highest development during the middle ages. The nuns in the convents were the first to make
articles with embroidery work during their leisure time. Since then, it became so popular that women started to enjoy it,
creating designs of their own. In the beginning embroideries were done by hand. But since the advent of technology and the
invention of the sewing machine, people are now engaged in the machine embroidery. Today, because of the fast growth of
the industry, elegance of designs and fineness of workmanship, Filipinos export articles with embroidery work. Embroidery
work is best achieved if correct tools and materials are used. Tools refer to small or handy devices/instruments used in sewing
while materials or supplies are those that are consumed in finishing a project. Below are the tools and materials use in
Embroidery its uses and maintenance.”

TOOLS AND MATERIALS USED FOR EMBROIDERY

1. Gauge
use to measure short distance

2. Tape measure
use for measuring more than one-foot distance or materials

3. Thimbles
made from metal or plastic, protect the middle finger and push the needle while
doing your embroidery work. This come in sizes 6 (small) to 12 (large).

4. Embroidery hoop/stiletto

43
 made of wood, bone, metal or plastic use to make eyelets in the fabric to be embroidered. It is also use to keep the
fabric stretched while embroidery stitches are applied on the design. It is advisable to place tissue paper over the inner hoop
or twist or wrap the inner hoop with a thin material to prevent markings on the fabric.

5. Embroidery scissor
is small, sharp and pointed-good for fine work use for trimming scallops,
clipping threads, and cutting large eyelets. Protect the blade by keeping them in a
sheath or cover and get them sharpened occasionally.

6. Needle threader
is use for easier threading especially by those sewers with poor eyesight

7. Pounce
is fine powder used in transferring design by pricking method.

8. Embroidery needle
a short pieces of steel with a fine point at one end and a little opening or eye
at the other. The kind of embroidery work to do and the kind of thread to use are two
things to be considered in choosing your needle. Needles should always have a fine
tip so that they can easily move in and out of the fabric. Do not use a needle which is
bent, without a point or rusty. This will affect the regularity and neatness of work.
Protect your needles by storing them in a needle case. to sharpen needles or make
pins last longer by rubbing them with an abrasive material such as sandpaper or
heavy wool.

Needles should always have a fine tip so that they can easily move in and out of the fabric. Do not use a needle
which is bent, without a point or rusty. This will affect the regularity and neatness of work. Protect your needles by storing
them in a needle case. to sharpen needles or make pins last longer by rubbing them with an abrasive material such as

44
sandpaper or heavy wool. Keep in mind that pins and needles are one of the most inexpensive notions used. Simple care and
knowing when to discard them are key. It is recommended to discard your needle after eight hours of use; usually when
threads or fibers start breaking and you feel it pulling on your fabric instead of gliding through it.

9. Water color brush

use for transferring the design using pricking and pouncing methods.

10. Pin cushion

a place for pins and needles.

11. Tracing paper

used for tracing designs. 12. Sewing box- use to keep together the embroidery
tools and materials

12. Bag
to keep work clean and fresh, have a bag made from washable material to hold your work when not busy on it.

Materials:

1. Fabric
sometimes referred to as cloth, are of great variety and they differ in material, weight, weave, design, color, and
finish. Three types of Fabric:

Common weave- includes most tightly woven fabrics with a relatively

smooth surface like linen, wool and cotton. They are best used for articles with
decorative stitches.

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 Even-weave- are intended for hard anger embroidery since the number of threads per square inch is same for both
warp and woof.

Basket weave- is commonly used by beginners and ramie linen by those who have been used
to this embroidery. It supplies guidelines for cross stitch and smocking having an evenly spaced
pattern like gingham cloth and polka dots.

2. Thread
is available in various types. They differ in terms of texture, fiber content, number of strands and colors. Threads are
usually coded in numbers and color names. They can be bought in skeins, balls or spools. The color of the thread should suit
the color and texture of the design and the fabric to be embroiders.

Proper Care of Embroidery Thread

As one of the most essential elements to the stitching process, it's important to ensure proper and careful care of
embroidery thread. Store it properly under controlled conditions to avoid the following issues:

Thread dents
when a cone falls onto the floor, the point of impact can “dent” the thread, resulting in a weak spot (or spots) that can
ultimately lead to problems as the thread travels toward the needle. This is a common problem for those that store unused
cones on top of their machine. Those cones will “walk” across the machine table due to the vibration of sewing and ultimately
end up on the floor.

Discoloring and fading

Threads, especially rayon, will fade when exposed to sunlight for extended periods of time. If your threads are stored
on a window sill or anywhere that sunlight can strike them full force, you risk fading and discoloring.

Lint buildup
Threads that sit out, exposed to the elements of your shop’s environment, are prone to dust and lint building up. Over
time, such buildup can sink down into the threads. When the thread travels through the upper thread path, it takes the crud

46
with it, dispensing it along the way onto critical surfaces (such as tensioners) that need to remain clean and smooth. The end
result will be inconsistent upper thread tension and possible thread breaks.

