T HE HIND U C ONC E P T ION HT T HE THNE T IHN S HT B REA T H

i nf

-
A S T U D YIN E A R LY H I N D U P S YC H O P H YS I C S

l
“
B
K
A R T H U R H 5 E WI N G, M A .

A D I S S E R T A T I O N

S ub mi tt d to t h
e e B oa r d o f U n i versi t y S tud i es o f t h e Jo h n s H op k i ns

U n i v e rs i ty f or th e D egr ee o f D octo r of P h il o op h y
s .
T he H i n du C o n cep ti o n of the Fun c t ion s of B rea th — A S t udy
in E a rl y H i n du P sy h
c o - h
p ysi c s —B .
y D r . A R T H U R H .

E WI N G, A lla habad, I nd a i .

I NT RO DU NDAM ENT AL C T O RY AND FU .

T H E Y aj u V ed a the A t h a va Ved a the B ahma as a d the

- -r ,
r ,
r n n

S ut as co t a i freq ue t efe e ce to a umb er o f vit l b e aths

r n n n r r n s n a r .

The e e e pre sed eith b y the pl ural of the w ord p cz a or

s ar x s er r
‘
n ,

b y seri of w ord fo m—ed b y the co mb i a tio o f d ve b i al

a es s, r n n a r

prefi e w ith t h root V

x s to b r athe vi p r a ap cma
e a lz
“
e ,
”
z . : na,
‘

vy d u dd a
n a, mct a d a vd a
n Thes vit al b re ths or
,
sa
‘
n ,
an n . e a

pr a a n a m s ip ul ted w
reith e p ci l f
an eq ue cy i co ctio
a s e a r n n nne n

w ith it ual pra ctice T h e ige cie of the rit u l d t r mi e

r s . e x n s a e e n

W h a t a d h w ma y b re a ths s h all b e
n o ploite d Thi e ploit a
n ex . s x

tio o f t h p d a a tt ai its most l u uri a t fo m i co ectio

n e r n s ns x n r n nn n

w ith the b uildi g f the gre t Fi e -a lt a r ( A g ik e t a )

n oThe a r n s r .

Fire al t r i co c i ved f u der va io us fo m So m ti mes it s

- a s n e o n r r s . e

sh p i uppo ed to b e l ike a b ird ( o f C B B ooks vii ) so me

a e s s s - . . . x .

ti m like a ac i fi c ia l a i mal ( Q B viii 1 4 3

es s r so meti me n . . . .
,
s

like a h uma b ei g ( Q B i v 1 1 1 ; v i 1 1 5 ; v ii 4 1 2 3
n n . . . . . . . . . .
,

The li vi g org a is m ( d t m ) th us umed c ot e ist With

n n an ,
a ss ,
an n x

out v i t a l b e th d cco di gly u de va io us a r a ge me t

r a s, an ,
a r n ,
n r r r n n s

of ame a d umb er th y hold l arge pl ace i its co t uctio

n n n
,
e a n ns r n .

W he mes a e g i ve the refe e ce is to b re athi g p oce s s

n na r n, r n n r s e ,

r al o
e ,
lo gic lly a umed Whe umb s
r an a a gi ve t h ss . n n er a re n, e

e mph a i is eithe upo the loc a tio o f a p a t b e th i the

s s r n n se ra e r a n

se ve al p ts of the b ody (Q B viii 3 4 4

r ar or upo either . . . .
,
n

the p y chic al o g a s or thei a cti viti b ot h orga a d c t i vi

s r n ,
r e s, ns n a

tie b ei g c alled p a
s n r n as .

Thi di ti ctio be t wee a pl ur ality b y a mes a d a pl ura lity

s s n n n n n

b y umb r is f u dam tal a d di vide the s ubj ect of the vit a l

n e n en n s

b re ath i to t w well defi ed pher of i ve tig t io

s - n o The n s es n s a n .

l tt r is the muc h more i mporta t of the t w i their rel t io to

a e n o n a n

H i nd u t ho ught It o t o l v d irectly i trod uces the q uestio of

. n n n n

the rel ti o b t w ee the p ychic al p d a a d the co mico di vi e

a n e n - s r n s n s n

co cepts A g i V ay u etc —th us i vol vi g the Whole q ue stio o f

n ,
n , , . n n n

p ycho physic al cor el a tio ; b ut it le ads t o the disc ussio of t h

s - r ns n e
2 A . H E w i n g,

va rio us me a i gs o f p rd a i n n
a a t he n n —
the si g ul r th us r isi g n n

proble m of the rel atio ship b et wee n p r d a d the psychic l n n an a

an d met aphysic a l co cept A t ma T he for m i for mul a ic o n ,

n . er s ,
r

l argely so a d s macks o f t he rit ual a d he ce is less fr uitf ul

,
n ,
n n

th n might t first s ight be a ticip a ted

a ,
a ,
n .

A t the s ame ti me the serie o f a mes w hether represe n ti g ,

s n ,
n

o b ser ved a d o b ser vab le bre a th a cti vities or b ei g ma i ly sy m

n ,
n n

b o l ic a dditio s to a e mpiric st a ti g -poi t is w orthy of c a re ful

n n r n n ,

i vestigatio b ec a use o f t h e l arge pl ace which thes a mes hold

n n, e n

i n the literat u e a d bec a use o f t he a tte mpts a t e pl an atio

r ,
n x n

w h ic h appe a r i the Up a i ads n n s .

RANA I N T H E R I G -VEDA P .

The propriety o f mak i n g the R ig V ed a the st arti g-poi t i

- n n n

this disc us io i s elf-e vide t I t materi al moreo ver will be

s n s n . s , ,

fo u d to be f u d men t al to b oth div isio of the ub j ect as ab o v e

n n a ns s

i dic ated a d there fore c alls fo preli mi ary i vesti gatio n

n ,
n
,
r n n .

Tho ugh the a mo u t o f material is co mp a ratively me agre yet n ,

the i mport a ce o f the literature i w hich it is fo u d j ustifies a

n n n ,

so me wh at detailed st ate me t w hich will co t ai all the uses bo th n n n

o f the n o u p d a a d t he v er b m m n r n n .

T he o u occ u s but fi ve t i mes v iz : i 6 6 1 ; iii 5 3 2 1 ;

n n r ,
. . . . . x .

5 9 6 ; x 90 1 3 ;
. 1 89 2
. It is formed fro m the verb al root
. x . . .

an to bre athe b y the additio of the pre fi p m

,
”
,
n x .

R V . i 66
. . 1 .

th is st a z a p rd a is o e of the thi gs w ith w h ich fire ( ag i )

I n n n n n n

is co mp ared It is s aid to be like excelle t riches like the su

.
“
n ,
n,

like life ( dyu ) l ike o e s o w so s ,

n
’
n n .
”

T he poi t to b e oted here is the ide ti fi c a tio of b re ath “

n n n n

d life The t w o w ords sta d side b y side w itho ut a co ec

” “
an . n nn

ti ve The a cce t o f dyus sh o w it to be a o u E ve i f

. n s n n . n ,

a ccordi g t a recog i z ed V edic u s age we allo w a

n o adj ec t i v a l
n ,
n

force to dy us d t an l ate b y li vi g bre ath the e w ill be

an r s
“
n ,
”
r a

cle ar hi t of ide ti fi c atio n I i 4 8 1 0 t he deri vati ve p r d a

n n . n . .
,
n na

sta ds side b y ide w ith j E va a i a li e addressed to the D aw

n s n n n n,

th us : The ve y b e ath ( a d ) life o f al l are i Thee O j oyo u

“
r r n n ,
s

w he n Tho u sh i e s t forth Th ere i s o co ective bet wee

”
O ne , n . n nn n

the words p rcz a j i va a a d they may be tra sl ated B re ath

‘
na n ,
n ,
n n ,

e ve li fe ”
n v i ev ya h i p rd a mh j i va n a h t ve etc
,
“
asFr a a n o n n r ,
.
”
n

may i d eed b e t ake as a c aus ati ve ad j ecti ve

n n .
 H in d u C o n c ep t i o n o f t he Fun c ti on s of B r ea th . 3

RV . iii . 53 2 1 . .

Ya m u j d vi gmas t a m h a te u p r on o a h d t u, Who msoe ver we ,

let h i s b re ath le a ve him Thi suggests the w itchcra ft pra ctices

”
. s

w hich a e e peci lly ch a r acteri tic of the A t h a va -V ed a

r s a The s r .

ide tific a tio of dea th a d dep arti g bre ath as ass umed h ere i s
n n n n , ,

axio matic a d eq uires o re ma k n r n r .

RV 5 9 6 . x . . .

H ere p r a a i s so ugh t b y pr ayer side by side w ith other p a rts

n ,

a d po wers of the h uman org

n is m viz : eye mi d ( ma n a s) a d an , .
,
n n

l ife -pri ciple ( a s u )

n .

RV 90 1 3 . x . . .

This hym i s the famo us P u u a ukt a I st a z a 1 3 t h e w i d

n- r s s . n n ,
n

d u ) is s a id to h a ve bee p od uced fro m the b e a th o f cos m ic n r r

ma A s the gi a t for m of a pri me val cos mic ma u n do ub tedly

n. n n

took sh ape i the poet s th o ught b y a proj ectio o f h i msel f upo

n
’
n n

the un i verse we a e j ustified i i terpreti n g e ach p art an d orga

,
r n n n

a stho ugh a t le ast i the first i ta ce t h e i di vid ual e arthly ma

,
n ns n ,
n n

w a s referred to P r d a is therefore the physic a l bre a th w hose

. n , ,

i de tity w ith w i d is here a s umed T he s eco d h alf of the

n n s . n

s t a za r u s mukh ad i dra c d g i 9 ca p rd d d c ay u aj dya t a

n n , n c
’
n n r .

These w ords o t o ly express the a io matic ide tific tio of w i n d

n n x n a n

a d brea t h to w hich co u tless ref

n ,
e n ces a e made i H i d u liter n er r n n

a t ure ; but the deri va tio of A g i fro m the mo uth whe ce iss ues n n ,
n

the wa m v it al b e ath which is al o used i the prod uctio o f

r r ,
s n n

fire sugg e ts the still more oft rec urri ng correl atio o f a gn i a d
,
s - n n
'

p r ct n a .

RV 1 89 2 . x . . .

This st a za occ urs i n a hy mn to S urya The sh ooti ng forth o f

n .

t h e r a ys is like ed to t h e exh al a tio of a n i mal b re a th

n n .

A ta p c
n t i r o c a a sya p r d d d ap d na ti
a ra The shi i g o e
n
’
n ,
“
n n n ,

b re athi g ut ( or o ff ) fro m h i b re at h mo ves ab o ut w ithi

n o The s n .
”

t h ird p ad a adds The migh t y o e i ll umi es the he a ve

“
,
n n n .
”

W h ate ver be the detailed i terp et tio n a d refere ce of thes n r a n n e

w ords it i s cle ar th a t p a a i s here v ie w ed si mply a s phys i c a l

,
r n

b re ath .

V b l d P t i i pi l F m f t h R t
er a an ar c a or s o e oo an .

These form w he t her fro m the i mple roo t or the root c o m

s, s

pou ded w ith prefixes are o f eq ual i mport ce w i t h the n ou

n ,
an n,
 4 A . II . E w in g,

an di dee d bec ause o f t hei va i ty e ve more s uggesti ve

n ,
r r e ,
n .

There a e t wo for m made fro m the si mple root

r s

RV . x . 129 . 2 .

This is the i mporta t N d sa dd i y a theosophic hy m The n

“
s
”
n .

V e d ic I mper fect d i t i fo u d i the eco d sta z a th us n s n n s n n

-
A i d a vd t a
n va dh a y d t d ek a fi Th at O e w itho ut w i d
ni
’

s a c,
“
n ,
n ,

b re a t hed b y Its o w w ill This p a age e pre ses b y co t a t n .

”
ss x s n r s

the depe de ce of b re ath upo w i d ( vd ta ) Th at w hich di ff e

n n n n . r

e t ia t es the pri miti v e O

n ly fro m all lse i the f act th at I t pe n e s r

for med t h e ac t o f b re athi g witho ut h vi g w i d to s t ar t with n a n n .

RV . i . 1 64 . 30 .

ere the p a rtici ple a a t i used The v er e de cri b e s a b re ath

H n s . s s

i g w ift mo vi g li vi g (y w a ) se f stirri g O
n - s m l - n w h lies fi m
,
n ,
n n e, o r

fi e d i t h mid t o f u d w elli g
x n e Tho ugh Gra sma ightly
s o r n s .
”
s n r

de cri b e thi li e as o b sc ure a d i t s co ectio w ith the co text

s s s n ,
n nn n n

is o t e sy to make o ut yet t here see ms

n a re a o to do ub t th a t ,
no s n

the mai refe e ce is to the ho u e fi

n - T h fl mi ng up of fi
r n s re . e a re

see ms to t h poet f a cy lik the b e thi g proces of i mal life

e
’
s n e r a n s an .

We fi d th ee i s t a c of v n co mpo u ded w ith p m

n r n n es a n .

RV 3 2 8 . x . . .

The fo m used i the i mper fec t p d i t The li e ru s a fol

r s r n
’
n n s

— —
.

lo w s J ust w to d ay he b e athed a dy ed u p a i t h
:
“ - no r
”
r n
“
e

r me mb e ed tho e d y s ( whe ) hidde b e ucked the b o o m of hi

e r s a n n, s s s

moth r T h hy m i
e .
”
dd ed to I d e The co ectio o fn s a re s s n ra . nn n

the t z s i u c t ai
s an a d t h me i g o b c u
s n H e e p ob bl y
er n an e an n s re . r r a

the efere ce i to t he fire w hic h ha b e hidde i w oo d

r n s s en n n ,

w hic h is p od uced b y w a terr S i ya i do ub tle i ght i t hi k . na s ss r n n

i g th t the poet h
n a spe ak of the fire w hich h as j ust b ee p
e re s n ro

duc e d b y the frictio of the c h u i g stick r ubb ed tog t her

- n rn n s e .

The w ord p a i t is do ub ly ugge ti v ( l ) The b re th of life

r n s s e . a

i a fitti g fig ure of t h i ui g forth of fire f o m w oo d

s n to e ss n r ,
as,

the H i d u o b ver it ee ms t o do ( 2 ) B re ath w a u ed alo g

n se r ,
s . s s n

w ith t he ch u i g - tick i t h p od uctio of fi e a d th r fo

rn n s s n e r n r ,
n ,
e e re ,

to ay t h at A g i b r at hed is a e pre sio j u tified b y t h

s
“
n e
”
n x s n s e

p h e o me o n n n .

RV 125 4 . x . . .

P d i t i st a ds here side b y side w i t h ver b of seei g a d he r

r n n s n n a

i g
n The goddess S peech ( Vac ) spe ak i her o w p aise B y
. s n n r ,
“
 H i n du C o n c ep ti o n o f th e Fun ct i o n s of B rea th . 5

me doth he wh o sees bre ath es a d he ars wh at is s aid obt a in , ,

n ,

lit ‘ at ) food
”
A ll bre
’
a th mo v e me n ts a e cle a rly i cl uded i n
( . e . r n

the o e w o d n r .

RV 121 3 . x . . .

I this th ird st an z a o f t h e well k o w H i ra yaga bh a h ym

n - n n n r n,

t h e p a rticiple p r a a t is u d I t t a ds w ith the p rticiple i mi

n se . s n a n

s at .H i a yaga b ha is decl re d to be the sole R uler o f al l th a t

r n r a

m o ves ( j a ga t ) both the b re a t he r a d the eye closers o f

- “
s n
“
,
”
.

A V 8 6 a d
. x ii 1 3 a d 4
. . T he disti n ctio
n bet w ee the
x . . n . n n

t w o cl a s es of bei g s h ere me tio ed if there be a re al di t i c

s n n n ,
s n

t io n, is t clea r The gods a s id to be a imi a n t a h Mitr a is

no . re a n g .

so c lled i a R V iii 5 9 d v ii 6 0
n B rh aspat i i descri b ed a s
. .
,
an . . s

an i mi a d y a
”
The te ach e f the gods of P W
a c r ,
” “
B re a t h r o
,
. .

ers may there fore i ncl ude b oth e rthl y an d he ve ly b ei g

”
a a n n s,

w hile eye -closers desc ibe o l y the for mer O the other
“”
r n . n

h a d it is o t i mpossi ble to u de t
n ,
n d by brea thers heav e ly n rs a n
“ ”
n

b ei g w h do n o t close thei eyes w h

n s o
“
eit her sl umb er r ,
o n no r

s leep The former of the t w o opi io s is pref rab le i ce

.
”
n n e ,
s n

bre t h i g is the most s alie t phe o me o o f al l mo vi g life

a n n n n n n .

I co ec t i o with the e three e amples o f p m w ith Va it i

n nn n s x n, s

to b e oted th at the prefix add ot hi g i the w ay of de fi i g

n
’

s n n n n n

the di ec t io of the bre ath mo—ve me t A t most the di ff re c

r n n . e n e

bet w e w}; w i t h p a a d Vet alo e is o e o f i te ity B oth

e n r n n n n n ns .

form co ver b re at hi g i ge e al w itho ut a y hi n t of di ti ctio

s n n n r ,
n s n n

bet wee i -b re athi ng a d o ut -b re a thi g

n n n n .

M p RV 1 8 9 2 an w it h a a. . x . . .

The fo m u ed is the fe mi i e of the prese n t p a rticiple T h

r s n n . e

p a s age has l e ady bee di c u ed u der p d a T he i mpo t a t

s a r n s ss n r n . r n

w ord a e p r d d d ap d a t i w hich h a ve b ee tran sl ated b re a th ‘

s r n n n
, ,

o ff ) fro m his bre a th The prefix ap a h s the force

”
i g ut (
n o or . a

aw ay f o m H ere w e h a ve the sole R ig

“ ” ” “ “ ”
of ut ff
o o ,
o ,
r r .

V edic b asis of t he n o u for m ap a a n n .

—
VI E w it h s a m . R V . x . 55 . 5 .

Thi ta z co n tai s the o ly i st nce o f this co mpo u d i t h

s s n a n n n a n n e

R ig V ed a The for m used is the p rfect The the me u de

- . e . n r

tre at me t is the moo T he co t t ex presses the tho ught th at

n n . n ex

t h o l d moo
e s wallo ws up the e w o nB ehold the w isdo m of n ne

t h e gods — o r u s the li n e — to -da he died yesterd ay he c ame

.

“
s n
y ,
6 A . . H . E w i n g,

t o life — a dy a ma ma a 3 a h y a h a m d a The force of the p r s n . re

fix i s uch a co ectio is ather u cert i

n P W s uggests bot h
nn n r n a n . .

u Le b e ko mme The l atter see ms pre

” ”
uf at h m
“
a d en an z n n .

f ab l
er i ce it may b e i ferred fro m the l iteral me a i g f t h
e s n n n n o e

co mp u d vi o b re t hed together
n ,
P ro b b ly t h fo ce f t h
z . :
“
a .
”
a e r o e

pre fi i merely i te si ve d w might tr l ate b y the si mple

x s n n an e an s

w ord bre athes for t bre the i t li ve a d i co trast w ith

“
o a s o n n n

m ma me a s to co me to life
a ra n .

Summ ary of R e s ul t s fo r t h e R i g- V e d a.

I cl udi g p ra a
( )
1 n n p a s age
'
n na w t i h p rd a n ,
there ar e si x s s

w here the o u is u ed I n n ig ifi s b e th
s . n three o f t he m p ra na s n e r a

in g e e al of
n 5 9
r 6 ; 9 0 ,
1 3 d . 1 8 9 x2 . I the three. x. . an x . . . n

other p as age it i put more o r le de fi itely for life o f i 4 8

.

s s s ss n , . . .

1 0 ; i 6 6 1 a d iii 5 3 2 1
. . n . . .

( )
2 The pr fi p ra a dds a t m ost a slight
e i xte si v e force to the n n

r oot m
( )
3 The pre fi ap a h a the force of u t xo o ff a d its us s
“
o r
“ ”
n e

i the si g le i st a ce i of val ue i dete mi i g the me a i g o f

n n n n s n r n n n n

ap an a .

( )
4 The use o f 3 a m w t i h V(H thro ws i no light upo the me n an

ing of s ma a
a n d us e a n .

The R ig -V ed a t herefo e sho w o t h o e h a d ab sol utely,

r ,
s, n e n n
,

n o i dic atio
n o f a y a tte mpt t o speci alize va rio u
n bre a th a d
n s s, n ,

o the other h a d fur ishe o i ta ce of the pl ura l umb er o f

n n ,
n s n ns n n

p ar a a dn o ly those
n u e of the i g u lnr w hich a pri miti v s s s n a re e

a d a io ma tic
n x .

TE R I C H A P .

VIEW S O F T RA N S LA T O R S AND SU M M A RY O F MAT ERIAL

A Di d V y i g Vi w
. f L di g T l t
v e r s e an ar n e s o ea n r an s a o r s .

W t ak e up fi t the N a me serie of vital b re a t h

e The serie
rs s s . s

of me i a follo w s p d a p d a my d a uda a d s a md
na s s s : r n ,
a n n ,
n ,
an na .

To these may b e add d the u iq ue a vd a w hich ppe ar b ut

. e n n ,
a s

o ce vi i J B U p ii 5 A p art f o m the ch al le ge t
n
,
z .
,
n . .
,
l
. . r n o

i vesti gat io th o w o ut by uch a serie of ame t h e c o fl ic t

n n r n s s n s, n

i g v ie w o f tra sl a t or
n ot ab ly s e gards p r d a a d p d
s n s, n a r n n a na,

i dic te th at the e is eed fo a c a eful s u vey of a d i q uiry

n a r n r r r n n

i t o the w hole materi l w hich the e arlie literat ure s upplie

n a r s .

1
O th e rw i s e T l
a a v a k a a U pa s
r n i a d -B rah mana .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e Fun c t i o n s of B rea th 7

The it uatio s il l ustra ted b y the work o f le adi g tra sl ators

s n, a n n ,

is b riefly st ated a s follo w s

, ,

( )
1 H g i his A i t aan
y a B r ah,
m a a isnco i te t P ci a is re n ,
ns s n . r
'

gi v thro ugho ut as ai i h aled a d ap d n a a ai r e h aled

en
“
r n n s
“
x .
”

O si gle t ex t ual slip must b e oted H i te t i i v 1 4 5 h as

ne n n . s x n . .
,

p ct ro d a d
‘
u bnu t he till tr
n a s l a tes as ,tho ugh it w ere p d dp ct d
s u n r n
‘
n ,

or p r an a a n d ap d n a .

( )
2 B oh t l i n
gk a lso in his tra l atio B rh adara n yak a
ns n of the
Upa i ad adher s t o
n s e E i n h auc h an d A ush a uc h fo r p ran a a n d ap an a
w i th tire co i te cy
en ns s n .

( )
3 B loo m field i his H y m s o f the,
A nt h a v a -V ed“
a
( S B E n r .
,

vo l lii ) i co siste t thro ugho ut H e tra sl ate p ra b y i

. x ,
s n n . n s na
“
n

b e at hi g a d ap a a b y o ut b re a thi g w he t he t hey appe a r

r n ,
”
n - ”
n
“
n ,
r

a sep ra te w ord or i the co pul a ti ve co mpo u d p r d dp d d u

s a s n n n n

I no ly o e i t a ce ( A V ii 3 2 8 ) is the e a va ri atio m de d
n n ns n . x . . r n a ,
an

this is mer ly ve b l a fo ex ample w he the co mpo u d is tr a

e r a ,
s r n n ns

l ted b y the phra se b re aths of l i fe

a
“
.
”

( )
4 Gri f fi th i h i tr a sl a tio ,
s of n the A tsh a v a - V ed n a a d the n r n

V j sa ey S amhit a of the W ite Yaj ur V ed a ge er ally makes

a ai - n h -
,
n

the ame disti ctio b e t wee p d a a d ap d a a t h at made by

s n n n r n n n s

the t a sl ators alre ady me ti o e d

r n I -b re a th a d ut -b re a t h ; n n
“
n n o

—
.

“
i h ali g a d e h ali g
n n n i spirat io a d ex pi atio
x n
“
the e n n n r n s

a o me of t h e form f tr a l atio w hich he u s

re s s o ns n se .

( )
5 M u lle i h i tr a lr tio ,
of ncert i Us
p a i a d
ns a
( S B E v o l
n a n n s s . s .

i a d
. n t ke a di ff e e t vie w P a a i s re de ed b y up
a s r n . r n n r

b re athi g fi f t ee ti m ; b re ath th a t goe up t w ice ; b re ath

n n es
“
s ,
” “ ”

t wice d , ce t t hre e ti mes A p cma

an
“
s n
”
the othe h d .
‘

,
on r an ,

a ppe a rs a do w -b re at hi g t we ty ti me ; b at h th at goe
“ ” “
s n n n s re s

do w tw ice a d o ff-b re athi g o ce

n,
”
,
n
“
n ,
”
n .

( )
6 E b er i his tr a l
,
a tio of
n Up a i a ds ( B i b l
ns I dic v o ln ii n s . n a, . .
,

pt i ii ) r der p a a b y vit l a i w hich goe for wa d or b y

. . en s r n a r s r
,
”

bre ath ; a d ap a b y v it l ai which goes do w w ard o

”
n na
“
a r n r

de ce d s s n .

( )
7 R a j e dr a L a l a Mitr
n a i his C h a d gy a Up a i a d t a
,
ln te n o n s ,
r ns a s

p a r a a d n p a a i
n i 3
a 5 b y re'
n pi a tio n a d
. i. pi a tio “
s r n
”
n ns r n

i other p s ges he merely tr a lit r ate t h w ords

n a sa ns e s e .

( )
8 C o w ell i M a i t i Up a i d n
( B ibl I dic a r 1 8 7 0 ) gi v s f
n sa . n ,
e or

p r a a i
na w hich “
g oes r u p w a rd th ee ti m es a d espi a tio ,
”
r
,
n
“
r r n,
”

of c
l
A dd
o c t io
rr e
now :

n .
]
C al an d , ZD M G . I V 2 6 1 ff ; B oh t l i n g k , i bi d
. . . 51 8 .
" N o e t
8 A . H . E wi n g,

o ce ;
n and fo r ap d n a ai r w hich goes do w n wa rd ,
”
three ti me s ,

an d desce di g
“
o ce n n ai r ,
”
n .

Th us fa w e h a ve fo u d a me as ure of co si te cy i di v erge c e
r n n s n n n

o f v ie w s O the cruci al q ue tio a to t h e me a i g of p r a a

. n s n s n n n

w he co trasted w ith ap a a H a g B bh t li gk B loo mfield a d

n n n ,
n ,
n , ,
n

Gri ffi th d ea de fo i -b re a th i g w hile M uller R oe Mi t r a

“
r n n ,
”
,
r, ,

a d
n C o w ell t h i k th at the w ord me a s o ut or p b re ath i gn - n
“
n n .
”

( )9 W ith D e us e ho w e v er i his S echzig Us

p a in, a d s d e ,
n
“
n s s

V ed a there e ters w h at appe a rs to be the gre a te t co f u io

”
,
n s n s n .

N o a tte mpt at tr a l atio s ma de e ce pt i fi ve U pa i ads vi

ns n 1 x n n s ,
z

C h U p; B h A
. Up K at h Up A i t U p a d T aitt Up I
. r . r. . . . . .
,
n . . n

al l other c a ses w here t h e w ord occ u they e merely t a l i t s 1 ar r ns

c ra t d A c ref ul scr ut i y of the m t eri a l i the a b o ve - med

e . a n a n na

Up a i d sho w th at the p a s age h ave bee abo u t eq u lly

n sa s s s s n a

di vi ded be t w ee t he t wo Op po i g l i e o f op i io n B v i cl ud s n n s n n . n

i g a fe w re fere ces i w h i ch the verbs Va w ith p m

n n d n n ,
an an

w ith ap a a e u ed w fi d th a t i r thirtee i t ce p a a d
s ,
e n n n ns an s r na n

ap d a a e tra sl a ted b y
” “ ” “
n r A u h a uc h a d n E i ha ch a d i s n n n ,
n n

fo urtee i st a ces b y E i h c h a d A u ha uc h O f the fi v e

n n n
“
n an
”
n
“
s .
”

Up a i ads me tio ed ab o ve fo ur a e rep e ted i b oth list

n s n n ,
r r se n n s .

