Carboniferous Permian

/ Age
Period

296.5
248.2
252.1

311
282

354
342
327
323
303
290
269
260
256
Epoch

Ufimian

Visean
Gzelian
Kazanian
Tatarian

Asselian
Artinskian

Tournisian
Sakmarian
Kungurian

Bashkirian
Moscovian
Kasimovian

Serpukhovian
Mississippian Pennsylvanian Cisuralian Guadalupian Lopingian U.S. names

Bjarmeland Groups
(SW Barents Sea)
Billefjorden Gipsdalen Groups
Tempelfjorden (Central Spitsbergen)
Hult- Formations
Hørbyebreen Mumien berget Ebbadalen Minkinfjellet Wordiekammen Gipshuken Kapp Starostin (Central Spitsbergen)

Soldogg Tettegras Blærerot Falk Ulv / Polarrev Isbjørn Røye Ørret Formations
Ugle Ørn (SW Barents Sea)

Humid Dry H Dry Climate

Very cold (Barents Sea)

Ages are given in million years

Warm Cool Cold

Cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Mohs scale of
hardness

1 Talc
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
6 Orthoclase
Printed with permission from ResLab

7 Quartz
Increasing energy in the depositional environment 8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond
References (* = Modified from)
Hardness 1-2 can be
Timescale: * Gradstein, F.M. & Ogg, J.G. 1996: A Phanerozoic Time Scale. Episodes, vol. 19, no’s 1.2, 3-5.
Groups: * Dallmann, W.K. 1999: Lithostratigraphic Lexicon of Svalbard. 318 pp. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Tromsø.
scratched with a finger
* Larssen, G.B., Elvebakk, G., Henriksen, L.B., Kristensen, S-E., Nilsson, I., Samuelsberg, T.J., Svånå, T.A.,
nail, < 5 with a knife
Stemmerik, L. & Worsley, D. 2002: Upper Palaeozoic lithostratigraphy of the Southern Norwegian Barents Sea.
NPD Bulletin 9, 76 pp., 63 figs., 1 tbl.
while hardness > 6 will
From Moore, C.H. 2001: Carbonate reservoirs - Porosity evolution and diagenesis in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Climate: * Beauchamp, B. & Desrochers, A. 1997: Permian warm- to very cold-water carbonates and cherts in
Developments in sedimentology 55, 444 pp. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science, printed with permission from Elsevier. Based on
scratch glass.
northwest Pangea. In James, N.P. & Clarke, J.A.D. (eds.): Cool-water carbonates, SEPM Special Publication
the classification of Dunham, R.J. 1962: Classification of carbonate rocks according to their depositional texture. In W.E. Ham Compiled in 2003 by Bjarne Rafaelsen 56, 327-347. Tulsa, Oklahoma.
(ed.): Classification of carbonate rocks. AAPG Memoir 1, 108-121. Tulsa, Oklahoma. Printed with permission from Blackwell. (UiTø). For educational purposes only. Hardness: * Garmo, T. 1995: Norsk steinbok. 300 pp. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.