Brittleness
In addition to discoloring and fading, excessive exposure to sunlight can dry out the thread and lead to brittleness in
the fibers. Obviously, this will weaken the thread and lead to excessive thread breaks.

KINDS OF EMBROIDERY STITCHES

There are various embroidery stitches which you can choose from when you do embroidery work. For you to gain
more skill on this line, below are the illustration of some of the embroidery stitches which will help and guide you as you enjoy
working on this lovely craft.

1. Back stitch
the most often used to outline a design. This stitch also forms the
base line for other embroidery stitches.

2. Bullion stitch
a single detached stitch that is used for filling in a design area.
Rows of bullion stitches may also be used to outline a design. It is
recommended that one uses a needle with a small eye for ease in pulling

3. Chain stitch
one of the more popular stitches used for outlining. When worked
in close rows, chain stitches make good stitches for filling the design area.

4. Cross-stitch

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 stitched formed by two crossing arms and may be used for outlining, as borders or to fill in an entire area.

5. Feather stitch
a stitch with a loop and stitches evenly worked on both left and right
sides of a design area.

6. Fish Bone
a kind of filling stitch which is ideal for making leaves or feathers. It
requires us to divide the pattern into two and each side is filled alternately
giving it a plaited effect in the centre, thus ideal to make leaves or feathers.

7. French knot
a single detached stitched used primarily to fill in a design area. It
is a popular stitch among embroiderers in that it can be used to create the
eyes on an embroidered face or the center of a flower.

8. Herringbone stitch
a basic overlapping stitch popular for its use in borders.

9. Lazy daisy chain stitch

also called detached chain stitch, this stitch is work in a circle to
resemble the petals of a flower.

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10. Looped stitch
a very decorative stitch and can be experimented with threads for various colors over borders. Close layers of this
stitch can create wonderful effects on a pattern.

11. Running stitch

considered being the easiest stitch for outlining.

12. Satin stitch

a solid filling stitch that is used to cover a design area with long,
straight stitches worked very close together.

13. Split
done using quite thick threads, such as wool. It was used as an
outlining stitch or as a filling stitch.

14. Seed
also known as rice grain stitch. Stitch uses simple straight stitches in a
single direction to fill in patterns. It has shorter stitches above the fabric and
longer stitches on the reverse side. They remind of strawberry seeds, probably,
which inspired its name.

15. Stem Stitch

basically an outline stitch, this stitch is usually used for flower stems,
and outlines. It can only be used as filling, rows of Stem stitch worked closely
together within a shape until it is filled completely.

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Main Task 7:
This activity require you to collect these materials:

10 pcs. of white piece of cloth (with a measurement of 3 inch in height and 6 inch in length)
1 pc. of thread
camera for documentation

Procedure:
1. Watch this video tutorial from Youtube about “10 Basic Stitches”.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M76wN43uWoQ&t=447s
2. Follow the said tutorial.
3. Using your thread and fabric, perform the said methods.
4. One piece of cloth per kind of stitch.
5. Create a documentation to prove that you created the said output by taking pictures.
6. Take a picture of your stitches created and arrange it into word document file.
7. Submit the said output in a specific area in the Schoology.
8. Rubrics are present inside the learning management system.

Reinforcement Task 7:
Fill in the blanks.
________1. It is an ornamentation of textiles and other materials with needlework.
________2. It is use to measure more than one foot distance.
________3. A tool use for transferring the design when using pricking and pouncing method.
________4. A tool in embroidery that is used to keep the fabric stretched while embroidery stitches are applied on the design.
________5. A fine powder used in transferring design by pricking method.
________6. A type of needle used for most standard embroidery stitchery.
________7. . A tool used to keep pins and needles in place
________8. It is use for easier threading especially by those sewers with poor eyesight.
________9. Use to protect the middle finger and push the needle while doing embroidery work.
________10. It is use to measure short distances.

Reference: Roque et.al . K to 12 Handicrafts Learning Module. Pages 7-17

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Module 8: Crafts from Recycled Materials
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Objectives:
A. Understand the facts about recycling materials.
B.Create useful craft projects from recycled materials.

Enabling Task 7:
List down different useful crafts that can be created by means of paper, empty bottles and straws.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Discuss:
Source: K to 12 Handicrafts Learning Module
Recycling Basics Garbage disposal is one of the biggest problems we Filipinos face. There are so
many things we waste throw away, burn or just take for granted and yet the sophisticated first world
technology for waste processing is not within our reach.

Recycling which is the process of transforming an item which has already served its original purpose but is still
durable into something that can still be used for another purpose is one good answer to the worsening problem of garbage

51
disposal. Instead of throwing away the scraps we have at home and waste them totally, we can be more imaginative, creative
and resourceful person by seeing potential in waste materials. There is truth in saying that “There is cash in trash” All we need
is a little entrepreneurship skill and a lot of concern for environment.