It i o ly f a ir to y j u t h e re th at this di verge ce doe o t

s n sa s n s n

repr se t the i ad ve te ce f h u ried tra l t io si ce u uthor

e n n r n o r ns a n, n o r a

e mph a izes h i Opi io i ce t ai foot ote w hil i h i A llg

s s n n n r n n s, e n s
“
e

mei e Ge chichte d
n P hi l s pl i
s vo l i ( ) pp 2 4 8 if he er o 0 1 e,
”
. . a .

defe d the v ie w t h at p r d so meti me me a

n s A u h uc h na s ns
“
s a .

( )
1 0 H o w e v er s u rpri i g the b o ve e ults fro m D u e s n a r s e ss n,

E gg li g i h i fi v vol umes of the O t ap t h a B ah ma a ( S B E

e n ,
n s e a a r n .
,

v ol s ii . vi
x li . lii a d xli v pre e t e ve gre a ter v a i
,
xx .
u
,
x .
,
x .
,
n . s n s n 1 a

tio i t a slat i g t h te ms u der d i c ussio

n n r n n I o de t o e r n s n . n 1 r

u de t a d t h
n rs i t uatio t h ad ditio al b re ath ame udd mu t
n e s - n e n n na s

b e i cl ude d i o u re vie w I ab o ut fo ty p a ages p a a d

n n r . n r ss r na n

u da
'
a na tra sl ated a s o t b re athi g d b re thi g I
re u - n i - “
n an n a n .
”
n

O B i 4. 3 1.1 a d 1 2. ho w e v e . w h re p a a a
n
p d a d u d
,
a a r, e r n ,
n ,
an n

o cc u the fi t t w o a tra l at d b y ut b e a th i g a d i
r, rs - re ns e
“
o r n n n

b athi g a d udd a b y up b rea thi g

re n ,
” - n I ma y oth r n
“
n .
”
n n e

pl aces al o t h tr a l tio of udd i up b e at hi g I t h

,
s ,
-
e ns a n na s r n .
”
n e

l ast vol ume of h i w ork w h ich h s ce tly iss ued f o m the p e s ,

a re n r r ss,

vi z i
.
,
1 90 0 ( S B E
n vo l udd a i s i e v ry i t a ce .
,
. n n e ns n re n

de d by u p-b e at hi g
re
“
r n .

A to p a a a d ap d t hey appe a i b ook i

s r n n o ut b re at h
- na, r n . as

i g a d ither do w bre a thi g o o ff b re a thi g b ook

” “ ”
n ,
n - e - I n n r n . n s
 H i n du C o n cep ti o n of th e F un c t i o n s of B r ea t h . 9

xi —
. i v there is e vide ce o f a other i n sight a d so p r an a is
x . n n n

r eprese n t e d either by b re a th or o n t ( a d i n brea t hi g o “ “ ”

n n ,
r
“
i n b re a thi n g ;
- w hile ap d a a ppe a e very w here as o ff b re a th
- n rs
“

i n g ; cf also i 2 1 1 7 w here w e h a v e a s i gle i st a ce of the

”
. x . . . n n n
,

r e deri g which p e v a il s i n t h e l a st fo ur b ooks i e bre a th “

n n r i n -
, . .
,

i g an d o ut -b e at h i g
n r n .
”

MAT ERIAL B . SU MMARY O F .

P an Ap a V y a U d a r d S ma a, na
,
n a, n a , an a ri a .

It w ill b e a disti n ct gai n to h ave b efore the mi n d as defi n ite an

ide a as possi b le of the e x t e n t a n d dist ri b ution of the materi al
w hich co mes u der w h a t w m a
y c a ll the P r
n a -S eri s especi ally e na e ,

a s o ly a s mall portio
n of it i to recei ve det ailed t e at me t n s r n .

T o thi e d the follo w i g s umm ry of s uch ma te i a l a s is fo u d

s n n a r n

in t h e V ed a Up a i ads i mport a t B rah ma

s, a d cert a i
n s of ,
n n as, n n

the S utra s h a b ee prep red ,

s n a .

1 . M a t e ri a l in r e the P r ana - e r i e sS in th e Wh i t e Yaiur - V e d a.

The V aj asa ya S hit a co ta i s the ame of ll the fi v e

ne arn
‘
n n n s a

m e mb ers of t h e series N o a t te mpt at a e pl a t io of the . n x an n

v a rio us t er ms is ma de The umb er a d loc atio o f the refer n n n

e c e s a e a s follo w
n r s

P r dn ap d n d u
P r d n a an d a
p d n a

I h dn a , ap d n a , vg d n a -
o

' '

P r an a , ap an a , vy an a , udd n a
P r dn a , ap an a , vy d n a , udan a , sa mdn a
'
P r an a , v d n a , u d d n a
y
P rd n a , ud d n a , vg d n a

P r d n a , o y dn a
'

P r d n a , u dct n a

P r d n a s , vy an a s
'

( 1 0 0 p r an a s , 1 0 0 0 vy an a s of
g i) A n O n ce .

N ote th t sa md a a ppe a rs a n b ut o cen ,

an d th at o gd n a s urp asse s

ap d a i freq ue y f u e
n n nc o s .

11 . M at e ri al in r e th e H ana - S
e ri e s in t h e A t h ar v a - Vd e a .

P r an dp d n d u N i etee ti me
n n s .

P r d n a an d a
p dn a Se ve tee ti mes n n .

P r an a s a n d ap an a s Three ti me s .
10 A . H . E wi n g,

P r dn a , vy d n a O ce
n .

S even p r an a s, ap an as , ng an a s O cen .

P r an a , ap d n a , vy d n a E le ve ti mes
n .

P r d n dp an d u a n d o y d n o dan d u
'
T wice .

P r an a , ap d n a , vyd n a , sa man a O cen .

Vy an a O n ce .

V e rb s an d P ar t i c i pl e s.

—
The si mple verb a is used o n ce «A A with p r a is used n . n

as a verb thirtee ti mes a d as a p a rticiple eight ti mes

n ,
n .

A n w ith ap a appe a rs t w ice a a verb a d o ce as a p articiple

— s n n .

i /A n w ith vi is used o ce i its p a rticipi a l for m a d Va n w i t hn n ,

n o

n d o ce a s n fi ite v rb a n e .

N ote th at w e h av e i sta ce i the A V w here the fi v e a mes

no n n n . n

a ppe a r to gether .

N ote also t h e l a rge use of p an a a d ap an a i co mpariso r n ,

n n

w ith t heir me agre u e i V S s n .

III M at e ri al in r e the P r ana- eri e s S in t h e g at ap at h a B ra hm ana .

ré é
.

O ur um here i cl udes the e tire B r ah ma a w ith the e c e p

s n n n x

tio o f th at p ar t of b ook iv w hich is h a dled sep a r tely as th e

n x . n a

B rh A . Up a i s ad E le ve of the re fer ces w hich e t er i t o

r . n . n en n n

the follo w i g co u t a q uoted fro m the Vaj a eya S amhit a

n n re as n .

P r a o da ct un n
'
Forty- e ti mes on .

P d a u dd
r n vy d a
,
n a, Fiftee ti mes n n .

P rd ap d a v d a
na,
y n ,
Six ti m n es .

P r d n a uy ez a udd a ,
’

h ,
Fi ve ti me n s .

P d r ap a a
n a, n S e ve ti mes n .

P rd ap a a
na, vy d a udd a n Th ree ti mes
,
n ,
n .

P r d a ap i n a u dd a
n ,
'
c ,
T wice n .

P a a r p ana vy d
,
a u
a dd a
n md a -T
, w ice n ,
na, s n .

P rd vg d a ap d a udd
n a, s a md a
n ,
-O ce n ,
na, n n .

Fo ur ti me s .

O ce n .

O ce n .

O ce n .

I V . M at e ri al in r e the P r ague - e ri e s S i n t h e T ai t t i rl y a- A r any ak a .

The materi al fro m the A ra yak a gi ven belo w does o t cl ai m to n n

be ex ha ustive Wha t is here rep ese n ted h a bee coll cted w ith
. r s n e

the aid o f B lo o mfi el d C o n cord a ce of the M a t ras a d Formul a

’
s n n n s
 H i n du C o n c ep ti o n o f th e F un c t i o n s of B r ea th . 11

of i d u litera t ure Thi C o cord a ce h a bee made avail able

H n . s n n s n

t o the w riter i MS for m I as much as the P ra a S e ies is

n - . . n n r

f r mul aic it i p ob ab le th at v ery little if a y materi a l h as bee

o ,
s r ,
n ,
n

o mitted fro m the fol lo wi g li t n s

P r d n a , op d n a , vy an a , u d d n a , s a md n a
'
P r an a , vy an a , ap an a

P r d n a , ap an a , vy an a

V Mt i li . th P a - S i i t h G p t h B ahm n
a er a n r e e r ia er es n e o a a r a a.

This B rah ma a co tai s both the P r a a va a d Gay atr i U pa i

n n n n n n

sa ds
( i 1 1 6 —
3 0 ; 3 1
. I .the Up a i a d materi al there i o ly n n s s n

o e refere ce t o the P r a a-
n Series he ce w summarize he e the
n n n e r

e tire B rah ma
n na .

P r d n ap an d u
P r d n a , ap an a , vy an a
P r dn a , ap an a , vy an a , sa man a
‘
S e ven p r an a s ,
a
p an a s ,
vy ct n as

Fifteen p r an a s, ap an a s, vgan a s , sa md n a s ,
udd n a s ce O n .

S even p r an a s , ap an a s O ce n .

P rdn a , udd n a O ce n .

P r an dp d n au , man a vy an d u, udd n a r up e -T w ice

’

sa .

VI M t i l i th P an -
. S i i th U p is d
a er a n r e e r a er e s n e an a s.

The e is i cl ud d i the follo w i g re vie w t h ixty Up a i sad

r n e n n e s n s

t ra l at d by D eus e the J aimi i ya B ah ma a Up a i ad a d

ns e s n, n r n n s ,
n

the B h g vad G i t a The w hole is for the p u pose of the pr se t

a a .
,
r e n

s ummary vie wed a s a u it M a y of the efe ce here w ill be

,
n . n r re n s

co ider d i det ai l l ter P erh ps the most ot ab le fe at u e is

ns e n a . a n r

the ma ked vari atio i the order i w hich the ames appe a r
r n n n n .

The uses of v r b s a d p a ticiple a e o mit t ed as pr ctic ally all

e n r s r ,
a

i sta c a e to b e oted l ater

n n es r n .

A pa a n Three ti m s e .

I h d dp d d u n n S ve ti mes e n .

P rd a d ap d an an Se v t ee ti mes
n en n .

P d prd a vy a
n a,
a a n T ,ti mes n en .

I va a vy d a ap d an ,
n T w ice
,
n .

P r d a ap a a vy a a a md n a
n ,
n T wice
,
n ,
s .

P r d a a p a a vy a a
n md a a vd a
,
n Tw ice
,
n ,
sa n ,
n .
12 A . H . E w i n g,

P r an a , ap d n a , vy an a , sa md n a , a van d , udan a T wice . .

P rd n a , ap an a , vy an a , s a md n a , u dd n a Fo ur t ime s .

P r d n a , ap d n a , vy an a , udd n a , sa man a -N i n e ti me s

book "
.

( T h ree fro m M a h a n ara an a

y U p, . i e . . T A .
, ) .

man a , -T wice
'

P r d n a , ap ci n a , sa u dan a , vy an a .

P ran a , ap an a , sa md n a , vyan a , u dd n a -O ce n .

A p an a , vy an a , p
'
r an a , sa man a , u dd n a -O ce n .

vy an a , a p cma , s a man a , -Fo ur ti mes

'
P r an a , u dd n a . .

Fo ur times .

O ce n .

VII M . at eri a l in r e th e P r ana S

- eri e s i n t h e S nt r a L i t e r a t ur e .

B lo o mfi el d o cord an ce ( i ma uscript ) a d i de es to the

’
s C n n n n n x

S utras have made it possi b le to ra pidly sc uti ize a good de a l of r n

S tr liter ture
u a A si gle me b er of the P ra a Series is fre
a m .
- n n

q ue tly me tio ed the others bei n g u derstood as follo wi g o u

n n n ,
n n

so e tirely for mul aic i

n the mate i al Thi i especi ally tr ue o fs r . s s

the K itty C auta S ut a We hav e oted the follo wi g referen ce

. r r . n n s

i n the V ai t a a K aucik a P a ask a a Grhya M a av a Grh ya a d

n , ,
r r ,
n n

K at yay a a C aut a S ut a
n r r s .

‘
P r ct nap a d u n Se ve ti mes n .

P r d a ap d a vy a a sa ma a u da a
n ,
n ,
O ce n ,
n ,
n n .

P r a a vy d a
n p a
,
a u d d a n a ma a,
-O ce
a n ,
n ,
s n n .

P r d a ap a a
n ,
n T w ic e .

O ce
‘
P r d a vgct n u
n ,
n .

O ce
‘ '
P ct a ap ct a vy a a
r n ,
n ,
n n .

P ra ap d d u s mc ma vy d d u u dct n a up e -T w ice
‘ '
n n ,
a n ,
r .

S i x i t a ce where p rdn i trod uce o or mo e of the

ns n s a n s ne r

n —
re mai ni g me mbers of the P ra a S ries the for m h avi g beco me
- n e n

t horo ughly stereotyped .

C H A P T E R II .

AT T EMP T S MADE B Y H INDU S C H O L A RS T O E"

P L AI N T H E
P RANA-SERIE S .

I syste matic a t te mpt t o arri ve at the m thod of i terpreti g

n a e n n

the mate i al j ust o utli ed it see ms fitti g to first asce t ai the

r n ,
n r n

vie ws of H i d u w riter a s to the me a n i g a d e mpiric a pplic a tio

n s n n n

o f the vario us ter ms used .

 H i n du C o n c ep t i on o f t he F un c t i o n s of B r ea t h . 13

N serio us atte mpt to explai the P ra a-Series i w hole or i

o n n
,
n n

p a t i
r m a,
de i the
s liter a t ure w here i t u se is m
nost freq u e t v 1 s n ,
z

YV A V a d C B .
, The ma ip ulatio of p m a d d i C B 1 4 1
.
,
n . n n n n . . . .

5 a d
,
i mil ar p ass ages is o t to be take too serio usly The
n s n n .

U p a is a ds ho w e ver o ff er se ver al more o less thoro ugh atte mpts

n , ,
r

at det ailed e pl a atio N o t w o expl a atio s a e i

x e ntire
n n . n n r n

a ccord i fa ct the difi e e c e s a e r a ther more ma rke d t ha the

n r n r n

a gree me t This it uatio i dic ate a u cert ai ty a to the

n s . s n n s n n n s

m e a i g orig in a l ly i te ded
n n les ma rk d t ha the u cert ai ty n n no s e n n n

o f moder chol a s as ho w b y thei di verge cies of tra l atio

n s r s n r n ns n .

The H i d u atte mpts at e pl a atio may be t be co sidered

n x n n s n

a s a ge by p a s age i order th a t a ch ma be csa ref ully scr ut i n

p s
y e

n i e d a d criticised
z n .

M ai t ri U pa n i sa d ii . 6 .

r aj ap ati h a vi n g tr a formed hi m elf i to w i d ( vayu) deter

P ,
ns s n n ,

m i ed to e t r i to the cre at ures w h i ch he h ad made for t h pu

n n e n e r

p o e o f a i ma ti g the m ( p r a t i bo dh a n ay a ) seei n g th a t they w ere

s n n ,

a s yet lifele A s si gle he ( P r aj ap at i V ay u) co uld o t do thi

-
ss . n ,
n s,

s o he di vided hi mself i to fi ve p a rts b eco mi g p ran a ap d a n ,

n ,
n ,

sa md n a , udd n a , a n d vy an a .

P r an a a sce d s up w ard — ur dhva m uth r d ma t i

n s

—
.

A p a a mo ves do wn w ard ( w an sa rhkr d ma t i

'
n .

Vy ci a i s th at b y which these ( p r an a a n d ap an a ) a re s up
‘
n

p orted
S a ma a is t h a t which co d ucts i to ap a a
n — ap a e p r dp a a t i
y n n n
'
n

the g osse st ele me t of food a d di strib utes sa md n a y a t i —the

r — n n

s ubtile ( e l e me t s o f food ) i to the v a io u po tio n s of the body

n n r s r
'
a i g e a ge
r ii It ( sa a a ) a higher for o f vy d a utt a a
m i s m — n n r nz
’

—
.

vy d n a sy a r up a m a d b et w ee th m is t h e productio (o ri s ) n n e n r e

—
,
‘
da a c d i t e ct m a t a ct p r a s ut i e vo dd n a y a
‘
’ ’
of u n s n r r s

— —
.

U di t n a i s t h at w hich e j ect s or b lche s forth u dg i r a t i a d e n

s w al lo w do w — i gi ra t i
s —th at w hich i s dr u k a d ea te
n n n n n .

I t h e n o t e of e pl a a tio
n w hich i i t erpos e d bet w e e t he
x n n s n n

defi itio s of sa m d n a a n d u ddn a a d b gi s utt a ra m vy d

n n n e n ,
‘

w e w o uld d i ffer so m wh a t fro m C o w ell H e tra l a tes

”
n a sga ,
e . ns ,

b ut w itho ut a so a s it s e ms to us t h us :
re The vy an a co me
n e ,
“
s

a fter the oth r a n d the rise of the u dd a is i n t e po s ed b efo e i t

”
e s n r r .

The me an i g of the p as sage as w e h av e t a sl ated i t is o t

n r n n

w itho ut o b sc urity b ut it is cer t ai ly less obsc ure th a t h , e de n n e r n r

i g C o well gi ves a d it h a s mo eo ver the a d va t age a s w e

‘

n ,
n r n ,
, ,

b elie ve o f represe ti g the te t as it st a d s

,
n n x n .
 A . H . E wi n g,

the c ase of e ach of t he defi itio n s the ame of the thi g

I n n ,
n n

d efi d co mes a ft er the defi itio

ne a d the ame is i trod uced by n n, n n n

e a vava 8 a
s I the c a e of s ma a the e a vava 3
.
”
se n s a n ,
“
s a n

te ce is le gthe ed o ut o a t o defi e it ( sa ma a ) i i t rel a ti o

n n n s s n n n s n

t o the a mes w hich prece d e a d follo w : e a c ei va a sa m a a

‘
n n s s n
‘ '
tes a m
’
sa riz rt d u tt a r a rn vy d n a sg a r u
j p a ni c ai a n t a ra p r a s ut i r ev o
’
d d n a sga , V e rily
th is o e amed sa ma a is a h igher fo m o f n n n r

vy an a ,
”
etc There is o b re ak i tho ught b et w ee sa ma asa nj nc
. n n n n r
‘
t

a n d ut t a r a ri e, e t c .

The ab o ve defi itio s e ble us to c ha racterize with so me degr e e

n n na

of a cc uracy the w riter s positio ’

n .

1 P d n a a d ap a a do
. r o t st a d for the t wo
n i mple b re a t h n n n s

mo ve me ts up b re a thi g a d do w b re athi g o vi c e ver a

- n - O n n n n r s . n

the co trary we h ave here the poi t of vie w for w hich ce ta i

n ,
n r n

p ass ages of the C B for m the b asis vi th a t there a e t wo m ai .

,
z . : r n

mo ve m ts o f the bre ath o e up w a r ds fro m the

en v el the othe ,
n na ,
r

do w w a d n r s .

P d a therefore i cl udes both i h al a tio

r n , a d e h al a tio ,
n n n n x n,

w hile ap d a refers t o th at mo ve me t of bre a t h w hich t akes pl a ce

n n

i the e vac uatio bo t h of excre me t a d uri e a d e me

n n C a re n ,
n n n s n .

ful ob er va tio of o e s o w se a tio s i co ectio w ith these ’

s n n n ns n ,
n nn n

b odily f u ctio e peci ally w he efi o t is req uired or e peri me t

n n s, s n r x n

a lly use d w ill re ve al the i mpre sio f a do w w d mo ve me t

,
s n o n ar n

of the ai w hich ha bee i h aled This se s atio is do ubtless

r s n n . n n

the e mpi ic b a is of the abo ve defi itio

r
‘
The use of the w o rd
s n n .

ap d a i the s ame ectio to de c i be the place w here the gross

n n s n s r

est parts of food go re ders the e pl a atio o f ap ci a which h a ,

n x n n
'
n
,
s

j u st b ee gi v e e tirely
n ce t a i I thi u
n,
s of the w ord
n C o w ell r n . n s e

tr a sl ates it by lo wer bow el I t i s o t possi b le to decide

n
“
.
”
n

fi ally w hether the refere ce is to the lo wer bo wel o to t he i

n n
“
r a r

or b re ath which mo ves i the lo wer bo w el The co t ra st

“ ”
n . n

b et w ee iige a fi ge
n
”
a d p a a s uggests ho we ver th a t C o w e l l
“
a n a n , ,

is ri ght a d th at the me a i g h a p assed o ver fro m the ai w hich

n n n s r

mo ves i the lo wer bo w el to the lo w er b o wel itself

n
”
.

2 U da a as descri b ed see m to refer to er uct a tio

. n ,
This t h e ,
s n .

people of I di a co n sider to be a phe o me o of good di g stio a t

n n n n e n

the p e e t da y B elchi g i loo k ed upo s good for m a d

r s n . n s n a n

is recko ed to be a sure sig th at the food or dri k j u t co s u med

n n n s n

w ill di ge t properly The first of the t w o verb s use d i the

s . n

defi itio fr q ue tly me a

n n to vo mit The u e of the ve b
e n ns
“
.
”
s r s

side by side ho we ver poi ts to the phe o me o o f er uct a tio

, ,
n n n n n.
 H i n du C o n cep ti on o f the Fun c t i on s of B r ea t h . 15

3 . ccordi g to this w riter is t he b re ath which c a

S a man a , a n ,
r

ries the p ocess of di gestio

on The ve b may be a co mpo u d
r n . r n

o f V7 7 w ith s um a d d or it may b e the de o mi a ti ve of the

9 , n n n

n o u o adj ecti ve sa m a a or agai i t c a b e as W hit ey makes

n r
"
n ,
n n ,
n

it the ca us ative o f Va w ith a m The most prob a ble of t h e

,
n s .

three possi bili t ie s e ms to us to b e the seco d The o u a m s e n . n n s

d a is t ake a s the b a is w hile a t the s a me ti me i the i t e ded

n n s , , ,
n n n

m e a i g there is a pl ay upo the ad j ecti ve sa m d a me a i g

n n ,
n n ,
n n
“
s ame or like ”
P e h aps the most striki g phe o me o
“
.
”
of r n n n n

the a i mal orga is m is th a t o f digestio

n It w s s ure t o be
n n . a

i de tified w ith o e of the co mmo ly as umed bre ath proces es

n n n s s .

S a ma a is e adily s uggested by the a d j ecti ve s a ma a w hose

ri r n

m e a i g fits i w ith wh a t t ake pl ace i di gestio The mere

is a s uffi cie t a rgume t ; lo the thi g is do e "
n n n s n n .

c o c ptio
n e n The n n ,
n n

i de ti fic tio is co mplete a d sa ma a makes eq ua—l

n a n n n

o r assi mil tes food a d dri k If the ve b be Vi i pl us sum a d

a n n . r i , n

62 there is still to be u derstood a pl ay upo

,
both adj ecti ve a d n n n

n ou n .

This is re al ly a bri lli a t ex ample of th at f a cif ul etymologizi g n n n

i w hich the H i d u excels d o ubtless bec ause of h i theo y of the

n n , s r

p o w er i here t i e a ch syll ab le of a rtic ul a te so u ds

n n n n .

4 Vy cz a is th a t bre a th w hich is al ways pre se t e ve w he

’

. n n n n

there is o bre a th acti vity either up wa rd or do w ward ( cf C h

n n . .

U p i 3 . a d therefo e b oth p ra a a d ap a a ma
. . n
y be s a id to r ,
n n n

d epe d upo it n n .

5 The se se i w hich sa mdn a is a higher fo m of vy a a i

. n n r n s

c o f ssedly obsc ure b ut it may be s ugge ted te tati vely th at

n e ,
s n

w hile the l a tter represe ts the bre ath v r prese t i the body n e e n n

m erely a s the s upport of p r d a a d ap a a the former is the s ame n n n ,

b re ath co sidered as a cti ve i the dige ti ve process

n n s .

6 The se se i w hich u da a i looked upo a s bet wee vy a a

. n n n s n n n

a d a ma a i
n s a lso q uite u ce t a i
n M a y o t the all usio b e to
s n r n . n n

the phe o me o of e ucta tio w hich w h a ve ee to b e ide t i

n n n r n, e s n n

fi e d w ith u da si ce it t ake p lace fte food a d before diges

na, n s a r n

t io n A sa m d n i vy a a e g aged i d ige tio

s a d a s v an a
a
y s n n n s n n

is of co urse (o f defi itio ) p es t befo e a d w hil foo d i

,
. n n ,
r en r n e s

b ei g t ake th refore it is o t i mpos ible to co cei ve th a t it is

n n, e ,
n s n

i thi se se th a t udd a is b t wee vy a a a d a md a

n s n n e n n n s n .

There is to be ure othi g very profo u d i o u author

,
s ,
n n n n r
’
s

me a i g if we h a v e righ tly i terpreted him ; b ut this eed o t

n n n n n

s urprise u —i f act the de ma d for pro fu dity mus t be a voided

,

s n ,
n n

a s a s a re i the i terpreta tio of litera t ure of this type

n n n n .
16 A . H . E wi n g,

A mrt ab i n d n U p an i sa d , 3 2 3 5 — .

32 . tr i n ca tp a r va hi y a ta h p r an o y a t r a p r an a b p r a t i s t h i t a h ,
es a p ran a i t i h hy d to bd hgap ran a h s a g o c a r a h .

Thirty th umb bre adth s is the p r a a ( fro m) w he e the p r a a - n r n

is loc ated The p ci a th us amed ha s the e ter al p ra a ( t h e r

'

n n x n n

—
.
, ,

su ) a
n i t correl a te (
s sa g o c as a h h a v i g - -w ith r n a

3 3 Thi st a z a desc i b
. the umb er of t i mes bre a th i s i h a le d
s n r es n n

a d e h a led w ithi
n x the period of a day a d a ight The um n n n . n

ber is put a t a ci t i h a t ca t a h c ai va s h a a i tr a y o s r
’
a sr n

da ca l k c c a i / a h a This umber is pro b ably t be di vide d by

sa
’
c . n o

fi ve (of D u se i l o co ) i ce fi v e b e a ths a e me tio ed b elo w

. e s n n ,
s n r r n n

a d e ach o e i s do ub tl ss s upposed to h a ve the s a me

n n umb er o f e n

mo ve me ts Thi i cert ai ly tr ue w ith refer ce to i -b re a thi g

n . s s n en n n

a d
n ut bre a t hi g a d is a a logic a lly a ss umed i
- o n the c se of t he n n n a

others The ab o ve umber di vid d b y fi ve gi ve

. or n e s

per mi ute The H aus Up n . as D e u e h a s poi ted o ut a . ss n n

,

p uts the umb e at n t he S a va D a ga a ( p ager at r r n

a d R ama t i t h a i n his otes to M ait i Up vi 1 at r n n r . .

,

For a fa cif ul theory o f the umbers of p a a s a d a s o f C B

n n r n n an ,
. .

xii 3 2 5 A ll these umb er a e pp ima t ly ac c u at e It

. . . . n s r a ro x e
'

r .

is pro bab le th at o e or more of t he e umb er w re a ce t ai ed n s n s e s r n

by actual co u t A H i d u S m yfisi w o uld thi k his ti me w ell

n . n a n n n

spe t i co u ti g the umb of his respir t io

n n n n O the oth er n er a ns . n

h a d o me of these tot als h ave the appe ara ce of h avi g b ee

n ,
s n n n

ma de up t o uit some theory s to h o w m y there o ught to b e

s a an .

It is i mporta t to co mp are here M ai t ri U p vi 1 There p a a

n . . . r n

a d the s u
n a e c all d the i ner a d o ut r ( a t ba h i c c a ) p th
r e nn n e n ar a s

of the S up e me A t ma They a e both aid to re ol ve i a da y

r n . r s v n

an d a i gh t d the
n i me ured by the other
an N o w f o m th eo ne s as . r

fact th a t the me a ure me ts a gi ve i t a z 3 3 it ee m cer s n re n n s n a ,

s s

t ai th at i sta z a 3 2 bd hy ap ct a me s the u
n n n d th at t he e r
'

n an s n an ,
r

fore M ait i Up vi 1 if a d the prese t p ass ge de al w ith th e

,
r . . . n n a

s a me s ubj ect .

The fir t h l f of t a z a 3 2 is o me w h t o b c ur P ro b b ly th e
s a s n s a s e . a

t te me t i i te d d t
s a n a pp l y to di t a ce f o m the
s n n a vel to t h
e o s n r n e

mo uth Thirty th umb s b r a d t h is

.
- a ppro i m t ly cc ura t e s an x a e a e

me a ure me t f thi di t a ce
s The avel i look d upo a t h
n o s s n . n s e n s e

1
T he S t i oc s t a ug ht a di v i n e P n eu ma ( p r ana ) ln th e su n . Wi n del
ba n d , H i s t . o f P hi l .
, p . 39 .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f t he Fun ct i o n s of B r ea th . 17

c e tre fro m w hich the bre ath di vides t o go up w ard or do w

n n

w a rd a d it is defi ite ly represe ted a s the pl ace of the bre a th

,
n n n ,

c f K u i k a Up 7
. s Si ce t h e b re ath mov e me ts a e to be um
r . . n n r n

b ered i the follo wi g t a z a n it is o t very s urprisi g n s n n n

t h at the e ub era t f a cy of a H i d u w riter sho ul d thi k of t h e

x n n n n

d ist a ce w hich a cco di g to his ide a of the t a rti g poi t bre a th

n ,
r n s n n ,

t r a vels at e a ch i h al at io a d e h a l atio D usse a dopt n the n n x n . e n s

e me d a tio o f the Tel ugu editio a d re ads the li

n n tr i h ca d n n ne,
“

v a r ddh a igul i h p r d o
y a t a p a ft i h p
i t i t h i t h etc Thi does n r r '
n ra s a ,
.
”
s

n o t see m to be eces ry o is the me a i g s s ati factory as n sa ,

n r n n a s

m a y appe ar at fir t i ght O the other h a d the he art i s ai d s s . n n , s

t o be the k o t ( g t hi ) of the p a a
‘ncf T A 3 7 1 Go b h i l a
ra n r n s, x , ,
. . .

G rh S ut a ii 1 0 2 8 . For t he rel atio be t w e the he art a d the

r .
,
. n en n

p ra a s cf a
n lso C B iii, 8 3 1 5 ; C h . Up i ii 1 2 ; M u d Up ii . . . . . . . n . . .

1 8 ; C ir
. Up iii ( " B ah ma Up as A mrt a b i du Up 3 4 ; B rh
. . r . n . .

A i v 4 1 ; M ait i Up i i 6
r . . . r . . .

O the other h a d t h he rt c avity (g uh a ) is s aid agai a d

n - n ,
e a n n

a ga i t o be the d w elli g pl a c of the A t ma o P u usa v a rio usly

n n e n r r ,

d escribed cf K ath a Up ii 2 0 ; iii 1 ; v 3 ; vi 1 7 ; C h Up

,
. . . . . . . .

v ii i 3 3 ; M aitri Up v i 3 4 ; vi i 7 ; B rh A
. . Up v 8 1 ; ii 1 1 7 ; . . . . r . . . . . .

T aitt Up i 6 1 ; C h Up iii 1 4 3
. . . . . . . . .

B ut if the he r t is me a t w here a ccordi g to D e usse a the n , ,

n n,

p d
r a d w ells
n w ith the p ct a s the m e a s u re m e t gi v e n v i r
'
n ,
n ,
z

Dre i ssig M a sfi ge breit R aum i t i e tirely too l a rge

nn n r s ,
s n .

T ho ugh the te t w e h a ve used a d the t a l a tio w h a ve gi ve n x n r ns n e

a re full of di ffi c ulties yet they yield re' ults s uited to the co text ,
s n .

I t ma y be oted th a t D us e h a o t a p preci a ted the refere ce

n e s n s n n

t o the u i the seco d h a lf of t h st a z a

s n n n e n

—
.

3 4 3 5 ( a ) The p ecedi g st a z a s a e preli mi ary ; it is here

. r n n r n

t hat W fi d a defi ite a tte mpt to expl a i

e n the P ra a Series :
- n n n

'

p r d na d dg o h r di st h dn e ap an a s t u p un a r gude,
sa man o n d bh i dece tu a d an a h k a n t h a m d er i t a h .

‘
’
vy d n a h s a r ves u c d riges u s a dci vy d vr ty a t i s t h a t i
’

P r dn a h as its loc atio

the he art A p d a is loc ated i the n in . n n

l o we bo w el S a a a is loc a ted i
r the v l reg io
-
. U da a nt n n na e n . n

a bide i eco r e to the thro at V di ided

( h a s u ) n y a
ora v up s r s . n , ,

( vy i vrtg a ) cb ide
’

a l w y s i a l l the m e mb er a s a n s .

1
C o mp a re the d oct ri n e o f t he S t i o c th s at s ev e n p n e u ma t a ( p rci na s )
‘

e x t en d o ut fr om the h e a rt lik e the ar ms of a o l

p yp . T he se ven a re

m a de up o f t h e fi ve s e n se s , t h e f a ul t y c o f s pe e ch an d th e o rga n o f r
p o
c rea t i o n . I bi d .
, p 1 8
.9 .

2
18 A . I f . . E wi n g,

The w riter makes hi s po itio cle a r a fa as it goes s n s r .

1 I n loc a ti g p r d a i
. the he a t he follo w s the oft-repe a te d
n n n r

a sertio
s th at t h he art is the home of the p r a a a d the p r a a
n e n n n s.

2 I . his opi io as to ap a he agrees i p a rt w it h M aitri U p

n n n na n .

ii 6 H e describes ap a n a a i the lo w er bo w e l but doe o t

. . s n
,
s n .

i de tify it there with

n .

3 The avel regio i a ter m bro ad e o ugh to i cl ud e

- “
. n n s n n

the pl ac of digestio e I loc a ti g a mci n a ther i o u autho

n . n n s
‘
e n, r r

is n ot ecess arily o ut o f ag ee me t with the w riter of M ait i

n r n r

Up i i 6 The defi itio ho wever looks especi ally to ward s

. . . n n, ,

C B v i i.i 3 1 6 a d
. 1 0 w here
. s .a m d a is ide
n tified w ith t h e
, n n

n avel egi o r n .

4 T h e loc atio
. of u ddn a i the thro at is a corroboratio o f
n n n

the i t e pret tio gi ve n in the M ai tri p ass age I r uct atio t h e

n r a n . n e n .

se a tio is o f bre a th asce di g to the thro at a d r t ur i g t

ns n n n n e n n o

th e st o mach I this we h v e t h e mpiric sta rti g poi t o f t h

. n a e n n e

v i w w hich as f urther de velope d loc tes udd a i n t h

e , S us m a , a n e n n

o r gre t art er y a d ass umes th a t it is the bre ath w hich c a rrie s

a n

—
,

t he so u l to the cro w o f the he a d i the tr ue Y ogi n

n st a te i fac t n n

ide tifies it ( udan a ) w ith t h e a t ry by w hich t h e so ul dep a rt

n r e s

fro m t h body at de ath i c w i t h the S u um a

e , . . s n .

5 The expl a a tio

. of vy a a keeps n m1 n d the pr fi v i
n n n i e x .

T h e s me prefix is u ed i
a the acco mp a yin g ger u d vy d v tg a
s n n n ,
r ,

a d the a s ertio
n th at v i a a is i all me mbers is ma de i all usio n
- s n n n n

t o v i a s me a i g a p art a s u der etc

“ ” “ ”
n n ,
n , .

Th is defi itio ill umi es the t a te me t i M aitri ii 6 th a t

n n n s n n .
,

s a md is the u tt a ra form of vy a a Si nce vy a a i i all t h e

na n . n s n

me mbers a d s a ma a apportio s food to al l the me mbers t h e

'
n n n ,

l a tter may be fi t t i gly c lled the uperior for m of the formern a s

—
.

St a z as 3 5b 3 7 describe t h colors of these p ra a s T h e

n e n .

w h o l e is t o o fa ciful t o merit o u atte n tio at this ti me

n r n .

P r aqn a U p an i sa d iii .

Thi sectio co n t a i n s the mo t co mplete at te mpt f H i d u

s n s o n

literat ure to defi e the memb ers o f the P ra a -Serie The fi ve

n n s .

a a a e e pl ai ed both microcos mic a lly a d ma crocos mic a lly

s r x n n
p r n .

The ectio begi n s w it h fi ve q uestio s a s to P d a w h i ch i s

s n n r n ,

h ere the a gg regate of the life f u ctio s vie w ed

- a sep a a t e n n as r

—
,

e t i ty disti ct from the body i other w ords the So ul

n ,
n n , .

1 W he ce does t his P r d a a rise

. n n

2 H o w does it co me i to the b ody

.
n
 H i n du C o n cep t i o n o f th e F un c t i o n s of B r ea th . 19

i g di vided itself ho w is it loc ated Re a d p ct t sth a te

3 . H av n ,
r
‘
i

fo p a t i t h a t e cf P W
r r s ,
. .

4 B y w h a t does it go o ut ( utk a ma te)

. r

5 H o w is it to b e expl i ed ( a bh i dh a tt ) w ith re fere ce ( a )

. a n e n

t o the e x ter a l w orld ( bd h g a m) a d ( b ) to the i di v id ual org a

n ,
n n n

i sm ( a dhy at ma m) ?
The eplie gi ve a e a follo w s
r s n r s

( )
1 It is prod uced (j g )
d a t e fro m A t ma n A s the h ado w s in
—y
.

m the o i the o t her i difi u

an , ne n s se d
”
a t h ct i
‘
’
sd p uru s e ch ag ai

t a s mi n n at a t a m
’
et a d .

It co me i to the body ap a rt f om the acti vity of the mi d

2)
—
s n r n

ill m ‘h liter lly B m e s f - cti g “

o w r
( a o t e a) a n
y o r a n ,
an a non n

ma a n C a ii k
s .a i his i te pret a t io e glects
ar the b fore
n n r n n a e

k te a
r dn a tt i b utes the co mi g of t h
an so P d i to t h b ody
r n e r na n e

a s the e ul t of w ork do e thro ugh ma n a s cf D e usse i l o c o

r s s n , . n n .

( )
3 I t h a s w er
n to the thi d eq u e tio nthe P a a-Serie is r s n, r n s

directly de alt with The r ply b egi s w it h the decl a ra tio th a t . e n n

a s a ki g t a tio s his s ub o di a t
n s i o e to w a d a other e a ch
n r n es n n n n n ,

sep arately so P d a a si g s to the vario u me mb ers of the Series

-
,
r n s n s

their s p a rate pl aces i the b ody as fol lo ws

e n ,

a) P a s i g s ap a a to the a us a d se ua l org
( d r na s a
n n n n x n

d u t h e
‘ a m d t i t h t
p y p a s p n a p r s a c
— —
.

b
( ) It i itself s va a m
a ss g n s
g to e e an d e a
y a lo g w ith o
( r n r,

—
fro m) mo uth a d o t ils c a k uhcr o tr e muk h a d s i k d bhy amn n s r s n
’

c
( ) S d ho w e e i i the m iddle — m a dhge t u s a man a h

—
a n a v rn
s ,
r, n .

This it is th a t le ad s to ho moge eity s a a n n a y a t m i the o ff ered n

—
f o od h t a m a n a m F o m t hat ( i e food ) these se ve
a n . r . .
,
n

fl a me s a ise cf t h e se ve j i hvdh or h omd h of M ah a ar

r
,
. n
“ ” “ ”
n .

Up 2 ; a d M u d Up ii 1 8
. x . n A re the fi ve se ses sp e ech
n . . . . . n ,

a n d p ocre a t io n re ferred to
r

d
( ) yV a n a f u ctio s — c a r a t i — i t
h e 1 0 1 vei s n
( a d i ) w hose n n n n

loc atio is i the he ar t w here the A t man i s These vei s are

n n . n

e ach di vided i t o 1 0 0 p a rt s a d these aga in i to n p a rts n n

e ach ( ih .

I n this p a ss age w e h a ve both a co mbi a tio n of O h Up viii ,

n . . .

.
‘
6 6 ( 1 0 1 v ei s ) a d B rh A U p ii 1 1 9
n v ei s c a l l e d
n . r . . . . n

1
Fo r t h e r li o t e ra t ure in re t h e H i as o r N adi s , t of . Ki s.
ng U p , iv 19 . .

A it U p . . ii 1 . . 6 ; C h U p v i ii 6 1 -6 ; E rh A r U p , i v
. . . . . . . . 2 3 ; i v 3 20
. . .

M und U p ii . . . 2 6 ; B ra h mavi dy a U p x i i ; K sur U p 8 , 9 , 1 7 , et c ;

. . . . . .

M a h an ar U p . . x i 8 ; K a t a U p vi
. 1 6 ; QB h
i 4 1 24 ; i v 1 2 3 ; i v 3 . . . . . . . . . . .

1 23 ; i v 4 1 1 ;
. . . . vii . 5 1 21
. . .
20 A . . H . E wi n g,

“
h i td h ”
) an d a still f urth er fa ciful div isio i to t h e extre me n n n

of nu mber an d mi n ute ess The whole umber beco mes 7 2 7

n . n ,

2 1 0, 2 0 1 .

I n B ra h ma vi dy a Up x l i ,
ei n s are a pp are tly merge d . . v n

i to the
n S uch a
co ceptio is the co u terp art a d
S usumn a . n n n n

p ossibly t h origi a l o f t h e sche me w hic h di vides e a ch by 7

e n

e
( ) U d a a i the o e w hich ( goes ) up w a rd
n s a d by m e an s o f n ,
n

good le ads to a good w orld by e vil t o an e vil w orld ; b y ( a c m , o

b i n atio of) the t w o t o the w orld of ma

n W ith refere c e t o n . n

these replie t h e fol lo w i ng poi ts a e to b e o bser ved

s, n r

1 A p an a is described es e ti l ly as i
. M ai t i Up 1 6 s n a n r . 1 . .

2 P r d a is used i
. t wo e ses
n eit her of w hich correspo ds n s n ,
n n

t o its use i the p a ss ages a lre ady co n idered The P d a wh ich ns . r n ,

is the mai ub j ect of t h e ch a pte is a sy o y m of B ah man a d

n s r, n n r ,
n

r ec all the P raj ap at i -V ayu of M aitri Up ii 6 w hich di vided

s . .
,

it e lf up i t o t he ve e mb ers o f the P ran a Se ies

s fi m n - r .

A gai the p r a a as assig ed to its pl ace i the body is a c o

n, n n n n

c e pt i o v ery di ff ere t fro

n m the si mple b r a th acti vity fo u d
- n e n

i pre vio u e pl a tio s

n I s f ct o u a ut hor i h avi g p r d
x na n . n a r n n n a

a ssig ed by P r a a p sses o v e f o the r a Series as s uch t o

m
n a P a -n r r n
,

a co n ceptio w hich belo gs el e w heren The a g me t o f p r a n s . ssi n n n a

i s cle a rly t o the se v e ope i gs i the he ad w hich w e sh a ll “ ”

n n n n

fi d a gai a d ag a i r eferred to as the se ve p a a s Si ce

” “
n n n n n r n . n

the p r d a s a e al l man ifestatio s o f the ce tr al P d a they a e

n r n n r n ,
r

d scri b ed as u it This gi v e a appe a ran ce o f co si ste cy t o

e a n . s n n n

t h e w riter s t e a tme t of the serie of fi ve It i t possible t o

’
r n s . s no

ay positi v ely w h ther the d l for o th o tril i a i st u

m
s ua u - e n s s s n n r

me t al o a ab l ti ve
n If the l a t ter w e may recog ize here an
r n a .
,
n

i teresti g ato mic al refere ce t the E u t achi a tubes a d

n n an n o s n n

l achry mal d ucts More prob ab ly ho we ver w e h av e h ere t h e

.
, ,

i strume tal o f acco mpa i me t a d as alre a dy i ti mated a

n n n n n ,
n ,

defi ite all usio to t h e se ve p d n i t h e he d

“ ”
n n n r as n a .

3 S a a a i
. v ery much
nt s i
n M aitri Up ii 6 The poi t
s a n . . . n

o f the a rg ume t is a pl a y o the w o ds sta mi a a d sa ma t h e

n n r n n
— ,

l atter bei g t h fo m used with the root «hi t to fo m the a ma n

n e r r s

n a y a ti .

4 the e pl a atio of vy a a the sta te me t o f A mrt ab i d u

. I n x n n n ,
n n

Up th at vy t a bides al way i all the me mb ers of the body

.
‘
c n a s n ,

recei ves a f urthe a d e ti ely f cif ul d v lop me t The r n n r an e e n .

i umerab le di vi io s of the vei i whic h vy ci f u ctio n s is

nn s n n s, n
’

na n ,

a ot h er w ay o f
n yi g th a t vy d a i i e very fi bre of t h e body
sa n n s n .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f t he Fun c t i o n s of B r ea t h . 21

The presen t atio n of uda a i u iq ue a d di ffi c ult A cl ue

5 . n s n n .

t o the u derst a di g of the a uthor s me an i n g i s w e thi k to be

’
n n n ,
n ,

fo u d by rec alli g w h at is t aught regardi n g t he gre at vei S u

n n n

s um a w hich is s aid t o exte d fro m the he art t o the cro w o f t he

n ,
n n

he ad I the co mplete co ce tra tio i c ulc ated by the Y oga

. n n n n n

philo op hy t he so ul is theoretic ally ma de to a sce n d b y thi pas

s ,
s

s a ge w ay u til it re a ches t h
- cro w of the he ad or a poi t b etw ee
n e n n n

t h e eyeb o w ; cf D hyfi ab i d u Up 1 3 2 3 a d N ada b i du Up i v

r s — . n n .
,
n n . .

B y this s a m g e a t vei the so ul a sce ds a d p a s ses o ut a t de a th ;

e r n n n

cf K s ur U p ; M aitri Up v i 2 1 ; A i t Up i 3 1 2 ; K ath a Up vi
'
. . . . . . . .
,
. .

5 . We h av e see abo ve ( A mrt a b a d M aitr i Ups ) th at uda is n . n . na

the b e ath of er uct tio a d is loc ated i the t hro a t This gi ves
r a n n n .

11s the co ceptio of a bre a t h t h at asce ds ( ud ) a d prep are t he

n n n n s

w ay for w h t we h a ve here If a y o ne of the fi v bre aths is to

a . n e

b e co cei v d of a s fu cti o i g i the S usum a the prefi ud o f

n e n n n n n ,
x

ud a w o uld be s uffi cie t to determi e th a t the c h oice ho uld f all

na n n s

u po it W alre ady h ave udd e te di g as fa a the eck

n . e na x n n r s n ,

a d f u ther H i d u f a cy did
n r o t fi d it di ffi c ult t
n t ke other
n n n o a an

s tep a d co mpletely ide tify uda a a d S usum a It m y be t h at

n n n n n . a

w h a v e the b as i o f the co ceptio

e i A V xi 9 2 1 w here t he
s n n n . .
, ,

p d
r a i n a id to esc a pe
s u p w s a d i the a rticl of de a th This r s n e .

n eed t ho w v er b e pressed
no ,
e , .

6 T h . de c ip t io o f ud d a
e gi ve abo ve is i a s w er t o
s r n n ,
n ,
n n

the fo u t h q uestio r B y w ha t doe it ( the P r ct a ) go ut n, s

'
n o

The fif t h q uestio i a s wered i p t b y the reply gi v e to the n s n n ar n

third q uery i ce sa id reply tells ho w P rd a f u c t io i the

,
s n n n ns n

i d i vid ual org is m ; f Q ue t i o 5

n an c . s n .

L te ho w e ver t he fifth q ue ti o
a r, i s sy te ma tic ally a s w ered
,
s n s n

b y a s t at e me t o f cos mic correl a t of e ach of t h e fi v b e aths

n es e r .

( )
a T h u rises a s the e e ts l Pn d a ( b d hy a h p r ct a h cf x e rn a r n
'

n , .

A mrt ab Up s upporti g th a t p r a a i the e ye

. .
‘ n n n .

b
( ) The di vi i t y w hic h is i the e a rth is
n the o w hich s u pports n ne ,

a va t bhg a the s a
p a a o f m a , a n n .

( )
0 S m d is t h ea S p ace t lcd c ana b t w ee ( u a d e a th ) ,
'

c ,
e n s n n r .

d
( ) n is V a y u na .

e
( ) U d i a is t h e fi e -ele m
cn e t ( j )
t a s B y it ( u d d ra ) a ma n e n n

—
.

b e co sm who e fi e ele me t i e ti g ui hed i e die

e - o ne s r t s md d n s x n s , . . s a

1
S o c o c n ei v ed be c a use in se e i n g . chic l c t as in oth er psy a a s, the
S upre m e P r ana is the a cti g t dve a b eni d to d w l l i
an s o c an e sa e n the
ey e T is . h co n c ep ti o n is acc t u t d by t h w o d ful c h c t f
en a e e n er a ra er o th e
eye . T he M an in t he e y fi
e gu
”
l g yl i H i d u
rest h o u gh t ar e n n .
 A . H . E wi n g,

up a cct n t a t e d h
j
'

. Whate ver t ho ught ( det er mi n atio n )

bor n is re -

a lo g w ith ( o r by the f usi g of the e es i to the org o f i t el

n
) a n s ns n n n

l ect ( ma s
) — b y it h e goena to p d a P r a a u ited w it h t h e s r n . n ,
n

fi e-ele me t ( a d ) a cco mpa ied b y A t ma le a ds to t h e p e de t e

r n ,
n n n r r

mi ed w orldn .
”

The e st a teme ts o f correl atio a e f ul l of i terest

s n n r n .

1 The co ectio bet wee the sun a d the eye p r d a i s a

. nn - n n n n

correl atio w h ich fro m its fr q u cy may b e c alled for ma t i ve

n e en

a d str uct u a l
n The umb er f a l l u io s w hich re t upo t h
r . n o s n s n e

c o ceptio
n t h at the eye i s to t h n b ody w ha t the su i t t h e n s o e

u i verse i s v ery l arge

n The myth of the H e a ve ly E ye b a ll c y
,
- . n r s

t al l i e s thi co ceptio i
z a i te esti g w ay First the u a n d
s n n n n n r n . s n

the eye a e correl ated A ga i si ce the su is b ut

r fo m o f . n, n n o ne r

the he ave ly light of w h ich light i g is a other the eye a d

n n n n ,
n

light i g a correl ated VS

n n v 1 2 re The third step is to ,
. xx .
, .

po it a y
s d a eye b ll to the u or to t he light i g A
n - e e an n a s n n n .

still f urthe tep l e ads t o the my t h proper a ccordi g t o w hi c h

r s ,
n

the eye a the eye b all of the su a d light i g or of a thropo

d - n n n n n ,
n

mo phic di v i itie s ubstit uted for the m a e described a desce d

r n s ,
r s n

i g to the a rt h a d beco mi g v a io u u ef ul a d ple a si g o b j ect

n e n n r s s n n s.

P la t n speci lly are ide tified w i t h this e ave ly eye b all ; c f

a es h - n n .

B l o mfi ld o I terpret atio of the V ed a Se ve th S erie A JP

e
’
s n n ,
”
n s, .

x v ii N 4 p 3 9 9 if
.
,
o .
,
. .

I thi co ection o e a sc a cely a void rec al li g the ge n eti c

e ie o f C B ix 3 3 l 5—light i g r i pl a ts —
n s nn n c n r n

s r s .
, a d the m a y
. . . n n ,
a n n n n

si mil ar ta te me ts to the s me e ff ect i other p ass ge

s n a n a s .

2 Si ce ap a a h as bee
. n loc ated by P rd a i n the a us a dn n n n n

scrot um Di vi ity i n the e a t h i s prob a b ly n o t A g i as migh t

,
“ ”
n r n

r e adily be sumed b ut the e p e sio n is r athe i te ded t o

as ,
x r s r n n

descri b e the e arth h erself a per o ified ; o f R V v 8 4 a d A V s s n . . .

,
n .

x ii . 1 .

The mai q uestio is ho w the E art h-Di vi ity s u tain ( o

n n n s s r,

—
seizes Vst a bh w ith a va may me a e ither ) the ap a of man n na .

D we o t h a ve here a refe e ce t o the i mple e very -

no day phe o m r n s n

e o a cco di g t o w hich the e arth b oth recei ves a d absorb s

n n r n n

both c e me t a d uri e ? Si ce b y me a s o f p a a loc at d

ex r n n n n n a n , e

i a u a d scrot um they a
n n s v oided upo
n the e arth ther fore ,
re n ,
e

the t w o a e correl ated ; cf C B vi 7 1 1 1 ; A B ii 6 ( d) ; C B

r . . . . . . . en .

x 1 1 11
. . . .

3 The ide tific atio n of s a md a a d ak d ca ( her

. a a ta r i
n n n e s n

k a m) i fro m the cos mic st a d poi t q uite i h a r mo y w it h the

s s, n n ,
n n
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e F un c t i o n s of B r ea th . 23

l oc a tion of the microcos mic s md a i the middle pa rt or ave l a n n n

r e gio n o f the b ody .

4 Vy a a a d
. u a lso fi t n i w el l w ith the a bo v e oted d fi
s s n n e

n i t i o s w hich e mph a size the per va si v e e

n of vy a n ss na .

The correl a tio ha also the f u ther a d va t age de ar to the

n s r n ,

H i d u author s e
n of bei g b ed upo a pu vdy a d vy d
’
a r, n as n n, n .

5 The correl a t io
. of uddn d te j a i u iq u n a d the a an s s n e n

e x pl a a tio w hich follo w it i o b c ure at l a t w he co sidered

n n s s s ,
e s n n

a lo e n B rief a it is t h e pl a atio
. bri t le w ith i mport a t
s ,
e x n n s s n

a ll u io s to
s tructur al co ceptio
n s n ns .

The st a ti g poi t for a de q u te i te preta tio of the pas

- r n n n a a n r n

s a ge i the f a ct th a t u d d a
s
( i the i di vid ua l o g i m — a dhy dt n n n r an s

m a m ) mo ves i t h v ei ( ad i ) w hich g oe up wa r d i e then e n n s ,

. .

S u um a ? w psychic al cti vi t y (p ct a of belo w ) is a fi e '

s N n o a r n ,
. r

e le me t n I B rh A Up i v 4 1 the C a i A t ma n . r. . . .
,
r ra n

i s aid t o eize t h p d ga s o fi -el me t ( t e

s s
j o m
ea t u h ) a
r d m o vze r re e n s r n

n —
d o w a lo g t o the he a r t h da ga m evci n va va k d ma t i
n r
'
’
r .

F urther i Ki g Up 1 2 e a ch psychic a l a cti v ity i

n n . a id t o
. 11 .
,
s s

b e a for m i w hich t h B r a h ma n fl me up i the i di vi dual e n a s n n .

E a ch a cti vi ty i s therefore a co mpo ite of p d a a d t ej a

, Whe ,
s r n n s . n

t e s aid fl ame dies do w

h h
t e p d -eleme t thereof goes i t o n, r na n n

P r d a a d the t j a s ele me t p a se i to the psychic al or ga n e t

n - n e n s s n n x

i order of
n ti g ui h me t The who le state me t m y be sum
ex n s n . n a

ma i e d as fol lo ws
r z ,

The tej of pe ch goes to the eye ; its p d a to P ra a

’

as s e r n n .