There are many materials that are locally available in your community which you can recycle into useful and artistic
articles for personal and home use. Below are some pictures of some recycled articles.

Types of Recycling

1. Internal recycling
Involves the use of materials that are waste products of a manufacturing process. An example of this is the
processing of spent grain mash, a waste product of distillation, into cattle feeds

2. External recycling
Is the reclaiming of materials from a product that has been worn out due to constant use. A good example of this type
is the conversion of old news papers and magazines into other paper product.

Advantages of Recycling
1. Decrease pollution and ease the garbage pollution
2. Conserve resources
3. Enhance creativity and resourcefulness
4. Potential in making a profitable business
5. Makes people environmentally aware
6. Promotes scientific advancements in recyclable and biodegradable materials
7. Makes governments and businesses choose programs and apply policies in consideration of preserving and respecting the
environment.

Common Materials Used in Recycling

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 There are a lot of waste materials that can
be recycled. In cities as well as in many rural areas,
paper is one of the most abundant and available
waste materials. It comes in many forms like old
newspapers and magazines, boxes, wrapping
paper, office waste, old telephone directories, and
the like. Plastic containers would come in second
and tin cans, third. Used clothing is also abundant.
Also considered recyclable are glass bottles.
Manufacturing wastes like yarns and fabric scraps
are also highly usable materials.
Image: K to 12 Handicrafts Learning Module page 48

Several Handicrafts from Recycled Materials

1. Basket made from newspaper and magazine.

Materials:
∙ Old Newspapers/magazines
∙ Scissor
∙ Stapler
∙ Glue/paste
∙ Ribbon
∙ Accessories (Optional)
See the procedure in Youtube. Click this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJXuQRkuOYc

2. News Paper Flower

Materials:
News paper
Glue
Scissor
Colored water cellophane

See the procedure in Youtube. Click this link:

https://youtu.be/9-AHxd0UI6U

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3. Recycled Bottle Flower
Materials:
Plastic bottle
Scissor / Cutter
Matches
Candle
Glue Stick

See the procedure in Youtube. Click this link: https://youtu.be/TJ_Ch4Fuf-A

Main Task 8:
From the three posted demonstration of several crafts from recycled materials. Pick one and create your own
craft. Use those video tutorials in creating your output. Just like in the basic stictch output, document the process of your own
output. Read the instruction below.
1. Pick one craft making from recycled materials in the posted tutorials.
2. Create your own output.
3. Document the said process of output making to show that you have performed and accomplished the said activity,
4. Create a narrative report about your activity and attach the picture of your methods.
5. Take a picture and video of your finished product ang post it together with the narrative report in a specific submission part
in Schoology.
6. Rubric for evaluation is provided in the submission part.

Reinforcement Task 9:
What is the positive impact of this craft making in the environment and to the people?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.

54
 References

Textbooks;

Bituin, A.S., Calisura, R.R., Fabricante, L.A., and Lagus, A.V. Agri-fishery Arts Learning Module.
Batangas State University Balayan Campus. Caloocan, Balayan, Province of Batangas.

K to 12 Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan and Technology and Livelihood Education

Curriculum Guide May 2016 Page 45 of 45Learning Materials are uploaded at uploaded at
http://lrmds.deped.gov.ph.

OnlineSources:

Bismi Crafts (2019). How To Make Newspaper Basket/ Newspaper

Weaving. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/hJXuQRkuOYc
55
Craftility (2016), DIY Hand Embroidery Stitches Tutorial for Beginners.
Learn Ten Simple Hand Embroidery. Retrived from: https://youtu.be/M76wN43uWoQ

Fao.org. Fish Propagation.

Retrieved: http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6709e/x6709e09.html

Hayes, A. (2020) Investopedia “Entrepreneur”.

Retrieved from: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp

Ibukon, I. (2020), Importance of home economics to individuals, family and nation. Nigerian Neopedia.
Retrivedfrom https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/importance-of-home-economics-to-individuals-family-nation/

Infoplease. Home Economics.

Retrivedfrom https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/life/home/economics/home-economics

Kraft Story (2017). Newspaper Craft Idea / Newspaper Flower / Flower

Weaving. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/9-AHxd0UI6U

National Geographic. Agriculture

Retrieved from: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/agriculture/

National Geographic. Crops.

Retrived from: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/crop

Roque et.al . K to 12 Handicrafts Learning Module.

Seattle Pi. What Are The Seven Areas Of Home Economics.

Retrieved from https://education.seattlepi.comseven-areas-home-economics-1946.html

Sites Dot Middleburry. Home Economics and Household Management.

Retrieved fromhttps://sites.middlebury.edu/homeec/history-of-home-economics/

Shasyadhara Agriculture. Branches of Agriculture and Horticulture.

Retrived from : https://www.shasyadhara.com/branches-of-agriculture-and-horticulture/

Saranya (2020). DIY/ How To Make Easy Rose Flower From Plastic
Bottle. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/TJ_Ch4Fuf-A

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