The tej a s of the ye goes to t he e a ; i t p a to P ra a e r s r na n .

The tej a s o f the e goe t o the ma a s it p t to P r an ar s n s rc n a

'

a .

The tej of the m a s goes t the P ra a ; i t p d a to P rana

as an o n s r n .

N ote th a t the e t res ult i P a a Th i i a de criptio o f

n s r n . s s s n

w h a t t a kes pl a ce t de th S i mil a r de criptio w ith other

a a . s ns

a rr a ge me t n of the org a n e f eq ue tly me t w ith ; o f Speech

s ns ar r n .
,

m a as p r a a a d tej as : C h Up vi 8 6 ; iv 3 3 ; B rh Up iii
n ,
n n . . . . . . . . .

2 . 13 .

It i e tirely c le ar th a t o u a uthor i hi tre t me t of udd a is

s n r n s a n n

d e ali g w ith w h a t t ake pl a ce a t de a th

n A t th a t ti me the fi e s . r

e l e me ts a ll exti gui h ed a d o ly P r ana abides i e the

n re a n s n n
,
. .

S up re me P r a a w hich is the ma i s ub j ect of the ch a pter

n It i s n .

n o t to b e for g otte ho w e ver th t w e a de a li g w ith the o n, ,

a re n c s

mic a l Te j a i t h e a w er to q ue tio 5 s n ns s n .

There are t w o al t er ati ves here E ither the a uthor has for n .

g otte h i a s umed poi t o f v ie w a d is

n s s o w disc ussi g a corre l a n n n n
24 A . H . E w i n g,

tio restricted t o t h e i di vid ual orga nis m ; or he me an to i mply

n n s

th at the Te j as o f e ach orga is a cos mic prod uct The l a tte n . r

alter a ti ve is ma ifestly the mo e prob a ble

n Do ubtles s t h e
n r .

Tej as with w h ich uda a is correl ated is t h A g i B r a h man - n e n

w hic h fl a mes up i e c h orga of psychi c al a cti v ity cf a g a i n a n , . n

H a g Up ii 1 2
n . U dan a is t he
. . the cosmic al Tej as i t h e
.
,
n, n

se n se th a t it ab sorb s the fi e ele m t s a s they appe a r i n the e p a

- r en s

r te psychic a org
a l a There is here a t wo fold i de tific atio o f
- n . n n

O n the e h an d it i s eq ui vale t to the microcosm ic a l

‘
ud i a cn . on ,
n

p rc
‘
c n
a o f K i s Up ii 1 2 i ce iln to i t a.e f used the fi -
. le m e t s .
,
s n n r re e n

o f the other org a s O the o t he ha n d h avi g absor b e d t h e

n . n r
,
n

va rio us fi e ele me t
- it is s aid to be eq ui vale t to th a t w hic h it
r n s, n

h as ab sorb ed vi —Te j a s A third ide tific a tio n of ud d a h a s

, z . n n

al re a dy bee oted ab o ve i e w ith t h e S usum i '

n n . . nz .
,

B e gi i g w ith u dd n a ( ab o v e e) a re v i w o f the dea th

nn n
, ,
e

proces is gi ve s The e ses f use i to ma a s This fusio le a ds

n. s n n n . n

to the for matio ( ma er o t e pl a i ed ) of a determi i g tho ug h t

n nn n x n n n

( c i t t a ) w,
hich p
l
a s es o i to p i a P a a is o w sv e y n n rc n
’

. r n n e r

thi g The fi e-ele me ts of all the psych i ca l organ s a e o

n . r n r c n

t ai ne d m it a n d it dep arts ( by the uda a S u um ) h v i g

,
- so n s na ,
a n

the A t ma alo g ( cf B rh A Up i v n n o e bei g a t he . . r. . . n n s

sh ado w of the oth r ( f a s w e to questio 1 ) th us goi g to t h — e o . n r n n e

co ditio pre dete mi ed by the co mposite thought w hi c h

n - n
“
r n
”
,

form it elf i the mi d w he t h se ses e f u ed therei

s s n n n e n ar s n .

P ra
g na U p iv 3 . . an d 4 .

T he P r
Series is h ere pre e ted u der a c orrel atio w hic h
a a
n - s n n n

may fi t t i gly b e c al led a dh i y j fi a m i e

n w ith refere ce to t h e a ,
. . n

s acrifice Fi ve q ue tio n s b egi the ch apte

.
”
s n r .

( ) a W h a t ( k a i ) sl ep i m ? n e n an

b
( ) W h a t ( k d i ) re m a i n a w a k ? n e

c
( ) W hose is th a t ple a s u re ( k h a m ) sa

d
( ) W h a t god ee the m sle pi g ? s s e n

e
( ) I w ho m a e n they a l l gro u ded ( s a mp rart t h i t d h ) n ts

The a wers i b rief a e as follo w s

ns n r

( )
a The t e org a of a ctio — don u btless h a m a i w
ns ith fa i t n r n n .

b
( ) The p r d a -fi e n r s

c
( ) M a s an .

1
QB . vu . 1 . 1 . 2 4 , t h e p r ana s a re sa id to b e t h e i n spi re r s of al l

o ht
t h ug s .
 H i n du C o n cep ti o n o f th e Fun c t i o n s of B r ea th . 25

‘
d
( ) The m a n as o f the V i j fi a a t ma P u r a n n ne .

e
( ) The highes t A t ma n .

I co ectio w ith the second a s w e three me mbers o f t h e

n nn n n r

P r a a-S eries a e corre l at ed w ith t h s a crifici a l fire ( cf C B vi i

n r e s . . .

1 2. a d the othe
. t w a e forcib l y bro ught i to l i e w ith
n r o r n n

t h e s a crifice A p an a is the G a h apat y Fire i e w este

. r a ,
. . rn .

n a i t h An v a h a a
y p s c a a Fire e i e o u
nther P r a a is the r a n , . . s n . n

A h av a i ya Fire i e e aster To this si mpl e cor el atio defi i

’

n . n . r n, n
, .

t io s of s a ma a a d u da a a
n a dded n n n re

1 S a m a a le ads to ho mo ge eity
. n — s a ma rh a g ti — the t w o n n a

o bl tio s e h a l a tio
a n a d i h al a t i o
,
x i e uc ch vdsa i c vd du The n n n n, . . n s .

v erb for m is ag a i ew W h ve alre ady h d a md ya t i a d n n . e a a s na n

sa ma n n a y a t i .

2 . the fr uit of t h
U dan a is c ifi c — i t ap h a la I t co e sa r e s rn . n

v eys the ac i fi c M a ) t o B ra h m d y b y da y
s r er an s an a .

P oi ts o f i mport ce for o u i v esti g tio a e

n an r n a n r

( )
a The p u o sa m d n a b y u si gn sa m a m n w ith a g a t i H ere n n .

i t is the b e ath mo v e me t r t food w hich ssi mil ated It n s, no ,

a re a .

i a do mi
s t Up a i d doctri e th t the t ue age perform the
n an n sa n a r s s

A g ih o t a s a crifice w he he a cco mp a ies the e a ti g o f foo d w ith

n r n n n

t h e ecit a l of M
r tr to t h v rio us p r a a cf P a ag U p ; C h
an as e a n s . r n . . .

U p v . 1 —
9 2 4 etc
. H ere it uit the p ur pose of the w ri t er to
,
. s s

l a ve the matter of food o ut of sight

e H e me ely hi ts a t r athe . r n ,
r

t h a st ate
n the i mport a t doctri e j u t refe red to H is o c c u
s, n n s r . e

p ied w ith correl a ti g the ma i f a ct of t h e a c t u l n a c ifice w ith n s a s r

th eP r a a Series
- An the P ra -Se ie b elo g t o t h. s i mal na r s n s e an

o rg a i m he n s eeks fo p ychic l f u ct io w hich w ill co re po d

,
s r s a n ns r s n

t o the t w o o b l tio s a d fi ds the m i t h t w mai a n b re th mo ve

n n n e o n a

m e ts n .

b
( ) A f u rther h i t t o w rd the ide tific tio o f nu d a a a d a s n a n n n

S u um a D ay b y d ay M a a
s n . w hich i he e the V ij fi a at ma n s, s r n n

P u us p a s es o ut by u dd
r a, a d
s et ur s agai I t is t h e f uit na n r n n .
“
r

o f th s c ifice by me a of w hich t h sac ifi c e e che B ah

e a r
”
ns e r r r a s r

ma Thi i the s umptio w hich h as to b e m i pul ated i to li e

n . s s as n an n n

w ith the P ra Series I E rh A U p i v 3 1 3 the P u u a

- na . n . r. . . .
,
r s

A t ma M a a here ) i s id to le ve the b ody a d ro am b o ut

n n s ,
s a a n a ,

p ra bei
na g left i ch a rge dnu ri g its a b ce nSo m e u ch n se n . s con

c e pt i o co trol the applic atio of the P r a a -Serie t o t h s acri

n n s n n s e

fi ce The gre at vei by which the M a as ce d pe for ms the

. n n as n s r

s a me o fli c e for the so ul of the s ge a the i t ap h a l m doe for a s s a s

th eperfor mer of t he rit u l sacrifice he ce uda a i the i t a a ,

n n s s

h a ta m
p .
26 A . H . E wi n g,

c
( ) The correl a t i o o f ap a a v y t i a a d p a a w i t li the W e snt n ,
’

n n r n ,

So uth a d E a st re pecti vel y is i li e w ith their usua l ar a g e

n s ,
n n r n

me t i other p a rts of the l iter at u e ; o f b lo w

n n r . e .

T he P r ana S
- e ri e s an d the P o i nt s o f t h e C o mp as s .

The follo w i g p ass age tho ugh f u i hi g o atte mpt a t a

n s, rn s n n n

expl a atio of the proper i g i fi c a ce of the va rio us ter ms a e

n n s n n ,
r

yet o f val u a il l u t r ati g a i te esti g y mbolic use o f th e

e s s n n n r n s

me mb e of the Series rs .

O h U p iii . . . 13 .

p r an a . vy an a . ap an a . sa md n a .

E a t s So uth ( da ksi n ah
) W est
,
N orth
u dd n a .

Upper ( u dh va h) r .

This sectio co t ai s al o a erie o f bot h psychic l a d co s m i

n n n s s s a n

c al e titie w hich a e cor el a ted w ith the fi ve

n s, a mes They r r n .

b elo g to a l ater p h ase f o u sub j ect ; the correl atio s gi v e

n o r n n

abo v e a ma if tly ymb olic al The pu bet w ee p d a a d

re n es s . n n r n n

p r an f u ishe the t a rti

rn g poi t a d the others
s a m a de to f s
a ll n n ,
n re

i li e
n It i rather s urprisi g to fi d th at u dd a a d uda ii a e
n . s n n n n r

n o t corre l ted a .

P ar a sk a ra G rh y a Sut ra i 16. . 9-15 .

Shortly after a s h a bee bo fi ve B rah ma s it do w on s n rn, n s n

a ro u d hi m n The to e ach o e i t u the f ather s ays i ma m

. n n n rn ,

a up r d i t a
n I o b edie ce to t h is i j u ctio they pe k i t u
n . n n n n n s a n rn ,

a follo w s
s

T he o o the e st s ay P ra a T he o o the so uth sa y s

ne n a s n .
”
ne n

Vy a a The o e o the we t ays

n .
”
The o e o t h e
n n s s n n

n orth s ays Uda a The fifth looki g up ay S a ma a

” “
n .
,
n ,
s s
“
n .
”

H ere as w e sho ul d e pect u dd a a d uda i a e correl a ted

, x ,
n n r r .

a 3 6
. . .

ere the vario u directio ( di ca s ) a e represe ted as p utti g

H s ns r n n

their corre po di g vit l bre ath i to the dea d sacrifici al victi m :

s n n a n

The e a st er q uarter p uts i the p r a a n n n .

The so uther q uarter p uts i the vy a a n n n .

The w ester q uarte p ut s i t he ap a a n r n n .

The orther q ua rter p uts i the udd u

n n n n .

The upper ( ze ith ) q uarter p uts i the sa md a n n n .

 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e Fun c t i on s of B r ea t h
' .

Ech q uarter is repre e ted a gi vi g firs t a co mma d i w hich

a s n s n n n

th i mpera ti ve mood o f e ch me mb er of the P r ana Serie i i

e " - a s s n

u ed e g t m p r ac i d i lc p r a e ty a up r a a t p r a m eva ’
tu rn s ,
. . a n n n na

’
s m i ns t a d a d dh d t N o t th a t i t hi s ame p a ss ge the cere
a . e n s a ,

m o y de cri b ed i Fa
n i r O rb S utr a i
s 1 6 9 1 5 is s aid to t ake
- n . . . .
,

p l a ce befo e the umb ilic us is c ut

r .

U p an i sa d D e fi n it i o n o f Si n gl e M e mb e r s of t h e P r ana-
S e ri e s .

The b ov e atte mpt at e pl a tio h ave de alt w ith t h e e t ire

a s x an n n

s ries of
e a mes There a ho w e v r a fe w re fere ce i w hich
n . re , e ,
n s n

s i gl e me m b
n s o f the P fi a Series a e more or l es S pecific ally
- er r n r s

d fi ed
e n .

AP A NA .

1 I -
M ai n i Up ii 6 ap d is defi e d so a to me the i tes
n . . na n s an n
.
,

ti e n .

2 I Ga b h a Up i it i aid t o b e used i e va c ua tio ( u tsa rge)

. n r . .
,
s s n n .

3 The follo w i g st a z a occ u s i S a h y a a Up

. n n r n r n s .

vg
'
sa n dp d n a g o r rn a dh ge p d n i d s t h d g a s a rh cr a get ,

s a rnda cga da ca n d i r ( or , ca n a k a i r )j i h vd rh y a va matr e v i n i rg a t am .

The co t e t de al s w ith the phe o m o o f de ath A t uch a

n x n en n . s

t i me a d i deed a t a y ti me it is
n ,
n a t u al th a t t h e h n ds w he n r an n

f lded h o ul d re t bet w ee the scrot um a d the a vel

o s s A pa n n n . n a,

t h e efore prob a b ly me a s the av el here a d t the a u as ”

r ,
n n ,
n no n s

i the for mer refere ces

n The w riter i pos i b ly refe i g b ack
n . s s rr n

t o a p a s ag e ow t o be
s oted n n .

3 A it Up i 1 a d 2
. . A p a a is u ed here t w ice
. . n The s ub . n s .

c t is cre atio by the S pre m e A m T he t w o sectio de cri b e

j e u t
n a n. ns s

r e pecti vely ( a ) The for matio o f the psychic l o ga s ( called

s n a r n

—
,

w orld protectors
- l o hap d l d h ) b y the a pplic tio of he at t o a n

a p i m e va l ma
r t ake o ut of t he w ate s ( b ) The e tra ce of
n, n r . n n

e a ch sep ar a te orga i to ma n n n .

The a ssertio of the first sectio i which w a e i teres t ed i

n n n e r n s

t h a t a fter the a vel h a d b ur t fo th

( ni a bh i dg a t a ) p
a a b u t s r n r ,
na rs

forth from the a vel a d fro m ap a a de ath n n n ,

.

I the descriptio of t h re ver e of the proce de ath b c o m

n n e s ss , e

i g ap a a is s a id to e t er the
n n ,
a vel N o w it i by o me a n n . s n ns

e a sy to u d erst a d w h a t poi t of vie w i

n n a ss um d i maki g n s e n n

d e a th t h co mic a l co u t erp a rt o f ap a
e s The othe correl atio n na . r ns

o f t h e p a s age v i Speech a d fire ; b re ath a d w i d ; eye a d

s ,
z n n n s n

su ;n e a rs a d q uarter ; h air a d sh ubbery etc ; ma a s ( fro m

n s s n r , . n
28 A . H . E wi ng,

he art ) an d org a moo n :

n o f ge era tio fro m ( e m e a d ) w a t e s n n s n n r

—a e more or le f ami lia r but thi is un iq ue

r ss ,
s .

O e c a b ut uspect that the e mpi ric b as is of this co rr el at i o

n n s n

is fo u d i cer t ai of the phe o me of de ath It is w ell k n o w

n n n n na . n,

a t l e ast t o the medic a l profe sio th at the appro ach o f d e at h i s n, s

heral ded by rapid abdo mi al b re a thi g a fter the chest musc l e s n n

h ave ce ased to ac t T he H i d u i v terate o b ser vers as th e y . n s, n e

w ere co uld ,
t h a ve f ailed to no ote this p he o me o a n d it i n n n n, s

q uite i kee pi g w i t h their method t h at so me o sho uld h av e

n n ne

i ferre d therefro m t h at so me co ection exists b et wee de a t h

n nn n

an d the a vel re gio n n .

A g ai i the fi a l mo me n t t h e l a st ga sp is
n, n brea thi g-o ut i
n , a n ,
n

other w ords a ap a a mo ve me t for uch i s the do mi a t m e a

n n n ,
s n n n

i g o f the w ord ( of belo w )

n A fte the l ast ga p the ab do me . . r n ,

w hich a littl b efore w a s mo vi g r apidly beco mes still

e De at h n , .

h a co me a d t h e vide ce of h i a r i va l w a s a fi a l ap an a i
s ,
n e n s r n , . e .

the e p l io o b re ath fro m t

u x f s n h av el regio
- I t see ms pro b e n n .

a b le t h a t i t w a b y so me uch t ep th a t de ath ap an a a d t h e
s s s s , ,
n

n a vel w e e co ected r nn .

4 A it Up i 3
. . Whe the A t ma cre at ed food e ach psy
. . . n n ,

chic al orga i t ur vi n S p ech p d a eye a ki ma n a

n n
,
z : e ,
r n , ,
e r, s n, s,

orga of ge er a t io a d ap ct a s t ro ve to seize it A p ct n u a lo e
n n n n
'
n , .
‘
n

s ucceeded he c it is c alled t h , n seizer of food ( a n a sg a

e e
“ ”
n

g r
a h a h) The .m e tio of p a fter the org a no f ge er a tio
n a na a n n n

s uggests th a t ap d refer t o t h b r th i t h lo w e i testi e a d

na s e ea n e r n n n

no t to the vel B ut e ve so thi does

na ot
. ee m to a deq ua tely n ,
s n s

co ver the co c ptio n fo u d i the ph a se seize o f food It m a y

n e n n r r .
”

b e th at ap a h re refers t o ly t o the b e th a c ryi g a w a y

na e no n r a s ar n

the rej ected p a t of food b ut i c l ude the acti vity o f bre at h i

r s
,
n s n

the dige tio f food as w ll This ugge tio m kes ap a a

s n o e . s s n a n

i cl ude bbt h a md a a d p a a f M aitri U p i i 6 D e usse s

n s n n a n o . . . n
’

uggestio th at p a a mea P ri cip der V erd auu g i n te r

” “
s n a n ns n n

p ret s the co cep t io i p a r

n t b ut it does o t t ake no t e o f t
n h ,
n n e

prob ability t h t p a a as sc o t um or a b re ath i t h e lo w e r

a a n r s n

b o wel gi ves the cl ue t o a u der t di g of the author s poi t o f n n s an n

’
n

v ie w ( cf b lo w ) . e .

I t may b e o t ed th a t i P a a Grh S ut ra i 1 9 4 p t a is s a i d
’

n n r s . . . .
,
rc n

to att a i food a d ap a a to a tta i ce t The q ue tio o f ap an a

n ,
n n n s n . s n

a d sce t the i mpor t a ce o f w hich is

n n ,
ee i i t b e ari g upo n s n n s n n

t h e proper tr l at io of p r d a d ap a a w ill b e disc usse d

an s n n an n ,

l ater .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e F unc t i o n s of B rea th . 29

O h U p i 3 3
. . . . an d 6 .

I n these refere ces vyan a is described a the co ecti ng li k

n
,
s nn n

o r f actor ( sa iz dh i ) bet wee n p r a a a d ap a a

r A s s uch it i n n n .
, s

i d e tified w ith speech for w hi l e o

n is s pe aki g there is either ,
ne n n

i n bre a thi g o r o t bre a t h i g This descriptio t allies w ith

- - ”
u n n n . n

t h e liter a l me a i g f the w ord vy a i e breathi n g a p a rt “ ”

n n o n a, . . .

T h ere is so this author thi ks o mo v e me t of bre at h while

,
n ,
n n

w o rd s a bei g uttered but merely a use o f a abidi g bre a t h

re n ,
n n

w h ich s upplies t h e b a sis fo r p d a a d ap a a ; cf K il n s Up ii 5 r n n n . . . . .

S ectio 5 efer to other a ctio s w hich a e perfor me d w itho ut

n r s n r

p r ct
'
n a o ap a a a rd therefore w ith v
ny a a The na c t io
,
n s a med ,
n . n

a re : The prod uctio of fire by the ch ur i g sticks i e frictio

- n n n , . . n

ru n i g a n n a ce ; a d t h e stri gi n g of a stro g b o w
r n It is dif n n .

fi c ult t o u dersta d ho w a r a ce co uld be u w itho ut p r a a

n n r n n

a n d ap an a The all usio is do ubtle s t o the fi nal s udde sp urt

. n s n

o f a r a ce The abo ve is a most i teresti g i stan ce of a c ute

. n n ,
n

o b ser va tio A occide t al observer ev er tops to otice th a t

n . n n n s n

i n lifti n g a w eight a ll bre ath a ctio is held i abey a ce The n n n .

H i d u n otici g it h a s e ve gi ve it a
n ,
n me Vy a a i s t h ere
,
n n na . n ,

f o re the bre ath th at perma e tly pervades the body ( c f A mrt ab

,
n n . .

U p . a d co ti ues w he n there
n i o bre ath mo ve me t t o or
n - n s n n

f r o m the l u gs n .

Re ume f H i du At t mpt t E pl i t h P an -S
s o n e s o x a n e r a en e s .
'

1 P ra a is the b re ath w h ic h mo v s up wa rd fro m the avel or

. n e n

h e a rt a d i cl udes both i bre a thi g a d o ut bre athi g

n - n - It is h n n n .

f o u d i all the e ve apert ures of the he d

n n s n a .

2 A p an is a term of varyi g ig ific atio n

. a It me a s n s n . n

( )
1 The b re a th i t h e a u s a d scrot u m 2 )n The lo w er i tes
n n . n

ti e The e The seizer food i cl di both

” “
n
( )
3. a v l ( )
4 n o f . u n g ,
n

d igestio a d the c a rryi g a w ay of e cre me t

n n n x n .

3 Vy a a is t h e b e a th w hich pe va des the me mbers of the

. n r r

body a d i w hich p r d a a d ap d i h e e
,
n n n n na n r .

4 U da a is i p rt ety mologic a lly i terpreted a d ref rs

. n n a n n e

( )
1 To er uct a tio n
( )
2 To t h e bre a th w hich c.a rries the so u l
up to the sk ull i th t ate of S amadhi a d o o ut i de ath
n e s ,
n n n .

It is o t o ly s upposed to mo ve i a gre at v ei which te d

n n n n ex n s

fro m t h e ce tre of the b o dy to the t p of the he ad b ut is ide t i

n o ,
n

fi e d w it h this vei n .

5 S a ma
. i loc ated i ri a t h e abdo me s a d is s a id to b ri g n n n n

a bo ut the digestio of food n .

 30 A . H . E w i n g,

C H A P TE R II I .

I n t er pr e t a t i o n o f the P r ana S
- e ri e s .

deq te i te pret tio of the r Serie as a w h ole o

A n a ua n r a n P an a- s ,
r

the i di vid ual me mb er thereof i v ol ves a e vie w o f the Wh o l e

n s ,
n r

ma s of m teri al ( C h ap i
s a d a c a eful cr uti y o f a l l . .
,
an r s n

the i mport t refere ces S uch a i vestigatio w ill t o l y

an n . n n n no n

b i g o ut t h origi a d v al u of t h e pl a atio s gi v e b y
r n e n n e e x n n n

H i d u w riters ( o f C h a p
n b ut sho uld also thro w li ght up o. . n

the e mpi ic o i gi a d for mul aic de velop me t of the serie s o f

—
r r n n n

n a mes th us le adi g to a i ight i to the q uestio of t sl a n n ns n n ra n

tio as w ill er ve to b i g o me deg ee f order i to the c o fu

n s r n s r o n n

sio w hich o w e ists ( cf C h a p i

n n x . . .
,

The p urpose th u o utli ed may be t he acco mplish e d b y a

,
s n ,
s

sep ar te tre at me t of the vario us strat a of litera ry deposit

a n .

I . T he P r ana- e ri e s S in t h e V e da s .

A . T h e R i g- V e da ; c f. I n t r o d uc t o ry C h a p t er .

I nthe R ed p d me a si mply b e ath the prefi

ig V
- a, r na ns
“
r ,
”
x

h avi g ndirectio
— a l v a l ue
no I the i gle p a ss a ge w here t h e
n . n s n

p articiple of x/ ari w i t h p is acco mp a ied by the ab l ati v e o f a a n

p r ct a ( R V
'

n 1 8 9 othi
. g very defi ite a
x . to t h e forc e o f
. n n n s

ap a c a b e deter mi e d It w o uld e m ho w e ver th at t he pa

n n . se , , r

t ic i pl make the co mpo u d me a

e s b athi g o ff or fort h I n n
“
re n .
”
n

an
y c a se the directio a l force w h a te ver it is is ot i p m nb u t , ,
n n ,

in ap a .

B . T h e A t h ar v a- V e d a.

The A V f eq ue tly u e p r a a d ap d together us ua lly

. r n s s na n na ,

a s a cop ul ati ve co mpo u d P d al o e me a the vital ac t o f n . r na n ns

bre athi g a d it may ther fore b a s umed th a t i the c o m

n n ,
e ,
e s n

po u d p r d ap d d u p r d refers to th at w hich is di ti cti v e ly

n n
- n ,
na s n

the vit al c t Th t th is is i h l atio is a t o ce a io matic a d

a . a n a n n x n

scie tific ; a d therefore the stro ge t pro b ability f correc t e ss

n n , ,
n s o n

a tt a ches to t h e u ua l tr sl tio of the co po d as

m b re at h
a u i
s - an n n
“
n

i g a d o ut bre a thi g If the p ocess of b e athi g be di vid e d

- ”
n n n . r r n ,

the t wo mo ve me t j u t describe d w ill be the res ult They fi t

n s s .

ti gly for m a d ual co mpo u d fo they a e a p air o f co st an t

n n ,
r r n

v al ue .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f the Fun c t i o n s of B r ea t h . 31

Wh ere ver from S utra this co mpo u d occ urs it

,
V ed a to ,
n
,

h a s t h e me a i g gi ve abo ve A y modific a tio

n n w h ich h a v e n . n ns

o c c urred w ere o ly p ossib le a fter the co mpo u d w as di vided

n n .

N o t th at the b egi i or s l ”
p a a a d ap
“
d i r n g a s na u ua n a, n nn n

t h i g me a t a y t hi g di fi e
n ,
n t fro m p ra dp d au
n T h e t wo
n re n n n .

f o rms sta d ide b y ide a d a of eq ual va l ue ; of A V vii 5 3

n s s n re . .

—
. .

2 6 etc ,
A t the a me ti me w he the t w o Words w ere rele a sed
. s ,
n

f o m the close rel a tio ship of d u l co mpo un d t h w a y w a s ope

r n a ,
e n

f or modific a tio s of me a i g to t ake pl acen There w as oth i g n n . n n

t o hi der p d a f o m ag a i
n b eco mi g a i cl us i ve ter m for both
r n r n n n n

t h e si mp le bre a th mo ve me t w hil ap a a wa th us free t o t ake n s, e n s

on speci a l me a i gs A V xiii 3 4 may i dic ate so methi g o f

n n . . . .
,
n n

t h is k i d n
‘

gha d g
p r
ctav a
n en ap r t h i v i t a rp g g
a a t ap a n en a sa mudr a sga
j a t h a r a rh y a h p ip a r t i ,
“
W ith his
h o w p s tisfies he ave
r d n a a n

a nd e rth
a ,
a n d w h o i h his
w t afills the elly of the oce a
p a n a b n .
”

T h e h ym is to R o bi t a a d d c i b es the s u
n O e c a n ot be n es r n . n n

u re as to the directio i n whic h t h e poe t s f cy le a ds a d yet ’

s n an ,
n

i t see ms prob ab le th a t the li e co t a i s a hi t at so me defi ite n n n n n

c o cep t io n of ap a a a s the do w w a rd mo vi g b re a t h
n n The ide a n n .

o f ap an a a the b e ath wh ich goes do w n w a d fro m t h e avel

s r r n

r egio wo uld o t b e i co gr uo us here

n n n n .

T wice i A V i 4 the verbs n with p ro a d V5 77 w it h ap a

. x .
, ,
n

a e used side by side ; o f

r st a z a s 8 a d 1 4 I b oth c ases the . n n . n

w ords see m t o correspo d precisely to t h e n o u a s reg a rds dis

n ns

t i ctio o f me
n i g I de cri b i g the bre athi g of t he e mbryo
n an n . n s n n

i the mother s w o mb the u ual order of the w ords is re versed

’
n ,
s

a d w e h ave ap an i t i p an i t i
n , This order may be i te ded to ,
r . n n

g i v e expressio t o the f a cy th t the n at u r al cycle of bre a th pro n a n

c esses i the e mb ryo is the reverse of wh at it is i all crea t ures

n n

w hich h ave com e t o birth .

I t h e tra sl a tio o f vy a a the A V gi ves

n n n o a ssist an ce I n . n . n

v 4 7 it occ urs w it h p r a a a d the eye j us t a s i

. .
, other st a z a s n n
,
n n

n a ap d n a eye etc a me d The li e re ds gr cio s

'
a - a e B ur
p r , , a : e.
,a n . n

u to my p r a a a d to my vy a a d to thi eye o f mi e ”
n n n na n s n .

A g ai i A V v 2 2 the p a rticiple o f Va n w ith v i occ urs both

n n

its positive a d ega tiv e form vi z—a vga a c c a vga a c

. .
,
.

i n n n s, z n n

ed .T he refere ce is to all cre a t ures a d the me a i g is ab o ut

n n n n

e q ual to i a i mate a d a i mate The q uestio wh ich a ri ses

“ ”
n n n n . n

i th ese p as s ages is wh ether vy a a has speci al ig ific an ce or is

n n s n
,

m e rely eq ual t o ap an a i the first re fere ce a d whet h er i the n n ,

n n
32 A . H . E wi n g,
n
seco d the p articiples a e equi vale t o ¢l y to ap r t a t an d p d a t
n r n
'

c n r n .

The l atte see ms the more pro b able opi nio

r A t the s ame t i me n.
,

it is l ikel y th at these p ass ages fur ish the b a is for the defi itio n n s n

o f vg a a i C h U p i 3 3 a d 5 w here vyan a is t he br e a th
n n . . . . n ,

w hich per vade s the b o dy a p a t fro m t he t w o mai bre a th mo v e r n

me t n sS uch a me a i g co uld be applied i b o t h these p a ss a g es

. n n n .

n a occ unrs a lso i a o b sc u e p a s a ge i e A V i v 1 1 2 ( o f n n r s ,

. . . x . . .

R V x 85 . . The i te pret atio f the sta z a i yet t o be

. n r n o n s

s atisfactori l y made I t w ill o ly b e ecess a ry here t o q uote t h e . n n

st a z a a d t o ote th at w h ate ver be it s i terpret atio vy a a a s

n n n ,
n n, n

therei use d sheds i t s light

n t he me a i n g o f the w ord i t he on n n

P r a a-S e ies
n r

'

cuc i t e ca lcre at
y y a vy d n o a ksa d ha t a h
ma n a sma ga nt m
'
’
’
ano s urgct r oha t r a y a ti p a ti
p .

If S aya a is ight i ass umi g th at the a l e of the ch a rio t i

n r n n x s

w i d ( V ay u ) the vg ci a me a s wi d a d the re a so
‘ ”
“
n ,
fo t h
n n n n ,
n n r e

poet s choice is to b e fo u d i t h e fa ct th at vy a a is a p u b o th
’
n n n n

upo vay u
n d a us an n .

S a ma a occ ur b ut o ce a d so u d
ri o ote of disti ct de fi i
s n n n s n n n n

tio ; it is p urely for mul aic

n .

U d t a occ ur t w ice a d i b oth c ase is a me mber o f the c o m

'

cn s n n s

po u d vgd op a t u ma de a fter the a lo gy o f p rd dp d d

n n
'
nc
'

,
na n n n .

This i dic ate th at t h e brea th ame h ave alre a dy b eco me cry s

n s n s

t a l li d i to for mul a a d f o r mul a s yield

ze n o va l ua ble sec ets o f s . n n r

the ki d w a e a rchi g fo
n e re s n r
.

The ve b w ith u d i fo u d i A V iii 1 3 5 i the for m

r s n n . . .
,
n

u dd i uh n s T h mi ghty o e a e s a id to h av e
. b re athed up
e n s r
“
.
”

The mi ghty o es a e t he w te s a d t h b rea thi g up occ ur s

n r a r n e n

w he I dra et h i s feet upo

n n t he m C a there be here a refer
s s n . n

e ce to the tides ?
n

C . T h e Y aj ur -V d e a.

the refere ce a e
A ll n s r ma ifestly fo mul a ic a d co tri b ut e
n r n n

no t h i g to o u p u po e
n r r s . The bi ds-eye vie w of the ma teri a l
r

gi ve i the first ch a pter B

n n , ,
a b o ve tells the w hole story
, .

II . T he P r ana- e r i e s S i n th e Q a t ap a t h a B hm
ra ana .

A t iki g fea t ure of t h C B mat e i al a s ummary of w hich

s r n e . r
,

h a a lre dy b ee gi ve i the e tire di a pp a r a ce f p d dp a d u

s a n n, s n s e n o r n n .

The use of p t a a d p a a i moreo ve ve y i freq ue t I Ve

rc n
’

n a n s, r, r n n .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n of th e Fun c t i o n s of B rea th . 33

h av e n oted but se ve occ urre ces ; o ly three o f t he se ve b ei g n n n n n

i t h e first t
n books en .

T h e p l a ce o f the d ual co mpo u d p d dp d au is t ake by n r n n n

p r d o dnd d u w h ich occ ur forty

n -o e t i
,
mes A g a i w he three s n . n, n

m e mber o f the Series a e me t io ed t w o f w hich a e p r a a a d

s r n n ,
o r n n

v g d n a the thi d is ,
t ap a a as o u e perie ce of a l l the o t her
r no n ,
r x n

l i ter at ure w o uld le ad u to e pect b ut u dd a i ste ad N o t th a t s x ,

n n .

t h e ordi ary tr iplet doe o t occ ur

n We h a e i fact oted six s n . v
,
n ,
n

i n sta ce thereof ; b ut they a

n s all q uot a tio s fro m the V aj re n .

S a rhh .

These f acts i vite the co cl u io th at fro m the vie poi t of

n n s n ,
w - n

C B ap
. d ,
a a o ut -bre a thi
n g h a s usre dered
“
its pl a ce t o n
”
s r n

u dd n a W it h refere ce to this ch a ge it may b e s ugge te d t h at

. n n ,
s

o f the t w o w ords ap a a d uda a the l a tter et y mologic al l y n an n

—
, , ,

c o si dered w a loo ed upo

n k as b etter fitted to desc i b e
,
s the pro n r

c e ss of o ut b re a thi g B oth w o d w ere al re a dy i existe ce ;

- “ ”
n . r s n n

t h e i terests of defi i t e
n s uggested th at a choice sho uld be
n n e ss

m ade a d therefore t h l a tte w as chose

,
n B y me a s of this e r n . n

s u rre der o f pl a ce t h e w a y w a s Ope ed f o

n ap a a to be gi v e
,
a n r n n

n e w me a i g s uch a w e h ave al e a dy poi te d o ut a fo u d i

n n s r n s n n

t h Up a i s ads vi z
e — t h e b re a th w hich mo v es do w w a rd fro m the
n ,
z n

m iddle o f the b ody i to the a us a d se ua l o ga I deed the

n n n x r n . n

c h a ge w e a e co
n ideri g m y h a ve b ee moti ve d by this c o
r ns n a n n

c e pt i o It may b e more acc urate t o say th at ap a wa co mi g

n . na s n

t o be w a ted for a e w p urpose a d therefore t he fiel d w a gi ve

n n n , ,
s n

t o udd n a The b uildi g of the Fire alt a r w hich w a co cei ved

.
- n ,
s n

o f a s a li v i g cre a t ure led t o a mode o f eprese t atio w hich at

n ,
r n n

l e a st looked to w a rds e w us o f ap a a A s p r d a co ote

a n e n . n nn s

“
life there must b e p a a i e very p art o f the cre at ure like
”
,
- r n s n

F ire alt a r w hich w a s b uilt up by the priests i

- co ectio w ith n nn n

a n el abor a te rit ual H ce i C B v iii 1 3 6 there is s aid to be

. en n . . . .
,

o n e p ra a i fro t ( p ur a s t d t ) a other b hi d ( p a cc d t ) a other to

n n n ,
n e n ,
n

t h e igh t ( da lc i a t a s ) a other to the l eft ( u t t a r a t a s ) a d a other

r s n ,
n ,
n n

i the middle ( m dhge)

n The ame o f these i their order a e
a . n s n r

p r an a , ap an a , vy an a , u dan a , an d sa man a .

Sectio s to de cri b e the l ayi g o f t h e bricks

n 8 an d 9 go on s n .

P rd a i fro t i co ec t ed w ith p ct a by l ayi g t h re a r

n n n s nn a
‘
n n e

o rw ester brick s i mmedi at ely a fter the f o t o e a t r o es

n r n r s e n n .

I n the s ame w ay vy a a a d uda a a co ected by l ay i g n n n re nn n

t h e bricks of the left or orth i mme di at ely after those of the n

r i ght o so ut h F u the i sectio 1 0 the p r d a which is put i

r . r r, n n n n

3
34 A H . E wi n g,

the mi ddle is c al led the i testi al bre ath (g It i ‘

p r d a h ) s n n uda h n .

s aid to be pl aced ro u d the avel l e gth wise a d cros wise s i c e n n n n s ,

n

the body b e aths a e i to uch w ith e ach o t her le gt hwis e a d

r r n n n

c ross w ise .

Thi descriptio i which p a a is cle a rly i de t ified w ith

s n n a n n

p a cc d t p a w he co m bi ed
r w ith C B
n a, iii 8 2 6 w her e t h
n e n . . . .
,

a us i p l a i l y c a lled p a cc at p r d u a cco un ts fo
n s n the id t i fi c a n ,
r en

tio o f ap a a a d t h a us i M ait i Up ii 6 ; A mrt ab Up

n n n e n n r . . . .

3 4 ; a d P a g a Up iii n W he the ac ifice i pe so ifie d a s

r n . . n s r s r n

a h uma bei g t h a me a van p r a a t akes the pl ace o f p a cc at

n n ,
e n n

p d n ar T h c h a ge
. is d ue to t h o b sereva tio t h a t the p
n a ss a ge e n

from mo ut h t o an us follo ws a do w wa d course w hil e i birds n r ,

n

a d be a st
n it is o the w hol ho izo t al J ust as brea th mo v e
s n e r n . s

up a d o ut b y the mo t h so al o doe
n it mo ve do w wa r d a d n ,
s s n n

o ut by the a us a d cro t um I C B vii 1 2 1 5 w e fi d t h e

n n s . n . . . .
,
n

fol lo wi g t ate me t n s n

‘
0

‘ '
P ra j at i r eva y a d et c vartc a h p r an a g a d dh i ma tr a ni ka r o t i
‘
ur i sa m
’
g a t p p r a i va t a jj ci y a t e .

“
procre atio i deed a these do w w ar d bre a ths W h a t
A n n re n .

e v er uri e o faeces he makes it i th ey th a t pro duce the m ”

n r ,
s .

I C Bn i i 1 4 3 ;. xii 2 4
x 1 6.
; a d i i . 3 1 8. these t w o . . . n x . . .
,

do w w a d b re aths a e c alled go a d dy us Do ubtles dy u s

n r r n . s
,

i e l ife refer to the orga o f procre atio ; a d go w hi c h

. .
“
,
”
s n n n ,

ma y me a e arth t o the orga of e vac uatio

n
“
A gai
,
”
i n n . n, n

C B i 4 . 3 8. t w o bre
. a ths a. e s a i
,
d to go u p w a rd a d t w o d o w n r n

w a r d fro m the ce tr al b re a th W sh all h a ve occ sio to o te

n . e a n n

l a ter th at o f the i e p a a s i t h e body t w o a e s ai d to be b elo w n n r n n r

( i e
. a v an c
. d u ) F u rther i C B v i 7 1.1 1 th t w hich is a bo v e n . . . .
,
a

the avel i i mmo tal a d tre ams o ut by up wa rd bre aths ( ur dh

n s r n s

vd i h p d i ) w hile w h at is mort al p asse belo w t h

r na r ,
avel
(p a d k s e n r

ta n abh i m a tget i )
n The ad verb properl y me a s t u ed a w a y . n rn .

Do ubtle s t h e ide a i i the Oppo ite direc t io

s
”
he ce belo w s n s n, n .

W e ho ul d h a ve expected a van p rd a here h a d there bee n

s n ,

a y a tte mpt a t defi ite descriptio

n n n.

1
C f . A mrt a b in du U p . 3 4, ab o ve , w h er e a p an a is in the gud a .

H er e the w o rd i s used i n t h e gen e ra l se n s e o f a ll i n t es i n e s ; her e t t of t h e

o
l w er b w el o o r a n u s e sp e ci a ll y . T h e re i s no co n f usi o n b et w e e n sa man a

a n d ap an a , an y m or e th t
b e w e e n t h e i n t e s i n e s i n ge n e r a l w h e r e
an t
d i ges i to
t a k es p l a e ,
n c a n d t h e i n e st i n e w hi h t
a rri e s a w a y w h a is c c t
d i gest e d ; c f A i t U p i 3 . . . . .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f the Fun c t i on s of B r ea t h . 35

C B . vi . 1 . 2 refer
. 1 1, to m ort
an d xa l s bei g cre a ted
. 1 . 3 . 1, n

f o m the do w wa rd bre a t hs o f P r aj ap a ti ; i C B xi 1 6 8 h o w
r n n . . . .
,

e v er it i the A s u a s w h o a e s a id to be th us cre ated Th a t

,
s r r .

a vd i p r a a w he t a di g i the si gul ar refers to t h e a us

’

r n ,
n s n n n n , n ,

i s f urthe pro v e by C B r i 5 2 4 w here the scrot um is a me d

n . x . . .
,
n

s i de by side w ith it The p as sage gi ve s a desc iptio of the . r n

a rts o f the body B egi i g fro m t h m o u th d goi g do w

p e . a n nn n n n

w a d a vd i p r a a co mes i mmedi a tely after the scrot um

r ,
r n A gai . n

i n
C B i 1 .6 3 0x it .is s aid . th a t .e v erythi , g w hich e ters the n n

v rio us other bre a th meets i Thi is ma ifestly a ‘

a a vd i p a a s n r r n . s n

r e fere ce to the f act th at the

n lo wer i testi e c ar ies a way n n r

e cre m e t
x n .

N w the f a ct th a t u dd n a h a l a gely t ake the pl a ce of ap d a

o s r n n

a s the co mp a io o f p r a a g re a tly n i mplifies t h e q uestio o f the

n n ,
s n

t r e tr a sl a tio o f p r d
u n a i C B It
n c a ot m e a o u t -bnre a thi g n . nn n n

a lo g w ith uda a a d E tr sl tio m t therefo e be ’

n
gg e l i g s an a,
u n n n n s ,
r ,

r e j ected Whil e t he poi t is abs o l utely fi al o ly for the C B

. n n n .
,

i t is o e th a t h o uld be ecko ed w ith b y those tr a sl a tors o f

n s r n n

U p a i s a ds w h o w o ul d h a ve
n o ut bre athi g
- ”
t o b e o e of the “
n n

c a i gs o f p d a
n n r n .

It i s i mporta t to ote th at i the ide tific atio of three o f the

n n n n n

b re ath w ith dr a ught ( g a h a s ) of So ma ( i e up t ncu up d nc u

'
s s r . . c ,

s a va n a a d a t a r gd ma ) the A i t
, n nB rah ( ii 2 1 ) h as p r i me a d , . . . r
. n

ap a a w here t h e C B
n h a p r a a a d u dan a H a g cl a i ms ora l
. s n n . n

i formatio as the b a i s fo his a s er t io th a t i t h e cere mo y

n n s r s n n n

a lo g w ith the use of the w o ds p r d a ga cch a bre ath i s '

n r n ni ,

i h al e d while a fter repe a ti g ap a it is ex elle forci '

n , g a c c h u p d n n a nz

b l y thro ugh the ose ; o f H ug A it B r ah p age 1 1 8 ote

n . a
’
s . .
, ,
n .

The opposite vie w held by E ggel i g is i mpossi b le si ce h i ,

n , ,
n s

t ext co t a i s u dd
n a w hich ncer i
ta l y c a n ot m e a ,
i -bre athi g n nn n n n .
”

E v e i f ap ci a co uld be sho w co trary t o its ety mol ogy to

'
n n n, n
,

s o meti mes me a i bre thi g there is o h O pe of s uch a ho w

- “ ”
n h a n ,
n s

i g f o u da a
n r E ggel i g h as bee led a tr a y b y t h e us of cer
n . n n s e

t ai n w ords of directio o o f certa i p articles of for mul a ic v a l ue n r n ,

w hich s upplied t o the e ver wa tchf ul eye a d e a of the H i d u an

- n r n

Opport un ity to i d ulge i a pu upo the prefix p r a of p d a n n n n r n .

S uch pa rt icles a d w ords a e n r

as the first w ord of a q uot a tio ; i

( )
a P r a o f C B 4 1 5 n . . . . . .

The particle i co trast w ith p ra i a T h t ex t h as p r a a a d

n n s . e n n

u dd na. A does o t e ve fit u dd a d it w o uld cert i l y be

n n na, n a n

prec a rio us therefore to force a y lexic al me a i g of p r a i to

, ,
n n n n

the w ord p rd a ; cf H aug s A it B r ah iii 2 6 n .

’
. . . .
 36 A . H . E w i n g,

I n A it A . r . 11 . l . 5 . 1, there is
co mb i ed pl ay upo p rd t d y i a n n

( V135 1 w ith p r a ) p r ata a d p t a The co cl usi o i th at d a y

‘

,
r n rc n . n n s

is p ra naI .t h e s a me w ay s ag
n
/ a m a d sa m d g d t a e pl a yed u po n r n

an d s ag / a m ( e v e i n g ) i s a id n to b e a p a a P r d s a a d p r a t a r fit n . n n
'

toget h er ; t so ap a a d sdga m T he whole is therefo re

no n an .
, ,

v al uele a s to the tr a
ss l t io o f p r d a a d ap a a ns a n n n n .

b
( ) P ra v h This a w ord
. occ u r i C B i 4 3 3 w here ti p
/ d h i s n . . . .
, ,

etc is u ed w ith ap a a a d b ha cch o c a wi t h udd n a The pu

s n n r n

—
.
, .

is pl ai o ly f o the fir t t wo v i
n n r
p a w it h p r as a a d d w ,
it h z . r n n

ap a a nThe refere ce is to the firs t s ami dhen i w hich be g i n s

. n ,

p r a v a h a d ,
to then seco nd w h ic h b egi s A g n a d g d h i v i t
, a y e n .

The i de tific atio n of p ra a w ith the first is a mere pun a d

n n n

i dic ates othi g as to it proper us age

n n n s .

( )
0 P r d ii c T h e p .a ss a ge which we ote is C B x 1 4 1 2 n . . . . .

P r a tga nc t a ds i n co t a st w ith p r an an d the t w o bre a th s

s n n r c,

n amed i co ectio n w ith t h ese t w o words a e p r d a a d ap ct a '

n nn r n n n .

The i mport a t st ateme ts a e n B r ag devebhgo j uh va t i i e

n r , . .

They o ffer to t he gods i fro t ( )

2 P r a t y a i m a n u
n
g e v n .
”
r s s

a n i dh i y t e i e Food is put i me i t he reverse di e cti o

' “
a nn a , . .
,
n n n r n

( or ( )
3 A g i i t h e p r a a of the godsn a -
d sby p r a a n n n

t h e god e at food s ( ) y p
4 B a d a
. m e a t food n n e .

T he proper i n terpret tio of t h e p a s a g is prob ably as follo w s a n s e

Fro m i fro t me ( prie t ) thro w gh i etc upo n t he a lt a r Th e

n n n s s ,
.
, .

fire co s umes the ghi N o w fire is the p t a of t he gods th e re

n . rc n
'

fore the god eat food by p a a H e ce A gn i a d p r int a d

s r n . n n n

p r d a gon to g ether A g a i t h e food .w hich i s t h e portion, o f t h e n

p iests i e ate be h i d
r s n t o t h e w est of the alt a r n or A p a a has . n

a lre a dy b ee ide tifie d w i t h the re a r of the alt a r a d is c all e d

n n n

a
p c c d t p d a i r
C nB v iii 1n 3 6 M y this . o t be a.ll t h
,
a t i
,
s . a n

me a t by s ayi g th a t me e at food b y ap a a ? There w o ul d

n n n n

see m t o b e a co ectio b et wee this se tio n a d A it Up i 3

nn n n as r n . . .
,

w here ap a a i s c al le d the eizer of food The fa cy o f t h e “ ”

n s . n

w riter see m to h a ve p a s d fro m the f act o f me e ti g food a t sse n a n

t h e ap a a e d of the al t a r to the co ceptio o f ap an a a s

n n seiz e r n n

of food It mu t be a ck o wled ged th at the p a ssi ve s t ate me n t

.
”
s n ,
“
Food i pl aced i me b ehi d is a very a wk w ard way o f s ay
s n n n
”

i g th at m
n e a t their portio
en of food to t he re ar o f t h e alt a r n .

B ut w h ile w may o t i ist o n e very poi t i this s uggeste d

e n ns n n

i t erpre t tio it ma y b e i ted as i mport a t fo o u pu rpose

n a n, i — ns s n r r

-th a t fi i co s umi g the food of t h e gods i e gh i et c t a ke s

re n n n .
, . .
, ,

wh a t i thro w upo n it a d therefore E gg l i g s tra s l a tio n

’
in s n ,
n e n n

o f p r a a by o ut bre a thi g
- sho ul d o t be allo wed t o sta d
“
n n n n .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f the F un c t i o n s of B r ea t h . 37

d
( ) P a r d t c T h i s w ord rocc‘
u rs w . ith p r a a i the So m a Gr a h a n n

c h a pter a lre a dy n oticed

s, vi C B i v 1 1 a d i v 1 2 ,
The z . . . n . . .

c o tra s te d
n w ord w hich goe w ith uda a i s p r a ty a nc The s n .

u s ual word w ith p ra tg nc is p i m e P a r ana i e ar e o ugh

a r . s n n ,

h o w e ve r a ccordi g t o H i d u st a d a rds to ser ve as a li k w ith

,
n n n ,
n

p r a o f p r a a W h a v e
n a lre a dy . ee th a t p r d a w he
e w ith s n n n

u dd a a s ured l y c a ot me a bre at h i g The co te t ”

n s o ut - nn n n . n x ,

t o o is deci i ve a g i st s uc h a t r
,
s sl ation C B i v 1 2 2 7 c o
a n an . . . . . n

e l udes the ch pter i w hich So ma G ah a s a d the three bre a th

The sectio co t a i s a sort f r é é
a n r n s

a e ma i pul a ted together

r n . sum n n n o

i w hich p d a ( i e up ancu) i ide tified w ith the e arth ; udan a

n r n . . s n

( i .e a n t a ry d ma ) w ith the sky ; a d vy a a ( i e up ancu a va

.
-
) n n . . s na

w ith the a t mosphere A correspo di g p a rticiple a d v er b a . n n n re

u s ed w ith the ame of e ach b r a th v i n : p rd a a bh ip r a i t i e ,

z . n nn n ,

u dd n a n a bhgud n i t i a d vy d n a n a bh i vga i t i
an ,
E ach ve b i
n n n . r s
'
f ollo w ed by a a cc us ati ve ( 1 ) i mam ( p th i vi m) ( 2 ) munt l o ka m
n r ,
a ,

( )
3 a t a r i
n k a m These cc us ti v e
. a e go ver ed i e a ch
a sa s r n n

i st a ce b y the ve b with w hich they st a d

n n r W may t a sl ate n . e r n ,

a s follow s :

1 B re a thi g i
. h e bre at hes i to w a rd this ( e arth )
n n, n s .

2 B e athi g up he b re athes upo th at world

. r n ,
n .

3 B re a thi g per vasi vely he perv de the at mosphere

. n ,
a s .

W hile the tra l a t io u der 3 i o ly te t ati ve the co tra t ns n n s n n ,

n s

b et wee p d a t a d uda t a d t h e co
n r n n ectio of e a rth w ith the na n nn n

f o r mer a d k y w ith the l a tter e m ph a t ic ally s uggest th a t p a a t

n s s r n

r efers to the mo ve me t of br at h fro m the m o uth do w w a rd n e n .

T he ide tific a tio of vy a a w ith t h e at mo phere is

n n t w itho ut
n s no

ugge st io of a b re ath which i ce tral d per v i ve I t c e

n s n an as . s n

t r al ch ar acter is sy mb olized al o i i t s correl atio w ith the pre s s n n s

s to e w hich i
n t e So a pre si g w
h m - n pl aced bet wee t w v s el s n as n o e s s

h oldi g t he So m a
n H er may be rec alled the co ce ptio of O h
. e n n .

U p i 3 5 a ccordi g to w hich vy a a is the bre a th w hich ab ide

. . .
,
n n s

w he there i n eith r p a a o ap a a s n e r n n r n .

C B ii .2 2 1 5 .is a p a. a ge w hic
. h m a
y o t be p a ed ss o v er w ith n ss

o ut otice The precedi g co t e t efer to t he i mmortal

n . n n x r s

e l e me t a g i bei g
n u t bny the god w ithin t heir w e l v es s
, p , s n o n

( an t u a t mr d ) The i sectio . 1 5 w e h v e na de c ni p tio o f the n a s r n

p la ci n g o f the s a me i mmo t a l ele me t i the i di v id ua l m a r i n n n n n

c o nn ectio w ith the ch ur i g o ut of fire fro m wood T w o c m

n n n . o

p o u d
n v er b occ u r i e a b
sh ip ct i t i d p
, u a. a p a . i t i E g r
'

n an n r n .

g eli g
n tr a sl a tes to n b a the u po , a d “
t o a g a i dre a w i n
”
n
“
n r n
38 A . H . E wi n g,

bre ath This is a misco ceptio The st a te me t i th at w h e n fi

.
”
n n . n s re

is prod uced it is i h a led for b re ath is fire ( taj j d ta m a bt r d i t i

n ,
n

p a
r o vd
n
g i h ) F urt h er the
a w riter
n a dds . H e c a u se s th a t ,
“

w hich is th us prod uced ( i e a g i ) to b eco me th a t w hich is (.i e . n . .

p r a a —
) j
n d t a m e v a,
i a m e t a t a t a n j a a y a t i A g’
in t h e s n r n . a n

sta te me t is adde d n
p u a r a p d i t i Thi i ste ,
a d sao f m e a n n . s, n n

i g
n he aga i dra w s i b reat h sig ifies the e act opposit e v i
,
“
n n ,
”
n x ,
z
“
he agai ( o i t ur ) e pels b re ath E h al atio must fo l lo w
n r, n n x .
”
x n

i h al atio a d b oth processe a e eeded to make the esta b lis h

n n n s r n

me t of a g i ( i e p a a ) w ithi the o ga i m ( a t a r at ma) c o m

n n . . r n n r n s n

p l e t Theree . i a still f u t h er o b ectio

j s to E gg l i g s v ie w r n e n
’
.

The mai as rtio of the ec t io i th t p d is a g i N o w i

n se n s n s a r na n . n

bre athi g the vi ta l a t i ce t ai ly i h al tio

n T h di vi e A g i
c s r n n a n . e n n

is very freq ue t ly i the literat u e c alled ty u ( li fe ) d it i

n ,
n r ,
c
‘
s ,
an s,

therefore i mpo i b le to ide tify the n o -vit al ac t of exh al a tio

,
ss n n n

w ith fi e E ggel i g t l at io w o uld de m d ’

r as n s ran s n an .

Thi re vie w of l ie t p a age f o m the C B m y b e th u

s sa n ss s r . a s

s ummed up
i -b re a thi g
‘
1 I i a i
’
. rc n s n n .

2 U da a i
. up o ut br a t hi g
- n s or e n .

3 A p a a is u ed i t w o
. n e es ( a ) O ut -b e athi g ; ( b ) T h
s n s ns ,
“
r n e

bre th w hich is i the hi de p rt or lo wer p a rt of t h b o dy

a n n r a e .

The mea i g u de ( b ) i f urthe peci lized o t h at p d a co m e

n n n r s r s a s a n s

to b e eq ui v le t to p a c d t p r d a i a n th a u c n ,
. e .
,
e n s .

4 There is othi g e ti ely d ci i ve re g rdi g vg i a b ut t h

‘
. n n n r e s a n cn , e

ce t al per vadi g al w ay abidi g b re a th i pl i ly s ugge ted

n r n , s n s a n s .

5 T h . loc a t io o f s ma i the ce t e of the Fire-alt a

e n a na n n r r,

w hich c t re cor espo d to the a vel reg io f ur ishes a cl e

en - r n s n n, n ar

ba is for the Up a i d de fi itio w hich h ave b ee de alt w i t h

s n sa n ns n

ab o ve .

III . T he P r ana S
- e r i e s i n t h e U p a n i sa d s .

eri al arr a ge it elf i t w mai di visio

T he m at n s s n o n ns .

1 P as g. i w hich e p la tio saa a tte mpte d

es These h a v e
n x na ns re .

a lre a dy b e de alt w ith d d fi ite res ult o b t ai e d

e n an e n s n .

The e ults whe co mp red w ith the co cl u io s j ust w

se r s ,
n a n s n no

draw fro m o u cr uti y of the C B j ustify the i mpor t a t i f r

n r s n .
, n n e

e ce t h at the b asi o f t he e e pl t i o i t b e fo u d i t h e
n s s x ana ns s o n n

co cep t io w hich took h a pe i co ectio w ith the b uildi g f

n ns s n nn n n o

the S c ifice a d of t h e Fire alt a r Th e e additio

a r - n d . er ar ns an

de velop me t but the b egi i gs o f all syste matic e pl a a tio s

n s, nn n x n n

by H i d u w ite s a e fo u d i t h C B
n r r r n n e .
 H i n du C on cep t i o n o f th e F unc t i o n s of B r ea t h . 39

2 . ssages w h ere t h e bre aths a e referred to i a sy mbolic al

P a r n

w ay as q uot a tion s fro m or echoes o f it ualistic fo rmul a s r .

A s we h a ve alre a dy fo u d i the C B t h e gro un d -e l e me ts o f n n . n

t e va rio us H i n d u expl a a tio s of the P r an a S erie s w a e here

h - n n ,
e r

e s peci a lly i t erested i the q uestio o f t he proper tra slatio o f

n n n n n

t h e ter ms ot ably o f t he first t wo This q uestio is of so much

,
n . n

i m port a ce th at a re vie w o f all the pass ages w ith a more or le s

n s

d et a iled c r iticis m o f e ac h see ms a d vi able s .

( )
l P r d d p d t u cf B rhn A Up v i 4
nc 1 2
‘

; T a tt,
Up iii
. 1 0 . r . . . . i . . . .

2 ; M u d U p ii 1 7 C h Up i 3 3 ; S arh n y asa Up i v ; a d three

n . . . . . . . . . n

G i t a i st a ces n n .

I n e very i nst an ce the co mpo u d see ms to us t o mea precisely ,

n n

t h e s a me a s it does i th A V vi i -bre at hi g a d o ut n e .
,
z
“
a n n

b re athi g ” D eusse
n . h o w e v er tr a sl ates the seco d fo urth a d n, ,
n n ,
n

fi fth i t a ces by A ush auc h u d E i h a uc h

ns n
”
a d the first b y
“
n n ,
n

A us a t mu g u d E i at mu g n I M u d Up
n 17 o n the other n . n n . . 11 .
,
n

h a d he gi ves
n ,
E i h auch u d A u h a uc h “
do ubtle bec au e he
n n s ,
”
ss s

fi d there a c l ea r re fere ce t o A V xi 4 1 3
n s H sho uld al so n . . . . e

h a ve oted t h a t B rh A
n Up 4 1 2 i a regul ar A t ha va like sor .
- r . .
,
s r

c ery pra ctice a g ai st a ri va l w i fe H is tra sl atio of thi l a st

n . n n s

a s age see ms all the more tr ge b ec a use i the t w o precedi g n

p s a s n n

s ectio s i e n vi 4 1 0 an d 1 1 he correctly tr an sl ates a bh ip r d g d

, . .
, . .
,
n
’
p a g
n a t a d ap a p a bh
n ip r a g a t b y E rst nei a t m e d a
’
a u a t n n n, nn s

me ”
n, a d E s t a us at me
n da ei at me
r
”
n, nn n n.

I n Taitt Up i i i 1 0 t he co mpo u d appe a rs w ith o ut a y dis

. . .
,
n n

t in c t i ve ote f me a n i g a d t h e e rlie tr an sl a tio

n o ho uld be fol
n n a r n s

l o w ed u less good re a o s f the co tr ry b e forthco mi g

n s n or n a n .

C h Up i 3 3 makes vy a a the b o d of u io
. . . .
( sa i dh i ) n n n n rt

b et wee p ana a d ap a a
n r A ss uredly i s uch a c a se the v it a l
n n . n

a c t of i -bre thi g is t ho ught f fir t To re verse the order a s

h a n o s .
,

D e u se et l do see ms t o
s n a w i t ho ut j ustific atio
.
,
The sectio 11 s n . n

c o t a i s a l so t h e v er b s p r d
n n t i a d p d i t i a n d i n the co te t nz n a n n x

w e fi d the n egati ve pa t ic ple of e ach for m The verb s t h e

n r 1 .
,

a rticiples a d the d ual co mpo u d m u t a ll O f co urse b e tra s

n n s n
p , , ,

l at ed i co so a ce w ith e ach other There is o i dicatio th at

n n n n . n n n

t h e co mpo u d h as lost its e a rlie m e a i g a d therefo e i

n al l r n n n ,
r , n

t h e for ms p d a sho uld be i terpreted a s i bre a thi g

- ”
r n d n
“
n n an

ut bre at h i g
- “
ap a a a n s o n .

A tte tio to the f a cif ul ide ti fi c a tio of p r d a a d d of the

n n n n n n n a

w ord udgi t h a s upplies a val u ble hi t a to the tr ue i te pret a a n s n r

t io n .The st at e me t is made th a t a ma st a ds up b y p d a n n n r n
 40 A . . H . E win g,

(p r an en a
) This
hy is p l i refere
ut t i st h a t i
a ce to t h e s i m .pl e n n

phe o me o wh ich a y o e may obser ve th at a ma w h o h as

n n n n n ,
n,

bee seated o r l yi g do w i sti cti vely dr a ws i breath b e fore

n n n, n n n

o r w hile risi g H e ce p r d a i s i h al ati o

n . n n n n .

The S a yii sa Up p ass age is i mmedi ately follo wed by a e fe r

rn n
'
. r

e ce t o ap a a as t h e ave ] o r possi b ly the a us If this h as a n y

n n n n

—
.

b e ari g upo the i terpretatio of the co mpo u d a ext e me l y

n n n n n n r

do ubtful suppositio si ce the co mpo u d i i a prose p as a g e n, n n s n s

a d ap an a i
n a q uoted st a z a n — i t i fl ue ce is ce rt a i ly o t i t h e n s n n n n n

directio o f maki g ap a a me a E i h a uc h as D euss e doe s

n
“
n n n n ,
”
n .

( )
2 I A i t Up n i 4 ; ii 4 ; .iii 4 p a a .m e a s .either b re a t h. i .
,
r n n n

ge eral or i -bre ath i g M uller s tra s l atio of the w ord by

n n n
’
n n

—
.

sce t is much t o o arro w a applic atio o t a restr i cti o

n
”
f i n n n n

i to w hich he w as do ubt l e ss led by the co ectio o f p a a w i t h

n nn n r n

the ose Si ce ho w e ver the p d a w hich arise fro m the o se

n . n , ,
r
'
n s n

gi ves r i se i t ur to wi d the me a i g i s certai ly o t t o b e

n n n ,
n n n n

restricted t o a s ub ordi ate fu ctio o f the b reath Vayu i s n n n .

e very where correl ated w it h the e tire b re ath acti vi t y i e w it h n , . .

,

b re ath i ge eral n n .

( )
3 C h Up iii 1 3 (
. o f C B v iii
. 1 3 . T h is refere ce h a . . . . . n s

al re ady bee oted The f ull list of ames is used a d they a e

n n . n n r

correl ated w ith the va rio us directio s I t h e matter o f t a sla n . n r n

tio D e uss rightly percei ve th at p ra a me a

n, en E i h a uc h s n ns
“
n
,
”

n ot
“
A ush a uc h M uller till holds to p d a a d p an a a
. s r n n a s

a d do w b re athi g Thi i s ma ifestly o t acc ura te

“ - ”
up n n n . s n n .

P e h p i s uch a p a ss g e t
r a s n l ati o of the ter m is o t t o a ra n s n s n

b e a t te mpted It w o uld prob ab ly b e o more co rect to say

. n r

th at p rd a a d ap a a me n ni -b re th i g d o ut -b re thi g
n an
“
h a n an a n

th to u M uller e deri g The b i of the sy mb oli m i

an se
’
s r n n . as s s s

the bi d-like fi re -al t a r i w hich the b e ath i co cei ved of a

r
,
n r s n s

mo vi g b ack ward a d for w rd

n T he for w ard b r ath ( p an n a . e r

p a
r ) i
na cl u de both n i -bre a thi g s a d o u t bre
- a t h i g a d h t h e n n n ,
n

b ack w a d b e ath (p a tga i ap a a ) l l bre ath mo ve me ts t o the

r r r i n ,
a n

re ar o f the ce tre A al e ady i t i mated it is p ob ably be t t o

n . s r n ,
r s

m erely tr sliter ate the w o dsan D u s a tte mpt a tr sl a t i o r . e s en s an n ,

b ut h i e ff ort c a
s ca cely b e dee med ucce f ul H i e deri g
n s r s ss . s r n n

o f a md a b y A l l ha u h h a
s n o i d uctio
“
of f act upo whic h c s n n n s n

to rest .

( )
4 C h Up v 1 9 — 2
. 3 Thi epoch
. a l
. p a s a ge ets forth the. h i g h s s s

Up a i ad doctri e th at i a much
n s n the i di v id u l o ul i o t n s as n a s s n

differe t fro m t he U i vers a l Self ( atma vd ipvdn a ra h; of v

n n . .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e F un c ti o n s of B rea t h . 41

th erefore t he s age w h o recog izes this fact performs t he w hol e n

v a st rit ua l w he e ver he e a t A ll h e eed s t o do i s to say w ith

n s. n

t h e fi rst mo uthf ul o f food p rd dy a svd h a d w ith the othe rs ,

n ,
an

i t ur vy ct n dy a ap an d ya a ma d ga a d udd ct y a vdh d The

‘ ’

n n , ,
s n n n s .

o rder of the a mes is the s ame as i C h Up iii 1 3 a d w e here

n n . . .
,
n

r ecog ize a o ft -repe ated for mul a ; cf B lo o mfi el d C o cord a ce

n n .
’
s n n

u de r A s i iii 1 3 D eus se tra sl a tes the term s by

”“
n P rd a n . n .
,
n n

E i n h auc h, Z wi sc he n h auc h, A ush a uc h , A llh a uc h an d A ufh auc h .

Mu ller ag ai has fo p r a a a d ap a a up a d do bre athi g

n r n n n n wn - n .
”

Thi c a o ly be ad mitted if up-bre athi g refers to both i h a

s n n n n

l a tio an d exh al atio a d do w bre athi g t o the bre ath move

n - n, n n n

m e ts belo w or b ack o f t h e middle o f the body

n .

‘
The f act th at p r a a is said to s at i fy h eave a d p an a e art h n s n, n a ,

m i gh t s uggest th i s This is o t ho w e ver wh at M uller me a s b y

. n , ,
n

do w -b re athi n g an d his tra sl atio must be rej ected

n ,
”
n n .

N ote th a t vy an a i s aid t o s ati fy the q ua rters s This may be s .

t a ke a s ill ustra ti ve o f its me a i g a

n, bre ath e very where dif n n ,
s

f u ed ; of C B iv 1 2 2 7
s
”
. . . . . .

5 P r ah ag Up i ets for h octri e i m il r th t ich

( ) t d a tso a w h h a n s s

—
. . .

j u s t b ee all uded to
n The m a tr a u ed i O .h Up v 1 9 2 3 i s n s n . . .

r e pe ated P r d a i c a lled t h e he a d or chief ( p a dh a a )

. n s The r n .

p erfor m er o f t h P a a g n i h o t o flee s w a ter r n ra

’
r ,

( )
a I p r d n a w ith the little
n fi ger a d th u m b n n .

b
( ) I ap a n w ith t h e a
na m ele s ( a d m i k d ) or ri g - fi g n
e s n n n r .

c
( ) I vy a n a w ith t h e m iddle
n fi ger n .

d
( ) I a m a
n s a w ith the i de
n fi ger n x n .

e
( ) I u d d n a w ith
n l l fi ger a n s .

Thi p a s age thro w s o e w light upo the q ue tio of t a sla

s s n n n s n r n

t io n . It is i mpos i b le s regard ap a to deter mi e w hether it

s ,
a s na, n

m ea ns o ut b e a thi g
- o i testi al b re ath mo ve me ts or is a
r n
”
r n n n ,

m e e a me to fill o ut a formul a The upre me pl ace gi ve to

r n . s n

p rd n h o
a, w e v er m ake it cert a i th
,
a t it i either s life -bre a th i n s n

g e er
n a l or i -bre a thi g i n p a rtic u l ar S u c h pna s a ge pl
n a ce a . s s

h e a vy b urde of p oof upo n

y o e w h o
r w o u ld a tte m p t t sho
n an
o w n

t h at p a a a a ne ve me a t h e vit al ac t of i hal a tio

c n r n n n .

I t he e te ce w hich follo w s the t te me t q uoted abo v e it is

n s n n s a n ,

i n teres t i g t o ote w h a t i do e w i t h the w ter w h i ch the o if e

n n s n a rer

t a ke os the v rio u fi gers Wi t h the th umb a d l ittle fi ger

n a s n . n n

h e spri kl w a ter o ce upo the O

n es e B i ( ek a r i ) i e the s u o
n n n g s . . n r

1
I n A V . x i ii . 3 4 , p r ana i s
. sa i d to sa ti sf y bo h t h e a v en a n d e a r th .
42 A . H . E win g,

fire ; of esp M und Up iii 2 1 1 ; Frae a U p

. . 1 1 and B rh
. . . . n . 11 .
, .

A r.Up v 1 5 1 ; w ith the ameles fi ger he sprin kl es wate

. . . n s n r

t wice t h e A h a va i y a Fire w h ich i s i

on the mo ut h ( Ga bha n ,
n r

Up i v ; M ait ri v i
. w it h the mi ddle fi ger h e sp ri nkl es
, . n

w ater o ce i the D aksina Fire w hich is i t he he ar t ( Garbh a

n n ,
n .

Up . w ith t h i de fi ger he pri kles w ater i t h e Garba

e n x n s n n

p atya Fire wh i ch is i the belly ( uda ra cf Ga bha Up

,
n ,
. r .

w ith all t h fi ger he pri k l e w a ter o ce i t h e al l-a to i g (sa r

e n s s n s n n n n

va p r dga cc i t t i ga ) Fire Thi l a st fire is o t me ti o ed i n Ga bh a

‘
. s n n n r

Up The refere ce is pro b ab ly t o t h orga of procre ation T h e

. n e n .

H i d u ho lds t ha t it i e e ti a l th at e very ma
n sho uld h ave a s ss n n

so i order t o ec ure c a ryi g o ut of the prope r po t mo te m

n n s r n s r

cere mo ie Th is may b e the me a i g here ; of A i t B rah vii 1 3

n s . n n . . . . .

P rob ab ly i the w ord ch a i t h e eye is referred to as it

n rs 1 9

I t th us a pp ea r s tha t fi "
,

freq u tly ide tified w ith the u

en n s n
e

—
.

poi ts or p arts o f t h e body a e to uched with w a ter A s t

n l 3 r . i
6

a b ode of the S upre me Spirit the b ody i the pl ace of sac rifi ce s
‘
,
a
( )
6 M aitri Up v i 9 u e t h e s a me ma tr a t h a t w e h ave no t e p
s s n
£
. .

u der ( 4 ) a d
n B efore b e gi n i g to e at t he k o w i ng sa c ri fi c
" 1 nn n ,
n

é
.

clothes t h e p r ct a wi t h w ater Thi refer to the c usto m o f fi

’

n t
'
. s s

i g the mo n t h b efore e a t i g w hich i t o this da y t he c o mm

n n ,
s

practice B y re aso of this c u to w ater c al led t he c lo t h i f

. m i n ’ s ,
s

of p a a i r O h Up v 2 2
n A fter p r t a is clot h ed t h e ii
n
4
. . . .
'

rn ,
.

ma tr a sn repe ted do ub tle e ach b ei g acco mpan ie d w it h t ,

a re a ,
ss n

t aki g of a mor el of food The f urther e pl a ation i s a dd

n s . x n

th at the re mai der is e a t i sile ce a d a f t er wa rds p r an a

n en n n ,
n

a ga i cloth d w ith w ter A s to t a sl atio

n e oth i ng n e w a . r n n, n

de veloped .

( ) r
7 B h A Up i 5 3
. The doct
r i
. e u der di s
. c us s i o n h.e ] . . r n n r

is the affi matio t h at all form of t h o ught ( ma a ) all fo r ms o f

r n s n s ,

spe ch a d all form of bre th a e va yi g m ifest atio n s o f o n

e ,
n s a r r n an

S upre me A tma P l ua p a vy a an u.d d a d s a m dn a /

rr
'

,
a na, n ,
n an

a e
r ll a id to b e A
a s a i e P t a This t at e me t i s b o t h a n , . . a n . s n

recog itio th at a a occ ur i e ach o f t h ames a d th at p r d ga

n n n s n e n n z

i( e a a ) i t he ge ric e tity O f w hich the oth ers a e at mo st

. . n s ne n r

ma ife t a tio for m N o w u le p d na i u ed i t wo difi er

—
n s ns or s . n ss r s s n

e t
n e se i t h ame e te ce
s n s n— u l kely phe o e no t h e
i e s m s n n an n n n

first me mber of the se ies mu t e pre the vital ac t o f i n r s x ss

bre at hi g S uch co ider atio s ho uld h a ve w ar ed b ot h D e us

n . ns n s n

se na d M uller th a t they w ere w ro g i

n m aki g ap an a t he vi t a l n n n

ac t I
. sectio 2 3 ( 3 4 ) of t h i s me ch apter D e ussen right l y
n n s a ,
 H i n du C o n cep t i o n o f the Fun c t i o n s of B r ea t h . 43

t r an sl at es p d ya t a d ap d yd t by ei atme a d aus at me
r n n n
“
n n n n,

t h us maki g his tr a sl a tio o f the o u al l the more i explic a b le

n n n n n n .

( )
8 B rh A Up iii .1 1 0 r. P r d a a p a a . a d v .
y a a a e . . n ,
n ,
n n r

m e tio edn n They a e de cribed microco mic ally ( dhgd tma m)

. r s s a

a s correspo di g t o the t h ree hy m n n o f pra ise a cco mp a yi n g the ns n

s a crifice t h e i voc at ory t h e

, a crifici a l ( uttered d uri g the
n ,
a cri s n s

fi c ) a d the pr aisi g verse

e ,
n D eusse here gi ves p r a a a d
n . n n n

a
p a a thei
n proper sig i fic r
a ce M u ller ho w e v er h a n up a d n .
, ,
s n

d o w bre a thi g as us ual

- n The y mb olis m w hich here co ects
n . s nn

v y d n a w ith y dj y a is perh a ps i te ded t o b ri g o ut its ab idi g n n n n ,

c o ti uo u c ha r a cter ; o f O h Up i 3 3 a d 5
n n s . . . . . n .

( )
9 B rh A Up iii 4 1 The
r . S a v a t a . a h ( a t.m a ) f u
. c t io s . r n r n n

i n p a a ap a a vy a a u da a a d a ma a
r n ,
n ,
E ach n ou i ,
n n s n . n n s

a c co mp a ied by its n corre po di g verb i e p d i ti p a i t i s n n ,

. . r n ,
a n ,

v y d i t i udd i t i a d s a ma i t i D u se ri ghtly tr a l ate p d a

'
n ,
n n h . e s n ns s r n

b y E i ha uc h a d ap a a by A ush u h If M uller s do w
” “ ” ’
n ,
n n a c . n

b e at h i g for ap a a co uld b e u der tood a s re ferri g t o b re a th

r n n n s n

m o ve me t s belo w the av l it might b e a d mitted ; he does o t

n n e ,
n ,

h o w e v er see m t o h a ve att a i ed t o a y s uch i i ght i

,
co ec n n ns n nn

t i o w ith ap a a
n n .

S uch a p ass a ge as t h i look pro mi i g the o ut ide S u ely s s s n on s . r

w here both o u a d verb a e u ed w e a co mi g to clo e

n ns n s r s re n s

q u a rters w ith the pro b le m of tr l a tio a d m a y e pect defi ite an s n n x n

a d s ti f ctor y res ults

n a s a O the co tr ry al most o re ul t a e n n a ,
n s s r

o b t a i a b le n We h a ve here i a l l pro bab ility o t hi g more th a

.
,
n ,
n n n

a n a alo gic a l filli g o ut of the v er b e ies o

n - n the b i o f p r a i t i s r n as s n

a d ap d i t i w hich h a ve the de fi it me a i g of to b e at he i ”
n n n e n n s r n

t o b re a th b r at he o ut or o ff w ith u d w
” ”
o r d to e, an A e . n e

h ave fo u d i a f w pl ce w ith the me a i g of to b re a the p ;

n n e a s n n
“
n
”

of A V. iii 1 3 5 ; Q B iii
. . . iv 1 2 2 7 VA ? w ith vi
. . . . . .

a p pe ar i A V v 2 2 b ut yi l ds there
s n . . m e a i g b eyo d
.
,
e no n n n

t h a t of t h e i mple verb I t s occ urre ce i C B

s i v 1 2 3 7 an d . n n . . . .

i t s co rel a tio w ith the a t mosphere h a v e b ee

r n oted ab o ve n n .

x / Z i t w ith a m occ u s o ly i s R V 55 5 I t force there

r n n . x . . . s

g i ve o he l p here
s n P e h ap the stro n ge t p oof th a t
. r
a m d i t i s s r s n

i s a a alo g ic al formatio w itho ut peci a l ig ific a ce i t o b e

n n n s s n n s

f u d i the f c t th at i the l a ter

o n n a xpl a a tio of a a t his n e n ns s nz na,

v erb is o t used b ut i
n te a d a pl ay i m ade upo a md
ns b y s n s na
—
u si g t h e root
n i With a ma o w ith um a d a D usse o mits
it s r s n . e n

s a md i t i i n h i tr a l tio n of thi p a age B rri g the first

s ns a n s ss . a n

a d seco d v e b s a d po si b ly the third

n n r a i mil ly a logic al
n s ,
s ar na
44 A . . H . E wi n g ,

r cter prob ably belo g t o the other t er ms a d it i s b e t t er

c ha a n s ,
n ,

therefore merely to tra sl iterate ,

n .

( )
1 0 E rh A Up iii 9 2 6 H ere a series o f q uestio s a d
. r . . . . . n n

a s w ers set forth the depe de ce of e a ch me mb er of the P r i m

n a n n

S eries upo the o e i mmedi a te ly precedi g it

n n n .

I w h at do t va m a d at md fi d their upport ( p r a t i t h i t d u) ?
n n n s s

Fr an co
'

I h at does p ra a fi d its s upport p r a t i t h i t a h ) ? A p a a

n w n n s n .

I w h at does ap a a fi d its s upport p a t i t h i t a h ) ?

n n Vy an a n r s .

w h a t does vy a a fi d t s upport ( p r a st
‘
I n i t i nh i t a )
h 9 U dc ma n s . .

I w h t does u dd a fi d its s upport ( p r a t s t h i ta h)

n a n 9 S a a an t . nt n .

The p ass age is u iq ue i its prese t atio n T he ker el of i t i s n n n, n

i t h e first t w o me mb ers of the Serie i e

n t va m a d at ma an d s, . .
“
n ,

p ra a nT h .t a te m e t a m o u
e sts t o a a ssertio th n a t t h e co t i u n n n n n

a ce of i di vid ua l co scio u
n n ess a d the pe ma e ce of the i d i
n sn n r n n n

v id ual orga is m ( C ank a ra n otes th at at ma n here me an s body n

depe ds upo p d a n n r n .

Fro m thi s as a t arti g poi t t he author mo ved by so me fan c y

s n n , , ,

p asses o t o a a alogical co mpletio o f the series H is n o t t o

n n n n . e

b e t ake t o o serio u ly The a e t io t ake literally is a dir e c t

n s . ss r n, n ,

co tradictio of E rh A Up i 5 3 w here al l a e said to be fo r m s

n n . r . . . .
,
r

of p d a r H ere o the co tra ry a ma a w o uld ee m t o be t h e

n .
,
n n ,
s n s

fo u t ai a d o urce o f all i
n n
n if w e pres t he l i teral asserti o n
s , . e .
,
s .

A s a lre a dy i ti ma ted ho w e v er w e a e n o t t o fi d a ythi g h e re

, ,
r n n n n

except a pa sio fo a alogic a l sta te me t a d the mai poi t is

s n r n n ,
n n n

th at t va m a d d tmd depe d upo p a a n n n r n .

D usse i w ro g i retur i g to the me a i g A ush a uc h f o

e n s n n n n n n r

p r c n a
'

eIt is cert
. i ly i a cc ur a te to spe a k of
a n t v a m a d a t m a
n a s n

depe di g upo the n n o -v it l

a ct
n of t bre athi g M ti l l e
o u - n n a n . r

recog izes the i mpo si b ility of his f avorite up b re a t hi g a n d

n s - “
n
”

tra sl ates b y the ge eral te m b re ath

n n r
“
.
”

( )1 1 B r h A Up v 1 4 . 3 I rthis
. ch a pter the G ay a tr i v erse i s
. . . . n

ma ip ul ated
n Three w o d a e o ught w hich w il l make up t h e
. r s r s

n ecess a ry eight yll ab le T hese a e p r d a ap a a vy a a s s. r n ,

n ,
n .

A ga i i T aitt Up i 5 3 p a
n n ap a a a d vy a a a e i d e t i
. . . .
,
r na, n n n r n

fi ed w ith the V yahrt i s i e bh u bh uva a d o a , . . s, s, n s r .

I either of t h ab o ve ectio doe t h co te t thro w an y

n n e s ns s e n x

light upo the q ue tio of tra sl atio

n Follo w i g t herefore t h e
s n n n . n , ,

res ult al eady gai ed w e hold th at p d a a d p a a me a

s r n ,
r n n a n n

i -b re a thi g a d o ut b re thi g thi k s

“ “ ”
n n a d n o t as D e usse - a n ,
n n , n n ,

A u ha uc h a d E i h a uc h Vg
s /
n d a h a d b est b e left
n u to uc h ed .
”
n n .
 I l in du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e Fun c t i o n s of B r ea t h . 45

( ) T a itt
12 Up i 7 I correl a.tio w ith the.co m plete P r a
. a . n n n

S e ie w hich is aid to b e tre ated microco mic ally ( a dhy at ma m)

r s, s s ,

a s eries o f both psychic a l a d fl e sh ly e tities is bro ught for w a rd n n ,

t h us
P rdn a , ap an a , vy an a , u dan a , an d s a man a .

E y e, ear, ski ( i e t o uch t va c )

ma n a s ,
S peech ,
an d n . .
, .

ki ( c a ma ) fl e h i e w
S n r ,
a d ma rro w s ,
s n s, bo e n ,
n .

C f also C h Up iii 1 3 ; v 1 9 -2 3 ; C B v iii 1 3 6

. . . . . . . . . .

H o w thoro ughly for mul a ic the P r a a-Series i these correl a n s,

ti o s cle a rly sho w If w e tra l ate e ve the fir t memb er it

n . ns n s ,

m ust o t be b y A ush auc h but b y E i h a uc h i te ad

n
“
,
”
n ns .

( )1 3 T aitt Up ii 2 This. is the .ot a b le ch a pter

. i .w hich m a n n n

i s d escri b ed as co s isti g o f a co mb i a tio of va rio us e velopes

n n n n n

o r co veri gs (k ocdh) w ich a e amed respecti vely food made

n h ,
- r n
“

( a n a m
n a g )
a b re th -m a de “
p r d a m g )
a taho ught -ma de n a
“

( m ano m a ga ) ; k n o w ledge -m ade

“
( ij
v n d a m a y );a a d bliss n n
“

ma de ( a a da ma ga )
”

I n sectio 2 the p d a ma y a "

n n .

n ,
o ca is descri b ed a r h a vi g the
n c s n

fo rm of a ma w ho e he ad is p a a w ho e ight s ide is vy a a
n s r n ,
s r n

a d w hose left ide is ap an a cf T A viii 2 D e u se gi ves t o '

’
n s ,
. . . . s n

r d a its ori gi a l me a i g o f is best ch “ ”

p n nE i h a uc h I t i u n n
a n . n s

c a s e t o le av e all the ter m u tr a lated s n ns .

( )
1 4 K a th a Up v 3 This s t a z a is o
. f gre a t i.m port a ce . The n n .

text r u s n

ur dhva m p r an a m un n a g a tg ap d n a m p r a tga g a sg a t i

ma dhge vama n a m d s i n a rn vi pve deva up as a te,

H e b ri n gs up wa d r t h e u wa p rd p r a a a d thro ws ap a a i the n n n n

r ev erse directio A ll n . the gods re vere ce the D warf se ated i n n

t h e middle ( of the
Fro m the C B w a e prep ared t o u dersta d th a t the p r d a
. e r n n n

w h ich mo ve s up w a rd i cl udes b ot h i a d o t b re a th i g w hile

u - n n n n ,

p r a tg a n w ith the v erb V 5 1 to t h o w describe t h e b e a th 5

“
r ,
”
s r

w h ich p a se do w a d o ut b y the
s s us a d se ua l or g
n nLack an n x an .

o f a deq ua te fa mili a rity w ith the m t ri a l o f the C B do ub tless a e .

a c c o u ts fo ote t o the t a z a vi P a a i t hier ’

Dn ss e s r en n n s n ,
z . r n s

A u h a uc h ap a a E i h a uc h ; icht ( wi e p lit ter) d

s ,
n ,
V da uu g n n S er er n s

wi d the co trary p a a i o t A ush auc h o is p a a

” “ ”
n O . n n ,
r n s n ,
n r a n

“
E i h a uc h n F urther w hil e accordi g to A it Up i 3 ap a a
.
”
,
n . . . n

h a s di gestio a s a p a r t of its a cti vity w e h a v e

n o t fo u d i t ,
n n

r estricted to V dauu g w i d either e a lier or l ater er n s n r .

46 A . H . E w i n g,

ow e ver i this s ame ote D e usse gi ves his re aso for h o l d

H ,
n n n n

i g t o his tra sl a tio

n The co cl udi g cl ause o f hi s n ot e r u s
n n . n n n

th us We l ches ( i e ap a a as Verdauu gsw i d) bei der Wi e der

, . .
'
n n n

kehr i V ers 5 icht p as t N o w sta za 5 is as follo ws

n
”
n s . n

na p r d n en a n it
’
p an en a ma rty o j i va t i ha cc a n a
i t a r en a t u j i va n t i ga s mi n n
'

et d v up d pr i t ct u,

N ot b y p rd n a by ap a a does a y mort al li ve ;
,
no r n n

B ut b y a other do they li v e i w ho m these t w o fi n d t heir

n n

s upport .
”

P r d n a an d do ubtedly me a i -bre athi g a d o ut

ap an a un n
“
n n n

b re a thi g i co formity w ith the e arlier a d pre vaili g us e o f

”
n n n n n

the t wo w ords D eusse mi t ake co sist i a s umi g t h at

. n s
’
s n s n s n

sta z a 5 r ules i t he i terpret atio of st a z a 3 T he p h r a s e

n n n n n .

t a t w hich st a ds b et w ee st a z as 4 a d 5 i n dic a te s
’
et a d vii i n n n n ,

th at e p h ase of the s ubj ect is closed a d a other b egi s T h is

on n n n .
,

there fore does a w ay w ith the s upposed ecessity of squa ri g

, n n

st a za 3 w ith st a za 5 or vice versa

n n , .

These t w o sta z as th u close together fur ish t h e c l ass ic al

n ,
s ,
n
'

e ample i the Up a i s ads of b oth t h e pri miti ve a d per ma e t

x n n n n n

u e o f p r a a a d ap a a o
s n the o e h a d ; a d o the other h a d
n n n n n n ,
n n ,

o f th a t use w hose de velop m e t w a made possi b le b y the b ui l di g

f the li vi g s acrifice a d the a i ma ted Fire -alt a r—

n s n

o n w hich u s e n n

fi d defi ite t ate me t i M aitri A mrt abi du a d Fra e a U pa i

n s n s n n
,
n ,
n n n

s a ds etc ,
.

( )
1 5 I M aitri U p nv i 5 p r a a p a a a d vy a a a e a
. m ed .
,
n ,
a n n n r n

a s maki g up the bre a th -

n e do w ed ( p a a va t) form of B r a hm a n r n n.

T here is a de gree of defi it e ss here w hich w o ul d see m to j usti fy n ne

a na tte mpt a t t r a sl ati g vy a a A s i C h Up i 3 3 a d 5

n n n . n . . . . n ,

it do ubtles me a s the b re ath wh i ch ab ides i the body w he t h e

s n n n

r —
eg ul ar b re ath acti vity is q uie ce t w he there is either p a a s n n n r n

no r a
p an a .

M aitri Up vi 3 3 H ere the fi ve me mb ers of t h e P r a a

( )
1 6 . . . n

Series a e c al l ed the b ricks of the fire to w hich p r a a cor e

r n r

B y me a s of the b ricks the (A h a va i ya ) Fire is s uppl i e d

‘
s po ds n . n n

w ith a he ad t w o w i g a b a ck a d a t ai l
,
The order o f t h e
n s, ,
n .

n ames is p a a vy a a p a a rs a ui a a d u d d The a rrna a n n n

n , a g e , , ,
n n . n

me t of these if C B v iii 1 3 6 b e rec alled w o uld gi ve w h a t

n

—
. . . .
, ,

the expl tio i plies v

a n m i na a bird like for m th us
-
,
z ,
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e Fun ct i on s of B r ea th . 47

) ( 2
Vy an a ( w i n g)
( )
4 ( )
1
S a md n a ( b a ck ) e ad )
'
P r ct n a
( h

( )
5
U dan a ( w i n g ) .

If tr a sl atio b e at te mpted p r a a must be made t o i cl ude

n n ,
n n

b o th i bre athi g an d o ut b re a th i g ; a d ap a a the bre ath

- n - n n n n ,

m o ve me ts b ack o f the ce n tre o f t h e body

n

—
.

I n M aitri Up vii 1 5 e ach ectio co t a i n s o n e o f the abo v e

. .
,
s n n

n a mes a d t h ey a ppe ar i
n the s ame order as i vi 3 3 A lo g n n . . n

list o f ot her cor el atio s acco mp a ies e ach term I both the r n n . n

a bo v e p a s a ges it i best to look upo

s t h e list o f n ames as merely
s n

for mul aic .

O b e rv e th at a lth o ugh i M a t i Up ii 6 ( a bo ve ch II ) t here is

s n l r . .
,
. .

a serio us a tte mpt a t a expl a a tio of the vario us n ames o f the n n n

P r a -Series th a t expl an a tio n see ms t o h a ve n o i fl ue n ce upo

na n n

—
,

v i 3 3 a d vii 1 5
. n This w o ul d arg ue for the co mposite ch ar ac
. .

ter of t h e Up a i sad n .

( )
1 7 J B Up i i 5 I this
. p a ss a ge t h
. e a m es
. o f t h e P ra a
. n n n

Seri es are i cre sed to six by t he a dditio of a vd n a There a re

n a n .

t w o w ay i w hich the rise of a vd a may be a cco un ted for

s n n

1 I t may b e a a alogic al for ma tio

. fro m t h e co mpo u d verb
n n n n
'

x / d n w i t h a va w hic h a ppe a rs i the se se of the si m ple v erb i ,

n n ,
n

C B . iv 3 2 6. . . an d iv 6 1 5 . . . .

It may be formed from the ad verb a vane w hich is freq ue tly

2 . n

u sed i the C B A va a may sta d for a va i p ra a A p a a i ‘

n . n n r n . n s,

to be s ure the sy o ny m o f a udit p r a a This fact w o uld o t

,
n n . n ,

ho wever pre ve t an other author fro m u i g t he fi ve n ames as a

,
n s n

m ere for mul a a d a ddi g an other cre t ed fro m a van p r a a

n n a n .

It is to be o b ser ved that ap a a vy a s a man a a van a d n ,

na , ,
a, n

dd ua a e c al led So s of p a a P r d a t h us h olds the

“ ”
a r n r n . n

s upreme pl ace a d must either me a bre ath i ge eral o r i h a l a

n n n n n

tio n.

( )
1 8 J B Up 2 2 Follo w i g
. u po a eries of .psyc h o phy
-
11 . i . n n s s

c al co rrel a tio s bet w ee n ( a) S peech a d A g i ; ( b ) M a a s a d

n n n n n

Moo n ; ( 0 ) S ight a d S u ; ( d ) H e ri g a d Q uarters the st ate n n a n n ,

me n t is m ade th a t ap an a i s B rh spa t i a d p r an a is P raj apat i a ,

n .

A p an a is lord of S peech b ec ause i spe aki g bre ath is

“
n n

exh al e d P a a is lord o f o ff spri g b ec ause it is rich i

. r n
“
n
“
n

so n s of ii 5 abo ve
”
, . . .
48 A . . H . E wi ng,

O tr sl ation b y exh al atio

er t el s
’
an a d bre at h is co r rec t n n .

( )
1 9 J B Up i v 2 2 Thi
. c h apter co t a i . bot h.a a t t e m p t
. s n ns n

to defi e cre atio n i n t e ms o f the P ra Serie and also state s t h e

i

n - r na s

co smic al correl atio n s o f the va rio us n ames The correlatio s a e . n r ,

as belo w ,

1 P ra a. S u n 2 A pa a n . . n

3 Vya a . Wat ers n 4 S a ma a . . n

5 Ud a a Moo . n n .

We may ote also the correspo di ng correl a tio n s in O h Up

n n . .

iii 1 3 a d v 1 9 2 3
.
- n . .

1 P ra a. n

3 A pa a. n

"
T he descriptio of cre atio starts w ith s p ace or ether ( ak d c a )
n n .

Strictly (29 62 E d ] Thi bec a me waters The waters a a re s ul t

, . s .
,
s

of pr ctici g a usteritie ( t ap a s ) brea thed o ut for ward (p ac i h

a n s r

p r acv a s a
) u tteri n g the
,
so u d h uss n Th u s a rose ( b h v a t ) n
“
.
”
a a

p r a a n . The t h ese ( w a ter

)n h a vi g b re a th d i (p r a g )
a s ,
n e n n
,

breathed o ut ( ap d a ) Th us ap a a a o e Upo thi th e re n n . n r s . n s

follo w s a series of a al ogic al st ate me ts a ccou ti g for e a ch n n n n

memb er o f the P r a Series i t ur - vi : ap d n ga

na vgd n a n n, z . n

vy a y a a mun a
n s a d a ma g o dd a
'
n T hese w ords rec al l t h e
n s n
’
n n .

f ull series o f oun s a d verb s in B rh A Up iii 4 1 a d s e e m

n n . r
. . . .
,
n

t o i vite tr an sl atio
n Tho ugh spoke of the pri meva l w a t e r
n . n s,

the refe e ce to re al or s upposed bre ath acti vities i ma is

r n n n

u do ub ted B ut c a ref ul scr uti y so o c e a t e s a s uspicio that

‘
n . n n r n

h
t e th ee lra st v erbs a e m ere for m ul a -fi ll i g w ords made f o r
r n ,

the occ a io Whe ce co me the lo g a a fter vi s a m a d ud ?

s n. n s n ,
n

Wh it ey t be ure i his R oots a d V erb For ms gi v es t h e

n ,
o
“
s ,
- n n

form i lo g a but may he ot h ave used t hi s or a si mil a r pa

n n ,
n s

s age as t h e b asis o f the for m ? It is pro b able t hat the a co m es

by a alogy fro m t h e a of p r a i t i a d ap a i t i a d a y atte mpt
n n n n ,
n n

a t tr a l atio is like ly to b e was t ed l abor T he res ults o f t h e

ns n .

l abor w hich w e h ave e pe ded a re too me agre a d u certai t o x n n n n

j u stify p u tti g the m o rec

n o d The first t w o ter ms o f the ser i es
n r .

a e of i m port a n ce bec a use they see m to D e us se

r t o f ur ish a n n n

a rg ume t f r his tra l a tio of p ct a a d ap a a as A ush auc h ‘

“
n o ns n r n n n

1
M oo n an d w a ter s a re in e ff e ct the sa me co s mi c th i ng .
 H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f t he Fun c t i o n s of B rea t h . 49

an d cf O esch der P h i l vo l i pt
. in h a uc h ; p age 2 5 0 ”
. . .
, . .
, . .

N either do w e here agree w ith h i m The pr a a which arose . n

w h e t h e w a ters utte i g the h uss bre at h ed o ut for w ard w as “ ”

n ,
r n , ,

b re a th i ge eral ap a t fro m a y di t i ctio as t o i a d o ut

n n r n s n n n n

b re a th i g P a i p ac i h a d p r acva a cre a t
n . the Opportu ity
r n r n s n es n

t o mak e a pu upo p r a a b ut the q uestio o f the directio o f

n n n ,
n n

t h e bre ath mo ve me t i s t y t ra ised

‘ The e tire first state n no e . n

m e t w hich de cri b e h o w p a a aro e fro m he at e d w a ter

n s s r n s

a mo u ts to s a yi g w h a t a ppe a r
n aga i a d ag i i t h liter a
n ,
s n n a n n e

t u re t h a t he at a d b re ath a e ide t i c al
,
n r n .

I the se co d sta te me t the w aters f o m w hich b re ath i

n n n , ,
r n

g e erna l h a s b ee prod uce d a e s a id to e perie ce the ordi n ry ,

r x n na

b e ath ac t i vi tie
r B y me a s of g e eric b re a th i h a l at i o t akes
s . n n ,
n n

l a ce a d t h is is o f co u se follo w ed b y e h a l a tio T h is i pre r x n s

p n , ,
.

c i sel y w h t w e sho uld e pect a d th u p a ga a d ap an a

a ret ai x n s r n n n n

t heir ordi a y a d proper s i g ific a ce n r n n n .

B r e at h an d S c e nt .

( )
2 0 We
co me to the co side atio of a umb er of pas
no w n r n n

s a ges o f gre a t i mport ce for t h i terpret tio of p a a a d an e n a n r n n

ap an a especi a lly the l a t t er

,
T he list i cl ude t h e refere ce upo . n s n s n

w hich D e usse rests his c a e for the tra sl atio w h ich we h v e

n s n n a

a l re a dy h ad s uch freq ue t occ a io to co tro vert i the p ass ages n s n n n

r e vi w ed abo ve
e .

The refere ces t o be b ro ught u der disc ussio a e with th ee

n n n r r

e xceptio s fo u d i the Up a i ad They a e as follo w

n n n n s s . r s

A V i 6 0 1 ( cf V ait S utra iii

. x x . K ilns Up iii 4 6 7 ;
. . . . . . .
, ,

VS v 2 ; P ara
. xx O rb S utr a i 1 9 4 ; P r a a v U p i ( cf G B
. i s . . . . n a . . . . .

J B Up i v 2 6 ; i 6 0 5 ; ii 1 1 6 a d 1 9 ; ii 1 0 ; C h Up
. . . . . . . n . . .

1 2 2 ; B rh A
. . Up 1 3 3 ; iii 2 2 . r . . . . . . .

I A V n i 6 0 1 the loc a tio of p r a a is s aid t o be i

. x x . the .
,
n n n

n o s t rils Van ma d a ha
’

a so hp r d a c c a k ur a k
,
oh p o t a s n n n s sn r r ni rn

a go h .

I ra ava Up i p r a
n P ostril sce t a d melli n g appe ar
n . .
,
n a, n s, n n s

t o get h er i sy mbolic correl a tio w it h t h e

n o u d o f the yl lable n it s n s

o
a r se
" T h i s is ,
( in t h e
at

tra n s a
l ea s t doub tful
,

l ti o ) th n ra
,

er
in vi e w

d i ms t h e
of

o
the
r i gi n a
j t
l co
o
ux ap si t i
ct i
o
nn e on
n.

( h us s i t y
T hu s

‘ hi t
; sa ve m
'

h a p r uno bh a va t ) T he ss i n g , h us s , w a
’

eva p r d ci p r d cva s a n : er s
‘
b rea he d f t o rt h f o r w a rd an d th ( f o t h fo r w a rd b re a t i n g) b e h c me
—E
at r a

p r ana . D .
]
50 A . . H . E w i n g,

O m so C B xii 9 1 1 4 ; i v 3 2 1 7 where the o s t il s

. C f . al . . . . x . . .
,
n r

a rec alled the path o f p a a r n .

”

The sta t eme t th at odor a e k o w by p r d a ( p r a en a

n s r n n n n

g a n dh a ved ) i s fo und i J B Up i v 2 6 ; a
o f C B 5 2 1 5 n n . . . . . 111 . . . .

H an g Up iii 4 6 7 h as the fol lo wi g very defi ite a ss er

. . .
, , ,
n n

tio : P d e a a rva ga dh d dp n ot i P r a o ga dh a rh
ns r n n s n n n . n n

h i rnc a n a p r aj fi dp a y et . P r an a eva
’
s mi n s a r ve g a n dh a a bh i vi
srj y a n t e .

O the oth er h a d i V S
n v 2
the ostril a e e peci a l l y
n ,
n . xx .
,
n s r s

cor e la t d w ith ap d a F urt her i P ar O rb S utra i 1 9 4

r e n . n as . . . .
,

food is sa id to b e o b t i ed by p d a ( of C B xii 9 1 1 4 a d a n r n . . . . .
,
n

n o t e by co t a t A it Up i 3 a d
n ce t by ap an a I t hi s
r s . . . . n s n . n

l a t ter p a age the di ti ctio is do ubtle bet wee bre ath i t h e

ss s n n ss n n

mo uth a d b re th i t h n ose B ut e ve so t he t wo l a t r e fer

a n e n . n ,
s

e nc e a scri b to p a a a fu ctio which accordi g to al l the ot h er

s e a n n n n

q uo t at io belo g to p a a a d this ch a ge is both t o be u d e r

ns n s r n ,
n n n

stood a d acco u ted fo n n r .

I order t o the sol utio of th i proble m w e may first bri g

n n s ,
n

u der re v ie w tho e of the re mai i g li ted pa a ges wh ich o c c ur

n s n n s ss

i descriptio s o f the f a mo u co te t bet w ee De va s a d A s u r a s

n n s n s n n .

JB .
‘
Up i 6 0 5 r u as fol l o w s te p a e o dugay a t a
. ns : n n
’
n ,
'
ni
'
. .
,

t a s md d ba h u h i ni c a k i rizc d p d n en a j i ghr a t i ,
'
’
u lgur va n
’ ’
’

t a th ai o

s a r a bh i c ai
’
Whe n t h e go ds s a n g
n en a yg
z h r a t i durga n dh i ca .

t h e U dgi t h a w i t h ap an a the A s ura s w ere ab le t o mi x it w i th ,

e v i l he n ce it is described as t he age n t in s melli ng b oth ple asa n t

,

a n d un ple a a t odor J B Up ii s n s . . . . 1 . 16 co trib utes the fol lo w

n

in g to the tre a t me t of ap a a n n
'
t a m p czp m a
‘ ’ ’
n vas r g a t a
j sa y a d eva p an en a a
p p a n i
ga n dh a rh
‘
ap rt n iti , s a eva s a d
p p m d .

I erse 1 5 p a a i aid to be the U dgat a W h ate ver it

n v ,
a n s s r .

b re athe o ut by ap a a ( ap a e a ap a i t i ) th at it s a g t o itsel f ;
s n n n n ,
n

b ut the other de ires w h t e ver they those it a g t o t h e

s ,
a a re , s n

g od ( a t h
s y i t a e h a m d s t
a a d ev ebh yaa h ) Follo w i g t
r h is n . n

co mes t h t te me t of verse 1 6 q uo t ed b o ve th at e vil w a s

e s a n , a ,

cr ated alo g w ith it ( ap a a ) a d th at the evi l referred t o is t h e

e n n n

e vi l s mel l w hich he ( y o e ) e h ale w ith exh al atio an n x s n .

J B Up ii 1 1 9 is a decl ara tio th at w he p a a is used a s

. . . . n n r n

U dgat a e vil i o t cre a ted a d th a t therefore

r s by thi p r a a
n ,
n ,
s n

o e
n either pe ak s e vi l o thi k e vil o sees e vil o exh al e s
n s ,
n r n s ,
n r ,
n r

an e vil odor ( p dp d rh ga dh a m p ct i t i )na n a

'

n .

i Vit h refere ce to J B Up ii C h Up i 2 a d B rh A r
n . . . . . .
,
n . .

Up i 3 the poi ts to be oted ar the follo w i g

. .
,
n n e n
 H i n du C o n cep t i o n o f t he Fun ct i o n s of B rea t h . 51

( ) a J B U a d BIr Anr U p ap a a is n o t am ed b ut p r c
.t n a n . . .
,
n n ,
‘

is s aid t o be a fl ec t ed by e vil w hile muk hya p r a a alo e e cape s ’

, n n s ,

other wise asan ga p ra a J B U ii 1 0 1 7 closes with these words n . . . .

,

m m M
'
sa
y a d eva p r an ena
(p p
a ct )p r d n i t i ,
s a eva sa d
p p a . r
.

U p .
,
i . 3 . 3 closes th us ,
sa y a h sa a
p p m a y a d eve
’
da m ap r a t i r i t
p a rk j ighr a t i sa eva c u p ap md .

b
( ) I n co nt ami ated by the
C h . Up i . . 2, n as i ky a p r d n a is n

A s uras wh ile mukhy a p r a a alo e e c a pes

,
V erse 2 e ds w ith n n s . n

t h e st ate me n t whic h w ith so me ch a ges a d a dditio s is q uoted ,

n n n ,

at J B U i 6 0 5 i e ta smat te o bh a ya rh j igh a ti sa r a bh i '

’
. . .
, . n r

ca d urga n dh i ca .

The pl ai n i nfere ce fro m a co mp ariso of all these De v -A s ura n n a

p a ssag es is t h at ap a a n a s i lcy a p a a an d e v e
p r ct a a re n ,
r n n
‘
n

us ed sy o y mo usl y Si ce the l ast t wo cle arly refer t o the n asal

n n . n

b re a th i n ge n er a l witho ut refere n ce to the directio o f i t mo ve n s

m e t w e a e j ustified i i terpre t i g ap an a i the s a me w ay

n ,
r n n n n .

The stereotyped ch a r cter of the De A s ura f able le aves o a lter

a v a- n

n a ti ve here .

I t is i mpossib l e t o say w ith D e usse th a t ap a a me a E in n n ns

“

h a uch a d p r ct a A u h a uc h
” ”
for th at w o uld be t o make t h e
’

n n s ,

a c ti vi t y u ass a il ab l e by t h e A s ur a s a
n o -vit al o e Moreo ver n n n .
,

a n a tte mpt to get o ut of the fryi g pa of di ffi c ulty by tran s n n

l a ti g ap d n a an d ap an i t i i J B U ii 1 1 6 by i b re athi g
n - ” '
n . . .
“
a n

a d n i h ales w o uld at o n ce i n vol ve a fall i nto the fire of

”
“
n
” “

J B U ii 1 0 1 7 w here i a si mil ar co te t it w o uld b e mean i n g

. . .
,
n n x

less to t ra sl ate p r d a a d p ra i t i b y o ut -brea thi g an d

n
” ’

n n n n

e h ales
x
”
.

I J B U i 6 0 5 therefore w e t ake ap a a t o mea the e n tire

n . . .
, ,
n n

n a s a l b re a th acti vity
- T he way i w hich ap an a c a me to t ake . n

t h e pl a ce o f n ds i lcga p a a may h v e b ee a s follo w s r n a n

1 The c fi ec t of the victory of the A uras o ver the De va s i n

. s

th e matt er o f the a al bre ath w as th at e vi l odors as w ell as n s ,

p l e as a t c ame t o be percei ved thereby

n ,
.

2 Fr o m the a u e v il odors are freq ue tly e mitted

. n s n .

3 A p a a is sho w b y t h e C B
. na d the Up a i s ad to h a ve bee n n . n n s

r eg ul a rly used to d cribe both the a us and the bre th w hich es n a

i ss ues fro m it .

4 B y me a s of the n a s a l bre a th the odors fro m the ap an a

. n

a us are percei ved as w el l as al l other e v il odors

n ,
.

5 This s uggestio
. of ide tity b t wee the n as al b re a th a d n n e n n

t h a t w hic h iss ues fro m t h e a us see m t o t h e author of J B U a n s .

52 A . H . E wi n g,

s uffi cie t gro un d for p utti g ap an a i n the pl a ce of dsi kga p r a

n n n na

i the f a ble w hich h e q uotes fro m the C h Up

n . .

I JB U n ii 1 1 5 -1 6 t he e t wo ide as o f ap a a i e as a a l
. . .
,
s n , . . n s

bre at h a d a us bre a th a e de fi itely bro ugh t together A p a a

n n
,
r n . n

a U d at a is do ubtle s t h
s
g a sra l bre a th W he ho w e ver t h e s e n . n, ,

w ord dh m sed the efer ’

p a en a s
p p
a a a
g a n ap d n i t i a e u nz an r ,
r

e ce is u do ubtedly to t he exh al atio o f e vil odors fro m t he

n n n

a us
n O b ser ve th a t b elo w i verse 1 9 i t is a id th at o n e d oe s
.
,
n , s

n o t e h a le a e vi l odor b y p ra a : p ran e a a p ap a rh ga n dh a m '

x n n n n

iti
’

ap ci n .

N o ly does t his cle arly expl ain ho w ap an a c ame t o be gi v e

ot n n

the p l ace o f n ds ikya p a a i the De va-A ura co tro versy b ut r n n s n ,

w e h av e a t the same ti me co me upo n the ori g i o f t h a t mi sun d e n r

st a d i g o
n t h e b asis o f w hich so me l a ter H i d u a ut horit ies h a v e
n n n

t ake ap a a as me an i g o ut bre at hi g Th at t he w ord i o

n n - ”
n
“
n . s s

t ake w h ave e ver me a t t o de n y Wh t w do de ny is t h a t

n, e n n . a e

it ha such a me a i g i t h materi al w hich w h av e bee n re v i e w

s n n n e e

i g
n .W di se t from D usse i all h i Up a i s ad p a ssa ges
e s n e n n s n ,

i cl udi g J B U
n i 60 5
n T here i s cle ar e vide ce ho we ver t h a t
. . . . n , ,

H i d u w riters of a l a t er ti me did gi ve th a t me a i g to ap a a
n n n n

w hich D e u e atte mpts to a pply to a portio of the refere n c e s i

ss n n n

his Sec hzi g Up a ish ads n .

”

E g C nk ar a i h i s co mme t a ry o the V ed a t a S utras t a ke s

. .
,
a n n n n

t h i positio ; o f A ppe di
s Further R ud adat t a
n . A p ast C rn x .
,
r on . .

S utra iii 8 6 says p r a a t d ba h i ga mi ta vdy u a; ap a a t a p ra ty

x . .
,
n r n n

d h ta vdg u a
r Q uoted b y B b
n h t l i .
g k thro ugh C a l a d ; cf S i c h s n n . .

Ges Wi s 1 8 9 7 p 1 2 0
. s .
, . .

E gg li g ( S B E vo l xliii p
e n to the a me p urpose q uotes
. . . . s ,

S it ya a T aitt S iv 3 3 a e pl ai i g pr a a by ba h ih sa nc d r a
n on . . . .
,
s x n n n

ru a a d a p an a by p u a r a t a h s a nc ar a r u
n p a n n
p ,
.

To thi l ist belo gs al o P a as Grh S utra i 1 9 4 noted abo v e

s n s r . .
‘
. .
, .

The origi Of this l ater opi io that ap an a mea s o ut -brea th

n n n n

i g is prob a b ly as alre a dy i t i ma te d to b e fo u d i the p h r as e

n
”
,
n ,
n n ,

ap a e n a
p p a r n g
na dh a m ap a i t i ( J B U ii 1 an T h e m e a n . . . n

i g a h
n ,
bee s h o w poi ts t o the exh al atio o f b ad o d o r
s as n n, n n

fro m t h a us The co te t i ho we ver s uch a to re adily sug

e n . n x s, ,
s

gest a other i nterpretatio I e n te ces which i mmedi atel y p e

n n . n s n r

cede vario u psychic al acti vitie a e referred to i a w ay to sug

,
s s r n

gest by a alogy th at p ap rn ga dha m p a i t i applies to t h e

n a n a n

“ recei i g o f e vi l Odors ; cf c a k u a p a cga t i i verse 1 0 a d

'
”
v n . s s n n

p r o t e a c
r o t i i nv erse 1 3 rn n .
 . H i n du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e Fun ct i o ns of B r ea t h . 53

H ere th en is t he st a rti g poi t o f a misco n ceptio w hic h w as

, ,
n n n

f o llo w ed by C ank a ra et a t a d h b e et t he path way of modern ,

n as s

t r a sl a to rs i n t h eir h a dli n g of the older materi al

n n .

O er t el suggested o p ag e 2 3 6 of h i tr a sl atio n of J B U ( J A
n O S s n . .

th at s uch a p a age as ii 1 1 6 might be looked upo as a ss . . n

k y t o t h e use of ap a a as i n bre a t hi g
e - ”
I am f urther gre atly n n .

i de b ted to h im for a il lumi ati g st a te me n t o f his positio n i n

n n n n

a perso a l letter n .

D e u sen ( O esc h d
s P hil vo l i pt p 2 5 0 ) cri t icise hi m i n
. er .
, .
, . 1 1, . s

the i terests o f
n h i w v ie w th at p a a e a s m n i -
s ob re athi n g n a n a

i JB U
n i 6 0 5 a d ii 1 1 6 T he criticis m of the l atter p ass age
. . .
, n . . .

i s w itho ut force bec a use it rests upo a misco cep t io of t he n n n

w hole sit ua tio The criticis m o f t he former refer ce has so me

n. en

f o rce as agai n st t he w ord ex hal atio wh ic h O ertel u es a s a “

n,
”
s

t a sl at or
r n o t as a i terpreter Thi criticis mfalls to the
,
n n n . s

r o u d w he n a a a i recog ized t h eq ui v le t f d i k a
g n
p n a e a on y s s n n s

p r d g m .

Fo r B po itio w hich i of disse t fro m D e ussen cf

bh t l in gk
’
s s n, s n , .

B er Ges l l der Wi
. e P hil H ist C l a s e 1 8 9 7 pp 8 0 if a d 1 2 9
-. ss .
, . s , ,
. . n .

Th ere re mai n s t he i mporta t refere ce in B rh A Up iii 2 n n . r . . .

,

up on w h i c h D e uss pl a ces gre at e mph a i s as j ustifyi g his tr an s

en s n

l a t io of p r d a a d p a a as A u h au h a d E i h auc h
n n n
”
a n
“
s c n n .

B oth t h e M adh ya f di a n d K a v a R ece io s h a ve n na n ns n

B r an o va i h h ‘an en ft ’
t i gr a h en a gr h i to
‘an on a hi
gr a a so p p
g u n dh d n j i ghr a t i . B o ht l i n
g k s ugge t th at the li e ho uld re ad
s s n s

Fr an o va i gr a h a h sa g a n dhen a
’
t i gr a h en a gr h i t a h p r an en a h i

g a n dh an j i ghr a t i . These e me d atio b ri g t he a ertio here n ns n ss n

m ade i to exact a n n a logy w ith the e ve i mila r s t ateme t which s n s n s

fo l lo w a fter .

I a ch c ase the psychic al orga

n e w hich is a med i the first n, n n

a rt o f e a ch expl a at io h fetter ) pp rs i the

p a s a g ra a ( a a c o
n n ,
e n n

c l udi g p art i
n th i tr ume t al c ase T he first st at eme t alo n e
n e ns n . n ,

i n t h e for m i w hich it h as co me t o u n is a e ce ptio t this s, n x n o

a a l ogy an d therefo B bh t l i gk s e me d a tio c a ries a good

’
n ,
re , n n n r
,

d e al o f force If the te t is t o b e ch a ged he is cle arly right

. x n ,
.

B ut h ad the tex t bee looked upo a i mpo sible urely o of n n s s ,

s ne

th e sta d ard tex t s w o uld ha ve re medi d it While therefore

n e .
, ,

w co sider B O h t l i gk e me d atio to b e va l uable a a ugges ’

e n n s n n s s

tio we w o uld n o t b ase a a rg ume t again st D e u se posi t io n

n, n n s n s
’

upo it
n .

O the other h a d ho we ver the te t as it st a ds c a n ot be

n n , ,
x n n

c l i med for D e u se s positio n a d may be i terpreted a g a i st it

’
a s n n n n .
54 A . . H . . E wi ng,

1 The e ight st at e me t s de al w ith se se orga s a d their o bj ct s

. n n n n e

i( e a t i g a ha or vi a y a s) N o other p a sage h as yet c o m e t o

. . r s s . s

l ight i w hich ap a a is descri b ed t h e vi a y of pr a a S c e t s

n n as s a n . n ,

ho we ver a e freq u tly st ated t be the vi a ga of p a a

,
r en o s r n .

2 The a a logy of the fir t

. n t a te me t w i t h the se v e w h ic h s s n n

follo w b re aks do w i t w o w ays n n .

( )a The i str u m e t a l c a se o
n f p r a a sho u l d a ppe
n a r i t h e clo s n n

i g se te ce
n nThis h as bee referred t o ab o ve
n . n .

( )b The a a lo g y de m a d th a
n t the fir t a p a e a sho u l d nm e a s s n n n

the s ame as ga dh a a t the close n n .

W e h a v e oted ab o ve th a t i o i st a ce a t lea t ap a st a d s
n n ne n n s na n

i the pl a ce o f
n a i / g a p a a a d e ve n p a as a b
c re a th i the
r n n n r n s n

n ose Si ce t h e p a a w hich b egi t he s t a te me t pro b a bly

. n r n ns n

refer to the b re th i the ose t h e de ma d o f a alo gy w ul d

s a n n ,
n n o

be fulfilled if thi me a i g b e gi ve t o the fi al ap d e a

,
s n n n n n n .

I t h e s a me w ay the co re l tio
n b tw ee p a a a d sce t to r a n e n a n n n ,

w h ich refere ce ha s a l e a dy b ee made may s a ti fy t h de m a ds

n r n ,
s e n

o f a alo gy i n t h ma tter of ( b ) a b o ve n e .

3 T he w h ole e ies of t ate me t a umes th at t h e

. s r a t ig a h
s n s ss r as

a e p operti
r r o f e ter l thi gs The o ly e se i wh ich p a a
es x na n . n s n n a n

ca n b e so de cri b ed i a ce t it elf or a e h al atio fro m t hose

s ,
s s s n s s x n

obj ect w hich po se Odor a a p operty Sh al l we o t t he

s s ss s r . n n

say th a t the first p d e a re ally m a ce t

a nTh u sn t he e ns s n

de m ds of a alo gy ( b ) a s at i fied
an n re s .

There a e th t wo l t e ati ve for the i terp et at io o f t his

r ,
en , a rn s n r n

p a s age i ce D us s t a l a tio of p a a by o ut bre athi g

s ,
s n e se n - ’
r
”
ns n r n n

h a s o s upport at the
n a o f this Up a i ad er n s .

( )
1 The te t h a b ee ch a g d xi the i tere s ts of a lna ter v ie w n e n n s

a d B O h t l i gk s e me d a tio i to b e dopted
’
n n n n s a .

( 2 ) A p a i u sed i t h
na t w o e ss of a s a l b re a tnh a d e s n es
“
n
”
n

s ce t A ccordi g to the fir t it i y o ymo us with p r a a

“ ”
n . n s s s n n n

( cf . De v -A u p a a ge )
a d s ti fie ra a logy ss A ccordis g an sa s s an n

to t h s co d i t i y o y mo u with ga dh d a d s ati sfies

e e n s s n n s n n n

a alogy ( b
n
) .

IV . T he P r ana S
- e ri e s i n G B ; T A .
; and th e Sut r as .

The m t e i al has alre ady b e umma ized b o ve N o det ai le d

a r en s r a .
'

di c ussio i ecess y A c urso y e adi g of t h e p sag s w ill

s n s n ar . r r n as e

deepe the i mpr io al e ady made t h t t h fi v ames a e

n e ss n r a e e n r

—
merely for mul ic a d i ordi ry th t i to ay o t u i ve al a n n na a s s n n rs

—us age c a ied to the mi d of t h b ea co crete co ceptio s o f

,

rr n e re r n n n
 H in du C o n c ep t i o n o f th e Fun c ti o n s of B r ea th . 55

s ep a ra te b ea th processe i e w ere u tra l at able A s especi ally

r s, . . n ns .

effecti ve i stre gt he i g this i mpressio may be oted

n n n n n n

1 The do uble pl ura ls i G B

. i 2 5 ; i 2 1 6 (of A V v 1 5 n . . . . . . . x .

a d n a d i 1 3 9 w here fiftee n a a v a m a
p a a p. n as g as
. a ,
n r n s, ,
n ,
s
‘
n as a d udd a nse ve p r a as a d ap an a s a d se ve p rrm a
n s n n n n n
’

s,

ap a a s a d vy a a
n a e re pecti v ely a s umed
,
n n s r s s .

2 T he triplet of d ual co mpo u ds i e p a ap d au s a md a

. n , . . r n n ,
n

vgd au a d u drt a r up e; o f G B
n ,
n i 3 13 ; 1 7 ; V ai t S utr a
'

n . . . . 11 . . .

i ii 2 0 a d K e t} S ut r a lxii 4
.
,
n n . . .

Re ume f R ul t s o es s.

The p urpose of t he re vie w j ust clos d h a bee to a cert ai the e s n s n

o g a d e ti mate t h e val ue of the H i du e pl a atio s of t h e

ri 1n, n s ,
n x n n

P ra -Series ; at the ame ti me to grapple w ith the q uestio of

na s n

t h e proper i terpret a t i o a d tr a l tio n f the va rio us ter m n n ns a n o s .

O u co cl us i o s may b e s umma r i zed a s follo w s

r n n

1 The st a rt i g poi t of t h e P r a a-S eries is the w ord p r ana

. n n n ,

i e b re a th i ge era l
. . n n .

2 The di visio of the bre ath acti vity i to i

. a d o ut bre athi g
n - n n n n

is pri mi t i ve a d appe ars i the e arly literat ure i the cry t allized
n n n s

d ual co mpo u d p r a ap a au n ,
n n .

3 W ith his h a b it of c a ref ul o b er va tio

. the H i d u m y a d s n, n a ,
n

i a ll pro b abi lity di d e arly t ake

n ote of t h i terval b et w e n e n e n

re pirat io s T his led h im t o the a ss umptio of a ab idi g

s n . n n n

bre ath w ho e i fl ue ce r mai ed e ve i t h ab e ce of p una

s n n e n n n e s n r

a d ap a a he ce the ame vy a a i e b re t hi g p art “ ”

n n ,
n n n . . a n a .
,

4 A po w erf ul i cli a tio t

. y mbolis m mark e ve t he e rl iest
n n n o s s n a

records of the H i dus I t i o t s t ra ge t h t p a a a d p a n . s n n a r p n a na

w e e e a rly dr ft ed i to ser vice

r A lo g
a b ut t w o t h ee n . s n as or r

e tities w ere t b e y mb olic ally h dle d p a a d p a

n o s an ,
r na n a na, or

p r a a ap ctn d, vy a a
‘

w e uffi cie
n a , an t I t i e a y t co c i v e n er s n . s s o n e

th at i a reig of y mb oli m these m w o uld b eco me f a or

n n s s na es v

ite a d a de ma d w o ul d soo i e f other i mil a te m The

s n n n ar s or s r r s .

v erb Va ? w as e a r ly k o w w ith m ( R V 55 d d (A V n n sa . x. . an a .

iii 1 3 . s w ell a
. w i t h p a ap
a a d vi s r ,
a n .

T he de ma d w a therefore m t b y for mi g o u
n fro m t hese
s e n n ns

v erbs also the b ei g le gthe ed t o a a ft er the

,
a logy of p d an n n an a r n

a n d ap an a .

The le gt he ed vo w el of vy a a w o uld i dic at e for it a i mil ar

n n n n s

origi W hile w thi k th a t th i i mo t p o b ab le w e a e t

n . e n s s s r ,
r no ,

as i ti mat ed abo ve u w illi

n t d m it th a t it m h a ve h d n n o a a a an
g y ,

e mpiric origi n .
56 A . H . E wi n g,

5 The fi ve w ords th u formed grad ually ca me to hol d a

. s n

i mporta t pl ace i the c urre t symboli m The u e of the t e ms

n n n s . s r

a s a for mul a ope n ed up the w a y for a ch ge i meani n g o f an n

ap a a b y first w e ake i g the

n e se of i t s e mpiric use a d t h e
n n s n n n
‘
gi vi g its pl ace to u dd a do ub tless b ec ause it see med et ymo l o g i
n n ,

c ally b etter uited t h a ap d a t o expres the ide a f o ut b r a t h

s - n n s o e

A ccordi gly p d o dd d u pl ays a l a rge role i

”
i g
n . n C B t
r o n n n .

t h e cl usio
e x f p r a dp a au n o n n .

6 I . co ectio w ith the b uildi g f the Fire alt ar o t h e

n nn n - n o r

S ac ifi c e i to w hich it w a s ece s ary to put life it w as f o u d

r r n n s ,
n

c o ve ie t a d fitti g to ide tify the d i fl e

n n n n t me mb ers of t h e
n n re n

S ri s w ith t h b ric k s used i the va rio us p arts of the truc t ure

e e e n s .

I deed it was prob b ly this de ma d w hich mo t i ved the ri s e o f

n ,
a n

p r a o
n d an d u by c a lli g for a d ifi e t us o f ap a a n er n e n .

7 The prese ce of these w ords

. o meti mes fi ve so meti m es
n ,
s ,

le co uld o t f ail to pro voke a tte mpt at xpl a a t io

s s, n Th e se s e n n .

a t t e mpts a e recorded i the Up a i s ad a d a e b ased t o s o me

r n n s n r ,

e te t at le a t if o t wholly upo the w ay the S erie is h a d led

x n s ,
n ,
n s n

in t he C B .

Fo r ex ample the locat io of ap a a i the t ail of the b ird-l i k e

,
n n n

a l t r prep a red the w ay for its loc a tio

a i the lo w er i tes t i e a n d n n n n

t h uri a ry p a s age ; t h e loc ti g of a ma a i t h middle for me d

e n s a n s n n e

a good st a t i g poi t f i d t ifyi g i t w ith the p oce s of d ig e s

r n n or en n r s

to ;
i n a d h
t e u se of
n u da a for o ut b re a thi g ga ve a poi t o f
- n
“
n
”
n

d pa rt ure fo t h as ertio t hat t he o ul le aves t h e bo dy by

e r e s n s

u dd ( P
na a c a Up r n .

8 Th e defi itio s a d other l a ter o es ( o f A ppe di x ) a e

. es n n n n . n r

more or l s i teresti g co t ri b ut io s to H i d u ide a s f

e s n a to m y
n n n n o an

a d ph y iology b ut h a ve
n s o v a lue i the m el ves si ce they d o
,
n n s ,
n

no t cco t o t for matio f the P r ana Se ies o a e mpi i c

a u f h n r - e n o r n n r

b i E ach atte mpted e pl a atio is to be take i so f as i t

as s . x n n n, n ar

is t merely tra ditio al

no as t he pre o of a i n di v id ua l n ,
ex ss i n n

o pi io n n .

9 I . t h ma tter of t r a
n l a tio u re ults a e m i ly egat i ve
e ns n o r s r a n n .

W he t h f ull e ies occ ur i t i a l w ays ymb olic al a d othi n g

re e s r s, s s n n

mo e th a tra liter atio ho uld b e a tte mpted e ve i thes mo s t

r n ns n s ,
n n e

a p pe a li g i s t a ces w her
n e c h ter m i cco mp a ied by its v erb
n n e a s a n .

10 O e po iti ve rn ult ho w e ver s f o i co iderab le va l ue

es o n n ns

—
.
, , ,

has bee re ached a result i it elf i mpo t a t e o ugh to j us tify

n n s r n n

the i ve t igatio which has b c a ied

n s vin —W e h ave fo un d ee n rr o n, z z

t h at p d na i n al l c se where b re ath proce se a referred t o

r ,
a s s s re ,
 H i n du C o n c ept i o n o f th e Fun c t i o n s of B r ea th . 57

m e an s ither the do ub le process of i h l tio

e bre athi n g n a a n , or in -
a s co t ras ted w ith o ut b re at hi g
- ” “
n n .

We have also lighted upo n the p obab le origi n of the misco r n

s t r uctio w hic h led t o t h i versio

n b y so me w riters o f the e arly e n n, ,

a d proper me a i g of p a a a d ap a a
n n n r n n n .

Th is res ult w ill re q uire the modificatio o f the p rd a p assag es n n

i t ho e c urre n t tra sl atio

n s w h i ch re a d t he l a t er a d misco n
n ns n

c ive d me a i g i n t o the e a rlier liter a t ure ; a d w ill w e tr ust b e

e n n n , ,

o f re a l ser vice to those w h o i t h e f ut ure sh all h av e occ asio n t o n

h a dle the me mb ers o f the P r a a-S eries

n n .

A P P E N DI " .

Lat er D e fi ni t i o n s .

The P r a a-Series doe o t form a i tegral p rt of the V d a t a

n s n n n a e n

a d S am
n khya S utra C o mme ta tor h ave ho w e ver gi ve n ex s . n s , ,

p res io tso theirnv ie w s .

I . C o mmen t a r y t o th e V da t Sut
e n a r as .

C a fi k ar a co mm e t ry
i n his t o S u tr a s ( 1 4 1
n a2 ) the V ed a t a n 1 .
,

g i ves the follo w i g defi it i o n : n n s

( )
1 P r d a i s the n bre a th w hose co u rse i for w a rd a d w hose s n

f u ctio n is ex hal atio etc P dgv tti r uc chvasadi k a rma

n n, . r r .

( ) p
2 A a is t h e b re
naa th w hos co u rse is do w w a rd d w hose e n an

f u c t io is i h al a tio etc A vagv tt i i cvas adi k r ma

n n n n, . r r n a .

3 V
( ) y a a is the n bre a th w hich f u ctio s i t h j u ctio n o f n n n e n

t hes t w o ( p d a a nd ap a a )
e r d i the c a use of po w erf ul ac t i vi
n n an s

t ies ( O h Up T g ob sa ndh ct u va rt a ma o vi rga va t

'
. 3 . 1 . . a r n

k a r ma het uh .

( )
4 U d an a ithe br ath w ho e co urse is up wa rd a d w hich is
s e s n

t h c ause of dep a rt ure etc

e C r dh va v t t i utk d ty d d ihet uh, . r r r n .

( )
5 S a a a i thent bre a th
n w hich l a ds sthe j uices of food to e

e q ua lity ( i e si mil at e the m) i all t he memb er

. . as s n s .

Gre at tho ugh t he ame o f C afi ka a b e he has misco cei ved h is

n r ,
n

mat eri al a d the error of o me moder tr a sl ators h as b ee i n

,
n s n n n

follo wi g hi leadn s .

2 . T h e V e d an t as ar a .

( Kh a of Te t ; o f J acob M a ual of H i d u P a th eis m )

n da 13 x .
’
s n n n .

( )
1 P a a s the
r b re
n a th w hich goes
1 for w a rd a d h a s the t spc f n

t h e ose as i t s pl a ce of a cti vi ty
.

n .
58 A . H . E w i n g,

2 A
( ) p ana is the b re ath w hich goes do w w ard a d h as t h e n n

a us etc
n ,
as i t .pl a ce of activi t y
,
s .

( ) y
3 V a na i s the b re a th w h ich goe i a l l directio s a d h a s s n n n

the e t i re b ody as its pl ace of acti vity

n .

( )
4 U d a a i the b re
n a th w h ichs h i t s pl a ce i the thro a t g o es as n ,

up w a rd a d is the ( fro m li fe ) dep a rt i g w i d

,
n n n .

( )
5 S a nt a n a is the b re a th w hich prod uces the a s s i mil atio of n

th at food etc w h i ch h avi g b ee e ate a d dr u k h as go e i t o

,
.
,
n n n n n , n n

the midst of the b ody .

O b s er ve th t u a uthor h as a a deq uate co ceptio o f t h

a o r n n n e

f acts as to p r a a d ap a a a t ra mitted thro ugh the C B

na n n ,
s ns .

T he other defi itio s a e lso fa mili a r n n r a .

It may t b o ut of pl ace t ote th at o u i vestigatio w a s

no e o n r n n

co mpleted b efore w k e w the positio o f the V eda t a a a W e e n n n s r .

w o ul d th erefore stro gly co mme d the i si g ht of o u a utho a s

, ,
n n n r r

aga i st Cn fi ka a a r

Fi ve other w i d ( vdg va h ) a e al o me tio n e d a d descri b e d

n s a r s n n

1 n. a prod uce v o miti g s n .

2 B u ma prod uces w i ki g
. r n n .

3 K rk a l a prod uce s eezi g

. s n n .

4 D eva da t t prod uce y a w i g

. a s n n .

5 D ha
. itj y a h prod uces e l a rge me t
n ar a n n .

For a ll usio t o the e b e aths a d fo ur others cf S a v

n a n s
“
r
”
n , . r .

Up 1 0
. .

3 . G audap ad a ’
s C o mme n t ar y to th e Sank hy Sut a r as .

D av ies H i d u P hilosophy p
( C f .
,
n , .

( )
1 P r an a i i piratio a d expir atio
s ns n n n .

A a is the bre a t h f u ctio i g i the lo w er p art of t he

( ) p
2 an n n n n s

b ody .

( )
3 S a nt an a i s t h e bre at h w hic h co d ucts t he food etc eq u lly n , .
,
a

thro ugh the b o dy .

( )
4 U d a a i the v it a l force w hich c aus e
n s the p uls atio of the s ns

a rteries i t h upper p rt of the b o dy fro m the a v el to the h e a d

n e a n .

( )
5 i t h b re a th by w hic h i ter al di v isio s a d d i tf u
s e n n n n

sio t h ro ugh t h b ody a fi c t d

n e re e e e .

4 . S ank hy -t t t v a a a K aumud i .

( K a ik a 2 9 ; a
rfi kh y a P hil p o f R G a rbe s S
. .
’
.
, .

B and i the bre ath w hose pl a ce of a cti vity i fro m t h e

r s s

p oi n t o f t he ud e thro ugh the he a t a d a vel to the gre a t toe

t
s r n n .
 H i n du C on c ep t i o n o f the Fun c ti on s of B rea th . 59

( ) p
2 A an a is t h e bre ath w hose pl ace of acti vity is i the n eck n ,

t h e b ack the a us ( w he n ce it esc a pes ) the ge it als a d the ri b

,
n ,
n n s .

( )
3 S a nt an a is t h e b re a th w h ose pl a ce of a cti v i t y is i the he a rt n ,

t h e n av e ] a d al l the j oi n ts
,
n .

( )
4 U d a a is t h e bre
n a t h w hose pl a ce of a cti v ity is i the he a rt n
,

h
t e eck
n the p a l,ate the br a i n -
pa a d belo
,
w the eye - bro w s n n .

( ) y
5 V d n a is the bre a th w hose pl a ce o f a cti v ity is i the sk i n n .

C f here the P W
. It is the pri ciple w hich medi ates the
. n

c i rc ul atio of j uices an d p uts s w e at an d b lood i action ”

n n .

5 . S ucr ut a .

( C a cul tt a E d .
,
p . 250 ; of
. W i n disch in S achs Gesell . . de r Wiss .
,

p 1 891, .

( )
1 P r d a is the brena th w hich goes i n a d o ut of the mo uth n ,

a ids i s wallo w i g the foo d a d is closely ide n tified w ith life

n n ,
n .

( )
2 U d a a is the bnre a th w hich a sce ds u p w a rds a d upo n n n

w h ich speech a d si n gi g depe d n n n .

( )
3 S a m a a is the b re anth w hich f u c t io n s i n di g estio n n.

( ) y
4 V a n a is the bre a th w hich pe r va des t h e w hole body a d n

s e ts the fl uids t h e s w e a t a d the blood i

,
motio n ,
n n.

( ) p
5 A an a is the b re a th w hich t akes t h
g digested food d an

m akes it i to the excre me n t a d se me n ; o f A i t Up i 3

n n . . . . .

6 . B ud d is t T h er mi n o l o gy .

( C f Ker s M an ual of B udd h ism p 6 5 i t he Gru dris der

. n
’
,
.
,
n n s

I do A rische P hilologie )
- n n .

The termi ology of B uddhi t i the matter o f b rea th co trol

n s s n n

i s sig ific a t n A ap a au t akes the pl a ce f p d dp d d u

n . n n o r n n .

O e of the i mport a t s c alled spirit ua l e ercises b e a rs the

n - ”
n o
“
x

n ame a dp d as m t i n It is ab ol utely cert ai th at t he ge eric

n r . s n n

t erm a a co uld no t h av e bee a p plied to the o -vit a l a c t of

n n n n

o ut b re athi g a d therefore ap a a must h av e b ee o applied

- ”
n ,
n , ,
n n s .

O the other h a d it w o uld n t b e i mpossi ble to i cl ud b oth

n n ,
o n e

i a d o ut b re a thi g u der a a i w h ich c ase ap a a w o uld ref r

n n- n n n ,
n n e

t o the bre ath mo ve me t belo w the ce tre of t h b ody n s n e .

“T he S c i en c e o f B r e at h ”
.

I rece t b ook ( 1 8 9 0 ) by R ama P r as ad M A p ublished b y

n a n ,
. .
,

the Theosophic al S ociety w hic h be ars t he title N at ure s Fi er ,

“ ’
n

F o rces a S a krit tre atise is tra sl ated u der the c aptio n The
,
”
ns n n
“